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other uses, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Varanasi_(disambiguation)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Varanasi (disambiguation)">Varanasi (disambiguation)</a>. </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> "Kāshi" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kashi_(disambiguation)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kashi (disambiguation)">Kashi</a>. </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> "Banaras" and "Benares" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Banaras_(disambiguation)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Banaras (disambiguation)">Banaras (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares_(restaurant)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Benares (restaurant)">Benares (restaurant)</a>. </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style> Varanasi (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_15919?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISO 15919">ISO</a>: Vārāṇasī, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Hindi: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu">[ʋaːˈraːɳəsi]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/fa\/Hi-Varanasi.ogg\/Hi-Varanasi.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Hi-Varanasi.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fa/Hi-Varanasi.ogg/Hi-Varanasi.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Hi-Varanasi.ogg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="File:Hi-Varanasi.ogg">ⓘ</a>;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13">[a]</a> also Benares, Banaras (Banārasa <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu">[bəˈnaːrəs]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d5\/Hi-Banaras.ogg\/Hi-Banaras.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Hi-Banaras.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d5/Hi-Banaras.ogg/Hi-Banaras.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Hi-Banaras.ogg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="File:Hi-Banaras.ogg">ⓘ</a>)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-britannica-varanasi-14">[13]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-chirico-banaras-2-15">[14]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16">[15]</a> or Kashi (Kāśī <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu">[ˈka:ʃi]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d6\/Hi-Kashi.ogg\/Hi-Kashi.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Hi-Kashi.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d6/Hi-Kashi.ogg/Hi-Kashi.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Hi-Kashi.ogg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="File:Hi-Kashi.ogg">ⓘ</a>)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-chirico-banaras-3-17">[16]</a>) is a city on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ganges?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ganges">Ganges river</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_India?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="North India">northern India</a> that has a central place in the traditions of pilgrimage, death, and mourning in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hinduism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hinduism">Hindu world</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-combined-central-18">[17]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-21">[b]</a> The city has a syncretic tradition of Islamic artisanship that underpins its religious tourism.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-combined-muslim-weaver-22">[20]</a> Located in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gangetic_plain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangetic plain">middle-Ganges valley</a> in the southeastern part of the state of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, Varanasi lies on the left bank of the river. It is 692 kilometres (430 mi) to the southeast of India's capital <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_Delhi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a> and 320 kilometres (200 mi) to the southeast of the state capital, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lucknow?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a>. It lies 121 kilometres (75 mi) downstream of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prayagraj?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prayagraj">Prayagraj</a>, where the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Triveni_Sangam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Triveni_Sangam_in_Prayagraj" title="Triveni Sangam">confluence with the Yamuna river</a> is another major <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Hindu pilgrimage site</a>. <table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"> <div class="fn org"> Varanasi </div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native" lang="hi"> Vārāṇasī </div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-other-name"> Benares <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>, Banaras <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">, Kashi </div></th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"> <div class="category"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metropolis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metropolis">Metropolis</a> </div></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style> <div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"> <div class="multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px;border:none"> <div class="trow"> <div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"> <div style=";height:158px;overflow:hidden"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Varanasi,_India,_Ghats,_Cremation_ceremony_in_progress.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Manikarnika Ghat, the holy cremation ground on the Ganges river front"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Varanasi%2C_India%2C_Ghats%2C_Cremation_ceremony_in_progress.jpg/238px-Varanasi%2C_India%2C_Ghats%2C_Cremation_ceremony_in_progress.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Varanasi%252C_India%252C_Ghats%252C_Cremation_ceremony_in_progress.jpg/357px-Varanasi%252C_India%252C_Ghats%252C_Cremation_ceremony_in_progress.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Varanasi%252C_India%252C_Ghats%252C_Cremation_ceremony_in_progress.jpg/476px-Varanasi%252C_India%252C_Ghats%252C_Cremation_ceremony_in_progress.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048"></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="trow"> <div class="tsingle" style="width:121px;max-width:121px"> <div style=";height:86px;overflow:hidden"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Kashi_Vishwanath.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Kashi Vishwanath Temple"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Kashi_Vishwanath.jpg/119px-Kashi_Vishwanath.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Kashi_Vishwanath.jpg/179px-Kashi_Vishwanath.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Kashi_Vishwanath.jpg/238px-Kashi_Vishwanath.jpg 2x" data-file-width="621" data-file-height="452"></a> </div> </div> <div class="tsingle" style="width:117px;max-width:117px"> <div style=";height:86px;overflow:hidden"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Faculty_of_Arts_Building,_Banaras_Hindu_University.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Faculty of Arts, Benares Hindu University"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Faculty_of_Arts_Building%2C_Banaras_Hindu_University.jpg/115px-Faculty_of_Arts_Building%2C_Banaras_Hindu_University.jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Faculty_of_Arts_Building%252C_Banaras_Hindu_University.jpg/173px-Faculty_of_Arts_Building%252C_Banaras_Hindu_University.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Faculty_of_Arts_Building%252C_Banaras_Hindu_University.jpg/230px-Faculty_of_Arts_Building%252C_Banaras_Hindu_University.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920"></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="trow"> <div class="tsingle" style="width:121px;max-width:121px"> <div style=";height:171px;overflow:hidden"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Goswami_Tulsidas_Awadhi_Hindi_Poet.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Goswami Tulsidas, composer of the Ramcharitmanas"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Goswami_Tulsidas_Awadhi_Hindi_Poet.jpg/119px-Goswami_Tulsidas_Awadhi_Hindi_Poet.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Goswami_Tulsidas_Awadhi_Hindi_Poet.jpg/179px-Goswami_Tulsidas_Awadhi_Hindi_Poet.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Goswami_Tulsidas_Awadhi_Hindi_Poet.jpg/238px-Goswami_Tulsidas_Awadhi_Hindi_Poet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1395" data-file-height="2016"></a> </div> </div> <div class="tsingle" style="width:117px;max-width:117px"> <div style=";height:171px;overflow:hidden"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Silk_Looms,_Varanasi.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Weaving a silk brocade"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Silk_Looms%2C_Varanasi.jpg/115px-Silk_Looms%2C_Varanasi.jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Silk_Looms%252C_Varanasi.jpg/173px-Silk_Looms%252C_Varanasi.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Silk_Looms%252C_Varanasi.jpg/230px-Silk_Looms%252C_Varanasi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872"></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="trow"> <div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"> <div style=";height:72px;overflow:hidden"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Sampurnanand_Sanskrit_University_left_gate.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Benares Sanskrit College, India's oldest Sanskrit college, which was founded in 1791"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Sampurnanand_Sanskrit_University_left_gate.jpg/130px-Sampurnanand_Sanskrit_University_left_gate.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Sampurnanand_Sanskrit_University_left_gate.jpg/195px-Sampurnanand_Sanskrit_University_left_gate.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Sampurnanand_Sanskrit_University_left_gate.jpg/260px-Sampurnanand_Sanskrit_University_left_gate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2342" data-file-height="1317"></a> </div> </div> <div class="tsingle" style="width:106px;max-width:106px"> <div style=";height:72px;overflow:hidden"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Varanasi_Munshi_Ghat3.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Munshi Ghat"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Varanasi_Munshi_Ghat3.jpg/104px-Varanasi_Munshi_Ghat3.jpg" decoding="async" width="104" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Varanasi_Munshi_Ghat3.jpg/156px-Varanasi_Munshi_Ghat3.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Varanasi_Munshi_Ghat3.jpg/208px-Varanasi_Munshi_Ghat3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2629" data-file-height="1833"></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ib-settlement-caption"> Left to right, top to bottom: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manikarnika_Ghat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manikarnika Ghat">Manikarnika Ghat</a>, the holy cremation ground on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ganges?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ganges">Ganges</a> river front; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kashi_Vishwanath_Temple?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kashi Vishwanath Temple">Kashi Vishwanath Temple</a>; Faculty of Arts, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares_Hindu_University?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Benares Hindu University">Benares Hindu University</a>; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goswami_Tulsidas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Goswami Tulsidas">Goswami Tulsidas</a>, composer of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ramcharitmanas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a>; weaving silk brocade; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares_Sanskrit_College?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Benares Sanskrit College">Benares Sanskrit College</a>, India's oldest <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sanskrit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> college (founded in 1791); and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Munshi_Ghat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Munshi Ghat">Munshi Ghat</a> </div></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname:  <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname"> "Religious Capital of India"<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1">[1]</a> </div></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 300px; height: 170px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="300" data-height="170" data-zoom="4" data-overlays="["_58790541db2dbe1926a3351c0fc856a9e698d5d9"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,4,a,a,300x170.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Varanasi&revid=1258232033&groups=_58790541db2dbe1926a3351c0fc856a9e698d5d9" width="300" height="170" decoding="async" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB,https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/a?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB,https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/a?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB,https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/300x170@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Varanasi&revid=1258232033&groups=_58790541db2dbe1926a3351c0fc856a9e698d5d9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB 2x" alt="Map"></a> <div class="ib-settlement-caption"> Interactive map of Varanasi </div></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedbottomrow"> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename%3DVaranasi%26params%3D25_19_08_N_83_00_46_E_region:IND-WB_type:city">25°19′08″N 83°00′46″E / 25.31889°N 83.01278°E / 25.31889; 83.01278</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th> <td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/India?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="India">India</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="List of states and union territories of India">State</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Uttar_Pradesh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Administrative divisions of Uttar Pradesh">Division</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Varanasi_division?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Varanasi division">Varanasi</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Uttar_Pradesh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of districts of Uttar Pradesh">District</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Varanasi_district?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Varanasi district">Varanasi</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government <div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Municipal_Corporation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal Corporation">Municipal Corporation</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th> <td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Varanasi_Municipal_Corporation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Varanasi Municipal Corporation">Varanasi Municipal Corporation</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mayor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mayor">Mayor</a></th> <td class="infobox-data">Ashok Tiwari<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3">[3]</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">BJP</a>)</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Municipal_commissioner_(India)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Municipal commissioner (India)">Municipal Commissioner</a></th> <td class="infobox-data">Pranay Singh, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indian_Administrative_Service?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indian Administrative Service">IAS</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area <div class="ib-settlement-fn"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4">[4]</a> </div></th> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;">  • <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metropolis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metropolis">Metropolis</a> </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">82 km2 (32 sq mi)</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro <div class="ib-settlement-fn"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5">[5]</a> </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">163.8 km2 (63.2 sq mi)</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation <div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th> <td class="infobox-data">80.71 m (264.80 ft)</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population <div class="ib-settlement-fn">  (2011) </div></th> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;">  • <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metropolis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metropolis">Metropolis</a> </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">1,212,610<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-urban-2">[2]</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_most_populous_cities_in_India?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="List of most populous cities in India">30th</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th> <td class="infobox-data">37,500/km2 (97,000/sq mi)</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metropolitan_area?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a> <div class="ib-settlement-fn"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-UA1Lakhandabove-6">[6]</a> </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">1,432,280 (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_million-plus_urban_agglomerations_in_India?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India">32nd</a>)</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Demonym?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th> <td class="infobox-data">Banarasi</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Language">Language</a> <div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Official</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hindi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hindi">Hindi</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-langoff-7">[7]</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Additional official</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urdu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Urdu">Urdu</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-langoff-7">[7]</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Regional</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bhojpuri_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Time_zone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/UTC%2B5:30?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+5:30">UTC+5:30</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indian Standard Time">IST</a>)</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Postal_Index_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Postal Index Number">PIN</a></th> <td class="infobox-data adr"> <div class="postal-code"> 221 001 to** (** area code) </div></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Telephone code</th> <td class="infobox-data">0542</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vehicle registration plate">Vehicle registration</a></th> <td class="infobox-data">UP-65</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/GDP?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a></th> <td class="infobox-data">$3.8 billion (2019–20)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8">[8]</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Per_capita_income?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Per capita income">Per capita income</a></th> <td class="infobox-data">INR 1,93 616<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9">[9]</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Airport?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="International Airport">International Airport</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri_International_Airport?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri International Airport">Lal Bahadur Shastri International Airport</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rapid_Transit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Rapid Transit">Rapid Transit</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Varanasi_Metro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Varanasi Metro">Varanasi Metro</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Human_sex_ratio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Human sex ratio">Sex ratio</a></th> <td class="infobox-data">0.926 (2011) <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Male?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Male">♂</a>/<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Female?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Female">♀</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Literacy (2011)</th> <td class="infobox-data">80.31%<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10">[10]</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Human_Development_Index?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a></th> <td class="infobox-data">0.812<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11">[11]</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://varanasi.nic.in/">varanasi.nic.in</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Varanasi is one of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_oldest_continuously_inhabited_cities?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of oldest continuously inhabited cities">world's oldest continually inhabited cities</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-chirico-banaras-5-23">[21]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-24">[22]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-25">[23]</a> Kashi, its ancient name, was associated with a kingdom of the same name of 2,500 years ago. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lion_capital_of_Ashoka?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lion capital of Ashoka">Lion capital of Ashoka</a> at nearby <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sarnath?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a> has been interpreted to be a commemoration of the Buddha's first <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dhammacakkappavattana_Sutta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta">sermon</a> there in the fifth century BCE.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-fogelin-sarnath-26">[24]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-buddhar-britannica-27">[25]</a> In the 8th century, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adi_Shankara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a> established the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shaivism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shaivism">worship of Shiva</a> as an official sect of Varanasi. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tulsidas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a> wrote his <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Awadhi_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Awadhi language">Awadhi language</a> epic, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ramcharitmanas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a>, a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bhakti_movement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bhakti movement">Bhakti movement</a> reworking of the Sanskrit <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ramayana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a>, in Varanasi. Several other major figures of the Bhakti movement were born in Varanasi, including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kabir?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kabir">Kabir</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ravidas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ravidas">Ravidas</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-28">[26]</a> In the 16th century, Rajput nobles in the service of the courts and armies of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mughal_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal emperor</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Akbar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Akbar">Akbar</a>, sponsored the building or further enhancement of the major Shiva temple in the city; they also built other temples, all displaying an empire-wide architectural style.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-bose=todarmal-mansingh-29">[27]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-metcalf-imperial-projects-30">[28]</a> In 1740, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares_State?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Benares State">Banaras State</a>, a zamindari estate was established in the city.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CABayly19882-31">[29]</a> Under the Treaty of Faizabad, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/East_India_Company?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> acquired Benares in 1775.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-bourke-burke-benares-32">[30]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-markovitz-benares-33">[31]</a> The city was later annexed under the Benares Division of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ceded_and_Conquered_Provinces?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ceded and Conquered Provinces">Ceded and Conquered Provinces</a> in 1805, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North-Western_Provinces?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="North-Western Provinces">North-Western Provinces</a> in 1836, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Agra_and_Oudh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United Provinces of Agra and Oudh">United Provinces</a> in 1902, and after India's independence of Uttar Pradesh in 1950.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-bayly-benares-division-34">[32]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silk_weaving_in_Varanasi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Silk weaving in Varanasi">Silk weaving</a>, carpets, crafts and tourism employ a significant number of the local population, as do the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Banaras_Locomotive_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Banaras Locomotive Works">Banaras Locomotive Works</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bharat_Heavy_Electricals?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharat Heavy Electricals">Bharat Heavy Electricals</a>. The city is known worldwide for its many <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ghats_in_Varanasi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ghats in Varanasi">ghats</a>, steps leading down the steep river bank to the water, where pilgrims perform rituals. Of particular note are the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dashashwamedh_Ghat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dashashwamedh Ghat">Dashashwamedh Ghat</a>, the Panchganga Ghat, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manikarnika_Ghat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manikarnika Ghat">Manikarnika Ghat</a>, and the Harishchandra Ghat, the last two being where Hindus cremate their dead. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hindu_genealogy_registers_at_Varanasi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu genealogy registers at Varanasi">Hindu genealogy registers at Varanasi</a> are kept here. Among the notable <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples_in_Varanasi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of Hindu temples in Varanasi">temples in Varanasi</a> are the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kashi_Vishwanath_Temple?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kashi Vishwanath Temple">Kashi Vishwanath Temple</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shiva?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sankat_Mochan_Hanuman_Temple?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sankat Mochan Hanuman Temple">Sankat Mochan Hanuman Temple</a>, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Durga_Mandir,_Varanasi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Durga Mandir, Varanasi">Durga Temple</a>. The city has long been an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_educational_institutions_in_Varanasi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of educational institutions in Varanasi">educational and musical centre</a>: many prominent Indian philosophers, poets, writers, and musicians live or have lived in the city, and it was the place where the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares_gharana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Benares gharana">Benares gharana</a> form of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hindustani_classical_music?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hindustani classical music">Hindustani classical music</a> was developed. In the 20th-century, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hindi-Urdu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi-Urdu">Hindi-Urdu</a> writer <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Premchand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Premchand">Premchand</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shehnai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shehnai">shehnai</a> player <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bismillah_Khan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bismillah Khan">Bismillah Khan</a> were associated with the city. India's oldest <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sanskrit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> college, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sampurnanand_Sanskrit_Vishwavidyalaya?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sampurnanand Sanskrit Vishwavidyalaya">Benares Sanskrit College</a>, was founded by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jonathan_Duncan_(Governor_of_Bombay)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jonathan Duncan (Governor of Bombay)">Jonathan Duncan</a>, the resident of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/East_India_Company?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> in 1791. Later, education in Benares was greatly influenced by the rise of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indian_independence_movement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indian independence movement">Indian nationalism</a> in the late 19th-century. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Annie_Besant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a> founded the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Central_Hindu_College?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Hindu College">Central Hindu College</a> in 1898. In 1916, she and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Madan_Mohan_Malviya?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Madan Mohan Malviya">Madan Mohan Malviya</a> founded the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Banaras_Hindu_University?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Banaras Hindu University">Banaras Hindu University</a>, India's first modern residential university. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kashi_Vidyapith?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashi Vidyapith">Kashi Vidyapith</a> was established in 1921, a response to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a>'s <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(1919%E2%80%9322)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-cooperation movement (1919–22)">non-cooperation movement</a>. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Etymology">1 Etymology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Mythology">2.1 Mythology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ancient_period">2.2 Ancient period</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Medieval_period">2.3 Medieval period</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Early_Modern_to_Modern_periods_(1500%E2%80%931949)">2.4 Early Modern to Modern periods (1500–1949)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#21st-century">2.5 21st-century</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Geography_and_climate">3 Geography and climate</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Geography">3.1 Geography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Climate">3.2 Climate</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Demographics">4 Demographics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Religion">4.1 Religion</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Languages">4.2 Languages</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Administration_and_politics">5 Administration and politics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Administration">5.1 Administration</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#General_administration">5.1.1 General administration</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Police_administration">5.1.2 Police administration</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Infrastructure_and_civic_administration">5.1.3 Infrastructure and civic administration</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Politics">5.2 Politics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Healthcare">5.3 Healthcare</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Public_maintenance">5.4 Public maintenance</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Economy">6 Economy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Tourism">6.1 Tourism</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notable_landmarks">7 Notable landmarks</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Jantar_Mantar">7.1 Jantar Mantar</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ramnagar_Fort">7.2 Ramnagar Fort</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ghats">7.3 Ghats</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Temples">7.4 Temples</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Mosques">7.5 Mosques</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Shri_Guru_Ravidass_Janam_Asthan">7.6 Shri Guru Ravidass Janam Asthan</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sarnath">7.7 Sarnath</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Culture">8 Culture</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Literature">8.1 Literature</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Art">8.2 Art</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Music">8.3 Music</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Festivals">8.4 Festivals</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Education">9 Education</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Media">10 Media</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-39"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sport">11 Sport</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Transport">12 Transport</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Air_transport">12.1 Air transport</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-42"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Railways">12.2 Railways</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-43"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ropeway">12.3 Ropeway</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-44"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Roads">12.4 Roads</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-45"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Inland_waterways">12.5 Inland waterways</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-46"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Projects">13 Projects</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-47"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Road">13.1 Road</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-48"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Railways_2">13.2 Railways</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-49"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Airport">13.3 Airport</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-50"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Metro">13.4 Metro</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-51"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Commercial">13.5 Commercial</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-52"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sister_cities">14 Sister cities</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-53"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also">15 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-54"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Gallery">16 Gallery</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-55"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References">17 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-56"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notes">17.1 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-57"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Citations">17.2 Citations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-58"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#General_bibliography">17.3 General bibliography</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-59"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Further_reading">18 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-60"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links">19 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> Traditional etymology links "Varanasi" to the names of two Ganges tributaries forming the city's borders: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Varuna_River?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Varuna River">Varuna</a>, still flowing in northern Varanasi, and Assi, today a small stream in the southern part of the city, near Assi Ghat. The old city is located on the north shores of the Ganges, bounded by Varuna and Assi.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunninghamSastri2002131%E2%80%93140-35">[33]</a> In the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mahabharata?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> and in ancient India, the city is referred to as Kāśī from the Sanskrit verbal root kaś- "to shine", making Varanasi known as "City of Light",<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEck198210,_58,_refers_to_%22Banares_%E2%80%93_which_Hindus_call_Kashi,_the_City_of_Light%22_(p._10)_and_%22Hindus_call_it_Kashi,_the_luminous_City_of_Light%22_(p._58).-36">[34]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-chirico-banaras-3-17">[16]</a> the "luminous city as an eminent seat of learning".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-37">[35]</a> The name was also used by pilgrims dating from Buddha's days.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Kashi is still widely popular. Hindu religious texts use many epithets in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sanskrit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> to refer to Varanasi, such as Kāśikā (<abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr> "the shining one"), Avimukta (<abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr> "never forsaken by Shiva"), Ānaṃdakānana (<abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr> "the forest of bliss"), Rudravāsa (<abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr> "the place where <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rudra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rudra">Rudra</a> resides"), and Mahāśmaśāna (<abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr> "the great cremation ground").<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Varanasi:_About_the_city-38">[36]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <h2 id="History">History</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Mythology">Mythology</h3> </div> According to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hindu_mythology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hindu mythology">Hindu mythology</a>, Varanasi was founded by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shiva?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelton200729-39">[37]</a> one of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trimurti?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trimurti">three principal deities</a> along with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brahma?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brahma">Brahma</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vishnu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>. During a conflict between Brahma and Shiva, one of Brahma's five heads was torn off by Shiva. As was the custom, the victor carried the slain adversary's head in his hand and let it hang down from his hand as an act of ignominy, and a sign of his own bravery. A bridle was also put into the mouth. Shiva thus dishonoured Brahma's head, and kept it with him at all times. When he came to the city of Varanasi in this state, the hanging head of Brahma dropped from Shiva's hand and disappeared in the ground. Varanasi is therefore considered an extremely holy site.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-40">[38]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pandava?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pandava">Pandavas</a>, the protagonists of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indian_epic_poetry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indian epic poetry">Hindu epic</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mahabharata?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>, are said to have visited the city in search of Shiva to atone for their sins of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fratricide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fratricide">fratricide</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Br%C4%81hmanahatya?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Brāhmanahatya">brahmahatya</a> that they had committed during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurukshetra_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurukshetra War">Kurukshetra War</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBansal200848%E2%80%9349-41">[39]</a> It is regarded as one of seven holy cities (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sapta_Puri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sapta Puri">Sapta Puri</a>) which can provide <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moksha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moksha">Moksha</a>; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ayodhya?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ayodhya">Ayodhya</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mathura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mathura">Mathura</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haridwar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Haridwar">Haridwar</a>, Kashi, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kanchipuram?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kanchipuram">Kanchipuram</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ujjain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ujjain">Avanti</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dv%C4%81rak%C4%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dvārakā">Dvārakā</a> are the seven cities known as the givers of liberation.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-42">[40]</a> The princesses <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Characters_in_the_Mahabharata?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Characters in the Mahabharata">Ambika and Ambalika</a> of Kashi were wed to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hastinapur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hastinapur">Hastinapur</a> ruler <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vichitravirya?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vichitravirya">Vichitravirya</a>, and they later gave birth to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pandu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pandu">Pandu</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dhritarashtra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dhritarashtra">Dhritarashtra</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bhima?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bhima">Bhima</a>, a son of Pandu, married a Kashi princess <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Valandhara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Valandhara">Valandhara</a> and their union resulted in the birth of Sarvaga, who later ruled Kashi. Dhritarasthra's eldest son <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duryodhana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Duryodhana">Duryodhana</a> also married a Kashi princess Bhanumati, who later bore him a son <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lakshmana_Kumara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lakshmana Kumara">Lakshmana Kumara</a> and a daughter Lakṣmaṇā.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-43">[41]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C4%ABgha_Nik%C4%81ya?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Suttas_of_the_Digha_Nikaya" title="Dīgha Nikāya">Cakkavatti Sīhanāda Sutta</a> text of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Buddhism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> puts forth an idea stating that Varanasi will one day become the fabled kingdom of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ketumati?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ketumati">Ketumati</a> in the time of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maitreya?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maitreya">Maitreya</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-44">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Ancient_period">Ancient period</h3> </div> Excavations in 2014 led to the discovery of artefacts dating back to 800 BCE. Further excavations at Aktha and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ramnagar,_Varanasi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ramnagar, Varanasi">Ramnagar</a>, two sites in the vicinity of the city, unearthed artefacts dating back to 1800 BCE, supporting the view that the area was inhabited by this time.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-45">[43]</a> During the time of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gautama_Buddha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a>, Varanasi was part of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kashi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Kashi">Kingdom of Kashi</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPletcher2010159%E2%80%93160-46">[44]</a> The celebrated Chinese traveller <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xuanzang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a>, also known as Hiuen Tsiang, who visited the city around 635 CE, attested that the city was a centre of religious and artistic activities, and that it extended for about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) along the western bank of the Ganges.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPletcher2010159%E2%80%93160-46">[44]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerwick1986121-47">[45]</a> When Xuanzang visited Varanasi in the 7th century, he named it "Polonise" (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 婆羅痆斯; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pinyin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Póluó niè sī; <abbr title="Literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Brahma') and wrote that the city had some 30 temples with about 30 monks.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEck198257-48">[46]</a> The city's religious importance continued to grow in the 8th century, when <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adi_Shankara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a> established the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shaivism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shaivism">worship of Shiva</a> as an official sect of Varanasi.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBindlossBrownElliott2007278-49">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Medieval_period">Medieval period</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Kabir004.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Kabir004.jpg/170px-Kabir004.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="402" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 254px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Kabir004.jpg/170px-Kabir004.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="254" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Kabir004.jpg/255px-Kabir004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Kabir004.jpg/340px-Kabir004.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kabir?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kabir">Kabir</a>, a 15th-century Indian mystic poet and saint </figcaption> </figure> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chandradeva?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chandradeva">Chandradeva</a>, founder of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gahadavala?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gahadavala">Gahadavala</a> dynasty made Banaras a second capital in 1090.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-sen-50">[48]</a> In 1194 CE, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ghurid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghurid">Ghurid</a> conqueror <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Muhammad_of_Ghor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muhammad of Ghor">Muizzuddin Muhammad Ghuri</a> defeated the forces of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jayachandra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jayachandra">Jayachandra</a> in a battle <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Chandawar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Chandawar">near Jamuna</a> and afterwards ravaged the city of Varnasi in the course of which many temples were destroyed.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-51">[49]</a> Varanasi remained a centre of activity for intellectuals and theologians during the Middle Ages, which further contributed to its reputation as a cultural centre of religion and education. Several major figures of the Bhakti movement were born in Varanasi, including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kabir?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kabir">Kabir</a> who was born here in 1389,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDas199117-52">[50]</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ravidas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ravidas">Ravidas</a>, a 15th-century socio-religious reformer, mystic, poet, traveller, and spiritual figure, who was born and lived in the city and employed in the tannery industry.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerriam-Webster1999910-53">[51]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-54">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Early_Modern_to_Modern_periods_(1500–1949)">Early Modern to Modern periods (1500–1949)</h3> </div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 193.33333333333px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Benares_A_Brahmin_placing_a_garland_on_the_holiest_spot_in_the_sacred_city_by_James_Prinsep_1832.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="A lithograph by James Prinsep of a Brahmin placing a garland on the holiest location in the city"> <noscript> <img alt="A lithograph by James Prinsep of a Brahmin placing a garland on the holiest location in the city" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Benares_A_Brahmin_placing_a_garland_on_the_holiest_spot_in_the_sacred_city_by_James_Prinsep_1832.jpg/290px-Benares_A_Brahmin_placing_a_garland_on_the_holiest_spot_in_the_sacred_city_by_James_Prinsep_1832.jpg" decoding="async" width="194" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3108"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 194px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Benares_A_Brahmin_placing_a_garland_on_the_holiest_spot_in_the_sacred_city_by_James_Prinsep_1832.jpg/290px-Benares_A_Brahmin_placing_a_garland_on_the_holiest_spot_in_the_sacred_city_by_James_Prinsep_1832.jpg" data-alt="A lithograph by James Prinsep of a Brahmin placing a garland on the holiest location in the city" data-width="194" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Benares_A_Brahmin_placing_a_garland_on_the_holiest_spot_in_the_sacred_city_by_James_Prinsep_1832.jpg/435px-Benares_A_Brahmin_placing_a_garland_on_the_holiest_spot_in_the_sacred_city_by_James_Prinsep_1832.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Benares_A_Brahmin_placing_a_garland_on_the_holiest_spot_in_the_sacred_city_by_James_Prinsep_1832.jpg/579px-Benares_A_Brahmin_placing_a_garland_on_the_holiest_spot_in_the_sacred_city_by_James_Prinsep_1832.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> A lithograph by James Prinsep of a Brahmin placing a garland on the holiest location in the city </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 198.66666666667px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:On_The_River_Benares_ca_1883.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="A painting by Lord Weeks (1883) of Varanasi, viewed from the Ganges"> <noscript> <img alt="A painting by Lord Weeks (1883) of Varanasi, viewed from the Ganges" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/On_The_River_Benares_ca_1883.jpg/298px-On_The_River_Benares_ca_1883.jpg" decoding="async" width="199" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="590" data-file-height="445"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 199px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/On_The_River_Benares_ca_1883.jpg/298px-On_The_River_Benares_ca_1883.jpg" data-alt="A painting by Lord Weeks (1883) of Varanasi, viewed from the Ganges" data-width="199" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/On_The_River_Benares_ca_1883.jpg/448px-On_The_River_Benares_ca_1883.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/On_The_River_Benares_ca_1883.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> A painting by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edwin_Lord_Weeks?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edwin Lord Weeks">Lord Weeks</a> (1883) of Varanasi, viewed from the Ganges </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 216px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 214px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Bathing_Ghat_Banaras_India_1890.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="An illustration (1890) of a bathing ghat in Varanasi"> <noscript> <img alt="An illustration (1890) of a bathing ghat in Varanasi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Bathing_Ghat_Banaras_India_1890.jpg/321px-Bathing_Ghat_Banaras_India_1890.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1916" data-file-height="1343"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 214px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Bathing_Ghat_Banaras_India_1890.jpg/321px-Bathing_Ghat_Banaras_India_1890.jpg" data-alt="An illustration (1890) of a bathing ghat in Varanasi" data-width="214" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Bathing_Ghat_Banaras_India_1890.jpg/482px-Bathing_Ghat_Banaras_India_1890.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Bathing_Ghat_Banaras_India_1890.jpg/642px-Bathing_Ghat_Banaras_India_1890.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> An illustration (1890) of a bathing ghat in Varanasi </div></li> </ul> Numerous eminent scholars and preachers visited the city from across India and South Asia. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guru_Nanak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a> visited Varanasi for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maha Shivaratri">Maha Shivaratri</a> in 1507. Kashi (Varanasi) played a large role in the founding of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sikhism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandhi200790-55">[53]</a> In 1567 or thereabouts, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mughal_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal emperor</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Akbar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Akbar">Jallaludin Muhammad Akbar</a> sacked the city of Varanasi on his march from Allahabad (modern-day <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prayagraj?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prayagraj">Prayagraj</a>).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-56">[54]</a> However, later the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kachwaha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kachwaha">Kachwaha</a> Rajput rulers of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amber?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amber">Amber</a> (Mughal vassals themselves) most notably under <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Man_Singh_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Man Singh I">Raja Man Singh</a> rebuilt various temples and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ghat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ghat">ghats</a> in the city.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-57">[55]</a> The Raja of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jaipur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jaipur">Jaipur</a> established the Annapurna Mandir, and the 200-metre (660 ft) Akbari Bridge was also completed during this period.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitra2002182-58">[56]</a> The earliest tourists began arriving in the city during the 16th century.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrakash1981170-59">[57]</a> In 1665, the French traveller <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Tavernier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jean-Baptiste Tavernier">Jean-Baptiste Tavernier</a> described the architectural beauty of the Vindu Madhava temple on the side of the Ganges. The road infrastructure was also improved during this period. It was extended from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kolkata?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a> to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peshawar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a> by Emperor <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sher_Shah_Suri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sher Shah Suri">Sher Shah Suri</a>; later during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Raj?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> it came to be known as the famous <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Road?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grand Trunk Road">Grand Trunk Road</a>. In 1656, Emperor <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aurangzeb?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a> ordered the destruction of many temples and the building of mosques, causing the city to experience a temporary setback.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerwick1986121-47">[45]</a> However, after Aurangzeb's death, most of India was ruled by a confederacy of pro-<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hindu_king?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu king">Hindu kings</a>. Much of modern Varanasi was built during this time, especially during the 18th century by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maratha_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bhumihar_Brahmin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhumihar Brahmin">Bhumihar Brahmin</a> rulers.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchreitm%C3%BCller2012284-60">[58]</a> The kings governing Varanasi continued to wield power and importance through much of the British Raj period, including the Maharaja of Benares, or simply called by the people of Benares as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares_State?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Benares State">Kashi Naresh</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-61">[59]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-62">[60]</a> The Kingdom of Benares was given official status by the Mughals in 1737, and the kingdom started in this way and continued as a dynasty-governed area until Indian independence in 1947, during the reign of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vibhuti_Narayan_Singh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vibhuti Narayan Singh">Vibhuti Narayan Singh</a>. In the 18th century, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Muhammad_Shah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muhammad Shah">Muhammad Shah</a> ordered the construction of an observatory on the Ganges, attached to Man Mandir Ghat, designed to discover imperfections in the calendar in order to revise existing astronomical tables. Tourism in the city began to flourish in the 18th century.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrakash1981170-59">[57]</a> As the Mughal suzerainty weakened, the Benares zamindari estate became Banaras State, thus <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Balwant_Singh_of_Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Balwant Singh of Benares">Balwant Singh</a> of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Narayan_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Narayan dynasty">Narayan dynasty</a> regained control of the territories and declared himself Maharaja of Benares in 1740.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CABayly1988-63">[61]</a> The strong clan organisation on which they rested, brought success to the lesser known <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hindu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> princes.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Bayly_1983_489_at_p_18-64">[62]</a> There were as many as 100,000 men backing the power of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Benares">Benares</a> rajas in what later became the districts of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Benares">Benares</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gorakhpur_district?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gorakhpur district">Gorakhpur</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Azamgarh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Azamgarh">Azamgarh</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Bayly_1983_489_at_p_18-64">[62]</a> This proved a decisive advantage when the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dynasty">dynasty</a> faced a rival and the nominal suzerain, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nawab_of_Oudh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawab of Oudh">Nawab of Oudh</a>, in the 1750s and the 1760s.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Bayly_1983_489_at_p_18-64">[62]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Chait_Singh_of_Benares.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Chait_Singh_of_Benares.jpg/180px-Chait_Singh_of_Benares.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="278" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="445" data-file-height="688"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 278px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Chait_Singh_of_Benares.jpg/180px-Chait_Singh_of_Benares.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="278" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Chait_Singh_of_Benares.jpg/270px-Chait_Singh_of_Benares.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Chait_Singh_of_Benares.jpg/360px-Chait_Singh_of_Benares.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Raja <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chait_Singh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Chait Singh">Chait Singh</a> of Benares State (r.1771–1781) </figcaption> </figure> An exhausting <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guerrilla_war?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla war">guerrilla war</a>, waged by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Benares">Benares</a> ruler against the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oudh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Oudh">Oudh</a> camp, using his troops, forced the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nawab?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nawab">Nawab</a> to withdraw his main force.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Bayly_1983_489_at_p_18-64">[62]</a> The region eventually ceded by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nawab_of_Oudh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawab of Oudh">Nawab of Oudh</a> to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares_State?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Benares State">Benares State</a>, a subordinate of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/East_India_Company?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="East India Company">East India Company</a>, in 1775, who recognised Benares as a family dominion.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Benares_Princely_State-65">[63]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-66">[64]</a> In 1791 under the rule of the British, resident <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jonathan_Duncan_(Governor_of_Bombay)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jonathan Duncan (Governor of Bombay)">Jonathan Duncan</a> founded a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Government_Sanskrit_College,_Varanasi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Sanskrit College, Varanasi">Sanskrit College in Varanasi</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReal_Corp2007-67">[65]</a> In 1867, the establishment of the Varanasi Municipal Board led to significant improvements in the city's infrastructure and basic amenities of health services, drinking water supply and sanitation.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKochhar2015247-68">[66]</a> Rev. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M._A._Sherring?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="M. A. Sherring">M. A. Sherring</a> in his book The Sacred City of Hindus: An account of Benaras in ancient and modern times published in 1868 refers to a census conducted by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/James_Prinsep?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="James Prinsep">James Prinsep</a> and put the total number of temples in the city to be around 1000 during 1830s. He writes,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-MAS-69">[67]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style> <blockquote class="templatequote"> The history of a country is sometimes epitomised in the history of one of its principal cities. The city of Benaras represents India religiously and intellectually, just as Paris represents the political Sentiments of France. There are few cities in the world of greater antiquity, and none that have so uninterruptedly maintained their ancient celebrity and distinction. </blockquote> Author <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mark_Twain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a> wrote in 1897 of Varanasi,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwain1897Chapter_L-70">[68]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"> <blockquote class="templatequote"> Benares is older than history, older than tradition, older even than legend, and looks twice as old as all of them put together. </blockquote> Benares became a princely state in 1911,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Benares_Princely_State-65">[63]</a> with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ramnagar,_Varanasi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ramnagar, Varanasi">Ramnagar</a> as its capital, but with no jurisdiction over the city proper. The religious head, Kashi Naresh, has had his headquarters at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ramnagar_Fort?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ramnagar Fort">Ramnagar Fort</a> since the 18th century, also a repository of the history of the kings of Varanasi, which is situated to the east of Varanasi, across the Ganges.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-A_review_of_Varanasi-71">[69]</a> The Kashi Naresh is deeply revered by the local people and the chief cultural patron; some devout inhabitants consider him to be the incarnation of Shiva.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitra2002216-72">[70]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Annie_Besant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a> founded the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Central_Hindu_School?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Central Hindu School">Central Hindu College</a>, which later became a foundation for the creation of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Banaras_Hindu_University?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Banaras Hindu University">Banaras Hindu University</a> in 1916. Besant founded the college because she wanted "to bring men of all religions together under the ideal of brotherhood in order to promote Indian cultural values and to remove ill-will among different sections of the Indian population."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharmaSharma2001197-73">[71]</a> Varanasi was ceded to the Union of India in 1947, becoming part of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a> after Indian independence.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Varun-74">[72]</a> Vibhuti Narayan Singh incorporated his territories into the United Provinces in 1949.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-75">[73]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 192px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Majaraja_of_Benares_and_Suite,_1870s.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Maharaja of Benares, 1870s"> <noscript> <img alt="Maharaja of Benares, 1870s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Majaraja_of_Benares_and_Suite%2C_1870s.jpg/285px-Majaraja_of_Benares_and_Suite%2C_1870s.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="634" data-file-height="500"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 190px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Majaraja_of_Benares_and_Suite%2C_1870s.jpg/285px-Majaraja_of_Benares_and_Suite%2C_1870s.jpg" data-alt="Maharaja of Benares, 1870s" data-width="190" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Majaraja_of_Benares_and_Suite%2C_1870s.jpg/429px-Majaraja_of_Benares_and_Suite%2C_1870s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Majaraja_of_Benares_and_Suite%2C_1870s.jpg/571px-Majaraja_of_Benares_and_Suite%2C_1870s.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Maharaja of Benares, 1870s </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Benares_(Baedeker,_1914).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the city, c. 1914"> <noscript> <img alt="Map of the city, c. 1914" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Benares_%28Baedeker%2C_1914%29.jpg/225px-Benares_%28Baedeker%2C_1914%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1137" data-file-height="1136"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Benares_%28Baedeker%2C_1914%29.jpg/225px-Benares_%28Baedeker%2C_1914%29.jpg" data-alt="Map of the city, c. 1914" data-width="150" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Benares_%28Baedeker%2C_1914%29.jpg/338px-Benares_%28Baedeker%2C_1914%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Benares_%28Baedeker%2C_1914%29.jpg/450px-Benares_%28Baedeker%2C_1914%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Map of the city, c. 1914 </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 196px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 194px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Benares_-_riverfront_-_edit_LCCN2004707379.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="An 1895 photograph of the Varanasi riverfront"> <noscript> <img alt="An 1895 photograph of the Varanasi riverfront" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Benares_-_riverfront_-_edit_LCCN2004707379.jpg/291px-Benares_-_riverfront_-_edit_LCCN2004707379.jpg" decoding="async" width="194" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="619"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 194px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Benares_-_riverfront_-_edit_LCCN2004707379.jpg/291px-Benares_-_riverfront_-_edit_LCCN2004707379.jpg" data-alt="An 1895 photograph of the Varanasi riverfront" data-width="194" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Benares_-_riverfront_-_edit_LCCN2004707379.jpg/437px-Benares_-_riverfront_-_edit_LCCN2004707379.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Benares_-_riverfront_-_edit_LCCN2004707379.jpg/582px-Benares_-_riverfront_-_edit_LCCN2004707379.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> An 1895 photograph of the Varanasi riverfront </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 126.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 124.66666666667px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:20160628_021143293_iOS.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="The lanes of Varanasi are bathed in a plethora of colours."> <noscript> <img alt="The lanes of Varanasi are bathed in a plethora of colours." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/20160628_021143293_iOS.jpg/187px-20160628_021143293_iOS.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2308" data-file-height="2782"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 125px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/20160628_021143293_iOS.jpg/187px-20160628_021143293_iOS.jpg" data-alt="The lanes of Varanasi are bathed in a plethora of colours." data-width="125" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/20160628_021143293_iOS.jpg/280px-20160628_021143293_iOS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/20160628_021143293_iOS.jpg/373px-20160628_021143293_iOS.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> The lanes of Varanasi are bathed in a plethora of colours. </div></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="21st-century">21st-century</h3> </div> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Narendra_Modi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a>, prime minister of India since 2014, has represented <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Varanasi_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Varanasi (Lok Sabha constituency)">Varanasi</a> in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parliament_of_India?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parliament of India">Parliament of India</a> since <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2014_Indian_general_election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2014 Indian general election">2014</a>. Modi inaugurated the Shri Kashi Vishwanath Corridor project, which aimed to enhance the city's spiritual vibrancy by connecting many ghats to the temple of Kashi Vishwanath, in December 2021.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-76">[74]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <h2 id="Geography_and_climate">Geography and climate</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Geography">Geography</h3> </div> Varanasi is located at an elevation of 80.71 metres (264.8 ft)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-77">[75]</a> in the centre of the Ganges valley of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_India?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="North India">North India</a>, in the Eastern part of the state of Uttar Pradesh, along the left crescent-shaped bank of the Ganges, averaging between 15 metres (50 ft) and 21 metres (70 ft) above the river.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohanty1993316-78">[76]</a> The city is the headquarters of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Varanasi_district?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Varanasi district">Varanasi district</a>. By road, Varanasi is located 797 kilometres (495 mi) south-east of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_Delhi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>, 320 kilometres (200 mi) south-east of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lucknow?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a>, 121 kilometres (75 mi) east of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prayagraj?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prayagraj">Prayagraj</a>, and 63 kilometres (39 mi) south of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jaunpur,_Uttar_Pradesh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh">Jaunpur</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-GM-79">[77]</a> The "Varanasi Urban Agglomeration" – an agglomeration of seven urban sub-units – covers an area of 112 km2 (43 sq mi).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-heritageUNESCO-80">[78]</a> Neighbourhoods of the city include Adampura, Anandbagh, Bachchhaon, Bangali Tola, Bhelpura, Bulanala, Chaitganj, Chaukaghat, Chowk, Dhupchandi, Dumraon, Gandhinagar, Gautam Nagar, Giri Nagar, Gopal Vihar, Guru Nanak Nagar, Jaitpura, Kail Garh, Khanna, Kotwali, Lanka Manduadih, Luxa, Maheshpur, Mahmoorganj, Maulvibagh, Nagwar, Naipokhari, Shivala, Siddhagiribagh, and Sigra.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-GM-79">[77]</a> Located in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indo-Gangetic Plains</a> of North India, the land is very fertile because low-level floods in the Ganges continually replenish the soil.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-81">[79]</a> Varanasi is situated between the Ganges confluences with two rivers: the Varuna and the Assi stream. The distance between the two confluences is around 2 miles (4 km), and serves as a sacred journeying route for Hindus, which culminates with a visit to a Sakshi Vinayak Temple.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKishore200865-82">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3> </div> Varanasi experiences a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Humid subtropical climate">humid subtropical climate</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> Cwa) with large variations between summer and winter temperatures.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh19754-83">[81]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPandey198913-84">[82]</a> The dry summer starts in April and lasts until June, followed by the monsoon season from July to October. The temperature ranges between 22 and 46 °C (72 and 115 °F) in the summers. Winters in Varanasi see very large <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diurnal_cycle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Diurnal cycle">diurnal</a> variations, with warm days and downright cold nights. Cold waves from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Himalayas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Himalayas">Himalayan</a> region cause temperatures to dip across the city in the winter from December to February and temperatures below 5 °C (41 °F) are not uncommon. The average annual rainfall is 1,110 mm (44 in). Fog is common in the winters, while hot dry winds, called <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Loo_(wind)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Loo (wind)">loo</a>, blow in the summers.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinghRana200227-85">[83]</a> In recent years, the water level of the Ganges has decreased significantly; upstream dams, unregulated water extraction, and dwindling glacial sources due to global warming may be to blame.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-86">[84]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-87">[85]</a> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Varanasi (1991–2020, extremes 1901–2012)</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month</th> <th scope="col">Jan</th> <th scope="col">Feb</th> <th scope="col">Mar</th> <th scope="col">Apr</th> <th scope="col">May</th> <th scope="col">Jun</th> <th scope="col">Jul</th> <th scope="col">Aug</th> <th scope="col">Sep</th> <th scope="col">Oct</th> <th scope="col">Nov</th> <th scope="col">Dec</th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year</th> </tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F)</th> <td style="background: #FF3E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.5 (90.5)</td> <td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.1 (97.0)</td> <td style="background: #FF0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.5 (106.7)</td> <td style="background: #CA0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">45.3 (113.5)</td> <td style="background: #B00000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">47.2 (117.0)</td> <td style="background: #B00000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">47.2 (117.0)</td> <td style="background: #CE0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">45.0 (113.0)</td> <td style="background: #FF0900; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.1 (104.2)</td> <td style="background: #FF0B00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.8 (103.6)</td> <td style="background: #FF0E00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.4 (102.9)</td> <td style="background: #FF1E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.1 (98.8)</td> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.8 (91.0)</td> <td style="background: #B00000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">47.2 (117.0)</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F)</th> <td style="background: #FF870F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.9 (71.4)</td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.7 (80.1)</td> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.8 (91.0)</td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.9 (102.0)</td> <td style="background: #FF0700; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.4 (104.7)</td> <td style="background: #FF1400; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.5 (101.3)</td> <td style="background: #FF3500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.8 (92.8)</td> <td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.1 (91.6)</td> <td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.1 (91.6)</td> <td style="background: #FF3E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.5 (90.5)</td> <td style="background: #FF5400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.2 (84.6)</td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.1 (75.4)</td> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">32.1 (89.8)</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F)</th> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0 (48.2)</td> <td style="background: #FFC892; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.4 (54.3)</td> <td style="background: #FFAA56; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.7 (62.1)</td> <td style="background: #FF850C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.1 (71.8)</td> <td style="background: #FF6B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.9 (78.6)</td> <td style="background: #FF5E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.8 (82.0)</td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.6 (79.9)</td> <td style="background: #FF6900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.2 (79.2)</td> <td style="background: #FF6F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.3 (77.5)</td> <td style="background: #FF8D1C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.9 (69.6)</td> <td style="background: #FFBA75; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.5 (58.1)</td> <td style="background: #FFD8B1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.1 (50.2)</td> <td style="background: #FF962D; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">19.7 (67.5)</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F)</th> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0 (33.8)</td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.7 (35.1)</td> <td style="background: #FFEFE0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.7 (44.1)</td> <td style="background: #FFD1A4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1 (52.0)</td> <td style="background: #FFA64E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.3 (63.1)</td> <td style="background: #FF9022; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.5 (68.9)</td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0 (68.0)</td> <td style="background: #FF9123; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.4 (68.7)</td> <td style="background: #FFAC5A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.4 (61.5)</td> <td style="background: #FFCD9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.7 (53.1)</td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0 (41.0)</td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.2 (36.0)</td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1.0 (33.8)</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainfall mm (inches)</th> <td style="background: #E6FFE6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.3 (0.64)</td> <td style="background: #DBFFDB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.7 (0.85)</td> <td style="background: #EEFFEE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.8 (0.43)</td> <td style="background: #F3FFF3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3 (0.29)</td> <td style="background: #EAFFEA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.8 (0.54)</td> <td style="background: #63FF63; color:#000000;" class="notheme">100.8 (3.97)</td> <td style="background: #007200; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">265.2 (10.44)</td> <td style="background: #005800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">282.9 (11.14)</td> <td style="background: #00A400; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">224.5 (8.84)</td> <td style="background: #CDFFCD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.0 (1.30)</td> <td style="background: #F6FFF6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.5 (0.22)</td> <td style="background: #F9FFF9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.9 (0.15)</td> <td style="background: #82FF82; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">985.9 (38.81)</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days</th> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.5</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.7</td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.2</td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8</td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.4</td> <td style="background: #BCBCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2</td> <td style="background: #6767FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.3</td> <td style="background: #5F5FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.9</td> <td style="background: #9191FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.6</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.9</td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3</td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3</td> <td style="background: #CCCCFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">48.1</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Relative_humidity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) (at 17:30 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indian Standard Time">IST</a>)</th> <td style="background: #0606FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">65</td> <td style="background: #3838FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">52</td> <td style="background: #7171FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37</td> <td style="background: #9393FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28</td> <td style="background: #8484FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32</td> <td style="background: #3B3BFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">51</td> <td style="background: #0000E2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74</td> <td style="background: #0000CF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">79</td> <td style="background: #0000D3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78</td> <td style="background: #0000EE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71</td> <td style="background: #0000F6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69</td> <td style="background: #0000F2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70</td> <td style="background: #1D1DFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">59</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sunshine_duration?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a></th> <td style="background: #DFDF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">232.5</td> <td style="background: #E6E600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">240.1</td> <td style="background: #ECEC06; color:#000000;" class="notheme">291.4</td> <td style="background: #EFEF0D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">294.0</td> <td style="background: #EEEE0B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">300.7</td> <td style="background: #E1E100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">234.0</td> <td style="background: #C0C022; color:#000000;" class="notheme">142.6</td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">189.1</td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">195.0</td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">257.3</td> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">261.0</td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">210.8</td> <td style="background: #E1E100; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,848.5</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sunshine_duration?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a></th> <td style="background: #DFDF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5</td> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.5</td> <td style="background: #EDED09; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4</td> <td style="background: #F0F010; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8</td> <td style="background: #EFEF0E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7</td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.8</td> <td style="background: #C1C11C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.6</td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.1</td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.5</td> <td style="background: #E5E500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3</td> <td style="background: #E8E800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7</td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.8</td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">7.8</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ultraviolet_index?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ultraviolet index">ultraviolet index</a></th> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6</td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7</td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">10</td> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">11</td> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12</td> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12</td> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12</td> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12</td> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">11</td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">8</td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6</td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5</td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">9</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/India_Meteorological_Department?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="India Meteorological Department">India Meteorological Department</a> (sun 1971–2000)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-IMDnormals-88">[86]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-IMDextremes-89">[87]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-IMDsun-90">[88]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-IMDcityextremes2-91">[89]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Weather Atlas<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Weather_Atlas-92">[90]</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Varanasi_Airport?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Varanasi Airport">Varanasi Airport</a> (1991–2020, extremes 1952–2012)</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month</th> <th scope="col">Jan</th> <th scope="col">Feb</th> <th scope="col">Mar</th> <th scope="col">Apr</th> <th scope="col">May</th> <th scope="col">Jun</th> <th scope="col">Jul</th> <th scope="col">Aug</th> <th scope="col">Sep</th> <th scope="col">Oct</th> <th scope="col">Nov</th> <th scope="col">Dec</th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year</th> </tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F)</th> <td style="background: #FF3F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.3 (90.1)</td> <td style="background: #FF2700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.8 (96.4)</td> <td style="background: #F20000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.4 (108.3)</td> <td style="background: #B70000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">46.7 (116.1)</td> <td style="background: #B50000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">46.8 (116.2)</td> <td style="background: #A50000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">48.0 (118.4)</td> <td style="background: #DD0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">43.9 (111.0)</td> <td style="background: #FF0B00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.8 (103.6)</td> <td style="background: #F30000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.3 (108.1)</td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.0 (102.2)</td> <td style="background: #FF2A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.3 (95.5)</td> <td style="background: #FF3C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.7 (90.9)</td> <td style="background: #A50000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">48.0 (118.4)</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F)</th> <td style="background: #FF850B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.2 (72.0)</td> <td style="background: #FF6400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.9 (80.4)</td> <td style="background: #FF3800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.3 (91.9)</td> <td style="background: #FF0F00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.3 (102.7)</td> <td style="background: #FF0500; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.7 (105.3)</td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.9 (102.0)</td> <td style="background: #FF3100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.3 (93.7)</td> <td style="background: #FF3800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.3 (91.9)</td> <td style="background: #FF3700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.4 (92.1)</td> <td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.1 (91.6)</td> <td style="background: #FF5100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.7 (85.5)</td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.4 (75.9)</td> <td style="background: #FF3E00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">32.5 (90.5)</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F)</th> <td style="background: #FFE0C2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9 (48.0)</td> <td style="background: #FFC994; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.2 (54.0)</td> <td style="background: #FFAC59; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.5 (61.7)</td> <td style="background: #FF870F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.9 (71.4)</td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.7 (78.3)</td> <td style="background: #FF6000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.5 (81.5)</td> <td style="background: #FF6700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.5 (79.7)</td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.1 (79.0)</td> <td style="background: #FF7000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.2 (77.4)</td> <td style="background: #FF8D1B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.0 (69.8)</td> <td style="background: #FFB871; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.8 (58.6)</td> <td style="background: #FFD7B0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2 (50.4)</td> <td style="background: #FF952C; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">19.8 (67.6)</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F)</th> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3 (32.5)</td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.4 (36.3)</td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0 (39.2)</td> <td style="background: #FFCF9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.4 (52.5)</td> <td style="background: #FFA347; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.8 (64.0)</td> <td style="background: #FFBB77; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.3 (57.7)</td> <td style="background: #FF8A16; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.4 (70.5)</td> <td style="background: #FF8914; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.5 (70.7)</td> <td style="background: #FF9A35; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.1 (66.4)</td> <td style="background: #FFE0C2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9 (48.0)</td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.3 (39.7)</td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.3 (36.1)</td> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">0.3 (32.5)</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainfall mm (inches)</th> <td style="background: #E9FFE9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.2 (0.56)</td> <td style="background: #DFFFDF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.3 (0.76)</td> <td style="background: #F0FFF0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4 (0.37)</td> <td style="background: #EFFFEF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.3 (0.41)</td> <td style="background: #E6FFE6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.7 (0.66)</td> <td style="background: #57FF57; color:#000000;" class="notheme">108.8 (4.28)</td> <td style="background: #004800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">293.7 (11.56)</td> <td style="background: #007B00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">259.3 (10.21)</td> <td style="background: #00BF00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">206.9 (8.15)</td> <td style="background: #D1FFD1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.6 (1.20)</td> <td style="background: #F7FFF7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.8 (0.19)</td> <td style="background: #FAFFFA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.7 (0.11)</td> <td style="background: #83FF83; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">976.8 (38.46)</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days</th> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.4</td> <td style="background: #EAEAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.5</td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8</td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8</td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.6</td> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.3</td> <td style="background: #6464FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.5</td> <td style="background: #6666FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.4</td> <td style="background: #9292FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.5</td> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.8</td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4</td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4</td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">47.3</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Relative_humidity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) (at 17:30 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indian Standard Time">IST</a>)</th> <td style="background: #0A0AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">64</td> <td style="background: #3838FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">52</td> <td style="background: #7575FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36</td> <td style="background: #A3A3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24</td> <td style="background: #8C8CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30</td> <td style="background: #4343FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">49</td> <td style="background: #0000E6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">73</td> <td style="background: #0000D3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78</td> <td style="background: #0000DB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76</td> <td style="background: #0606FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">65</td> <td style="background: #1515FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">61</td> <td style="background: #0202FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66</td> <td style="background: #2828FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">56</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/India_Meteorological_Department?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="India Meteorological Department">India Meteorological Department</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-IMDnormals-88">[86]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-IMDextremes-89">[87]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-IMDcityextremes2-91">[89]</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> Varanasi has been ranked 9th best “National Clean Air City” (under Category 1 >10L Population cities) in India.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-93">[91]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Uttar_Pradesh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Uttar Pradesh">List of cities in Uttar Pradesh</a> </div> According to provisional data from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2011_Census_of_India?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Census of India">2011 census</a>, the Varanasi urban agglomeration had a population of 1,435,113, with 761,060 men and 674,053 women.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-uastats-94">[92]</a> The Varanasi municipal corporation and CB had a combined population of 1,212,610 of which 642,882 were males and 569,728 in 2011. The population in the age group of 0 to 6 years was 137,111.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-urban-2">[2]</a> The population of the Varanasi urban agglomeration in 2001 was 1,371,749 with a ratio of 879 females every 1,000 males.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-censusmillioncities-95">[93]</a> However, the area under <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Varanasi_Nagar_Nigam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Varanasi Nagar Nigam">Varanasi Nagar Nigam</a> has a population of 1,100,748<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-uptownscensus1-96">[94]</a> with a ratio of 883 females for every 1,000 males.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-uptownscensus1-96">[94]</a> The literacy rate in the urban agglomeration is 77% while that in the municipal corporation area is 78%.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-uptownscensus1-96">[94]</a> Approximately 138,000 people in the municipal area live in slums.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-censusmillionslums-97">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Religion_in_Varanasi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Religion in Varanasi">Religion in Varanasi</a> </div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Black; z-index:-1"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 4546.5510264193px; border-left-color:Gold"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Gold"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Gold"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 4080.0791299256px; border-left-color:Brown"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Brown"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Brown"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 3119.616944035px; border-left-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 2178.6755769863px; border-left-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Blue"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1485.1876963688px; border-left-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Green"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:95.316955606949px 30.243643527574px 0 0; border-top-color:DarkOrange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkOrange"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Religion in Varanasi City (2011).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-98">[96]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style> <div class="legend">   <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hinduism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> (70.11%) </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> <div class="legend">   <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Islam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Islam">Islam</a> (28.82%) </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> <div class="legend">   <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (0.34%) </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> <div class="legend">   <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sikhism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> (0.22%) </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> <div class="legend">   <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jainism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> (0.12%) </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> <div class="legend">   <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Buddhism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> (0.04%) </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> <div class="legend">   Other or Not stated (0.35%) </div> </div> </div> </div> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hinduism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> is predominantly followed in Varanasi with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Islam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Islam">Islam</a> being the largest minority. Nearly 70% of the population follows Hinduism. The city also agglomerate different religions such as Christianity, Sikhism, Jainism and Buddhism. The city is also a centre for Buddhist pilgrimage. At <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sarnath?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a>, just northeast of Varanasi, the Buddha gave his first teaching (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dhammacakkappavattana_Sutta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta">Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta</a>) after attaining <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">enlightenment</a>. According to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Buddhava%E1%B9%83sa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Buddhavaṃsa">Buddhavaṃsa</a>, a hagiographical Buddhist text, Varanasi is stated to have been the birthplace of the previous Buddha, known as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kassapa_Buddha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kassapa Buddha">Kassapa Buddha</a>. In the sacred geography of India Varanasi is known as the "microcosm of India".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen2013136-99">[97]</a> In addition to its 3,300 Hindu religious places, Varanasi has 12 churches, three Jain mandirs, nine Buddhist shrines, three Gurdwaras (Sikh shrines), and 1,388 Muslim holy places.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh200932-100">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3> </div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:grey; z-index:-1"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1158.8441734001px; border-left-color:blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:blue"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 690.1969540022px; border-left-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 209.09058255155px; border-left-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Green"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 62.322034088412px; border-left-color:Orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Orange"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Languages in Varanasi Municipal Corporation and Cantonment Board area, 2011 Census<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-censusindia.C-16-101">[99]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> <div class="legend">   Hindi (83.87%) </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> <div class="legend">   Urdu (9.03%) </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> <div class="legend">   Bhojpuri (4.81%) </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> <div class="legend">   Bengali (0.92%) </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> <div class="legend">   Others (1.37%) </div> </div> </div> </div> At the time of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2011_Census_of_India?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Census of India">2011 Census of India</a>, 83.87% of the population of Varansi Municipal Corporation and Cantonment Board spoke <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hindi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>, 9.03% <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urdu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>, 4.81% <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bhojpuri_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a>, and 0.92% <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bengali_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> as their first language.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-censusindia.C-16-101">[99]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <h2 id="Administration_and_politics">Administration and politics</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Administration">Administration</h3> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="General_administration">General administration</h4> </div> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Varanasi_division?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Varanasi division">Varanasi division</a> which consists of four districts, and is headed by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Divisional_Commissioner?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Divisional Commissioner">Divisional Commissioner</a> of Varanasi, who is an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indian_Administrative_Service?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indian Administrative Service">IAS officer</a> of high seniority, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Divisional_Commissioner?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Divisional Commissioner">Commissioner</a> is the head of local government institutions (including Municipal Corporations) in the division, is in charge of infrastructure development in his division, and is also responsible for maintaining law and order in the division.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Government_of_Uttar_Pradesh-102">[100]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-103">[101]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-104">[102]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-105">[103]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-106">[104]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/District_collector?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="District collector">District Magistrate</a> of Varanasi reports to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Divisional_Commissioner?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Divisional Commissioner">Divisional Commissioner</a>. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Divisional_Commissioner?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Divisional Commissioner">Commissioner</a> is Deepak Agarwal.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-107">[105]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-108">[106]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Varanasi_District_website-109">[107]</a> Varanasi district administration is headed by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/District_collector?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="District collector">District Magistrate</a> of Varanasi, who is an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indian_Administrative_Service?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indian Administrative Service">IAS officer</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/District_collector?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="District collector">The DM</a> is in charge of property records and revenue collection for the central government and oversees the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elections_in_India?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elections in India">elections</a> held in the city. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/District_collector?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="District collector">The DM</a> is also responsible for maintaining law and order in the city, hence the SSP of Varanasi also reports to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/District_collector?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="District collector">DM</a> of Varanasi.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Government_of_Uttar_Pradesh-102">[100]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-110">[108]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-111">[109]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-112">[110]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-113">[111]</a> The DM is assisted by a Chief Development Officer (CDO), four Additional District Magistrates (ADM) (Finance/Revenue, City, Protocol, Executive), one chief revenue officer (CRO), one City Magistrate (CM), and four Additional City Magistrates (ACM). The district has three <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tehsil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tehsil">tehsils</a>, each headed by a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sub-Divisional_Magistrate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-Divisional Magistrate">Sub-Divisional Magistrate</a>. The DM is Kaushal Raj Sharma.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Department_of_Home_and_Confidential,_Government_of_Uttar_Pradesh-114">[112]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Department_of_Appointments_and_Personnel,_Government_of_Uttar_Pradesh-115">[113]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Varanasi_District_website-109">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Police_administration">Police administration</h4> </div> Varanasi district comes under the Varanasi Police Zone and Varanasi Police Range, Varanasi Zone is headed by an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Additional_director_general_of_police?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Additional director general of police">Additional Director General</a> ranked IPS officer, and the Varanasi Range is headed <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inspector-general_of_police?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Inspector-general of police">Inspector General</a> ranked IPS officer. The ADG, Varanasi Zone is Biswajit Mahapatra,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-116">[114]</a> and IG, Varanasi Range is Vijay Singh Meena.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-117">[115]</a> The district police up to the date of 24 March 2021 was headed by a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Superintendent_of_police_(India)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Superintendent of police (India)">Senior Superintendent of Police</a> (SSP), who is an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indian_Police_Service?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indian Police Service">IPS</a> officer, and is assisted by six <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Superintendent_of_police_(India)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Superintendent of police (India)">Superintendents of Police</a> (SP)/<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Additional_superintendent_of_police?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Additional superintendent of police">Additional Superintendents of Police</a> (Addl. SP) (City, Rural Area, Crime, Traffic, Protocol and Protocol), who are either IPS officers or PPS officers.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Uttar_Pradesh_Police-118">[116]</a> Each of the several police circles is headed by a Circle Officer (CO) in the rank of Deputy Superintendent of Police.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Uttar_Pradesh_Police-118">[116]</a> The last SSP was Amit Pathak.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Uttar_Pradesh_Police-118">[116]</a> On 25 March 2021 the Government of Uttar Pradesh passed an order to divide the Varanasi police into <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Varanasi_Police_Commissionerate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Varanasi Police Commissionerate">Varanasi City Police</a> and Rural Police.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-119">[117]</a> Since then City Police is headed by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Commissioner_of_Police_(India)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Commissioner of Police (India)">Commissioner of Police (CP)</a>, who is an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indian_Police_Service?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indian Police Service">IPS</a> officer of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Additional_director_general_of_police?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Additional director general of police">ADGP</a> rank, and is assisted by two additional commissioners of police (Addl. CP) who is of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deputy_Inspector_General_of_Police?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Inspector General of Police">DIG</a> rank, and two deputy commissioners of police (DCP) who are of SP rank. And Rural Police is headed by SP rank.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-120">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Infrastructure_and_civic_administration">Infrastructure and civic administration</h4> </div> The development of infrastructure in the city is overseen by the Varanasi Development Authority (VDA), which comes under the Housing Department of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Government_of_Uttar_Pradesh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Government of Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh government</a>. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Divisional_Commissioner?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Divisional Commissioner">divisional commissioner</a> of Varanasi acts as the ex-officio chairman of the VDA, whereas the vice-chairman, a government-appointed <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indian_Administrative_Service?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indian Administrative Service">Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officer</a>, looks after the daily matters of the authority.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-121">[119]</a> The vice-chairman of the Varanasi Development Authority is Pulkit Khare.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-122">[120]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Varanasi_Municipal_Corporation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Varanasi Municipal Corporation">Varanasi Municipal Corporation</a> oversees civic activities in the city; the head of the corporation is the mayor, and the executive and administration of the corporation is the responsibility of the municipal commissioner, who is appointed by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Government_of_Uttar_Pradesh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Government of Uttar Pradesh">government of Uttar Pradesh</a> and is either an IAS officer or Provincial Civil Service (PCS) officer of high seniority. The mayor of Varanasi is Mridula Jaiswal, and the municipal commissioner is Nitin Bansal.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-123">[121]</a> Water supply and sewage system is operated by the Uttar Pradesh Jal Nigam.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAcademy21-124">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3> </div> Varanasi is represented in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lok_Sabha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a> by the Prime Minister of India <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Narendra_Modi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a> who won the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lok_Sabha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a> elections in 2014 and subsequently in 2019 by a huge margin.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-125">[123]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-126">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Healthcare">Healthcare</h3> </div> Hospitals in the city include the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sir_Sunderlal_Hospital?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sir Sunderlal Hospital">Sir Sunderlal Hospital</a>, a teaching hospital in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Banaras_Hindu_University?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Banaras Hindu University">Banaras Hindu University</a>, Heritage Hospital, Marwari Hospital, Pitambari Hospital, Mata Anand Mai Hospital, Rajkiya Hospital, Ram Krishna Mission Hospital, Shiv Prasad Gupta Hospital, Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyay Hospital (managed by the state government), and Varanasi Hospital and Medical Research Centre. The urban parts of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Varanasi_district?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Varanasi district">Varanasi district</a> had an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Infant_mortality?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Infant mortality">infant mortality</a> rate of 70 per 1,000 live births in 2010–2011.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-127">[125]</a> The Railway Cancer Hospital is now being run by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tata_Memorial_Centre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tata Memorial Centre">Tata Memorial Centre</a> after intervention by Prime Minister <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Narendra_Modi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a> who represents Varanasi.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-128">[126]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sushruta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sushruta">Sushruta</a>, an ancient Indian physician known as the primary author of the treatise <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushruta Samhita</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sanskrit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> text of surgery, lived in Varanasi and practised medicine and surgery sometime during the 5th century BCE. Since 1922, Ayurveda has been a subject of training in the Banaras Hindu University, and in 1927 a separate Ayurvedic College was established.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-129">[127]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-130">[128]</a> There are many ayurvedic centres in Varanasi providing treatments such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Panchakarma?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Panchakarma">Panchakarma</a> as well as other treatments.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-131">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Public_maintenance">Public maintenance</h3> </div> Because of the high population density of Varanasi and the increasing number of tourists, the Uttar Pradesh government and international non-governmental organisations and institutions have expressed grave concern for the pollution and pressures on infrastructure in the city, mainly the sewage, sanitation, and drainage components.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohanty1993316-7-132">[130]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pollution_of_the_Ganges?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pollution of the Ganges">Pollution of the Ganges</a> is a particular source of worry because of the religious significance of the river, the dependence of people on it as a source of drinking water, and its prominence as a symbol of Varanasi and the city itself.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-133">[131]</a> The sewage problem is exacerbated by the role of the Ganges in bathing and in river traffic, which is very difficult to control.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohanty1993316-7-132">[130]</a> Because of the sewage, people using local untreated water have higher risk of contracting a range of water-borne stomach diseases.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-HamnerTripathi2006-134">[132]</a> Parts of Varanasi are contaminated with industrial chemicals including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Toxic_heavy_metal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Toxic heavy metal">toxic heavy metal</a>. Studies of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wastewater?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wastewater">wastewater</a> from Varanasi's sewage treatment plants identify that water's contamination with metals and the reuse of this water for irrigation as a way that the toxic metals come to be in the plants that people grow for food.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-SharmaAgrawal2008-135">[133]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-SharmaAgrawal2006-136">[134]</a> One studied example is palak, a popular leafy vegetable which takes up heavy metal when it is in the soil, and which people then eat.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Kumar_SharmaAgrawal2007-137">[135]</a> Some of the polluting sludge contains minerals which are fertiliser, which could make polluted water attractive to use.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-SinghMohan2004-138">[136]</a> Pesticides used in local farming are persistent enough to be spread through the water, to sewer treatment, then back to the farms as wastewater.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-SinghMohan2004-138">[136]</a> Varanasi's water supply and sewage system is maintained by Jal Nigam, a subsidiary of Varanasi Nagar Nigam. Power supply is by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_Power_Corporation_Limited?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Limited">Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Limited</a>. The city produces about 350,000,000 litres (77,000,000 imp gal; 92,000,000 US gal) per day<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-schemevaranasi-139">[137]</a> of sewage and 425 tonnes (418 long tons; 468 short tons) per day of solid waste.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-cpcbsolidwaste-140">[138]</a> The solid wastes are disposed in one landfill site.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-cpcbsolidwaste2-141">[139]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:India_-_Varanasi_tourist_baubles_-_0496.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/India_-_Varanasi_tourist_baubles_-_0496.jpg/220px-India_-_Varanasi_tourist_baubles_-_0496.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3324" data-file-height="2307"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 153px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/India_-_Varanasi_tourist_baubles_-_0496.jpg/220px-India_-_Varanasi_tourist_baubles_-_0496.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="153" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/India_-_Varanasi_tourist_baubles_-_0496.jpg/330px-India_-_Varanasi_tourist_baubles_-_0496.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/India_-_Varanasi_tourist_baubles_-_0496.jpg/440px-India_-_Varanasi_tourist_baubles_-_0496.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Tourists shopping for jewellery in Varanasi </figcaption> </figure> According to the 2006 City Development Plan for Varanasi, approximately 29% of Varanasi's population is employed.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJNNURM200629-142">[140]</a> Approximately 40% are employed in manufacturing, 26% work in trade and commerce, 19% work in other services, 8% work in transport and communication, 4% work in agriculture, 2% work in construction, and 2% are marginal workers (working for less than half of the year).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJNNURM200628-143">[141]</a> Among manufacturing workers, 51% work in spinning and weaving, 15% work in metal, 6% work in printing and publishing, 5% work in electrical machinery, and the rest work in a wide variety of industry sectors.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJNNURM200631-144">[142]</a> Varanasi's manufacturing industry is not well developed and is dominated by small-scale industries and household production.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJNNURM200629-142">[140]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Banarasi_sari_pallu_by_ashish4.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Banarasi_sari_pallu_by_ashish4.JPG/220px-Banarasi_sari_pallu_by_ashish4.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Banarasi_sari_pallu_by_ashish4.JPG/220px-Banarasi_sari_pallu_by_ashish4.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Banarasi_sari_pallu_by_ashish4.JPG/330px-Banarasi_sari_pallu_by_ashish4.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Banarasi_sari_pallu_by_ashish4.JPG/440px-Banarasi_sari_pallu_by_ashish4.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Banarasi_sari?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Banarasi sari">Banarasi sari</a> </figcaption> </figure> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silk_weaving_in_Varanasi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Silk weaving in Varanasi">Silk weaving</a> is the dominant industry in Varanasi.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJNNURM200629%E2%80%9331-145">[143]</a> Muslims are the influential community in this industry with nearly half a million of them working as weavers, dyers, sari finishers, and salespersons.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarikoo2010192-146">[144]</a> Weaving is typically done within the household, and most weavers are <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Momin_Ansari?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Momin Ansari">Momin Ansari</a> Muslims.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood2011%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksid9Fq4eUi_3oMCpgPA113_113%5D-147">[145]</a> Varanasi is known throughout India for its production of very fine silk and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Banarasi_sari?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Banarasi sari">Banarasi saris</a>, brocades with gold and silver thread work, which are often used for weddings and special occasions. The production of silk often uses bonded child labour, though perhaps not at a higher rate than elsewhere in India.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-148">[146]</a> The silk weaving industry has recently been threatened by the rise of power looms and computer-generated designs and by competition from Chinese silk imports.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJNNURM200629-142">[140]</a> Trade Facilitation Centre is a modern and integrated facility to support the handloom and handicraft sector in Varanasi; providing trade enhancement and facilitation to both domestic and international buyers. Hence, carrying forward the rich traditions of handlooms and handicrafts.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the metal manufacturing sector, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Banaras_Locomotive_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Banaras Locomotive Works">Banaras Locomotive Works</a> is a major employer.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJNNURM200631-144">[142]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bharat_Heavy_Electricals?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharat Heavy Electricals">Bharat Heavy Electricals</a>, a large power equipment manufacturer, also operates a heavy equipment maintenance plant.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-149">[147]</a> Other major commodities manufactured and traded in Varanasi include hand-knotted Mirzapur carpets, rugs, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dhurrie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dhurrie">dhurries</a>, brassware, copperware, wooden and clay toys, handicrafts, gold jewellery, and musical instruments.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJNNURM200629%E2%80%9331-145">[143]</a> Important agricultural products include <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Betel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Betel">betel</a> leaves (for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Paan">paan</a>), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Langra">langra</a> mangoes and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Khoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Khoa">khoa</a> (solidified milk).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJNNURM200631-144">[142]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitra2002117,_169-150">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3> </div> Tourism is Varanasi's second most important industry.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJNNURM200657-151">[149]</a> Domestic tourist most commonly visit for religious purposes while foreign tourist visit for ghats along River Ganges and Sarnath. Most domestic tourists are from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bihar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/West_Bengal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a>, and other parts of Uttar Pradesh, while the majority of foreign tourists are from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sri_Lanka?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Japan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Japan">Japan</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJNNURM200656-152">[150]</a> The peak tourist season falls between October and March.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJNNURM200656-152">[150]</a> In total, there are around 12,000 beds available in the city, of which about one half are in inexpensive budget hotels and one third in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dharamshala_(type_of_building)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dharamshala (type of building)">dharamsalas</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJNNURM200658-153">[151]</a> Overall, Varanasi's tourist infrastructure is not well developed.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJNNURM200658-153">[151]</a> In 2017, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/InterContinental_Hotels_Group?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="InterContinental Hotels Group">InterContinental Hotels Group</a> made an agreement with the JHV group to set up Holiday Inn and Crowne Plaza hotel chains in Varanasi.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-154">[152]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption style="text-align: left;"> Tourist arrival in Varanasi<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-155">[153]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-156">[154]</a> </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="col">Year</th> <th scope="col">International</th> <th scope="col">Domestic</th> <th scope="col">Total</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2013</th> <td>285,252</td> <td>4,966,161</td> <td>5,251,413</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2014</th> <td>287,761</td> <td>5,202,236</td> <td>5,489,997</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2015</th> <td>302,370</td> <td>5,413,927</td> <td>5,716,297</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2016</th> <td>312,519</td> <td>5,600,146</td> <td>5,912,665</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2017</th> <td>334,708</td> <td>5,947,355</td> <td>6,282,063</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2018</th> <td>348,970</td> <td>6,095,890</td> <td>6,444,860</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2019</th> <td>350,000</td> <td>6,447,775</td> <td>6,797,775</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> The prominent malls and multiplexes in Varanasi are JHV Mall in the Cantonment area, IP Mall in Sigra, IP Vijaya Mall in Bhelupur, Vinayak Plaza in Maldhaiya and PDR Mall in Luxa. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <h2 id="Notable_landmarks">Notable landmarks</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Varanasi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of tourist attractions in Varanasi">Tourist attractions in Varanasi</a> </div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1608px"> <div class="thumbinner"> <div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Varanasi_panorama.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="A view of the Ghats in Varanasi from the Ganges."> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Varanasi_panorama.jpg/1600px-Varanasi_panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="1600" height="229" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4019" data-file-height="575"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 1600px;height: 229px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Varanasi_panorama.jpg/1600px-Varanasi_panorama.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="1600" data-height="229" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Varanasi_panorama.jpg/2400px-Varanasi_panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Varanasi_panorama.jpg/3200px-Varanasi_panorama.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Varanasi_panorama.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="File:Varanasi panorama.jpg"> </a> </div>A view of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ghats_in_Varanasi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ghats in Varanasi">Ghats in Varanasi</a> from the Ganges. </div> </div> </div> Apart from the 19 archaeological sites identified by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Archaeological_Survey_of_India?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Archaeological Survey of India">Archaeological Survey of India</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Archaeological_Survey_of_India-157">[155]</a> some of the prominent places of interest are the Aghor Peeth, the Alamgir Mosque, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pillars_of_Ashoka?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pillars of Ashoka">Ashoka Pillar</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bharat_Kala_Bhavan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bharat Kala Bhavan">Bharat Kala Bhavan</a> (Art Museum), the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bharat_Mata_Mandir?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bharat Mata Mandir">Bharat Mata Mandir</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Central_University_for_Tibetan_Studies?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Central University for Tibetan Studies">Central University for Tibetan Studies</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dhanvantari?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Temples_in_India" title="Dhanvantari">Dhanvantari Temple</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Durga_Mandir,_Varanasi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Durga Mandir, Varanasi">Durga Temple</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jantar_Mantar,_Varanasi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jantar Mantar, Varanasi">Jantar Mantar</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kashi_Vishwanath_Temple?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kashi Vishwanath Temple">Kashi Vishwanath Temple</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sankat_Mochan_Hanuman_Temple?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sankat Mochan Hanuman Temple">Sankat Mochan Hanuman Temple</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_Kashi_Vidyapith?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith">Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shri_Vishwanath_Temple?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Shri Vishwanath Temple">Shri Vishwanath Temple</a> on the BHU campus, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ramnagar_Fort?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ramnagar Fort">Ramnagar Fort</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ghats_in_Varanasi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ghats in Varanasi">Riverfront Ghats</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tulsi_Manas_Mandir?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tulsi Manas Mandir">Tulsi Manas Temple</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Tourist-158">[156]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Ganges_View.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Ganges_View.jpg/220px-Ganges_View.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3472" data-file-height="4640"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 294px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Ganges_View.jpg/220px-Ganges_View.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="294" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Ganges_View.jpg/330px-Ganges_View.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Ganges_View.jpg/440px-Ganges_View.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Ganges view from Bhadaini water works, Varanasi </figcaption> </figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Jantar_Mantar">Jantar Mantar</h3> </div> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jantar_Mantar,_Varanasi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jantar Mantar, Varanasi">Jantar Mantar observatory</a>, constructed in 1737, is located above the ghats along the Ganges, and is adjacent to the Manmandir and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dashashwamedh_Ghat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dashashwamedh Ghat">Dasaswamedh</a> Ghats and near the palace of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jai_Singh_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Jai Singh II">Jai Singh II</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jaipur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jaipur">Jaipur</a>. While less equipped than the observatories at Jaipur and Delhi, the Jantar Mantar has a unique <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sundial?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Equatorial_sundials" title="Sundial">equatorial sundial</a> which is functional and allows measurements to be monitored and recorded by one person.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-159">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Ramnagar_Fort">Ramnagar Fort</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Ramnagar_Fort_in_Varanasi.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Ramnagar_Fort_in_Varanasi.jpg/170px-Ramnagar_Fort_in_Varanasi.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Ramnagar_Fort_in_Varanasi.jpg/170px-Ramnagar_Fort_in_Varanasi.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Ramnagar_Fort_in_Varanasi.jpg/255px-Ramnagar_Fort_in_Varanasi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Ramnagar_Fort_in_Varanasi.jpg/340px-Ramnagar_Fort_in_Varanasi.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ramnagar_Fort?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ramnagar Fort">Ramnagar Fort</a> was built in 1750 by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kashi_Naresh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashi Naresh">Kashi Naresh</a> Raja <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Balwant_Singh_of_Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Balwant Singh of Benares">Balwant Singh</a>. </figcaption> </figure> The Ramnagar Fort, located near the Ganges on its eastern bank and opposite the Tulsi Ghat, was built in the 18th century by Kashi Naresh Raja Balwant Singh with cream-coloured chunar <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sandstone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a>. The fort is a typical example of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mughal_architecture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mughal architecture">Mughal architecture</a> with carved balconies, open courtyards, and scenic pavilions. At present, the fort is in disrepair. The fort and its museum are the repository of the history of the kings of Benares. Cited as an "eccentric" museum, it contains a rare collection of American <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vintage_car?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vintage car">vintage cars</a>, bejewelled <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Litter_(vehicle)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Litter (vehicle)">sedan chairs</a>, an impressive weaponry hall, and a rare astrological clock.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ram-160">[158]</a> In addition, manuscripts, especially religious writings, are housed in the Saraswati Bhawan which is a part of a museum within the fort. Many books illustrated in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mughal_painting?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mughal painting">Mughal miniature</a> style are also part of the collections. Because of its scenic location on the banks of the Ganges, it is frequently used as an outdoor shooting location for films.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ram-160">[158]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitra2002124%E2%80%93127-161">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Ghats">Ghats</h3> </div> The Ghats in Varanasi are world-renowned embankments made in steps of stone slabs along the river bank where pilgrims perform ritual ablutions.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-162">[160]</a> The ghats are an integral complement to the Hindu concept of divinity represented in physical, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metaphysics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metaphysics">metaphysical</a>, and supernatural elements.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ganga-163">[161]</a> Varanasi has at least 84 ghats, most of which are used for bathing by pilgrims and spiritually significant Hindu <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Puja (Hinduism)">puja ceremony</a>, while a few are used exclusively as Hindu cremation sites.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ghats-164">[162]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ghats-165">[163]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ghat-166">[164]</a> Steps in the ghats lead to the banks of Ganges, including the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dashashwamedh_Ghat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dashashwamedh Ghat">Dashashwamedh Ghat</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manikarnika_Ghat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manikarnika Ghat">Manikarnika Ghat</a>, the Panchganga Ghat, and the Harishchandra Ghat, where Hindus cremate their dead. Many ghats are associated with Hindu legends and several are now privately owned.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBansal200834%E2%80%9335-167">[165]</a> Many of the ghats were constructed under the patronage of the Marathas like <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scindia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Scindia">Scindias</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/House_of_Holkar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="House of Holkar">Holkars</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bhonsle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhonsle">Bhonsles</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peshwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peshwa">Peshwas</a>. Most are bathing ghats, while others are used as cremation sites. A morning boat ride on the Ganges across the ghats is a popular tourist attraction. The extensive stretches of ghats in Varanasi enhance the riverfront with a multitude of shrines, temples, and palaces built "tier on the tier above the water's edge".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPletcher2010159%E2%80%93160-46">[44]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dashashwamedh_Ghat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dashashwamedh Ghat">Dashashwamedh Ghat</a> is the main and probably the oldest ghat of Varanasi located on the Ganges, close to the Kashi Vishwanath Temple.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:DashashwamedhGhat-Varanasi_India-Andres_Larin.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/DashashwamedhGhat-Varanasi_India-Andres_Larin.jpg/220px-DashashwamedhGhat-Varanasi_India-Andres_Larin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4035" data-file-height="2782"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 152px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/DashashwamedhGhat-Varanasi_India-Andres_Larin.jpg/220px-DashashwamedhGhat-Varanasi_India-Andres_Larin.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="152" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/DashashwamedhGhat-Varanasi_India-Andres_Larin.jpg/330px-DashashwamedhGhat-Varanasi_India-Andres_Larin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/DashashwamedhGhat-Varanasi_India-Andres_Larin.jpg/440px-DashashwamedhGhat-Varanasi_India-Andres_Larin.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Drone shot of a Dashashwamedh Ghat in 2022 </figcaption> </figure> It is believed that <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brahma?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brahma">Brahma</a> created this ghat to welcome Shiva and sacrificed ten horses during the Dasa-<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ashwamedha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashwamedha">Ashwamedha</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yajna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yajna">yajna</a> performed there. Above and adjacent to this ghat, there are also temples dedicated to Sulatankesvara, Brahmesvara, Varahesvara, Abhaya Vinayaka, Ganga (the Ganges), and Bandi Devi, which are all important pilgrimage sites. A group of priests performs "Agni Pooja" (Sanskrit: "Worship of Fire") daily in the evening at this ghat as a dedication to Shiva, Ganga, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Surya?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Surya">Surya</a> (Sun), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Agni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Agni">Agni</a> (Fire), and the entire universe. Special <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aarti?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Aarti">aartis</a> are held on Tuesdays and on religious festivals.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ghats-165">[163]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manikarnika_Ghat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manikarnika Ghat">Manikarnika Ghat</a> is the Mahasmasana, the primary site for Hindu cremation in the city. Adjoining the ghat, there are raised platforms that are used for death anniversary rituals. According to a myth, it is said that an earring of Shiva or his wife <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a> fell here. Fourth-century <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gupta_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta period</a> inscriptions mention this ghat. However, the current ghat as a permanent riverside embankment was built in 1302 and has been renovated at least three times throughout its existence.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ghats-165">[163]</a> The Jain Ghat is believed to birthplace of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Suparshvanatha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Suparshvanatha">Suparshvanatha</a> (7th Tirthankara) and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parshvanatha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parshvanatha">Parshvanatha</a> (23rd tirthankara). The Jain Ghat or Bachraj Ghat is a Jain Ghat and has three Jain Temples located on the banks of the River. It is believed that the Jain Maharajas used to own these ghats. Bachraj Ghat has three Jain temples near the river's banks, and one them is a very ancient temple of Tirthankara Suparswanath.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ghats_in_Varanasi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ghats in Varanasi">Ghats in Varanasi</a></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Dashawamedha_Ghat_in_Varanasi_2.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Dashashwamedh Ghat"> <noscript> <img alt="Dashashwamedh Ghat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Dashawamedha_Ghat_in_Varanasi_2.jpg/338px-Dashawamedha_Ghat_in_Varanasi_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 226px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Dashawamedha_Ghat_in_Varanasi_2.jpg/338px-Dashawamedha_Ghat_in_Varanasi_2.jpg" data-alt="Dashashwamedh Ghat" data-width="226" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Dashawamedha_Ghat_in_Varanasi_2.jpg/507px-Dashawamedha_Ghat_in_Varanasi_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Dashawamedha_Ghat_in_Varanasi_2.jpg/675px-Dashawamedha_Ghat_in_Varanasi_2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dashashwamedh_Ghat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dashashwamedh Ghat">Dashashwamedh Ghat</a> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Manikarnika_Cremation_Ghat,_Varanasi.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Manikarnika Ghat"> <noscript> <img alt="Manikarnika Ghat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Manikarnika_Cremation_Ghat%2C_Varanasi.jpg/300px-Manikarnika_Cremation_Ghat%2C_Varanasi.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Manikarnika_Cremation_Ghat%2C_Varanasi.jpg/300px-Manikarnika_Cremation_Ghat%2C_Varanasi.jpg" data-alt="Manikarnika Ghat" data-width="200" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Manikarnika_Cremation_Ghat%2C_Varanasi.jpg/451px-Manikarnika_Cremation_Ghat%2C_Varanasi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Manikarnika_Cremation_Ghat%2C_Varanasi.jpg/600px-Manikarnika_Cremation_Ghat%2C_Varanasi.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manikarnika_Ghat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manikarnika Ghat">Manikarnika Ghat</a> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 226px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 224px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Jain_Ghat,_Varanasi,_UP,_India.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="The Jain Ghat/Bachraj Ghat"> <noscript> <img alt="The Jain Ghat/Bachraj Ghat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Jain_Ghat%2C_Varanasi%2C_UP%2C_India.jpg/336px-Jain_Ghat%2C_Varanasi%2C_UP%2C_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="224" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 224px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Jain_Ghat%2C_Varanasi%2C_UP%2C_India.jpg/336px-Jain_Ghat%2C_Varanasi%2C_UP%2C_India.jpg" data-alt="The Jain Ghat/Bachraj Ghat" data-width="224" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Jain_Ghat%2C_Varanasi%2C_UP%2C_India.jpg/505px-Jain_Ghat%2C_Varanasi%2C_UP%2C_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Jain_Ghat%2C_Varanasi%2C_UP%2C_India.jpg/672px-Jain_Ghat%2C_Varanasi%2C_UP%2C_India.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> The Jain Ghat/Bachraj Ghat </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:People_of_Varanasi_26.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Kedar Ghat during Kartika Purnima"> <noscript> <img alt="Kedar Ghat during Kartika Purnima" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/People_of_Varanasi_26.jpg/338px-People_of_Varanasi_26.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5956" data-file-height="3971"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 226px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/People_of_Varanasi_26.jpg/338px-People_of_Varanasi_26.jpg" data-alt="Kedar Ghat during Kartika Purnima" data-width="226" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/People_of_Varanasi_26.jpg/507px-People_of_Varanasi_26.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/People_of_Varanasi_26.jpg/675px-People_of_Varanasi_26.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Kedar Ghat during Kartika Purnima </div></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Temples">Temples</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main articles: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hindu_temples_in_Varanasi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu temples in Varanasi">Hindu temples in Varanasi</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Religion_in_Varanasi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Religion in Varanasi">Religion in Varanasi</a> </div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 127.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 125.33333333333px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Benares-_The_Golden_Temple,_India,_ca._1915_(IMP-CSCNWW33-OS14-66).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="The Kashi Vishwanath Temple, the most important temple in Varanasi."> <noscript> <img alt="The Kashi Vishwanath Temple, the most important temple in Varanasi." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Benares-_The_Golden_Temple%2C_India%2C_ca._1915_%28IMP-CSCNWW33-OS14-66%29.jpg/188px-Benares-_The_Golden_Temple%2C_India%2C_ca._1915_%28IMP-CSCNWW33-OS14-66%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="3829"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 126px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Benares-_The_Golden_Temple%2C_India%2C_ca._1915_%28IMP-CSCNWW33-OS14-66%29.jpg/188px-Benares-_The_Golden_Temple%2C_India%2C_ca._1915_%28IMP-CSCNWW33-OS14-66%29.jpg" data-alt="The Kashi Vishwanath Temple, the most important temple in Varanasi." data-width="126" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Benares-_The_Golden_Temple%2C_India%2C_ca._1915_%28IMP-CSCNWW33-OS14-66%29.jpg/282px-Benares-_The_Golden_Temple%2C_India%2C_ca._1915_%28IMP-CSCNWW33-OS14-66%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Benares-_The_Golden_Temple%2C_India%2C_ca._1915_%28IMP-CSCNWW33-OS14-66%29.jpg/376px-Benares-_The_Golden_Temple%2C_India%2C_ca._1915_%28IMP-CSCNWW33-OS14-66%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kashi_Vishwanath_Temple?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kashi Vishwanath Temple">Kashi Vishwanath Temple</a>, the most important temple in Varanasi. </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 226.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 224.66666666667px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:New_Vishwanath_Temple_at_BHU.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Shri Vishwanath Mandir has the tallest temple tower in the world.[166]"> <noscript> <img alt="Shri Vishwanath Mandir has the tallest temple tower in the world.[166]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/New_Vishwanath_Temple_at_BHU.jpg/337px-New_Vishwanath_Temple_at_BHU.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 225px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/New_Vishwanath_Temple_at_BHU.jpg/337px-New_Vishwanath_Temple_at_BHU.jpg" data-alt="Shri Vishwanath Mandir has the tallest temple tower in the world.[166]" data-width="225" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/New_Vishwanath_Temple_at_BHU.jpg/507px-New_Vishwanath_Temple_at_BHU.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/New_Vishwanath_Temple_at_BHU.jpg/674px-New_Vishwanath_Temple_at_BHU.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shri_Vishwanath_Mandir?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shri Vishwanath Mandir">Shri Vishwanath Mandir</a> has the tallest temple tower in the world.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Brief_description-168">[166]</a> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Durga_Mandir,_Varanasi,_Uttar_Pradesh,_India_(2007).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="The 18th century Durga Kund Temple"> <noscript> <img alt="The 18th century Durga Kund Temple" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Durga_Mandir%2C_Varanasi%2C_Uttar_Pradesh%2C_India_%282007%29.jpg/300px-Durga_Mandir%2C_Varanasi%2C_Uttar_Pradesh%2C_India_%282007%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Durga_Mandir%2C_Varanasi%2C_Uttar_Pradesh%2C_India_%282007%29.jpg/300px-Durga_Mandir%2C_Varanasi%2C_Uttar_Pradesh%2C_India_%282007%29.jpg" data-alt="The 18th century Durga Kund Temple" data-width="200" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Durga_Mandir%2C_Varanasi%2C_Uttar_Pradesh%2C_India_%282007%29.jpg/451px-Durga_Mandir%2C_Varanasi%2C_Uttar_Pradesh%2C_India_%282007%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Durga_Mandir%2C_Varanasi%2C_Uttar_Pradesh%2C_India_%282007%29.jpg/600px-Durga_Mandir%2C_Varanasi%2C_Uttar_Pradesh%2C_India_%282007%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> The 18th century <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Durga_Kund_Temple?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Durga Kund Temple">Durga Kund Temple</a> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 198.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 196.66666666667px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Bhelupur_Shwetambar_temple_(1).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Parshvanath Jain temple"> <noscript> <img alt="Parshvanath Jain temple" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Bhelupur_Shwetambar_temple_%281%29.jpg/295px-Bhelupur_Shwetambar_temple_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="197" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3933" data-file-height="3000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 197px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Bhelupur_Shwetambar_temple_%281%29.jpg/295px-Bhelupur_Shwetambar_temple_%281%29.jpg" data-alt="Parshvanath Jain temple" data-width="197" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Bhelupur_Shwetambar_temple_%281%29.jpg/443px-Bhelupur_Shwetambar_temple_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Bhelupur_Shwetambar_temple_%281%29.jpg/590px-Bhelupur_Shwetambar_temple_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parshvanath_Jain_temple,_Varanasi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Parshvanath Jain temple, Varanasi">Parshvanath Jain temple</a> </div></li> </ul> Among the estimated 23,000 temples in Varanasi,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBansal200848%E2%80%9349-41">[39]</a> the temples most popular for worship are: the Kashi Vishwanath Temple of Shiva; the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sankat_Mochan_Hanuman_Temple?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sankat Mochan Hanuman Temple">Sankat Mochan Hanuman Temple</a>; and the Durga Temple, known for monkeys that reside in the large trees nearby.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Varun-74">[72]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-temple-169">[167]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunninghamSastri2002131%E2%80%93140-35">[33]</a> <ul> <li>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kashi_Vishwanath_Temple?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kashi Vishwanath Temple">Kashi Vishwanath Temple</a>, on the Ganges, is one of the 12 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jyotirlinga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jyotirlinga">Jyotirlinga</a> Shiva temples in Varanasi.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-temple-169">[167]</a> The temple has been destroyed and rebuilt several times throughout its existence. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gyanvapi_Mosque?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gyanvapi Mosque">Gyanvapi Mosque</a>, which is adjacent to the temple, is the original site of the temple.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Warrier2014-170">[168]</a> The temple, which is also known as the Golden Temple,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-route-171">[169]</a> was built in 1780 by Queen <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ahilyabai_Holkar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ahilyabai Holkar">Ahilyabai Holkar</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indore?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indore">Indore</a>. The two <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shikara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shikara">pinnacles</a> of the temple are covered in gold and were donated in 1839 by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ranjit_Singh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ranjit Singh">Ranjit Singh</a>, the ruler of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Punjab_(region)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab (region)">Punjab</a>. The dome is scheduled to receive gold plating through a proposed initiative of the Ministry of Culture and Religious Affairs of Uttar Pradesh. Numerous rituals, prayers, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aarti?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Aarti">aartis</a> are held daily at the temple between 02:30 and 23:00.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-172">[170]</a></li> <li>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sankat_Mochan_Hanuman_Temple?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sankat Mochan Hanuman Temple">Sankat Mochan Hanuman Temple</a>, which is situated by the Asi River, is one of the sacred temples of the Hindu god <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hanuman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-173">[171]</a> The present temple was built in the early 1900s by the educationist and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indian_independence_movement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence figure</a>, Pandit <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Madan_Mohan_Malaviya?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Madan Mohan Malaviya">Madan Mohan Malaviya</a>, the founder of Banaras Hindu University.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ex-174">[172]</a> According to Hindu legend the temple was built on the spot where the medieval Hindu saint <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tulsidas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a> had a vision of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hanuman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECallewaert200090-175">[173]</a> During a 7 March 2006 terrorist attack, one of three explosions hit the temple while a wedding was in progress, and resulted in injuries to 30 people apart from 23 deaths.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ex-174">[172]</a> Following the attack, a permanent police post was installed inside the temple.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-176">[174]</a></li> <li>There are two temples dedicated to the goddess Durga in Varanasi: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Durga_Mandir,_Varanasi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Durga Mandir, Varanasi">Durga Mandir</a> built in the 16th century (exact date not known), and Durga Kund (Sanskrit 'kund' meaning "pond or pool") built in the 18th century. A large number of Hindu devotees visit Durga Kund during <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Navratri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Navratri">Navratri</a> to worship the goddess <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Durga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Durga">Durga</a>. The temple, built in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nagara_architecture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagara architecture">Nagara</a> architectural style, has multi-tiered spires<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-route-171">[169]</a> and is stained red with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ochre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ochre">ochre</a>, representing the red colour of Durga. The building has a rectangular tank of water called the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Durga_Mandir,_Varanasi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Durga Mandir, Varanasi">Durga Kund</a> ("Kund" meaning a pond or pool). During annual celebrations of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nag_Panchami?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nag Panchami">Nag Panchami</a>, the act of depicting the god Vishnu reclining on the serpent <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shesha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shesha">Shesha</a> is recreated in the Kund.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-177">[175]</a> While the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Annapurna_Devi_Mandir?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Annapurna Devi Mandir">Annapurna Temple</a>, located nearby to the Kashi Vishwanath Temple, is dedicated to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Annapoorna_devi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Annapoorna devi">Annapoorna devi</a>, the goddess of food,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-temple-169">[167]</a> the Sankatha Temple adjacent to the Sindhia Ghat is dedicated to Sankatha, the goddess of remedy. The Sankatha Temple has a large sculpture of a lion and a cluster of nine smaller temples dedicated to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Navagraha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Navagraha">nine planets</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-temple-169">[167]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parshvanath_Jain_temple,_Varanasi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Parshvanath Jain temple, Varanasi">Parshvanath Jain temple</a> is the temple of Jain religion dedicated to Parshvanath, the 23rd Thirthankara who was born at Bhelpur in Varanasi. The idol deified in the temple is of black colour and 75 centimetres (30 inches) in height. It is located in Bhelapur about 5 kilometres (3.1 miles) from the centre of Varanasi city and 3 kilometres (1.9 miles) from the Benares Hindu University. It belongs to the Digambar sect of Jainism and is a holy tirtha or pilgrimage centre for Jains.</li> <li>Other temples of note are: the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bharat_Mata_Mandir?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bharat Mata Mandir">Bharat Mata Mandir</a>, dedicated to the national personification of India, which was inaugurated by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> in 1936, the Kalabhairav Temple, the Mrithyunjay Mahadev Temple, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_Vishwanath_Temple?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="New Vishwanath Temple">New Vishwanath Temple</a> located in the campus of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Banaras_Hindu_University?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Banaras Hindu University">BHU</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tulsi_Manas_Mandir?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tulsi Manas Mandir">Tulsi Manas Mandir</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-temple-169">[167]</a></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Mosques">Mosques</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Alamgir_Mosque_by_the_Ganges_ghats,_Varanasi.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Alamgir_Mosque_by_the_Ganges_ghats%2C_Varanasi.jpg/220px-Alamgir_Mosque_by_the_Ganges_ghats%2C_Varanasi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="665" data-file-height="734"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 243px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Alamgir_Mosque_by_the_Ganges_ghats%2C_Varanasi.jpg/220px-Alamgir_Mosque_by_the_Ganges_ghats%2C_Varanasi.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="243" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Alamgir_Mosque_by_the_Ganges_ghats%2C_Varanasi.jpg/330px-Alamgir_Mosque_by_the_Ganges_ghats%2C_Varanasi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Alamgir_Mosque_by_the_Ganges_ghats%2C_Varanasi.jpg/440px-Alamgir_Mosque_by_the_Ganges_ghats%2C_Varanasi.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alamgir_Mosque,_Varanasi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Alamgir Mosque, Varanasi">Alamgiri Mosque</a> </figcaption> </figure> There are 15 mosques of significant historical value in Varanasi. Of particular note are the Abdul Razzaq, Alamgir, Bibi Razia, Chaukhambha, Dhai Nim Kangore, Fatman, Ganje Shahada, Gyanavapi, and Hazrat Sayyed Salar Masud Dargah. Many of these mosques were constructed from the components of the Hindu shrines which were destroyed under the auspices of subsequent Muslim invaders or rulers. The two such well known mosques are the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gyanvapi_Mosque?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gyanvapi Mosque">Gyanvapi Mosque</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alamgir_Mosque?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alamgir Mosque">Alamgir Mosque</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOut2010259-178">[176]</a> The Gyanvapi Mosque was built by the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb in 1664 CE, after destroying a Hindu temple.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesai200323-179">[177]</a> Gyan Vapi (Sanskrit: "the well of knowledge"), the name of the mosque, is derived from a well of the same name located within the precincts of the mosque.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitra2002%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidNviJaunGDJMCpgPA95_95%5D-180">[178]</a> The remains of an erstwhile temple can be seen in the foundation, the columns and at the rear part of the mosque.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBettsMcCulloch2013213-181">[179]</a> The façade of the mosque is modelled partially on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taj_Mahal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a>'s entrance.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher1992278-182">[180]</a> The mosque is administered by the Anjuman Inthazamiya Masajid (AIM).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-183">[181]</a> The Alamgiri Mosque was built in the 17th century by Aurangzeb over the ruins of a Hindu temple.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowtherRajWheeler1984-184">[182]</a> The Hindu temple that was destroyed was dedicated to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vishnu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, and had been built by Beni Madhur Rao Scindia, a Maratha chieftain. When emperor Aurangzeb had captured Banaras, he had ordered total destruction of all Hindu temples there. Aurangzeb then built a mosque over the ruins of this temple in 1669<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunlopSykesJackson2001135-185">[183]</a> and named it as Alamagir Mosque in the name of his own honorific title "Alamgir" which he had adopted after becoming the emperor of Mughal empire.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKumar200390-186">[184]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBettsMcCulloch2013213-181">[179]</a> The mosque is located at a prominent site above the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Panchganga_Ghat&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Panchganga Ghat (page does not exist)">Panchganga Ghat</a>, which is a funerary ghat facing the Ganges.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussain1999342-187">[185]</a> The mosque is architecturally a blend of Islamic and Hindu architecture, particularly because of the lower part of the walls of the mosque having been built fully with the remains of the Hindu temple.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKumar200390-186">[184]</a> The mosque has high domes and minarets.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShetty201473-188">[186]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBettsMcCulloch2013213-181">[179]</a> Two of its minarets had been damaged; one minaret crashed killing a few people and the other minaret was officially brought down because of stability concerns.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBettsMcCulloch2013213-181">[179]</a> Non-Muslims are not allowed to enter the mosque.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-189">[187]</a> The mosque has a security cordon of a police force.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVit-Suzan201411-190">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Shri_Guru_Ravidass_Janam_Asthan">Shri Guru Ravidass Janam Asthan</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:RavidasiVaranasi.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/RavidasiVaranasi.JPG/220px-RavidasiVaranasi.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="637"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/RavidasiVaranasi.JPG/220px-RavidasiVaranasi.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/RavidasiVaranasi.JPG/330px-RavidasiVaranasi.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/RavidasiVaranasi.JPG/440px-RavidasiVaranasi.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Memorial of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sant_Ravidas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sant Ravidas">Sant Ravidas</a> at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sant_Ravidas_Ghat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sant Ravidas Ghat">Sant Ravidas Ghat</a> </figcaption> </figure> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shri_Guru_Ravidass_Janam_Asthan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Shri Guru Ravidass Janam Asthan">Shri Guru Ravidass Janam Asthan</a>, at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sir_Gobardhan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sir Gobardhan">Sir Gobardhan</a> is the ultimate place of pilgrimage or religious headquarters for followers of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ravidassia_religion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ravidassia religion">Ravidassia religion</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-outlookindia.com_2015-191">[189]</a> The foundation stone was laid on 14 June 1965 on Ashad Sankranti day at the birthplace of Ravidas. The temple was completed in 1994.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-192">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Sarnath">Sarnath</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Sarnath_Residential_Area.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Sarnath_Residential_Area.jpg/300px-Sarnath_Residential_Area.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="139" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="949"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 139px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Sarnath_Residential_Area.jpg/300px-Sarnath_Residential_Area.jpg" data-width="300" data-height="139" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Sarnath_Residential_Area.jpg/450px-Sarnath_Residential_Area.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Sarnath_Residential_Area.jpg/600px-Sarnath_Residential_Area.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Sarnath, the suburb of Varanasi </figcaption> </figure> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sarnath?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a> is located 10 kilometres north-east of Varanasi near the confluence of the Ganges and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Varuna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Varuna">Varuna</a> rivers in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, India. The deer park in Sarnath is where <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gautama_Buddha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a> first taught the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dharma?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dharma">Dharma</a>, and where the Buddhist <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sangha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sangha">Sangha</a> came into existence through the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">enlightenment</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kondanna_Buddha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kondanna Buddha">Kondanna</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-bn-193">[191]</a> as described by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dhammacakkappavattana_Sutta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta">Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta</a>. The city is mentioned by the Buddha as one of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Four_main_pilgrimage_sites_listed_by_Buddha_himself" title="Buddhist pilgrimage sites">four places of pilgrimage</a> which his devout followers should visit.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-194">[192]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_City_of_Varanasi_in_Literature?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="The City of Varanasi in Literature">The City of Varanasi in Literature</a> </div> Renowned Indian writers who have resided in the city were Kabir, Ravidas, and Tulsidas, who wrote much of his Ram Charit Manas here. Kulluka Bhatt wrote the best known account of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manusmriti?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manusmriti">Manusmriti</a> in Varanasi in the 15th century.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Later writers of the city have included <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ramchandra_Shukla?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ramchandra Shukla">Acharya Shukla</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baldev_Upadhyaya?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baldev Upadhyaya">Baldev Upadhyaya</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bharatendu_Harishchandra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bharatendu Harishchandra">Bharatendu Harishchandra</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Devaki_Nandan_Khatri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Devaki Nandan Khatri">Devaki Nandan Khatri</a>, Premchand, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hazari_Prasad_Dwivedi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hazari Prasad Dwivedi">Hazari Prasad Dwivedi</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jaishankar_Prasad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jaishankar Prasad">Jaishankar Prasad</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kshetresa_Chandra_Chattopadhyaya?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kshetresa Chandra Chattopadhyaya">Kshetresa Chandra Chattopadhyaya</a>, Sudama Pandey (Dhoomil), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vagish_Shastri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vagish Shastri">Vagish Shastri</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vidya_Niwas_Mishra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vidya Niwas Mishra">Vidya Niwas Mishra</a>.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Several newspapers and journals are or were published in Varanasi such as Varanasi Chandroday and its successor Kashivartaprakashika, which became a weekly journal, first published on 1 June 1851.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedhasananda2002653-195">[193]</a> The main newspaper is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aj_(newspaper)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aj (newspaper)">Aj</a>, a Hindi-language nationalist newspaper first published in 1920.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKasbekar2006126-196">[194]</a> The newspaper was the bulwark of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indian_National_Congress?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> and is a major newspaper of Hindi northern India.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKasbekar2006126-196">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Art">Art</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Wall_paintings,_Varanasi,_1973.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Wall_paintings%2C_Varanasi%2C_1973.jpg/220px-Wall_paintings%2C_Varanasi%2C_1973.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1883" data-file-height="1344"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 157px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Wall_paintings%2C_Varanasi%2C_1973.jpg/220px-Wall_paintings%2C_Varanasi%2C_1973.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="157" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Wall_paintings%2C_Varanasi%2C_1973.jpg/330px-Wall_paintings%2C_Varanasi%2C_1973.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Wall_paintings%2C_Varanasi%2C_1973.jpg/440px-Wall_paintings%2C_Varanasi%2C_1973.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wall_painting?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall painting">Wall paintings</a>, Varanasi, 1973 </figcaption> </figure> Varanasi is a major centre of arts and designs. It is a producer of silks and brocades with gold and silver thread work, carpet weaving, wooden toys, bangles made of glass, ivory work, perfumes, artistic brass and copper ware and a variety of handicrafts.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-topic-197">[195]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-bhu-198">[196]</a> The cantonment graveyard of the British Raj is now the location of Varanasi's Arts and Crafts.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETiwari20109-199">[197]</a> Notable artists (musicians and dancers) and historians who are connected with the city include Thakur Jaidev Singh, Mahadev Prasad Mishra, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bismillah_Khan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bismillah Khan">Bismillah Khan</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ravi_Shankar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ravi Shankar">Ravi Shankar</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Girija_Devi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Girija Devi">Girija Devi</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gopal_Shankar_Misra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gopal Shankar Misra">Gopal Shankar Misra</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gopi_Krishna_(dancer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gopi Krishna (dancer)">Gopi Krishna</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kishan_Maharaj?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kishan Maharaj">Kishan Maharaj</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lalmani_Misra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lalmani Misra">Lalmani Misra</a>, Premlata Sharma, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/N._Rajam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="N. Rajam">N. Rajam</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Siddheshwari_Devi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Siddheshwari Devi">Siddheshwari Devi</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Samta_Prasad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Samta Prasad">Samta Prasad</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sitara_Devi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sitara Devi">Sitara Devi</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-200">[198]</a> Chhannulal Mishra, Rajan Sajan Mishra, Ritwik Sanyal, Soma Ghosh, Devashish Dey, Ramkrishna Das and Harish Tiwari. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Music">Music</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Music_in_Varanasi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Music in Varanasi">Music in Varanasi</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Goswami_Tulsidas_Awadhi_Hindi_Poet.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Goswami_Tulsidas_Awadhi_Hindi_Poet.jpg/170px-Goswami_Tulsidas_Awadhi_Hindi_Poet.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="246" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1395" data-file-height="2016"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 246px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Goswami_Tulsidas_Awadhi_Hindi_Poet.jpg/170px-Goswami_Tulsidas_Awadhi_Hindi_Poet.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="246" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Goswami_Tulsidas_Awadhi_Hindi_Poet.jpg/255px-Goswami_Tulsidas_Awadhi_Hindi_Poet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Goswami_Tulsidas_Awadhi_Hindi_Poet.jpg/340px-Goswami_Tulsidas_Awadhi_Hindi_Poet.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Sant Goswami Tulsidas Awadhi, a Hindi poet and propagator of Bhakthi music in Varanasi </figcaption> </figure> Varanasi's music tradition is traced to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Puranas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Puranas">Pauranic</a> days. According to ancient legend, Shiva is credited with evolving music and dance forms. During the medieval era, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vaishnavism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a>, a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bhakti_movement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bhakti movement">Bhakti movement</a>, grew in popularity, and Varanasi became a thriving centre for musicians such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Surdas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Surdas">Surdas</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kabir?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kabir">Kabir</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ravidas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ravidas">Ravidas</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Meera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Meera">Meera</a> and Tulsidas. During the monarchic rule of Govind Chandra in the 16th century, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dhrupad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dhrupad">Dhrupad</a> style of singing received royal patronage and led to other related forms of music such as Dhamar, Hori, and Chaturang. Presently the Dhrupad maestro Pandit <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ritwik_Sanyal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ritwik Sanyal">Ritwik Sanyal</a> from Varanasi is working for the revival of this art-music.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Music-201">[199]</a> In recent times, Girija Devi, the native famous classical singer of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thumri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thumri">thumris</a>, was widely appreciated and respected for her musical renderings.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughtonEllingham200091-202">[200]</a> Varanasi is also associated with many great instrumentalists such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bismillah_Khan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bismillah Khan">Bismillah Khan</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Music-201">[199]</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ravi_Shankar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ravi Shankar">Ravi Shankar</a>, the famous <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sitar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sitar">sitar</a> player and musicologist who was given the highest civilian award of the country, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bharat_Ratna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bharat Ratna">Bharat Ratna</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruynBainAllardice2010470-203">[201]</a> Varanasi has joined the global bandwagon of UNESCO "Cities of Music" under the Creative Cities Network.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-204">[202]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Festivals">Festivals</h3> </div> On <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maha Shivaratri">Maha Shivaratri</a> (February), a procession of Shiva proceeds from the Mahamrityunjaya Temple to the Kashi Vishwanath Temple.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Varun-74">[72]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dhrupad_Mela?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dhrupad Mela">Dhrupad Mela</a> is a five-day musical festival devoted to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dhrupad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dhrupad">dhrupad</a> style held at Tulsi Ghat in February–March.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-festival1-205">[203]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sankat_Mochan_Hanuman_Temple?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sankat Mochan Hanuman Temple">Sankat Mochan Hanuman Temple</a> celebrates <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hanuman_Jayanti?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hanuman Jayanti">Hanuman Jayanti</a> (March–April), the birthday of Hanuman. A special <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Puja (Hinduism)">puja</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aarti?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Aarti">aarti</a>, and a public procession is organised.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-sm-206">[204]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-207">[205]</a> Since 1923, the temple has organised a five-day classical music and dance concert festival named <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sankat_Mochan_Sangeet_Samaroh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sankat Mochan Sangeet Samaroh">Sankat Mochan Sangeet Samaroh</a>, wherein iconic artists from all parts of India are invited to perform.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Varun-74">[72]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ramlila?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ramnagar,_Varanasi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ramnagar, Varanasi">Ramnagar</a> is a dramatic enactment of Rama's legend, as told in Ramacharitamanasa.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitra2002216-72">[70]</a> The plays, sponsored by Kashi Naresh, are performed in Ramnagar every evening for 31 days.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitra2002216-72">[70]</a> On the last day, the festivities reach a crescendo as Rama vanquishes the demon king <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ravana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ravana">Ravana</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitra2002216-72">[70]</a> Kashi Naresh <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Udit_Narayan_Singh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Udit Narayan Singh">Udit Narayan Singh</a> started this tradition around 1830.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitra2002216-72">[70]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chhath?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chhath">Chhath Puja</a> is celebrated on the sixth day of the lunar month of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/K%C4%81rtika_(month)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kārtika (month)">Kartika</a> (October–November).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-208">[206]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2009221-209">[207]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-210">[208]</a> The rituals are observed over four days.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-211">[209]</a> They include holy bathing, fasting and abstaining from drinking water (vrata), standing in water, and offering prasad (prayer offerings) and arghya to the setting and rising sun.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-212">[210]</a> Some devotees also perform a prostration march as they head for the river banks. Chhath puja is dedicated to the sun god "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Surya?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Surya">Surya</a>" and his sister "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chhath?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chhath">Chhathi Maiya</a>".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-213">[211]</a> Chhath is considered as Mahaparva by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bhojpuri_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bhojpuri people">Bhojpuri people</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-214">[212]</a> It is said that the Chhath Mahaparva was started in Varanasi.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-215">[213]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Nag_Nathaiya_festival_in_Varanasi.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nag_Nathaiya_festival_in_Varanasi.jpg/220px-Nag_Nathaiya_festival_in_Varanasi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nag_Nathaiya_festival_in_Varanasi.jpg/220px-Nag_Nathaiya_festival_in_Varanasi.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nag_Nathaiya_festival_in_Varanasi.jpg/330px-Nag_Nathaiya_festival_in_Varanasi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nag_Nathaiya_festival_in_Varanasi.jpg/440px-Nag_Nathaiya_festival_in_Varanasi.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> An actor reenacting <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Krishna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> standing on the serpent <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kaliya?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kaliya">Kaliya</a>, during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nag_Nathaiya_(Festival)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nag Nathaiya (Festival)">Nag Nathaiya</a> festival in Varanasi </figcaption> </figure> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nag_Nathaiya?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nag Nathaiya">Nag Nathaiya</a> is celebrated on the fourth lunar day of the dark fortnight of the Hindu month of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kartik_(month)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kartik (month)">Kartik</a> (October–November). It commemorates the victory of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Krishna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> over the serpent <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kaliya?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kaliya">Kaliya</a>. On this occasion, a large <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Neolamarckia_cadamba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Neolamarckia cadamba">Kadamba tree</a> (Neolamarckia cadamba) branch is planted on the banks of the Ganges so that a boy, playing the role of Krishna, can jump into the river on to the effigy representing Kaliya. He stands over the effigy in a dancing pose playing the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flute?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Flute">flute</a>, while an audience watches from the banks of the river or from boats.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPintchman200569%E2%80%9370-216">[214]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bharat_Milap?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bharat Milap">Bharat Milap</a> celebrates the meeting of Rama and his younger brother <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bharata_(Ramayana)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bharata (Ramayana)">Bharata</a> after the return of the former after 14 years of exile.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Varun-74">[72]</a> It is celebrated during October–November, a day after the festival of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vijayadashami?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami</a>. Kashi Naresh attends this festival in his regal attire. The festival attracts a large number of devotees.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-festival-217">[215]</a> Ganga Mahotsav is a five-day music festival organised by the Uttar Pradesh Tourism Department, held in November–December. It culminates a day before <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kartik_Purnima?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kartik Purnima">Kartik Purnima</a>, also called <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dev_Deepawali_(Varanasi)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dev Deepawali (Varanasi)">the Ganges festival</a>. On this occasion the Ganges is attended by thousands of pilgrims, release lighted lamps to float in the river from the ghats.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Varun-74">[72]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-festival1-205">[203]</a> The primary Muslim festivals celebrated annually in the city are the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid al-Fitr</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eid_al-Adha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eid al-Adha">Bakrid</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mid-Sha%27ban?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mid-Sha'ban">mid-Sha'ban</a>, Bara Wafat and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Muharram?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muharram">Muharram</a>. Additional festivals include Alvida and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arba%27een?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Arba'een">Chehlum</a>. A non-religious festival observed by Muslims is Ghazi-Miyan-ka-byaha ("the marriage of Ghazi Miyan").<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTESukul1974262-218">[216]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-219">[217]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <h2 id="Education">Education</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_educational_institutions_in_Varanasi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of educational institutions in Varanasi">Educational institutions in Varanasi</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:BHU_Main_Gate,_Banaras_Hindu_University_enhanced.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="The Banaras Hindu University in Varanasi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/BHU_Main_Gate%2C_Banaras_Hindu_University_enhanced.jpg/220px-BHU_Main_Gate%2C_Banaras_Hindu_University_enhanced.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="825" data-file-height="464"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/BHU_Main_Gate%2C_Banaras_Hindu_University_enhanced.jpg/220px-BHU_Main_Gate%2C_Banaras_Hindu_University_enhanced.jpg" data-alt="The Banaras Hindu University in Varanasi" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/BHU_Main_Gate%2C_Banaras_Hindu_University_enhanced.jpg/330px-BHU_Main_Gate%2C_Banaras_Hindu_University_enhanced.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/BHU_Main_Gate%2C_Banaras_Hindu_University_enhanced.jpg/440px-BHU_Main_Gate%2C_Banaras_Hindu_University_enhanced.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The Banaras Hindu University in Varanasi </figcaption> </figure> Historically, Varanasi has been a centre for education in India, attracting students and scholars from across the country.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma1995191-220">[218]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta200641-221">[219]</a> Varanasi has an overall literacy rate of 80% (male literacy: 85%, female literacy: 75%).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-uastats-94">[92]</a> It is home to a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_educational_institutions_in_Varanasi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of educational institutions in Varanasi">number of colleges and universities</a>. Most notably, it is the site of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Banaras_Hindu_University?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Banaras Hindu University">Banaras Hindu University</a> (BHU), which is one of the largest residential universities in Asia with over 20,000 students.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-222">[220]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Technology_(BHU)_Varanasi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi">Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi</a> is designated an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_Institutes_of_National_Importance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Institutes of National Importance">Institute of National Importance</a> and is one of 16 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indian_Institutes_of_Technology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indian Institutes of Technology">Indian Institutes of Technology</a>. Other colleges and universities in Varanasi include <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jamia-e-Imania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jamia-e-Imania">Jamia-e-Imania</a>, the Institute of Integrated Management and Technology, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_Kashi_Vidyapith?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith">Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nav_Sadhana_Kala_Kendra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nav Sadhana Kala Kendra">Nav Sadhana Kala Kendra</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sampurnanand_Sanskrit_University?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sampurnanand Sanskrit University">Sampurnanand Sanskrit University</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sri_Agrasen_Kanya_P.G._College?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sri Agrasen Kanya P.G. College">Sri Agrasen Kanya P.G. College</a>. Various engineering colleges have been established in the outskirts of the city. Other notable universities and colleges include <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Institute_of_Medical_Sciences,_Banaras_Hindu_University?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University">Institute of Medical Sciences</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sampurnanand_Sanskrit_Vishwavidyalaya?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sampurnanand Sanskrit Vishwavidyalaya">Sampurnanand Sanskrit Vishwavidyalaya</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Central_Institute_of_Higher_Tibetan_Studies?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies">Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Harish_Chandra_Postgraduate_College?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Harish Chandra Postgraduate College">Harish Chandra Postgraduate College</a>. Some research oriented institutes were also established by the government such as International Rice Research Institute (IRRI),<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-223">[221]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indian_Council_of_Agricultural_Research?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indian Council of Agricultural Research">Indian Institute of Vegetable Research</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-224">[222]</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indian_Council_of_Agricultural_Research?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indian Council of Agricultural Research">National Seed Research and Training Centre</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-225">[223]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Dept_of_Electrical_Engineering_IIT-BHU.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="Indian Institute of Technology in Varanasi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Dept_of_Electrical_Engineering_IIT-BHU.jpg/220px-Dept_of_Electrical_Engineering_IIT-BHU.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5694" data-file-height="3801"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Dept_of_Electrical_Engineering_IIT-BHU.jpg/220px-Dept_of_Electrical_Engineering_IIT-BHU.jpg" data-alt="Indian Institute of Technology in Varanasi" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Dept_of_Electrical_Engineering_IIT-BHU.jpg/330px-Dept_of_Electrical_Engineering_IIT-BHU.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Dept_of_Electrical_Engineering_IIT-BHU.jpg/440px-Dept_of_Electrical_Engineering_IIT-BHU.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Technology_(BHU)_Varanasi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi">Indian Institute of Technology</a> in Varanasi </figcaption> </figure> Varanasi also has three <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kendriya_Vidyalaya?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kendriya Vidyalaya">Kendriya Vidyalaya</a>. Among them <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kendriya_Vidyalaya_BHU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kendriya Vidyalaya BHU">Kendriya Vidyalaya BHU</a> holds the regional office of Varanasi Region of KVS and is seat of deputy commissioner. Kendriya Vidyalaya BHU is also accredited by the British Council. Other KVs are Kendriya Vidyalaya 39 GTC and Kendriya Vidyalaya DLW.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=St._Joseph's_Convent_School,_Varanasi&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="St. Joseph's Convent School, Varanasi (page does not exist)">St. Joseph's Convent School</a>, in Shivpur, Varanasi, was established by the Sisters of Our Lady of Providence of France as a Catholic (Christian) minority institution with the approval of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Government_of_Uttar_Pradesh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Government of Uttar Pradesh">Government of Uttar Pradesh</a>. It is an autonomous organisation under the diocese of the Bishop of Varanasi. It provides education not only to the Catholic Christian children, but also to others who abide by its rules.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-226">[224]</a> Another important institution is the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Central_Hindu_School?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Central Hindu School">Central Hindu School</a> in Kamachha. This was established by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Annie_Besant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a> in July 1898 with the objective of imparting secular education. It is affiliated to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Central_Board_of_Secondary_Education?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Central Board of Secondary Education">Central Board of Secondary Education</a> and is open to students of all cultures.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-227">[225]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-228">[226]</a> Schools in Varanasi are affiliated with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indian_Certificate_of_Secondary_Education?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indian Certificate of Secondary Education">Indian Certificate of Secondary Education</a> (ICSE), the CBSE, or the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_Board_of_Technical_Education?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uttar Pradesh Board of Technical Education">Uttar Pradesh Board of Technical Education</a> (U.P Board). The overall "state of education in Varanasi is ... not good."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-sc-229">[227]</a> Schools in Varanasi vary widely in quality, with private schools outperforming government schools.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-sc-229">[227]</a> In government schools, many teachers fail to come to class or to teach children.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-sc-229">[227]</a> Some government schools lack basic equipment, such as blackboards and sufficient desks and chairs for all students.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-sc-229">[227]</a> Private schools vary in quality, with the most expensive conducting lessons in English (seen as a key to children's success) and having computers in classrooms.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-sc-229">[227]</a> Pupils attending the more expensive private schools, tended to come from upper-class families.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-sc-229">[227]</a> Lower-cost private schools attracted children from lower-income families or those lower-income families with higher education aspirations.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-sc-229">[227]</a> Government schools tend to serve lower-class children with lower education aspirations.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-sc-229">[227]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"> <h2 id="Media">Media</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_films_shot_in_Varanasi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of films shot in Varanasi">Films shot in Varanasi</a> </div> Varanasi caters a lot of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_films_shot_in_Varanasi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of films shot in Varanasi">shooting from different film industries</a> in India.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-230">[228]</a> The temple town has emerged as a hub to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hindi_film_industry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi film industry">Hindi film industry</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cinema_of_South_India?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cinema of South India">South film industry</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-231">[229]</a> Also, a chunk of Bhojpuri movies are shot in the city.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-232">[230]</a> A few Bollywood movies that were shot, include <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gangs_of_Wasseypur_%E2%80%93_Part_1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gangs of Wasseypur – Part 1">Gangs of Wasseypur</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Masaan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Masaan">Masaan</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Raanjhanaa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Raanjhanaa">Raanjhanaa</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Piku?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Piku">Piku</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shubh_Mangal_Zyada_Saavdhan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shubh Mangal Zyada Saavdhan">Shubh Mangal Zyada Saavdhan</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Super_30?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Super 30">Super 30</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-233">[231]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-234">[232]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-235">[233]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-236">[234]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-237">[235]</a> Some parts of the Hollywood movie <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Curious_Case_of_Benjamin_Button_(film)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (film)">The Curious Case of Benjamin Button</a> were also shot.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-238">[236]</a> Web series such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mirzapur_(TV_series)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mirzapur (TV series)">Mirzapur</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Asur_(web_series)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Asur (web series)">Asur</a> were also shot in temple town.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-239">[237]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-240">[238]</a> Newspapers are widely available in Hindi and English. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aj_(newspaper)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aj (newspaper)">Aj</a>, Hindi newspaper was established in 1920 in Varanasi.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-About_us-241">[239]</a> Some publishers in the city are: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style> <div class="div-col"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dainik_Jagran?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dainik Jagran">Dainik Jagran</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-242">[240]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hindustan_(newspaper)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hindustan (newspaper)">Hindustan</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-243">[241]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amar_Ujala?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amar Ujala">Amar Ujala</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-244">[242]</a></li> <li>Jansandesh Times<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-245">[243]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rajasthan_Patrika?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rajasthan Patrika">Rajasthan Patrika</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-246">[244]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aj_(newspaper)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aj (newspaper)">Aj</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-About_us-241">[239]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Times_of_India?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-247">[245]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hindustan_Times?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hindustan Times">Hindustan Times</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-248">[246]</a></li> </ul> </div> The city also hosts a Doordarshan Kendra, which was established in 1984 by Prime Minister <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indira_Gandhi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a>. In 1998, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doordarshan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Doordarshan">Doordarshan</a> studio was setup.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-249">[247]</a> FM/AM Stations available in the city are:<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-250">[248]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-251">[249]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-252">[250]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"> <div class="div-col"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Radio_City_(Indian_radio_station)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Radio City (Indian radio station)">Radio City</a> 91.9 MHz</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Red_FM_93.5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Red FM 93.5">Red FM</a> 93.5 MHz</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BIG_FM_92.7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="BIG FM 92.7">BIG FM</a> 95.0 MHz</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Radio_Mirchi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Radio Mirchi">Radio Mirchi</a> 98.3 MHz</li> <li>Radio Sunbeam 90.4 MHz</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vividh_Bharati?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vividh Bharati">AIR Vividh Bharati</a> 100.6 MHz</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gyan_Vani?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gyan Vani">Gyan Vani</a> 105.6 MHz</li> <li>AIR Varanasi 1242 AM</li> </ul> </div> Mobile apps such as "InVaranasi", "Varanasi" and "LiveVNS" provide a wide range of information related to travel and local news.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-253">[251]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-254">[252]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-255">[253]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"> <h2 id="Sport">Sport</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Basketball?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Basketball">Basketball</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cricket?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cricket">cricket</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Field_hockey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Field hockey">field hockey</a> are popular sports in Varanasi.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-256">[254]</a> The main stadium in the city is the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dr_Sampurnanda_Stadium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dr Sampurnanda Stadium">Dr Sampurnanda Stadium</a> (Sigra Stadium), where first-class cricket matches are held.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-257">[255]</a> The city also caters an AstroTurf hockey stadium named, Dr. Bheemrao Ambedker National Hockey Stadium.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-258">[256]</a> The Department of Physical Education, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Faculty_of_Arts,_Banaras_Hindu_University?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Faculty of Arts, Banaras Hindu University">Faculty of Arts</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Banaras_Hindu_University?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Banaras Hindu University">BHU</a> offers diploma courses in Sports Management, Sports Physiotherapy, Sports Psychology and Sports Journalism.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-259">[257]</a> Also, BHU caters sports complexes including badminton court, tennis court, swimming pool and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amphitheater?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphitheater">amphitheater</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-260">[258]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gymnastics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gymnastics">Gymnastics</a> is also popular in Varanasi, and many Indian girls practise outdoors at the ghats in the mornings which hosts <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pehlwani?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pehlwani">akhadas</a>, where "morning exercise, a dip in the Ganges and a visit to Lord <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hanuman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a>" forms a daily ritual.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETiwari201047-261">[259]</a> Despite concerns regarding water quality, two swimming clubs offer swimming lessons in the Ganges.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-262">[260]</a> The Varanasi District Chess Sports Association (VDCSA) is based in Varanasi, affiliated to the regional Uttar Pradesh Chess Sports Association (UPCSA).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-263">[261]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"> <h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> Within the city mobility is provided by taxis, rickshaws, cycle rickshaws, and three-wheelers, but with certain restrictions in the old town area of the city.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-reach-264">[262]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Air_transport">Air transport</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Vns_.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Vns_.jpg/220px-Vns_.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1179" data-file-height="662"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Vns_.jpg/220px-Vns_.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Vns_.jpg/330px-Vns_.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Vns_.jpg/440px-Vns_.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri_International_Airport?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri International Airport">Lal Bahadur Shastri International Airport</a> is the main airport that serves Varanasi. </figcaption> </figure> Varanasi is served by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri_International_Airport?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri International Airport">Lal Bahadur Shastri International Airport</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/IATA_airport_code?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="IATA airport code">IATA</a>: VNS, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ICAO_airport_code?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ICAO airport code">ICAO</a>: VEBN), which is approximately 26 km (16 mi) from the city centre in Babatpur.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitra2002195-265">[263]</a> The airport's new terminal was inaugurated in 2010, and it was granted international airport status on 4 October 2012.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-266">[264]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Railways">Railways</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Varanasi_Railway_Station.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Varanasi_Railway_Station.JPG/220px-Varanasi_Railway_Station.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Varanasi_Railway_Station.JPG/220px-Varanasi_Railway_Station.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Varanasi_Railway_Station.JPG/330px-Varanasi_Railway_Station.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Varanasi_Railway_Station.JPG/440px-Varanasi_Railway_Station.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Varanasi_Junction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Varanasi Junction">Varanasi Junction</a>, is the main railway station which serves Varanasi. </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Manduadih_Railway_Station_at_night.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Manduadih_Railway_Station_at_night.jpg/220px-Manduadih_Railway_Station_at_night.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1284"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 138px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Manduadih_Railway_Station_at_night.jpg/220px-Manduadih_Railway_Station_at_night.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="138" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Manduadih_Railway_Station_at_night.jpg/330px-Manduadih_Railway_Station_at_night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Manduadih_Railway_Station_at_night.jpg/440px-Manduadih_Railway_Station_at_night.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Banaras railway station at night </figcaption> </figure> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Varanasi_Junction_railway_station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Varanasi Junction railway station">Varanasi Junction</a>, commonly known as Varanasi Cantt Railway Station, is the city's largest railway station. More than 360,000 passengers and 240 trains pass through each day.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-267">[265]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Banaras_railway_station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Banaras railway station">Banaras railway station</a> is also a Terminal station of Varanasi. Because of huge rush at Varanasi Junction, the railway station was developed as a high facilitated terminal. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Varanasi_City_railway_station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Varanasi City railway station">Varanasi City railway station</a> is also one of the railway stations in Varanasi district. It is located 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) north-east of Varanasi Junction railway station. It serves as Terminal station because of heavy rush at Varanasi Junction. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pandit_Deen_Dayal_Upadhyaya_Junction_railway_station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction railway station">Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction railway station</a> is also the important station in Varanasi suburban.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Some important express trains operating from the Varanasi Junction railway station and Manduadih railway station are: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shiv_Ganga_Express?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shiv Ganga Express">Shiv Ganga Express</a> runs between New Delhi Junction and Manduadih station while <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mahamana_Express?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mahamana Express">Mahamana Express</a> runs between Varanasi junction and New Delhi Junction; the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Udhna_Varanasi_Express?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Udhna Varanasi Express">Udhna Varanasi Express</a> that runs between Udhna (Surat) junction and Varanasi, a distance of 1,398 kilometres (869 mi);<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-268">[266]</a> the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kashi_Vishwanath_Express?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kashi Vishwanath Express">Kashi Vishwanath Express</a> that runs between Varanasi and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_Delhi_railway_station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New Delhi railway station">New Delhi railway station</a>;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-269">[267]</a> the Kanpur Varanasi InterCity express, also called Varuna express, which runs over a distance of 355 kilometres (221 mi) and connects with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lucknow?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a> (the capital city of Uttar Pradesh) and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kanpur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kanpur">Varanasi</a>;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-270">[268]</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sabarmati_Express?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sabarmati Express">Sabarmati Express</a> which runs between Varanasi and Ahmedabad. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vande_Bharat_Express?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vande Bharat Express">Vande Bharat Express</a>, a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Higher-speed_rail?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Higher-speed rail">semi-high speed</a> train was launched in the month of February in 2019 in the Delhi-Varanasi route.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-271">[269]</a> The train reduced the time travel between the two cities by 15 per cent as compared to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shatabdi_Express?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shatabdi Express">Shatabdi Express</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-272">[270]</a> Varanasi has following railway stations within the city suburbs:<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-273">[271]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-274">[272]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#fff;"> <tbody> <tr> <th style="background:#ffd750;">Station Name</th> <th style="background:#ffd750;">Station Code</th> <th style="background:#ffd750;">Railway Zone</th> <th style="background:#ffd750;">Number of Platforms</th> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Varanasi_Junction_railway_station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Varanasi Junction railway station">Varanasi Junction</a> Also: Varanasi Cantt</td> <td style="text-align:center;">BSB</td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Railway_zone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern Railway zone">Northern Railway</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">9</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Banaras_railway_station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Banaras railway station">Banaras Railway Station</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">BSBS</td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_Eastern_Railway_zone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="North Eastern Railway zone">North Eastern Railway</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">8</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Varanasi_City_railway_station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Varanasi City railway station">Varanasi City Railway Station</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">BCY</td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_Eastern_Railway_zone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="North Eastern Railway zone">North Eastern Railway</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">5</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kashi_railway_station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kashi railway station">Kashi Railway Station</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">KEI</td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Railway_zone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern Railway zone">Northern Railway</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">3</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Sarnath Railway Station</td> <td style="text-align:center;">SRNT</td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_Eastern_Railway_zone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="North Eastern Railway zone">North Eastern Railway</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">3</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mughalsarai_Junction_railway_station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughalsarai Junction railway station">Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">DDU</td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/East_Central_Railway_zone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="East Central Railway zone">East Central Railway</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">8</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Shivpur Railway Station</td> <td style="text-align:center;">SOP</td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Railway_zone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern Railway zone">Northern Railway</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">3</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bhulanpur_railway_station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bhulanpur railway station">Bhulanpur Railway Station</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">BHLP</td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Railway_zone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern Railway zone">Northern Railway</a>/<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_Eastern_Railway_zone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="North Eastern Railway zone">North Eastern Railway</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">2</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lohta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lohta">Lohta</a> Railway Station</td> <td style="text-align:center;">LOT</td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Railway_zone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern Railway zone">Northern Railway</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">3</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Ropeway">Ropeway</h3> </div> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kashi_ropeway?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kashi ropeway">Kashi ropeway</a> is under construction since 2023. It will be 3.75 kilometres (2.33 mi) long and will have a maximum capacity of 3000 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Passengers_per_hour_per_direction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Passengers per hour per direction">passengers per hour per direction</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-275">[273]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Department_of_Home_and_Confidential,_Government_of_Uttar_Pradesh-114">[112]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Department_of_Appointments_and_Personnel,_Government_of_Uttar_Pradesh-115">[113]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-276">[274]</a> It will cover the cantonment area to Godowlia, which will reduce travel time from 45 minutes to around 15 minutes.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-277">[275]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Roads">Roads</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Varanasi_Ring_Road_Phase_1.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Varanasi_Ring_Road_Phase_1.jpg/170px-Varanasi_Ring_Road_Phase_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="350" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1960" data-file-height="4032"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 350px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Varanasi_Ring_Road_Phase_1.jpg/170px-Varanasi_Ring_Road_Phase_1.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="350" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Varanasi_Ring_Road_Phase_1.jpg/255px-Varanasi_Ring_Road_Phase_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Varanasi_Ring_Road_Phase_1.jpg/340px-Varanasi_Ring_Road_Phase_1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Ring Road Phase I </figcaption> </figure> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Auto_rickshaw?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Auto rickshaw">Auto rickshaws</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electric_rickshaw?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Electric rickshaw">E-rickshaws</a> are the most widely available forms of public transport in the old city.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruynBainAllardice2010467-278">[276]</a> In the outer regions of the city, taxis are available.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruynBainAllardice2010467-278">[276]</a> Daily commuters prefer city buses, which operate on specific routes of urban and suburban areas. The city buses are operated by Varanasi City Transport Service Limited.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-279">[277]</a> Nearly, 120 buses are operated by Varanasi City Transport Service Limited.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-280">[278]</a> The following National Highways pass through Varanasi:<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-281">[279]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-282">[280]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-283">[281]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-284">[282]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-285">[283]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody> <tr> <th>National Highway</th> <th>Route</th> <th>Total Length</th> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Highway_19_(India)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Highway 19 (India)">NH 19</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Delhi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> » <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mathura,_Uttar_Pradesh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathura, Uttar Pradesh">Mathura</a> » <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Agra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Agra">Agra</a> » <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kanpur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kanpur">Kanpur</a> » <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prayagraj?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prayagraj">Prayagraj</a> » Varanasi » <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mohania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mohania">Mohania</a> » <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Barhi,_Hazaribagh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Barhi, Hazaribagh">Barhi</a> » <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Palsit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Palsit">Palsit</a> » <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kolkata?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></td> <td>1,323 km (822 mi)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Highway_233_(India)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Highway 233 (India)">NH 233</a></td> <td>Varanasi » <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Azamgarh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Azamgarh">Azamgarh</a> » <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tanda,_Ambedkar_Nagar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tanda, Ambedkar Nagar">Tanda</a> » <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Basti,_Uttar_Pradesh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Basti, Uttar Pradesh">Basti</a> » <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Siddharthnagar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Siddharthnagar">Siddharthnagar</a> » <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lumbini?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nepal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>)</td> <td>288 km (179 mi)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Highway_35_(India)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Highway 35 (India)">NH 35</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mahoba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mahoba">Mahoba</a> » <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Banda,_Uttar_Pradesh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Banda, Uttar Pradesh">Banda</a> » <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chitrakoot_district?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chitrakoot district">Chitrakoot</a> » <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prayagraj?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prayagraj">Prayagraj</a> » <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mirzapur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mirzapur">Mirzapur</a> » Varanasi</td> <td>346 km (215 mi)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Highway_31_(India)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Highway 31 (India)">NH 31</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unnao?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Unnao">Unnao</a> » <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Raebareli?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Raebareli">Raebareli</a> » <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pratapgarh,_Uttar_Pradesh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh">Pratapgarh</a> » Varanasi » <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Patna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Patna">Patna</a> » <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Samsi,_Malda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Samsi, Malda">Samsi</a></td> <td>968 km (601 mi)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>NH 7</td> <td>Varanasi » <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jabalpur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jabalpur">Jabalpur</a> » <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nagpur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nagpur">Nagpur</a> » <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hyderabad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a> » <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bangalore?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a> » <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kanyakumari?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kanyakumari">Kanyakumari</a></td> <td>2,369 km (1,472 mi)</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> The heavy traffic of the city is monitored through Integrated Traffic Management System. The smart traffic management system equips the city with automatic signal control system, separate signal system for pedestrians, traffic management centre at state level, area traffic control system, corridor management and dynamic traffic indicators for smooth movement of traffic.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-286">[284]</a> Varanasi Traffic Police keeps an eye through Smart Command and Control Centre.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-287">[285]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-288">[286]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Inland_waterways">Inland waterways</h3> </div> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Waterway_1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Waterway 1">National Waterway 1</a> passes through Varanasi. In 2018, a new inland port was established on the banks of Ganges River.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-289">[287]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Varanasi_Multi-Modal_Terminal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Varanasi Multi-Modal Terminal">Multi-Modal Terminal</a> is designed to handle 1.26 million metric tons of cargo every year and covers an area of 34 hectares.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-290">[288]</a> Nearly, ₹170 crore was invested by the government to set up an inland port.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-291">[289]</a> Maersk started its container service in 2019 by moving 16 containers on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Waterway_1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Waterway 1">NW-1</a> from Varanasi to Kolkata. The port also catered PepsiCo, IFFCO Fertilizers, Emami Agrotech and Dabur for cargo movement.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-292">[290]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"> <h2 id="Projects">Projects</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> Due to growing population and industrial demands, the city is being implanted with several infrastructural projects.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-293">[291]</a> In fiscal year 2014–18, the city was awarded with projects worth ₹30,000 crore.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-294">[292]</a> The city is being invested by both private and public players in different sectors.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-295">[293]</a> There are many undergoing projects and many have been planned.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Road">Road</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Roads_in_Varanasi_Cantonment.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Roads_in_Varanasi_Cantonment.JPG/220px-Roads_in_Varanasi_Cantonment.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Roads_in_Varanasi_Cantonment.JPG/220px-Roads_in_Varanasi_Cantonment.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Roads_in_Varanasi_Cantonment.JPG/330px-Roads_in_Varanasi_Cantonment.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Roads_in_Varanasi_Cantonment.JPG/440px-Roads_in_Varanasi_Cantonment.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Road in Varanasi Cantonment </figcaption> </figure> The government is executing seven road projects connecting Varanasi, the total project cost being ₹7,100 crore (US$850 million) and the total length of the project being 524 kilometres (326 mi).[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Some important projects are: <ul> <li>Six lane Varanasi-Aurangabad section of NH-19<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Outlook_India-2016-296">[294]</a></li> <li>Six lane Varanasi-Allahabad NH-19<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-297">[295]</a></li> <li>Four lane Varanasi-Gorakhpur NH-29<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-298">[296]</a></li> <li>Ghagra Bridge-Varanasi section of NH-233<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Outlook_India-2016-296">[294]</a></li> <li>Four lane Varanasi-Azamgarh Section NH-233<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-299">[297]</a></li> <li>Four lane Varanasi-Sultanpur NH-56<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-300">[298]</a></li> <li>New four lane Varanasi-Ayodhya Highway<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-301">[299]</a></li> <li>Varanasi Ring Road Phase – 2<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-302">[300]</a></li> <li>Ganga Expressway Phase – 2<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-303">[301]</a></li> <li>Varanasi-Ranchi-Kolkata Greenfield Expressway<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-304">[302]</a></li> <li>Purvanchal Link Expressway<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-305">[303]</a></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Railways_2">Railways</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:GTY_based_WDG-4_locos_with_Freight_Tanker_at_Malkajgiri_01.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/GTY_based_WDG-4_locos_with_Freight_Tanker_at_Malkajgiri_01.JPG/220px-GTY_based_WDG-4_locos_with_Freight_Tanker_at_Malkajgiri_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3226" data-file-height="2420"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/GTY_based_WDG-4_locos_with_Freight_Tanker_at_Malkajgiri_01.JPG/220px-GTY_based_WDG-4_locos_with_Freight_Tanker_at_Malkajgiri_01.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/GTY_based_WDG-4_locos_with_Freight_Tanker_at_Malkajgiri_01.JPG/330px-GTY_based_WDG-4_locos_with_Freight_Tanker_at_Malkajgiri_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/GTY_based_WDG-4_locos_with_Freight_Tanker_at_Malkajgiri_01.JPG/440px-GTY_based_WDG-4_locos_with_Freight_Tanker_at_Malkajgiri_01.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> A <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Banaras_Locomotive_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Banaras Locomotive Works">BLW</a>-manufactured train </figcaption> </figure> In 2018, the budget reflected undergoing rail projects of worth ₹4,500 crore (US$540 million). Some important projects are:<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-306">[304]</a> <ul> <li>3rd rail line between Varanasi-Mughalsarai<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-307">[305]</a></li> <li>New Delhi-Varanasi High Speed Rail Corridor<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-308">[306]</a></li> <li>Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor (Jeonathpur Railway Station)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-309">[307]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kashi_railway_station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kashi railway station">Kashi Railway Station</a> to be developed as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Intermodal_passenger_transport?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Intermodal passenger transport">Intermodal Station (IMS)</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-310">[308]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-311">[309]</a></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Airport">Airport</h3> </div> <ul> <li>Extension of runway by 1325 meters (First of its kind: National Highway under the airport runway)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-312">[310]</a></li> <li>New terminal with passenger capacity of 4.5 million per year<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-313">[311]</a></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Metro">Metro</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Varanasi_Metro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Varanasi Metro">Varanasi Metro</a> </div> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Varanasi_Metro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Varanasi Metro">Varanasi Metro</a> is a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rapid_transit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rapid transit">rapid transit</a> proposed for Varanasi. The proposed system consists of two lines, spanning from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bharat_Heavy_Electricals?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharat Heavy Electricals">BHEL</a> to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Banaras_Hindu_University?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Banaras Hindu University">Banaras Hindu University</a> (19.35 kilometres (12.02 mi)) and Benia Bagh to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sarnath?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a> (9.885 kilometres (6.142 mi)). The feasibility study of the project was done by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/RITES?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="RITES">RITES</a> and was completed in June 2015. There will be 26 stations, including 20 underground and six elevated on the two lines, which includes total length of 29.235 kilometres (18.166 mi) consisting of 23.467 kilometres (14.582 mi) underground, while 5.768 kilometres (3.584 mi) will be elevated.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-314">[312]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-315">[313]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-316">[314]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-317">[315]</a> The total estimated completion cost for construction of Varanasi Metro is estimated to be ₹13,133 crore (US$1.6 billion).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-318">[316]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Commercial">Commercial</h3> </div> <ul> <li>Rudraksha Convention Centre<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-319">[317]</a></li> <li>Kashi Vishwanath Corridor<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-320">[318]</a></li> <li>100 acres (40 ha) freight village for multimodal terminal<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-321">[319]</a></li> <li>Film city to be developed in area of 106 acres (43 ha)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-322">[320]</a></li> <li>Bus terminal cum shopping mall<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-323">[321]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-324">[322]</a></li> <li>IT Park<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-325">[323]</a></li> <li>Textile Park<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-326">[324]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-327">[325]</a></li> <li>Integrated Commissioner Complex (ICC) twin towers<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-328">[326]</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"> <h2 id="Sister_cities">Sister cities</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody> <tr> <th>Country</th> <th>City</th> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Japan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Japan"> <noscript> <img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" data-alt="Japan" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> Japan</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kyoto?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Som-329">[327]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-330">[328]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nepal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nepal"> <noscript> <img alt="Nepal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/16px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 20px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/16px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" data-alt="Nepal" data-width="16" data-height="20" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/25px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/33px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nepal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kathmandu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-331">[329]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-332">[330]</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bhogabir?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bhogabir">Bhogabir</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibliography_of_Varanasi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bibliography of Varanasi">Bibliography of Varanasi</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guptakashi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guptakashi">Guptakashi</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Koreans_in_Varanasi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Koreans in Varanasi">Koreans in Varanasi</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_people_from_Varanasi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of people from Varanasi">List of people from Varanasi</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_films_shot_in_Varanasi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of films shot in Varanasi">List of films shot in Varanasi</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pradosha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pradosha">Pradosha</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ramanathaswamy_Temple?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ramanathaswamy Temple">Ramanathaswamy Temple</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rameswaram?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rameswaram">Rameswaram</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shivaratri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Shivaratri">Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shivdwar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shivdwar">Shivdwar</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sonbhadra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonbhadra">Sonbhadra</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uttarkashi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uttarkashi">Uttarkashi</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vibhuti?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vibhuti">Vibhuti</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Banarasi_Babu_(disambiguation)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Banarasi Babu (disambiguation)">Banarasi Babu</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(16)"> <h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-16 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-16"> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Horse_Varanasi_Beach-Varanasi_India-Andres_Larin.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Horse on the Varanasi Beach"> <noscript> <img alt="Horse on the Varanasi Beach" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Horse_Varanasi_Beach-Varanasi_India-Andres_Larin.jpg/120px-Horse_Varanasi_Beach-Varanasi_India-Andres_Larin.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Horse_Varanasi_Beach-Varanasi_India-Andres_Larin.jpg/120px-Horse_Varanasi_Beach-Varanasi_India-Andres_Larin.jpg" data-alt="Horse on the Varanasi Beach" data-width="120" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Horse_Varanasi_Beach-Varanasi_India-Andres_Larin.jpg/180px-Horse_Varanasi_Beach-Varanasi_India-Andres_Larin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Horse_Varanasi_Beach-Varanasi_India-Andres_Larin.jpg/240px-Horse_Varanasi_Beach-Varanasi_India-Andres_Larin.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Horse on the Varanasi Beach </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Boat_Ride_Ganges_River-Varanasi_India-Andres_Larin.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Boat ride on the Ganges River"> <noscript> <img alt="Boat ride on the Ganges River" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Boat_Ride_Ganges_River-Varanasi_India-Andres_Larin.jpg/120px-Boat_Ride_Ganges_River-Varanasi_India-Andres_Larin.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Boat_Ride_Ganges_River-Varanasi_India-Andres_Larin.jpg/120px-Boat_Ride_Ganges_River-Varanasi_India-Andres_Larin.jpg" data-alt="Boat ride on the Ganges River" data-width="120" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Boat_Ride_Ganges_River-Varanasi_India-Andres_Larin.jpg/180px-Boat_Ride_Ganges_River-Varanasi_India-Andres_Larin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Boat_Ride_Ganges_River-Varanasi_India-Andres_Larin.jpg/240px-Boat_Ride_Ganges_River-Varanasi_India-Andres_Larin.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Boat ride on the Ganges River </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Cow-Varanasi_India-Andres_Larin.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="A cow walking down the street"> <noscript> <img alt="A cow walking down the street" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Cow-Varanasi_India-Andres_Larin.jpg/120px-Cow-Varanasi_India-Andres_Larin.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Cow-Varanasi_India-Andres_Larin.jpg/120px-Cow-Varanasi_India-Andres_Larin.jpg" data-alt="A cow walking down the street" data-width="120" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Cow-Varanasi_India-Andres_Larin.jpg/180px-Cow-Varanasi_India-Andres_Larin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Cow-Varanasi_India-Andres_Larin.jpg/240px-Cow-Varanasi_India-Andres_Larin.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> A cow walking down the street </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Monkey-Varanasi_India-Andres_Larin.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Monkey"> <noscript> <img alt="Monkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Monkey-Varanasi_India-Andres_Larin.jpg/120px-Monkey-Varanasi_India-Andres_Larin.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Monkey-Varanasi_India-Andres_Larin.jpg/120px-Monkey-Varanasi_India-Andres_Larin.jpg" data-alt="Monkey" data-width="120" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Monkey-Varanasi_India-Andres_Larin.jpg/180px-Monkey-Varanasi_India-Andres_Larin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Monkey-Varanasi_India-Andres_Larin.jpg/240px-Monkey-Varanasi_India-Andres_Larin.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Monkey </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Goat-Varanasi_India-Andres_Larin.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Goat"> <noscript> <img alt="Goat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Goat-Varanasi_India-Andres_Larin.jpg/120px-Goat-Varanasi_India-Andres_Larin.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Goat-Varanasi_India-Andres_Larin.jpg/120px-Goat-Varanasi_India-Andres_Larin.jpg" data-alt="Goat" data-width="120" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Goat-Varanasi_India-Andres_Larin.jpg/180px-Goat-Varanasi_India-Andres_Larin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Goat-Varanasi_India-Andres_Larin.jpg/240px-Goat-Varanasi_India-Andres_Larin.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Goat </div></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(17)"> <h2 id="References">References</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-17 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-17"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-13">^</a> The name Varanasi was officially revived after 1947,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-chirico-banaras-1-12">[12]</a></li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-21">^</a> This is the case at the same time as traditions have been transformed in the face of modernisation, generational changes and emigration.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-garces-foley-varanasi-19">[18]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-arnold-benares-20">[19]</a></li> </ol> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"> <div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lauder.wharton.upenn.edu/life-at-lauder/varanasi-the-religious-capital-of-india/">"Varanasi – The Religious Capital of India"</a>. 24 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Varanasi+%E2%80%93+The+Religious+Capital+of+India&rft.date=2015-07-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flauder.wharton.upenn.edu%2Flife-at-lauder%2Fvaranasi-the-religious-capital-of-india%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-urban-2">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-urban_2-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-urban_2-1">b</a> Varanasi City: — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id%3D236923">"Census of India: Varanasi M. Corp"</a>. censusindia.gov.in. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506191523/https://censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id%3D236923">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 10 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=censusindia.gov.in&rft.atitle=Census+of+India%3A+Varanasi+M.+Corp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcensusindia.gov.in%2Fpca%2FSearchDetails.aspx%3FId%3D236923&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"> — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id%3D236909">"Census of India: Varanasi CB"</a>. censusindia.gov.in. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506195301/https://censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id%3D236909">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 10 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=censusindia.gov.in&rft.atitle=Census+of+India%3A+Varanasi+CB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcensusindia.gov.in%2Fpca%2FSearchDetails.aspx%3FId%3D236909&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDikshit2023" class="citation news cs1">Dikshit, Rajeev (13 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/in-varanasi-bjps-ashok-tiwari-defeats-sp-by-1-33l-votes-to-become-new-mayor/articleshow/100216621.cms">"In Varanasi BJP's Ashok Tiwari defeats SP by 1.33L votes"</a>. The Times of India. Retrieved 21 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=In+Varanasi+BJP%27s+Ashok+Tiwari+defeats+SP+by+1.33L+votes&rft.date=2023-05-13&rft.aulast=Dikshit&rft.aufirst=Rajeev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fvaranasi%2Fin-varanasi-bjps-ashok-tiwari-defeats-sp-by-1-33l-votes-to-become-new-mayor%2Farticleshow%2F100216621.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819053949/http://www.nnvns.org/index.php">"Varanasi City"</a>. 7 January 2022. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nnvns.org/index.php">the original</a> on 19 August 2021. Retrieved 21 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Varanasi+City&rft.date=2022-01-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nnvns.org%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0966_PART_A_DCHB_VARANASI.pdf">"District Census Handbook Varanasi"</a> (PDF). censusindia.gov.in. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125223856/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0966_PART_A_DCHB_VARANASI.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 23 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=censusindia.gov.in&rft.atitle=District+Census+Handbook+Varanasi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusindia.gov.in%2F2011census%2Fdchb%2FDCHB_A%2F09%2F0966_PART_A_DCHB_VARANASI.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-UA1Lakhandabove-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-UA1Lakhandabove_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf">"Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above"</a> (PDF). Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017153124/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 17 October 2013. Retrieved 12 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Urban+Agglomerations%2FCities+having+population+1+lakh+and+above&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Registrar+General+%26+Census+Commissioner%2C+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcensusindia.gov.in%2F2011-prov-results%2Fpaper2%2Fdata_files%2FIndia2%2FTable_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-langoff-7">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-langoff_7-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-langoff_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf">"52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India"</a> (PDF). nclm.nic.in. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ministry_of_Minority_Affairs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ministry of Minority Affairs">Ministry of Minority Affairs</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 26 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nclm.nic.in&rft.atitle=52nd+Report+of+the+Commissioner+for+Linguistic+Minorities+in+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnclm.nic.in%2Fshared%2Flinkimages%2FNCLM52ndReport.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www-moneycontrol-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/economy/opinion-yogi-adityanath-is-right-route-to-ups-1-trillion-gdp-goal-passes-through-hinterland-4472441.html">"Yogi Adityanath is right. Route to UP's $1 trillion GDP goal passes through hinterland"</a>. Retrieved 25 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yogi+Adityanath+is+right.+Route+to+UP%27s+%241+trillion+GDP+goal+passes+through+hinterland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww-moneycontrol-com.cdn.ampproject.org%2Fv%2Fs%2Fwww.moneycontrol.com%2Fnews%2Fbusiness%2Feconomy%2Fopinion-yogi-adityanath-is-right-route-to-ups-1-trillion-gdp-goal-passes-through-hinterland-4472441.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988">[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://spa.ac.in/writereaddata/EXECUTIVE-SUMMARY-VARANASI.pdf">"Executive Summary"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819075739/http://spa.ac.in/writereaddata/executive-summary-varanasi.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 19 August 2019. Retrieved 29 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Executive+Summary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspa.ac.in%2Fwritereaddata%2FEXECUTIVE-SUMMARY-VARANASI.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://mohua.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/24UP_Varanasi_sfcp-min.pdf">"Slum Free City Plan of Action Varanasi"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628215811/http://mohua.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/24UP_Varanasi_sfcp-min.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 28 June 2020. Retrieved 28 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Slum+Free+City+Plan+of+Action+Varanasi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmohua.gov.in%2Fupload%2Fuploadfiles%2Ffiles%2F24UP_Varanasi_sfcp-min.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaurasia2023" class="citation journal cs1">Chaurasia, Aalok Ranjan (26 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/09737030231178362">"Human Development in Districts of India 2019–2021"</a>. Indian Journal of Human Development. 17 (2): 219–252. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1177%252F09737030231178362">10.1177/09737030231178362</a>. Retrieved 11 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Journal+of+Human+Development&rft.atitle=Human+Development+in+Districts+of+India+2019%E2%80%932021&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=219-252&rft.date=2023-07-26&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F09737030231178362&rft.aulast=Chaurasia&rft.aufirst=Aalok+Ranjan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1177%2F09737030231178362&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-chirico-banaras-1-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-chirico-banaras-1_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSan_Chirico2012" class="citation cs2">San Chirico, Kerry P. C. (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DB105DQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA115">"Banaras"</a>, in Juergensmeyer, Mark; Roof, Wade Clark (eds.), Encyclopedia of Global Religion, Volume 1, pp. 114–116, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761927297?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780761927297"><bdi>9780761927297</bdi></a>, <q>Varanasi is the city's revived, post-independence designation, which combines the names of two rivers on either side of it.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Banaras&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Global+Religion%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=114-116&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780761927297&rft.aulast=San+Chirico&rft.aufirst=Kerry+P.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB105DQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-britannica-varanasi-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-britannica-varanasi_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.britannica.com/place/Varanasi">"Varanasi"</a>, Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1 September 2021, retrieved 14 December 2021, <q>Varanasi, also called Benares, Banaras, or Kashi, city, southeastern Uttar Pradesh state, northern India.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Varanasi&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.date=2021-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FVaranasi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-chirico-banaras-2-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-chirico-banaras-2_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSan_Chirico2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">San Chirico, Kerry P. C. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DB105DQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA115">"Banaras"</a>. In Juergensmeyer, Mark; Roof, Wade Clark (eds.). Encyclopedia of Global Religion. Vol. 1. pp. 114–116. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761927297?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780761927297"><bdi>9780761927297</bdi></a>. <q>The city was identified in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pali_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pali language">Pali language</a> as Baranasi, from which emerged the corrupt form of the name, 'Banaras', by which the city is still widely known.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Banaras&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Global+Religion&rft.pages=114-116&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780761927297&rft.aulast=San+Chirico&rft.aufirst=Kerry+P.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB105DQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-16">^</a> "Benares" is the name that appears in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:British_Indian_Empire_1909_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="File:British Indian Empire 1909 Imperial Gazetteer of India.jpg">1909 official map of India</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-chirico-banaras-3-17">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-chirico-banaras-3_17-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-chirico-banaras-3_17-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSan_Chirico2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">San Chirico, Kerry P. C. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DB105DQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA115">"Banaras"</a>. In Juergensmeyer, Mark; Roof, Wade Clark (eds.). Encyclopedia of Global Religion. Vol. 1. pp. 114–116. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761927297?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780761927297"><bdi>9780761927297</bdi></a>. <q>... in the fifth century BCE, ... the Kingdom of Kashi was one of the 16 kingdoms to emerge from the ascendant Aryan tribes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Banaras&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Global+Religion&rft.pages=114-116&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780761927297&rft.aulast=San+Chirico&rft.aufirst=Kerry+P.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB105DQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-combined-central-18"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-combined-central_18-0">^</a> * <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoubergMoseley2018" class="citation cs2">Fouberg, Erin H.; Moseley, William G. (2018), Understanding World Geography, New York: John Wiley & Sons, p. 173, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781119473169?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9781119473169"><bdi>9781119473169</bdi></a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1066742384">1066742384</a>, <q>The city of Varanasi, India, is central to the death tradition in Hinduism. Hindus see Varanasi as the world of death and life, and some make pilgrimages to Varanasi to die. In Hindu tradition, if a person dies in the holy city of Varanasi on the Ganges River, he or she is attains moksha, or freedom from the cycle of death and rebirth. Pilgrims travel to Varanasi to cremate their deceased relatives on the ghats along the river.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+World+Geography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1066742384&rft.isbn=9781119473169&rft.aulast=Fouberg&rft.aufirst=Erin+H.&rft.au=Moseley%2C+William+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"> <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEck2013" class="citation cs2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diana_Eck?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Diana Eck">Eck, Diana</a> (2013) [1981], Banaras, the City of Light, Alfred Knopf Inc, [Columbia University Press], p. 324, <q>–No other city on earth is as famous for death as is Banāras. More than for her temples and magnificent ghāts, more than for her silks and brocades, Banāras, the Great Cremation Ground, is known for death. At the centre of the city along the riverfront is Manikarnikā, the sanctuary of death, with its ceaselessly smoking cremation pyres. The burning ghāt extends its influence and the sense of its presence throughout the city.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Banaras%2C+the+City+of+Light&rft.pages=324&rft.pub=Alfred+Knopf+Inc%2C+%5BColumbia+University+Press%5D&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Eck&rft.aufirst=Diana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParry2000" class="citation cs2">Parry, Jonathan P. (2000) [1994], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dr10f4uwzcosC">Death in Banaras</a>, Lewis Henry Morgan Lectures, Cambridge University Press, p. 1, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521466257?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780521466257"><bdi>9780521466257</bdi></a>, <q>As a place to die, to dispose of the physical remains of the deceased and to perform the rites which ensure that the departed attains a 'good state' after death, the north Indian city of Banaras attracts pilgrims and mourners from all over the Hindu world.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death+in+Banaras&rft.series=Lewis+Henry+Morgan+Lectures&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780521466257&rft.aulast=Parry&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr10f4uwzcosC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2022" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Ravi Nandan (2022). Dead in Banaras: An Ethnography of Funeral Travelling. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. <q>The present-day Banaras, at first sign, is a new place. Rightly so, the baton must then pass on to an all new chronicling of the place. Yet, a connecting link, as always, may come into play, between the book's time and other times of Banaras. Let me give an example of what such a connection might look like. Jonathan Parry (1994) in his classic Death in Banaras laments in the preface to the book that he could not incorporate the coming in of the electric crematorium in his descriptions of the funerary organization in Banaras. Two decades later into my fieldwork, I found that it is in part, the efficiency of the open-air, manual cremation that Parry so effectively captures in his book that explains how a promising symbol of industrial modernity, the electric crematorium, falls short of the typecast. In the years between his book and my fieldwork, the electric crematorium sat lonely and was sparingly used against the cheer of the always-on, busy, manual pyres whose flames continue to dot the scene of the ghats in a contrasting relief. In this above sense, I believe, Parry already provides us a portrait of the electric crematorium's social imaginary in Banaras. The question of the shift from wooden pyres to the electric crematorium is then not about competing technologies but that of ethics with which the dead are tended to amidst the assemblies of funeral travellers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dead+in+Banaras%3A+An+Ethnography+of+Funeral+Travelling&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Ravi+Nandan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> </ul></li> <li id="cite_note-garces-foley-varanasi-19"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-garces-foley-varanasi_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarces-Foley2022" class="citation cs2">Garces-Foley, Kathleen (2022), "At the Intersection of Death and Religion", in Garces-Foley, Kathleen (ed.), Death and Religion in a Changing World (2 ed.), London and New York: Routledge, p. 186, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.4324%252F9781003126997">10.4324/9781003126997</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-367-64930-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-367-64930-2"><bdi>978-0-367-64930-2</bdi></a>, <q>It is not uncommon for immigrants to discover that their long-established death practices are deemed unacceptable by civil authorities in their new home. We see this for example in the experiences of Sikhs and Hindus living in Sweden and the United States where open cremation pyres are not permitted. Market forces and social context also shape religious practices by limiting access to some goods and services while promoting others and offering new possibilities for action. ... The logistical difficulty of transporting a body from the United States or the UK to the auspicious city of Varanasi, India, for cremation is surmounted by entrepreneurial service providers who manage the process for Hindu customers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=At+the+Intersection+of+Death+and+Religion&rft.btitle=Death+and+Religion+in+a+Changing+World&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=186&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781003126997&rft.isbn=978-0-367-64930-2&rft.aulast=Garces-Foley&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-arnold-benares-20"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-arnold-benares_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold2021" class="citation cs2">Arnold, David (2021), Burning the Dead: Hindu Nationhood and the Global Construction of Indian Tradition, Oakland: University of California Press, p. 11, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520379343?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780520379343"><bdi>9780520379343</bdi></a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lccn.loc.gov/2020026923">2020026923</a>, <q>While Benares is undeniably central to the performance and perception of modern Indian cremation, that history cannot be told from Benares alone. Rather, ... the narrative needs to encompass colonial India's two main metropolises, Bombay (Mumbai) and Calcutta (Kolkata), as well as the movement of Indians overseas and their memorialization abroad. ... The history of cremation in India is far more than the history of traditional rites and practices that it is conventionally taken to be—if tradition is assumed to mean "timeless" custom and immutable belief. On the contrary, cremation in modern India and across the South Asian diaspora is a history of contestation and change, of longing and denial, adaptation and innovation. India, too, has gifted to the world a modern cremation movement, though its meaning, form, and global resonance necessarily differed substantially from the Western cremation movement with which it was nearly contemporaneous.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Burning+the+Dead%3A+Hindu+Nationhood+and+the+Global+Construction+of+Indian+Tradition&rft.place=Oakland&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2020026923&rft.isbn=9780520379343&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-combined-muslim-weaver-22"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-combined-muslim-weaver_22-0">^</a> * <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2019" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Philippa (17 January 2019). "Working Narratives of Intercommunity Harmony in Varanasi's Silk Sari Industry". In Jeffrey, Roger; Jeffrey, Craig; Lerche, Jens (eds.). Development Failure and Identity Politics in Uttar Pradesh. SAGE. pp. 211–238. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-321-1663-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-321-1663-9"><bdi>978-81-321-1663-9</bdi></a>. <q>'Varanasi … is the city where Hindus and Muslims … are interwoven like threads as in the lovely silk saris for which Kashi (Varanasi) is so famous for (Puniyani, 2006).'(quoted) Varanasi is most often represented as a sacred Hindu pilgrimage centre (see Eck, 1983), as its social and cultural urban spaces have been often examined through the imagined and lived realities of Hinduism (Hertel and Humes, 1993; Parry, 1994; Singh and Rana, 2002). But it is also home to a sizeable Muslim population, which in 2001 comprised 30 per cent of the city's residents, significantly more than the percentage of Muslims in UP (Census of India, 2001). Unlike the city's majority Hindu inhabitants (63 per cent), who occupy a range of occupations in different economic sectors, Muslims in the city are predominantly involved in the production of silk fabrics, as well as other smaller artisanal industries (see Kumar, 1988). Muslims first settled in Varanasi in the eleventh century, when, following the defeat of an invading Muslim army, women, children and civilians were permitted to remain on the northern side of the city and serve the Hindu kings. Many learned the craft of weaving, incorporating their skills and designs into the fabrics. Jean-Baptiste Tavernier, the French explorer and cultural anthropologist, visited Varanasi between 1660 and 1665 and reported that in the courtyard of a rest house in the Chowk area the trading of reshmi (silk) and suti (cotton) fabrics was taking place between Muslim karigars (artisans or craftsmen) and Hindu Mahajans (traders)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Working+Narratives+of+Intercommunity+Harmony+in+Varanasi%27s+Silk+Sari+Industry&rft.btitle=Development+Failure+and+Identity+Politics+in+Uttar+Pradesh&rft.pages=211-238&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=2019-01-17&rft.isbn=978-81-321-1663-9&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Philippa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"> <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPuniyani2006" class="citation cs2">Puniyani, Ram (21 April 2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://countercurrents.org/comm-puniyani210406.htm">"Tackling Terrorism – Varanasi, Jama Masjid Show the Way"</a>, CounterCurrents.Org, <q>Varanasi, like many other cities of the country is the city where Hindus and Muslim of the city are interwoven like threads as in the lovely silk saris for which Kashi is so famous for. This town has hundreds and hundreds of Muslims artisans weaving the beautiful silk apparels, which are sold by the Hindu traders. This is also a city where on one hand we see the likes of Munshi Premchand, who wrote in Urdu as Nawab Rai and also crafted the acme of Hindi literature, which is not only progressive but is also a celebration of composite traditions of the country. This is also the city of the likes of Ustad Bismillah Khans, whose Shahanai begins with devotion to Hindu deities and hums the pleasant enchanting music into the ears of the whole nation. It is also the city which like most of the cities of the country, highlights the intercommunity amity in its most pleasant flavor.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CounterCurrents.Org&rft.atitle=Tackling+Terrorism+%26ndash%3B+Varanasi%2C+Jama+Masjid+Show+the+Way&rft.date=2006-04-21&rft.aulast=Puniyani&rft.aufirst=Ram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcountercurrents.org%2Fcomm-puniyani210406.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallet2017" class="citation book cs1">Mallet, Victor (2017). River of Life, River of Death: The Ganges and India's Future. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198786177?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780198786177"><bdi>9780198786177</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lccn.loc.gov/2017939064">2017939064</a>. <q>Modi, however, went out of his way to court Varanasi's Muslims—they account for nearly a quarter of the city's 1.6 million voters—and to emphasize its multicultural, syncretic traditions when he was on the campaign trail in 2014. He praised not only Hindu but also Muslim cultural figures, including the musician Bismillah Khan, and said Khan was arguably the greatest symbol of Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb (Ganga-Yamuna culture), a riverine phrase often used to describe the intertwined Hindu-Muslim culture of north India where those two rivers flow. Modi also targeted the important Muslim community of sari weavers in the district of Lallapura. Varanasi's silk wedding saris, lavishly designed and interwoven with gold thread, are much sought after by Indians from across the country and from overseas, and Modi promised to help the weavers acquire modern technology, quality raw materials and better marketing skills so they could compete with Chinese clothing manufacturers. 'The weavers of Varanasi are an integral part of the city's history', he wrote in a blog post on his nomination day. 'It is my resolve to ensure that they stand on their own feet with pride and their future generations have a bright future.' (pp. 51–52) An earlier great poet, son of Varanasi and symbol of north India's syncretic traditions, was the fifteenth-century Kabir, whose pithy lines in Hindi are still much quoted today by Indians over social media. Again, the legends surrounding his life are confused. He may have been born into a low-caste Muslim community of weavers or been a Hindu by birth. But he famously mocked the priesthoods and the rituals of both Muslims and Hindus, even to the extent of deliberately leaving holy Varanasi to die in an obscure town, when most north Indians would be heading in the other direction and yearning to expire within the boundaries of the city to find salvation. His contempt for organized religion is reflected in the legend of his death: Hindu and Muslim devotees argued over who should claim the poet's remains, but when the cloth covering his body was lifted, they found nothing underneath but a spray of flowers. (pp 60–61)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=River+of+Life%2C+River+of+Death%3A+The+Ganges+and+India%27s+Future&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2017939064&rft.isbn=9780198786177&rft.aulast=Mallet&rft.aufirst=Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumar2017" class="citation cs2">Kumar, Nita (2017) [1988], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DbZYrDgAAQBAJ">The Artisans of Banaras: Popular Culture and Identity, 1880–1986</a>, Princeton Legacy Library, Princeton University Press, pp. 15, 18, 137, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400886999?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9781400886999"><bdi>9781400886999</bdi></a>, <q>The simplicty of weavers' weddings is a contrast even to those of other Muslims, such as the Pathans. (p. 15) ... Contrary to the experience of most artisan production in modern times, the silk weaving industry has actually flourished, and remained the commercial backbone of the Hindu pilgrimage and religious centre of Banaras. (p. 18) The debate on how Muslims in other parts of South Asia adjust an "Islamic" identity with a territorial-cultural one which is heavily oriented towards local Hinduism is very instructive with regard to our material. The weaver of Banaras is as shaukeen a man as the Hindu and central to his life-style is the love of the outside, of akharas, and of music.(pp. 137–138)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Artisans+of+Banaras%3A+Popular+Culture+and+Identity%2C+1880%26ndash%3B1986&rft.series=Princeton+Legacy+Library&rft.pages=15%2C+18%2C+137&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781400886999&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Nita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbZYrDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSan_Chirico2012" class="citation cs2">San Chirico, Kerry P. C. (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DB105DQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA115">"Banaras"</a>, in Juergensmeyer, Mark; Roof, Wade Clark (eds.), Encyclopedia of Global Religion, Volume 1, pp. 114–116, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761927297?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780761927297"><bdi>9780761927297</bdi></a>, <q>This was the period in which an enduring cultural imprint was made in ... the establishment of muhallas or neighborhoods that exist to this day, in the presence of Sufi shrines dotting the landscape, and in the creation of a singular syncretic culture ... Today Islam accounts for more than one-third of Varanasi city's population. There are as many Muslims here as there are Brahmans, the majority of whom are weavers. The relationship between the Muslims who weave Banaras's famous saris and the Hindus who sell them explains in part by historically there has been less communal tension here than in other cities throughout South Asia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Banaras&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Global+Religion%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=114-116&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780761927297&rft.aulast=San+Chirico&rft.aufirst=Kerry+P.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB105DQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> </ul></li> <li id="cite_note-chirico-banaras-5-23"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-chirico-banaras-5_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSan_Chirico2012" class="citation cs2">San Chirico, Kerry P. C. (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DB105DQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA115">"Banaras"</a>, in Juergensmeyer, Mark; Roof, Wade Clark (eds.), Encyclopedia of Global Religion, Volume 1, pp. 114–116, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761927297?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780761927297"><bdi>9780761927297</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Banaras&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Global+Religion%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=114-116&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780761927297&rft.aulast=San+Chirico&rft.aufirst=Kerry+P.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB105DQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreitag1989" class="citation book cs1">Freitag, Sandria B. (1 January 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DY6FqVKJNCfQC%26dq%3DBhojpuri%2Bregion%2Bbanaras%26pg%3DPA21">Collective Action and Community: Public Arenas and the Emergence of Communalism in North India</a>. University of California Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06439-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06439-3"><bdi>978-0-520-06439-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collective+Action+and+Community%3A+Public+Arenas+and+the+Emergence+of+Communalism+in+North+India&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1989-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-520-06439-3&rft.aulast=Freitag&rft.aufirst=Sandria+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY6FqVKJNCfQC%26dq%3DBhojpuri%2Bregion%2Bbanaras%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChatterji1963" class="citation book cs1">Chatterji, Suniti Kumar (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DUi4hAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DBanaras%2Bcenter%2BBhojpuri">Languages and Literatures of Modern India</a>. Bengal Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Languages+and+Literatures+of+Modern+India&rft.pub=Bengal+Publishers&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Chatterji&rft.aufirst=Suniti+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUi4hAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DBanaras%2Bcenter%2BBhojpuri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-fogelin-sarnath-26"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-fogelin-sarnath_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFogelin2015" class="citation book cs1">Fogelin, Lars (2015). An Archaeological History of Indian Buddhism. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 87–88. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1999-4821-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1999-4821-5"><bdi>978-0-1999-4821-5</bdi></a>. <q>In some specific cases the symbolism does seem specifically Buddhist. The capital at Sarnath, for example, has four wheels carved on its drum (see Figure 3.4). Critically, this is the only Mauryan capital that includes wheel motifs. It seems unlikely that it is merely coincidental that the capital was located at Sarnath—the location of the Buddha's first sermon, the place where the Buddha first turned the wheel of Dharma. Rather, it seems very likely that the wheel motif, at least at Sarnath, symbolized the wheel of Dharma in the specifically Buddhist sense of the term</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Archaeological+History+of+Indian+Buddhism&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pages=87-88&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-1999-4821-5&rft.aulast=Fogelin&rft.aufirst=Lars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-buddhar-britannica-27"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-buddhar-britannica_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.britannica.com/place/Varanasi">"Varanasi"</a>, Encyclopaedia Britannica, 7 June 2022, retrieved 1 November 2022, <q>It was the capital of the kingdom of Kashi during the time of the Buddha (6th century BCE), who gave his first sermon nearby at Sarnath.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Varanasi&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.date=2022-06-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FVaranasi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/culture/spirit-kabir-took-ancient-ghats-benares">"When the spirit of Kabir took over the ancient ghats of Benares"</a>. The Sunday Guardian Live. 30 November 2019. Retrieved 29 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Sunday+Guardian+Live&rft.atitle=When+the+spirit+of+Kabir+took+over+the+ancient+ghats+of+Benares&rft.date=2019-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sundayguardianlive.com%2Fculture%2Fspirit-kabir-took-ancient-ghats-benares&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-bose=todarmal-mansingh-29"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-bose=todarmal-mansingh_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBose2017" class="citation book cs1">Bose, Melia Belli (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DZiMxDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT81">"Royal Matronage and a Visual Vocabulary of Indian Queenship: Ahilyabai Holkar's Memorial Commissions"</a>. In Bose, Melia Belli (ed.). Women, Gender and Art in Asia, c. 1500–1900. London and New York: Routledge. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351536554?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9781351536554"><bdi>9781351536554</bdi></a>. <q>Each time prior to Aurangzeb's razing, the temple was rebuilt by prominent Rajputs, such as Raja Todar Mal (d. 1586), finance minister and high-ranking courtier to Mughal Emperor Akbar, in 1585. Although he did not sponsor the temple's rebuilding, among the Kashi Vishvanath's most illustrious donors is Raja Man Singh Kachhwaha of Amber, who commissioned several other temples and ghats in the vicinity. ... Raja Man Singh ... was also closely associated with the Mughal emperors Akbar and Jahangir, in whose armies and courts he served</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Royal+Matronage+and+a+Visual+Vocabulary+of+Indian+Queenship%3A+Ahilyabai+Holkar%27s+Memorial+Commissions&rft.btitle=Women%2C+Gender+and+Art+in+Asia%2C+c.+1500%26ndash%3B1900&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781351536554&rft.aulast=Bose&rft.aufirst=Melia+Belli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZiMxDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-metcalf-imperial-projects-30"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-metcalf-imperial-projects_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetcalf2009" class="citation book cs1">Metcalf, Barbara (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DpR0LzVCpfw8C%26pg%3DPA15">"Introduction"</a>. In Metcalf, Barbara D. (ed.). Islam in South Asia in Practice. Princeton and London: Princeton University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400831388?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1400831388"><bdi>978-1400831388</bdi></a>. <q>As Catherine Asher has argued, the temples of a Hindu noble like the Rajput Man Singh, built with Mughal patronage, should be seen as 'imperial projects,' reflecting bonds between nobles and the king and making empire-wide architectural styles.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Islam+in+South+Asia+in+Practice&rft.place=Princeton+and+London&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1400831388&rft.aulast=Metcalf&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpR0LzVCpfw8C%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-CABayly19882-31"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-CABayly19882_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayly1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christopher_Bayly?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christopher Bayly">Bayly, C. A.</a> (19 May 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dxfo3AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA17">Rulers, Townsmen and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion, 1770–1870</a>. CUP Archive. pp. 17–. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31054-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31054-3"><bdi>978-0-521-31054-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134537/https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dxfo3AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA17">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 7 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rulers%2C+Townsmen+and+Bazaars%3A+North+Indian+Society+in+the+Age+of+British+Expansion%2C+1770%E2%80%931870&rft.pages=17-&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1988-05-19&rft.isbn=978-0-521-31054-3&rft.aulast=Bayly&rft.aufirst=C.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxfo3AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-bourke-burke-benares-32"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-bourke-burke-benares_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBourke2015" class="citation cs2">Bourke, Richard (8 September 2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DE6eeDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA843">Empire and Revolution: The Political Life of Edmund Burke</a>, Princeton University Press, p. 843, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691145112?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780691145112"><bdi>9780691145112</bdi></a>, <q>Since 1724 Awadh, "in extent about the size of England," had enjoyed effective autonomy as a quasi-independent province within the Mughal Empire. It came to terms with the British after the Battle of Buxar in 1764, finally signing up to the Treaty of Benares in 1773. This imposed on the Wazir of Awadh, Shuja-ud-Daula, the obligation to accept troops stationed in his territory while paying a subsidy to the British for the privilege. The Wazir's successor, Asaf-ud-Daula, agreed to increase this subsidy under the Treaty of Faizabad in 1775, at the same time ceding Benares to the Company.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire+and+Revolution%3A+The+Political+Life+of+Edmund+Burke&rft.pages=843&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2015-09-08&rft.isbn=9780691145112&rft.aulast=Bourke&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE6eeDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA843&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-markovitz-benares-33"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-markovitz-benares_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkovitz2004" class="citation cs2">Markovitz, Claude (24 September 2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dr2OKvG5wbaAC%26pg%3DPA254">"Birth of the British Empire in India (1765–1818)"</a>, in Markovits, Claude (ed.), A History of Modern India, 1480–1950, Anthem Press, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781843311522?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9781843311522"><bdi>9781843311522</bdi></a>, <q>In the face of the hostility of all the dynamic forces of the country, the threat of the Marathas looming large on the frontiers, Asaf could count henceforth only on the help of the English, who exerted themselves to use this tumultuous situation to the full. In exchange for their military protection, the nawab granted them as early as 1775 the control of the region of Benares, in addition to a substantial increase in indemnity.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Birth+of+the+British+Empire+in+India+%281765%26ndash%3B1818%29&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+India%2C+1480%26ndash%3B1950&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2004-09-24&rft.isbn=9781843311522&rft.aulast=Markovitz&rft.aufirst=Claude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr2OKvG5wbaAC%26pg%3DPA254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-bayly-benares-division-34"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-bayly-benares-division_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayly1983" class="citation cs2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christopher_Bayly?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christopher Bayly">Bayly, Christopher</a> (1983), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/rulerstownsmenba0000bayl/page/n15/mode/2up?">Rulers, townsmen, and bazaars: north Indian society in the age of British expansion, 1770–1870</a>, Cambridge University Press, pp. xii–xiii, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521229326?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780521229326"><bdi>9780521229326</bdi></a>, <q>In 1801 a large area of Awadh situated in the Doab and Rohilkhand were ceded to the British. It was added to districts conquered from the Marathas in 1803–4 around Delhi and Agra to form the 'Conquered and Ceded Provinces' of the British Bengal Presidency. The term 'Western Provinces' and later 'North-Western Provinces' came into gradual use to describe this area and the adjoining Benares Division; ... In 1856 the remaining 'Reserved Dominions' of the ruler of Awadh were annexed to become the British Province of Oudh under a Chief Commissioner. In 1901 the two provinces were amalgamated to become the United Province of Agra and Oudh.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rulers%2C+townsmen%2C+and+bazaars%3A+north+Indian+society+in+the+age+of+British+expansion%2C+1770%26ndash%3B1870&rft.pages=xii-xiii&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9780521229326&rft.aulast=Bayly&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frulerstownsmenba0000bayl%2Fpage%2Fn15%2Fmode%2F2up%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECunninghamSastri2002131–140-35">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunninghamSastri2002131%E2%80%93140_35-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunninghamSastri2002131%E2%80%93140_35-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCunninghamSastri2002">Cunningham & Sastri 2002</a>, pp. 131–140.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEck198210,_58,_refers_to_"Banares_–_which_Hindus_call_Kashi,_the_City_of_Light"_(p._10)_and_"Hindus_call_it_Kashi,_the_luminous_City_of_Light"_(p._58).-36"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEck198210,_58,_refers_to_%22Banares_%E2%80%93_which_Hindus_call_Kashi,_the_City_of_Light%22_(p._10)_and_%22Hindus_call_it_Kashi,_the_luminous_City_of_Light%22_(p._58)._36-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFEck1982">Eck 1982</a>, p. 10, 58, refers to "Banares – which Hindus call Kashi, the City of Light" (p. 10) and "Hindus call it Kashi, the luminous City of Light" (p. 58)..</li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalageri" class="citation web cs1">Talageri, Shrikant G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://voi.org/books/rig/ch4.htm">"The Geography of the Rigveda"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808193234/http://voi.org/books/rig/ch4.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2011. Retrieved 4 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Geography+of+the+Rigveda&rft.aulast=Talageri&rft.aufirst=Shrikant+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvoi.org%2Fbooks%2Frig%2Fch4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Varanasi:_About_the_city-38"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Varanasi:_About_the_city_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708043803/http://www.up-tourism.com/destination/varanasi/about.htm">"Varanasi: About the city"</a>. Official website of Uttar Pradesh Tourism. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.up-tourism.com/destination/varanasi/about.htm">the original</a> on 8 July 2013. Retrieved 23 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Varanasi%3A+About+the+city&rft.pub=Official+website+of+Uttar+Pradesh+Tourism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.up-tourism.com%2Fdestination%2Fvaranasi%2Fabout.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelton200729-39"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelton200729_39-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMelton2007">Melton 2007</a>, p. 29.</li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-40">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edward_Sachau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Sachau">Edward Sachau</a>, 1910, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/digital/collections/cul/texts/ldpd_5949073_002/pages/ldpd_5949073_002_00000155.html">Alberuni's India</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303145703/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/digital/collections/cul/texts/ldpd_5949073_002/pages/ldpd_5949073_002_00000155.html">Archived</a> 3 March 2018 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 147, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. Ltd.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBansal200848–49-41">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBansal200848%E2%80%9349_41-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBansal200848%E2%80%9349_41-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFBansal2008">Bansal 2008</a>, pp. 48–49.</li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/gpu/gpu18.htm">"Garuḍa Purāṇa XVI 114"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026112418/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/gpu/gpu18.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2012. Retrieved 9 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Garu%E1%B8%8Da+Pur%C4%81%E1%B9%87a+XVI+114&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fhin%2Fgpu%2Fgpu18.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sannidhi.net/kashi-varanasi/">"Kashi Varanasi - Sannidhi The Presence"</a>. 7 July 2023. Retrieved 19 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kashi+Varanasi+-+Sannidhi+The+Presence&rft.date=2023-07-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsannidhi.net%2Fkashi-varanasi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2003" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Rana (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DX8sKAAAAYAAJ">Where the Buddha Walked: A Companion to the Buddhist Places of India</a>. Indica Books. p. 123. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788186569368?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9788186569368"><bdi>9788186569368</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134525/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DX8sKAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 20 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Where+the+Buddha+Walked%3A+A+Companion+to+the+Buddhist+Places+of+India&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=Indica+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9788186569368&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Rana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX8sKAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.archeolog-home.com/pages/content/banaras-inde-new-archaeological-excavations-are-going-on-to-determine-the-age-of-varanasi.html">"Banaras (Inde): new archaeological excavations are going on to determine the age of Varanasi"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725052033/http://www.archeolog-home.com/pages/content/banaras-inde-new-archaeological-excavations-are-going-on-to-determine-the-age-of-varanasi.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2014. Retrieved 22 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Banaras+%28Inde%29%3A+new+archaeological+excavations+are+going+on+to+determine+the+age+of+Varanasi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archeolog-home.com%2Fpages%2Fcontent%2Fbanaras-inde-new-archaeological-excavations-are-going-on-to-determine-the-age-of-varanasi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPletcher2010159–160-46">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPletcher2010159%E2%80%93160_46-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPletcher2010159%E2%80%93160_46-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPletcher2010159%E2%80%93160_46-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFPletcher2010">Pletcher 2010</a>, pp. 159–160.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerwick1986121-47">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerwick1986121_47-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerwick1986121_47-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFBerwick1986">Berwick 1986</a>, p. 121.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEck198257-48"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEck198257_48-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFEck1982">Eck 1982</a>, p. 57.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBindlossBrownElliott2007278-49"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBindlossBrownElliott2007278_49-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFBindlossBrownElliott2007">Bindloss, Brown & Elliott 2007</a>, p. 278.</li> <li id="cite_note-sen-50"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-sen_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen2013" class="citation book cs1">Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. pp. 32–3. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-38060-734-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-38060-734-4"><bdi>978-9-38060-734-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Textbook+of+Medieval+Indian+History&rft.pages=32-3&rft.pub=Primus+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-9-38060-734-4&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Sailendra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSatish_Chandra2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Satish_Chandra_(historian)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Satish Chandra (historian)">Satish Chandra</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DqHnHHwAACAAJ">Medieval India:800-1700</a>. Orient Longman. p. 71. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-250-3226-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-250-3226-7"><bdi>978-81-250-3226-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310204403/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DqHnHHwAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2023. Retrieved 7 August 2022. <q>In 1194, Muizzuddin returned to India. He crossed the Jamuna with 50,000 cavalry and moved towards Kanauj. A hotly contested battle between Muizzuddin and Jaichandra was fought at Chandawar near Kanauj. We are told that Jaichandra had almost carried the day when he was killed by an arrow, and his army was totally defeated. Muizzuddin now moved on to Banaras which was ravaged, a large number of temples there being destroyed</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+India%3A800-1700&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Orient+Longman&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-250-3226-7&rft.au=Satish+Chandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqHnHHwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDas199117-52"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDas199117_52-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFDas1991">Das 1991</a>, p. 17.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerriam-Webster1999910-53"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerriam-Webster1999910_53-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMerriam-Webster1999">Merriam-Webster 1999</a>, p. 910.</li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-54">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/SriGuruGranthSahib-LineByLineDevanagariEnglishTranslation_949/page/n2484">[1]</a></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandhi200790-55"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGandhi200790_55-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFGandhi2007">Gandhi 2007</a>, p. 90.</li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._Roy1974" class="citation book cs1">S. Roy (1974). "AKBAR". In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R._C._Majumdar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="R. C. Majumdar">R. C. Majumdar</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DkHpDAAAAYAAJ">The History and Culture of the Indian People: The Mughal empire</a>. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. pp. 119–120. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134515/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DkHpDAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 7 August 2022. <q>Akbar then marched to Allahabad and onto Banaras which was sacked because it closes its gates against him</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=AKBAR&rft.btitle=The+History+and+Culture+of+the+Indian+People%3A+The+Mughal+empire&rft.pages=119-120&rft.pub=Bharatiya+Vidya+Bhavan&rft.date=1974&rft.au=S.+Roy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkHpDAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRima_Hooja2006" class="citation book cs1">Rima Hooja (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DtosMAQAAMAAJ">A history of Rajasthan</a>. Rupa & Company. pp. 493–495. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8129108906?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-8129108906"><bdi>978-8129108906</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134542/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DtosMAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 7 August 2022. <q>Among the architectural legacies left by Man Singh are the palaces within Amber fort, Man Mandir, Man Chat and Sarovar Ghat at Varanasi, the Govind Dev temple at Vrindaban, and temples at Pushkar, Manpur, Puri, etc. He also built forts at Salimpur (Bengal), Manihari (Bihar), Ramgarh (Dhoondhar), founded the towns of Akbarnagar (Rajmahal), Manpur (near Gaya), and the small township of Baikunthpur (now called Baikathpur, in Bihar's Patna district), and carried out massive repairs and fresh construction, including of palaces, at the fort of Rohtas</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Rajasthan&rft.pages=493-495&rft.pub=Rupa+%26+Company&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-8129108906&rft.au=Rima+Hooja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtosMAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitra2002182-58"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitra2002182_58-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMitra2002">Mitra 2002</a>, p. 182.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrakash1981170-59">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrakash1981170_59-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrakash1981170_59-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFPrakash1981">Prakash 1981</a>, p. 170.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchreitmüller2012284-60"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchreitm%C3%BCller2012284_60-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFSchreitm%C3%BCller2012">Schreitmüller 2012</a>, p. 284.</li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLimited2002" class="citation book cs1">Limited, Eicher Goodearth (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DNviJaunGDJMC%26pg%3DPA124">Good Earth Varanasi City Guide</a>. Eicher Goodearth Limited. p. 124. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-87780-04-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-87780-04-5"><bdi>978-81-87780-04-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Good+Earth+Varanasi+City+Guide&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=Eicher+Goodearth+Limited&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-81-87780-04-5&rft.aulast=Limited&rft.aufirst=Eicher+Goodearth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNviJaunGDJMC%26pg%3DPA124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template:Cite_book?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|last=</code> has generic name (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:CS1_errors?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/features/when-kashi-naresh-suggested-independent-india-establish-varanasi-as-a-free-city-like-the-vatican-9024981.html">"When Kashi Naresh suggested India establish Varanasi as a free city, like the Vatican"</a>. Moneycontrol. 14 August 2022. Retrieved 5 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Moneycontrol&rft.atitle=When+Kashi+Naresh+suggested+India+establish+Varanasi+as+a+free+city%2C+like+the+Vatican&rft.date=2022-08-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.moneycontrol.com%2Fnews%2Ftrends%2Ffeatures%2Fwhen-kashi-naresh-suggested-independent-india-establish-varanasi-as-a-free-city-like-the-vatican-9024981.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-CABayly1988-63"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-CABayly1988_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayly1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christopher_Bayly?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christopher Bayly">Bayly, C. A.</a> (19 May 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dxfo3AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA17">Rulers, Townsmen and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion, 1770–1870</a>. CUP Archive. pp. 17–. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31054-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31054-3"><bdi>978-0-521-31054-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134537/https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dxfo3AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA17">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 7 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rulers%2C+Townsmen+and+Bazaars%3A+North+Indian+Society+in+the+Age+of+British+Expansion%2C+1770%E2%80%931870&rft.pages=17-&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1988-05-19&rft.isbn=978-0-521-31054-3&rft.aulast=Bayly&rft.aufirst=C.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxfo3AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Bayly_1983_489_at_p_18-64">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Bayly_1983_489_at_p_18_64-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Bayly_1983_489_at_p_18_64-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Bayly_1983_489_at_p_18_64-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Bayly_1983_489_at_p_18_64-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayly1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christopher_Alan_Bayly?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Alan Bayly">Bayly, Christopher Alan</a> (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/rulerstownsmenba0000bayl">Rulers, Townsmen, and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion, 1770–1870</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/rulerstownsmenba0000bayl/page/489">489</a> (at p 18). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31054-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31054-3"><bdi>978-0-521-31054-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rulers%2C+Townsmen%2C+and+Bazaars%3A+North+Indian+Society+in+the+Age+of+British+Expansion%2C+1770%E2%80%931870&rft.pages=489+%28at+p+18%29&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-521-31054-3&rft.aulast=Bayly&rft.aufirst=Christopher+Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frulerstownsmenba0000bayl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Benares_Princely_State-65">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Benares_Princely_State_65-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Benares_Princely_State_65-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://uqconnect.net/~zzhsoszy/ips/b/benares.html">Benares (Princely State)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20060221030606/http://uqconnect.net/~zzhsoszy/ips/b/benares.html">Archived</a> 21 February 2006 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – A Document about Maharajas of Varanasi</li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-66">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charles_Umpherston_Aitchison?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charles Umpherston Aitchison">Aitchison, Chalres Umpherston</a> (1857). "Translation of the Proposed Articles of the Treaty with the Nabob Ausuf-ul-Dowla,— 21st May 1775: Article 5". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32432/page/n147/mode/2up?view%3Dtheater">A Collection Of Treaties, Engagements And Sanads</a>. Vol. 2. Delhi: Mittal Publications. p. 107. Retrieved 23 April 2022. <q>the English Company shall, after one month and a half from the date of this Treaty, take upon them the sovereignty and possession of the districts under Rajah Cheyt Sing, as hereunder specified, viz- Sircar Benares</q></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReal_Corp2007-67"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReal_Corp2007_67-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFReal_Corp2007">Real Corp 2007</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKochhar2015247-68"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKochhar2015247_68-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFKochhar2015">Kochhar 2015</a>, p. 247.</li> <li id="cite_note-MAS-69"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-MAS_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthew_Atmore_Sherring" class="citation book cs1">Matthew Atmore Sherring. "3". The Sacred City of the Hindus An Account of Benares in Ancient and Modern Times (First ed.). London: Trübner & Company. p. 41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3&rft.btitle=The+Sacred+City+of+the+Hindus+An+Account+of+Benares+in+Ancient+and+Modern+Times&rft.place=London&rft.pages=41&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Tr%C3%BCbner+%26+Company&rft.au=Matthew+Atmore+Sherring&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETwain1897Chapter_L-70"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwain1897Chapter_L_70-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFTwain1897">Twain 1897</a>, p. Chapter L.</li> <li id="cite_note-A_review_of_Varanasi-71"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-A_review_of_Varanasi_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.blonnet.com/life/2004/02/02/stories/2004020200050300.htm">"A review of Varanasi"</a>. Blonnet.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20090924092518/http://www.blonnet.com/life/2004/02/02/stories/2004020200050300.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2009. Retrieved 3 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+review+of+Varanasi&rft.pub=Blonnet.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blonnet.com%2Flife%2F2004%2F02%2F02%2Fstories%2F2004020200050300.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitra2002216-72">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitra2002216_72-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitra2002216_72-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitra2002216_72-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitra2002216_72-3">d</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitra2002216_72-4">e</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMitra2002">Mitra 2002</a>, p. 216.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharmaSharma2001197-73"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharmaSharma2001197_73-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFSharmaSharma2001">Sharma & Sharma 2001</a>, p. 197.</li> <li id="cite_note-Varun-74">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Varun_74-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Varun_74-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Varun_74-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Varun_74-3">d</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Varun_74-4">e</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Varun_74-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9074835/Varanasi">"Varanasi"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805033554/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/623248/Varanasi">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Varanasi&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-9074835%2FVaranasi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.britannica.com/place/Uttar-Pradesh">"Uttar Pradesh – The British period"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401072447/https://www.britannica.com/place/Uttar-Pradesh">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Uttar+Pradesh+%E2%80%93+The+British+period&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FUttar-Pradesh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-kashi-vishwanath-corridor-a-look-at-varanasis-transformation-under-pm-modi/404904">"Kashi Vishwanath Corridor | A Look At Varanasi's Transformation Under PM Modi"</a>. outlook india. 13 December 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213114508/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-kashi-vishwanath-corridor-a-look-at-varanasis-transformation-under-pm-modi/404904/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=outlook+india&rft.atitle=Kashi+Vishwanath+Corridor+%7C+A+Look+At+Varanasi%27s+Transformation+Under+PM+Modi&rft.date=2021-12-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.outlookindia.com%2Fwebsite%2Fstory%2Findia-news-kashi-vishwanath-corridor-a-look-at-varanasis-transformation-under-pm-modi%2F404904&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://varanasi.nic.in/default.htm">"DEO Varanasi"</a>. Tourist Information: General Information. 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Retrieved 18 August 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Census+of+India+2001+%28Provisional%29&rft.atitle=Urban+Agglomerations%2FCities+having+population+of+more+than+one+million+in+2001&rft.date=2001-07-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusindia.gov.in%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-uptownscensus1-96">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-uptownscensus1_96-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-uptownscensus1_96-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-uptownscensus1_96-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/">"Population, Population in the age group 0–6 and literates by sex – Urban Agglomeration/Town: 2001"</a>. Census of India 2001 (Provisional). Office of the Registrar General, India. pp. 53–4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20061223112810/http://www.censusindia.net/results/slum1_m_plus.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2006. Retrieved 17 August 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Census+of+India+2001+%28Provisional%29&rft.atitle=Population%2C+Population+in+the+age+group+0%E2%80%936+and+literates+by+sex+%E2%80%93+Urban+Agglomeration%2FTown%3A+2001&rft.pages=53-4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusindia.gov.in%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-censusmillionslums-97"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-censusmillionslums_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/">"Slum Population in Million Plus Cities (Municipal Corporations): Part A"</a>. Census of India 2001 (Provisional). 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Retrieved 18 August 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Census+of+India+2001+%28Provisional%29&rft.atitle=Slum+Population+in+Million+Plus+Cities+%28Municipal+Corporations%29%3A+Part+A&rft.date=2002-01-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusindia.gov.in%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW09C-01%2520MDDS.XLS">"C-01 Population By Religious Community – Uttar Pradesh"</a>. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927145844/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW09C-01%2520MDDS.XLS">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2015. Retrieved 27 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=C-01+Population+By+Religious+Community+%E2%80%93+Uttar+Pradesh&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Registrar+General+%26+Census+Commissioner%2C+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusindia.gov.in%2F2011census%2FC-01%2FDDW09C-01%2520MDDS.XLS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen2013136-99"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsen2013136_99-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFJacobsen2013">Jacobsen 2013</a>, p. 136.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh200932-100"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh200932_100-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFSingh2009">Singh 2009</a>, p. 32.</li> <li id="cite_note-censusindia.C-16-101">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-censusindia.C-16_101-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-censusindia.C-16_101-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10235/download/13347/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-0900.XLSX">"C-16 City: Population by mother tongue (town level), Uttar Pradesh"</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2011_Census_of_India?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Census of India">2011 Census of India</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603091405/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10235/download/13347/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-0900.XLSX">archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2022, retrieved 17 September 2022</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=2011+Census+of+India&rft.atitle=C-16+City%3A+Population+by+mother+tongue+%28town+level%29%2C+Uttar+Pradesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcensusindia.gov.in%2Fnada%2Findex.php%2Fcatalog%2F10235%2Fdownload%2F13347%2FDDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-0900.XLSX&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Government_of_Uttar_Pradesh-102">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Government_of_Uttar_Pradesh_102-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Government_of_Uttar_Pradesh_102-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://up.gov.in/upconstitution.aspx">"CONSTITUTIONAL SETUP"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Government_of_Uttar_Pradesh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Government of Uttar Pradesh">Government of Uttar Pradesh</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831000649/http://up.gov.in/upconstitution.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2017. 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Governance in India (2nd ed.). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noida?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Noida">Noida</a>: McGraw Hill Education. pp. 5.1–5.2. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9339204785?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-9339204785"><bdi>978-9339204785</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Governance+in+India&rft.place=Noida&rft.pages=5.1-5.2&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill+Education&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-9339204785&rft.aulast=Laxmikanth&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/india-2/role-and-functions-of-divisional-commissioner/46672/">"Role and Functions of Divisional Commissioner"</a>. Your Article Library. 6 January 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816065354/http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/india-2/role-and-functions-of-divisional-commissioner/46672/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2017. Retrieved 20 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Your+Article+Library&rft.atitle=Role+and+Functions+of+Divisional+Commissioner&rft.date=2015-01-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yourarticlelibrary.com%2Findia-2%2Frole-and-functions-of-divisional-commissioner%2F46672%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://uphome.gov.in/DM-UP-Contact.htm">"Contact Details Of Commissioners and District Magistrates Of U.P."</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Department_of_Home_(Uttar_Pradesh)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Home (Uttar Pradesh)">Department of Home and Confidential</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Government_of_Uttar_Pradesh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Government of Uttar Pradesh">Government of Uttar Pradesh</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816061300/http://uphome.gov.in/DM-UP-Contact.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2017. Retrieved 15 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Home+and+Confidential%2C+Government+of+Uttar+Pradesh&rft.atitle=Contact+Details+Of+Commissioners+and+District+Magistrates+Of+U.P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuphome.gov.in%2FDM-UP-Contact.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://niyuktionline.up.nic.in/DOCUMENTS/DMCFileCurrent.aspx"><bdi lang="hi">जिलाधिकारी/मंडलायुक्त की सूची</bdi></a> [List of District Magistrates and Divisional Commissioners]. Department of Appointments and Personnel, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Government_of_Uttar_Pradesh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Government of Uttar Pradesh">Government of Uttar Pradesh</a> (in Hindi). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711052906/http://niyuktionline.up.nic.in/DOCUMENTS/DMCFileCurrent.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2017. Retrieved 15 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Appointments+and+Personnel%2C+Government+of+Uttar+Pradesh&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%2F%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fniyuktionline.up.nic.in%2FDOCUMENTS%2FDMCFileCurrent.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Varanasi_District_website-109">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Varanasi_District_website_109-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Varanasi_District_website_109-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://varanasi.nic.in/phone/contactus.pdf">"Contact us"</a> (PDF). Varanasi District website. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821125740/http://varanasi.nic.in/phone/contactus.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 21 August 2017. Retrieved 21 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Varanasi+District+website&rft.atitle=Contact+us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvaranasi.nic.in%2Fphone%2Fcontactus.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaheshwari2000" class="citation book cs1">Maheshwari, S.R. (2000). Indian Administration (6th ed.). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_Delhi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>: Orient Blackswan Private Ltd. pp. 573–97. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788125019886?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9788125019886"><bdi>9788125019886</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Administration&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=573-97&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Orient+Blackswan+Private+Ltd.&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9788125019886&rft.aulast=Maheshwari&rft.aufirst=S.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaxmikanth2014" class="citation book cs1">Laxmikanth, M. (2014). Governance in India (2nd ed.). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noida?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Noida">Noida</a>: McGraw Hill Education. pp. 6.1–6.6. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9339204785?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-9339204785"><bdi>978-9339204785</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Governance+in+India&rft.place=Noida&rft.pages=6.1-6.6&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill+Education&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-9339204785&rft.aulast=Laxmikanth&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh1993" class="citation book cs1">Singh, G.P. (1993). Revenue administration in India: A case study of Bihar. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Delhi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>: Mittal Publications. pp. 50–124. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8170993810?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-8170993810"><bdi>978-8170993810</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revenue+administration+in+India%3A+A+case+study+of+Bihar&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pages=50-124&rft.pub=Mittal+Publications&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-8170993810&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=G.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.importantindia.com/1724/powers-of-district-magistrate-in-india/">"Powers Of District Magistrate in India"</a>. Important India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816062201/http://www.importantindia.com/1724/powers-of-district-magistrate-in-india/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2017. Retrieved 20 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Important+India&rft.atitle=Powers+Of+District+Magistrate+in+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.importantindia.com%2F1724%2Fpowers-of-district-magistrate-in-india%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Department_of_Home_and_Confidential,_Government_of_Uttar_Pradesh-114">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Department_of_Home_and_Confidential,_Government_of_Uttar_Pradesh_114-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Department_of_Home_and_Confidential,_Government_of_Uttar_Pradesh_114-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/pm-to-lay-foundation-for-india-s-1st-public-transport-ropeway-in-kashi-tomorrow-101679577986512.html">"PM to lay foundation for India's 1st public transport ropeway in Kashi tomorrow"</a>. Hindustan Times. 23 March 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330134522/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/pm-to-lay-foundation-for-india-s-1st-public-transport-ropeway-in-kashi-tomorrow-101679577986512.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2023. Retrieved 29 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=PM+to+lay+foundation+for+India%27s+1st+public+transport+ropeway+in+Kashi+tomorrow&rft.date=2023-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fcities%2Flucknow-news%2Fpm-to-lay-foundation-for-india-s-1st-public-transport-ropeway-in-kashi-tomorrow-101679577986512.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Department_of_Appointments_and_Personnel,_Government_of_Uttar_Pradesh-115">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Department_of_Appointments_and_Personnel,_Government_of_Uttar_Pradesh_115-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Department_of_Appointments_and_Personnel,_Government_of_Uttar_Pradesh_115-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/economy/varanasi-news-today-pm-modi-lays-foundation-of-indias-first-public-transport-ropeway-worth-rs-645-crores-in-kashi-check-varanasi-ropeway-project-map-tender-and-other-details-article-98961726">"Varanasi news today: PM Modi lays foundation of India's first public transport ropeway worth Rs 645 crores in Kashi - Check Varanasi ropeway project map, tender and other details"</a>. TimesNow. 24 March 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329055746/https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/economy/varanasi-news-today-pm-modi-lays-foundation-of-indias-first-public-transport-ropeway-worth-rs-645-crores-in-kashi-check-varanasi-ropeway-project-map-tender-and-other-details-article-98961726">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2023. Retrieved 29 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TimesNow&rft.atitle=Varanasi+news+today%3A+PM+Modi+lays+foundation+of+India%27s+first+public+transport+ropeway+worth+Rs+645+crores+in+Kashi+-+Check+Varanasi+ropeway+project+map%2C+tender+and+other+details&rft.date=2023-03-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesnownews.com%2Fbusiness-economy%2Feconomy%2Fvaranasi-news-today-pm-modi-lays-foundation-of-indias-first-public-transport-ropeway-worth-rs-645-crores-in-kashi-check-varanasi-ropeway-project-map-tender-and-other-details-article-98961726&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uppolice.gov.in/frmOfficials.aspx?zonevns%26cd%3DOQA0ADUA">"Officers posted at Varanasi Zone"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_Police?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uttar Pradesh Police">Uttar Pradesh Police</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821131219/https://uppolice.gov.in/frmOfficials.aspx?zonevns%26cd%3DOQA0ADUA">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2017. Retrieved 16 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Uttar+Pradesh+Police&rft.atitle=Officers+posted+at+Varanasi+Zone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuppolice.gov.in%2FfrmOfficials.aspx%3Fzonevns%26cd%3DOQA0ADUA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uppolice.gov.in/frmOfficials.aspx?rangevns%26cd%3DOQA4ADIA">"Officers posted at Varanasi Range"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_Police?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uttar Pradesh Police">Uttar Pradesh Police</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821131313/https://uppolice.gov.in/frmOfficials.aspx?rangevns%26cd%3DOQA4ADIA">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2017. Retrieved 16 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Uttar+Pradesh+Police&rft.atitle=Officers+posted+at+Varanasi+Range&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuppolice.gov.in%2FfrmOfficials.aspx%3Frangevns%26cd%3DOQA4ADIA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Uttar_Pradesh_Police-118">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Uttar_Pradesh_Police_118-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Uttar_Pradesh_Police_118-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Uttar_Pradesh_Police_118-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uppolice.gov.in/frmOfficials.aspx?varanasi%26cd%3DMQAwADEAMQA%253d">"Officers posted at VARANASI"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_Police?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uttar Pradesh Police">Uttar Pradesh Police</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303145704/https://uppolice.gov.in/frmOfficials.aspx?varanasi%26cd%3DMQAwADEAMQA%253d">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2018. Retrieved 16 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Uttar+Pradesh+Police&rft.atitle=Officers+posted+at+VARANASI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuppolice.gov.in%2FfrmOfficials.aspx%3Fvaranasi%26cd%3DMQAwADEAMQA%253d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.news18.com/news/india/kanpur-varanasi-to-soon-get-police-commissioner-system-aseem-arun-a-satish-ganesh-to-take-top-posts-3575918.html">"Kanpur, Varanasi to Soon Get Police Commissioner System; Aseem Arun, A Satish Ganesh to Take Top Posts"</a>. News18. 26 March 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519164543/https://www.news18.com/news/india/kanpur-varanasi-to-soon-get-police-commissioner-system-aseem-arun-a-satish-ganesh-to-take-top-posts-3575918.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2022. Retrieved 19 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=News18&rft.atitle=Kanpur%2C+Varanasi+to+Soon+Get+Police+Commissioner+System%3B+Aseem+Arun%2C+A+Satish+Ganesh+to+Take+Top+Posts&rft.date=2021-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news18.com%2Fnews%2Findia%2Fkanpur-varanasi-to-soon-get-police-commissioner-system-aseem-arun-a-satish-ganesh-to-take-top-posts-3575918.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://varanasi.nic.in/police/">"Police Department Commissionerate Varanasi"</a>. varanasi.nic.in. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301213237/https://varanasi.nic.in/police/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 19 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=varanasi.nic.in&rft.atitle=Police+Department+Commissionerate+Varanasi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvaranasi.nic.in%2Fpolice%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.vdavns.org/webpages.php?tag%3DBoard_Members">"VDA Board Members"</a>. Varanasi Development Authority (in Hindi). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821125324/http://www.vdavns.org/webpages.php?tag%3DBoard_Members">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2017. Retrieved 16 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Varanasi+Development+Authority&rft.atitle=VDA+Board+Members&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vdavns.org%2Fwebpages.php%3Ftag%3DBoard_Members&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://niyuktionline.up.nic.in/ias/iaslist_posting.aspx?id1%3DMCMwIzQ0">"List of IAS officers who are Vice Chairman of Development Authorities"</a>. Department of Appointment and Personnel, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Government_of_Uttar_Pradesh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Government of Uttar Pradesh">Government of Uttar Pradesh</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821130308/http://niyuktionline.up.nic.in/ias/iaslist_posting.aspx?id1%3DMCMwIzQ0">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2017. Retrieved 21 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Appointment+and+Personnel%2C+Government+of+Uttar+Pradesh&rft.atitle=List+of+IAS+officers+who+are+Vice+Chairman+of+Development+Authorities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fniyuktionline.up.nic.in%2Fias%2Fiaslist_posting.aspx%3Fid1%3DMCMwIzQ0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://niyuktionline.up.nic.in/pcs/pcs_hod.aspx">"PCS OFFICERS (Posted as HOD)"</a>. Department of Appointment and Personnel, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Government_of_Uttar_Pradesh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Government of Uttar Pradesh">Government of Uttar Pradesh</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821130444/http://niyuktionline.up.nic.in/pcs/pcs_hod.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2017. Retrieved 21 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Appointment+and+Personnel%2C+Government+of+Uttar+Pradesh&rft.atitle=PCS+OFFICERS+%28Posted+as+HOD%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fniyuktionline.up.nic.in%2Fpcs%2Fpcs_hod.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAcademy21-124"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAcademy21_124-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFAcademy">Academy</a>, p. 21.</li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710192445/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-05-16/news/49898450_1_narendra-modi-varanasi-lok-sabha-kailash-chaurasia">"Elections 2014: Narendra Modi wins Varanasi by a massive margin of 3.37 lakh votes"</a>. The Economic Times. 16 March 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-05-16/news/49898450_1_narendra-modi-varanasi-lok-sabha-kailash-chaurasia">the original</a> on 10 July 2015. Retrieved 9 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=Elections+2014%3A+Narendra+Modi+wins+Varanasi+by+a+massive+margin+of+3.37+lakh+votes&rft.date=2014-03-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.economictimes.indiatimes.com%2F2014-05-16%2Fnews%2F49898450_1_narendra-modi-varanasi-lok-sabha-kailash-chaurasia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://indianexpress.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019-results-narendra-modi-varanasi-live-updates-5741216/">"Narendra Modi retains Varanasi, wins by a margin of nearly 5 lakh votes"</a>. The Indian Express. 23 May 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101112713/https://indianexpress.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019-results-narendra-modi-varanasi-live-updates-5741216/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Narendra+Modi+retains+Varanasi%2C+wins+by+a+margin+of+nearly+5+lakh+votes&rft.date=2019-05-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Felections%2Flok-sabha-elections-2019-results-narendra-modi-varanasi-live-updates-5741216%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-127">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://censusindia.gov.in/vital_statistics/AHSBulletins/files/01-Uttar%2520Pradesh%2520AHS%2520Bulletin.pdf">"Annual Health Survey 2010–2011"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207152047/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/vital_statistics/AHSBulletins/files/01-Uttar%2520Pradesh%2520AHS%2520Bulletin.pdf">Archived</a> 7 February 2013 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (11 mb PDF). Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India (2011).</li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/cover-story/tata-memorial-will-run-railways-cancer-hospital-in-varanasi/articleshow/61095336.cms">"Tata Memorial will run railways' cancer hospital in Varanasi"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808173507/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/cover-story/tata-memorial-will-run-railways-cancer-hospital-in-varanasi/articleshow/61095336.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2018. Retrieved 8 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tata+Memorial+will+run+railways%27+cancer+hospital+in+Varanasi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmumbaimirror.indiatimes.com%2Fmumbai%2Fcover-story%2Ftata-memorial-will-run-railways-cancer-hospital-in-varanasi%2Farticleshow%2F61095336.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-129">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid%3DDS405.1.I34_V02_605.gif">Susruta</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409072255/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid%3DDS405.1.I34_V02_605.gif">Archived</a> 9 April 2008 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Imperial Gazetteer of India">The Imperial Gazetteer of India</a>, 1909, v. 2, p. 570.</li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20150302014851/http://www.bhu.ac.in/ims/ayurveda/ayurveda_about.htm">"faculty of Ayurveda"</a>. Banaras Hindu University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.bhu.ac.in/ims/ayurveda/ayurveda_about.htm">the original</a> on 2 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=faculty+of+Ayurveda&rft.pub=Banaras+Hindu+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bhu.ac.in%2Fims%2Fayurveda%2Fayurveda_about.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ayurveda.in/centers/sparsa-ayurvedic-centre-399.html">"Sparsa Ayurvedic Centre"</a>. ayurveda.in. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711130249/http://www.ayurveda.in/centers/sparsa-ayurvedic-centre-399.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sparsa+Ayurvedic+Centre&rft.pub=ayurveda.in&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ayurveda.in%2Fcenters%2Fsparsa-ayurvedic-centre-399.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohanty1993316-7-132">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohanty1993316-7_132-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohanty1993316-7_132-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMohanty1993">Mohanty 1993</a>, p. 316-7.</li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohiuddin2010" class="citation web cs1">Mohiuddin, Yasmeen (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://fore.yale.edu/news/item/indians-keep-faith-with-ganges-despite-pollution/">"News | The Forum on Religion and Ecology at Yale"</a>. fore.yale.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018001045/http://fore.yale.edu/news/item/indians-keep-faith-with-ganges-despite-pollution/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 4 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fore.yale.edu&rft.atitle=News+%26%23124%3B+The+Forum+on+Religion+and+Ecology+at+Yale&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Mohiuddin&rft.aufirst=Yasmeen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffore.yale.edu%2Fnews%2Fitem%2Findians-keep-faith-with-ganges-despite-pollution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-HamnerTripathi2006-134"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-HamnerTripathi2006_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamnerTripathiMishraBouskill2006" class="citation journal cs1">Hamner, Steve; Tripathi, Anshuman; Mishra, Rajesh Kumar; Bouskill, Nik; Broadaway, Susan C.; Pyle, Barry H.; Ford, Timothy E. (2006). "The role of water use patterns and sewage pollution in incidence of water-borne/enteric diseases along the Ganges river in Varanasi, India". 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Retrieved 18 August 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Management+of+municipal+solid+wastes&rft.atitle=Status+of+landfill+sites+in+59+cities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cpcb.nic.in%2Fpcpdiv_plan4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJNNURM200629-142">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJNNURM200629_142-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJNNURM200629_142-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJNNURM200629_142-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFJNNURM2006">JNNURM 2006</a>, p. 29.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJNNURM200628-143"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJNNURM200628_143-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFJNNURM2006">JNNURM 2006</a>, p. 28.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJNNURM200631-144">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJNNURM200631_144-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJNNURM200631_144-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJNNURM200631_144-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFJNNURM2006">JNNURM 2006</a>, p. 31.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJNNURM200629–31-145">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJNNURM200629%E2%80%9331_145-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJNNURM200629%E2%80%9331_145-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFJNNURM2006">JNNURM 2006</a>, pp. 29–31.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarikoo2010192-146"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarikoo2010192_146-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWarikoo2010">Warikoo 2010</a>, p. 192.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid9Fq4eUi_3oMCpgPA113_113]-147"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood2011%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksid9Fq4eUi_3oMCpgPA113_113%5D_147-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWood2011">Wood 2011</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D9Fq4eUi_3oMC%26pg%3DPA113">113</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DNfX3sRoJ3rYC">The Small Hands of Slavery: Bonded Child Labor in India</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>. 1996. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DNfX3sRoJ3rYC%26pg%3DPA82">82</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56432-172-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56432-172-5"><bdi>978-1-56432-172-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134617/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DNfX3sRoJ3rYC">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Small+Hands+of+Slavery%3A+Bonded+Child+Labor+in+India&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-56432-172-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNfX3sRoJ3rYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120611084358/http://www.bhelherp.com/about.jsp">"About Bharat"</a>. Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited. 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Retrieved 3 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Bharat&rft.pub=Bharat+Heavy+Electricals+Limited&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bhelherp.com%2Fabout.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitra2002117,_169-150"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitra2002117,_169_150-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMitra2002">Mitra 2002</a>, p. 117, 169.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJNNURM200657-151"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJNNURM200657_151-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFJNNURM2006">JNNURM 2006</a>, p. 57.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJNNURM200656-152">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJNNURM200656_152-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJNNURM200656_152-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFJNNURM2006">JNNURM 2006</a>, p. 56.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJNNURM200658-153">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJNNURM200658_153-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJNNURM200658_153-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFJNNURM2006">JNNURM 2006</a>, p. 58.</li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaturvedi2017" class="citation news cs1">Chaturvedi, Anumeha (12 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/hotels-/-restaurants/ihg-debuts-in-varanasi-with-holiday-inn-and-crowne-plaza-hotels/articleshow/62034518.cms">"IHG debuts in Varanasi with Holiday Inn and Crowne Plaza hotels"</a>. The Economic Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806143853/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/hotels-/-restaurants/ihg-debuts-in-varanasi-with-holiday-inn-and-crowne-plaza-hotels/articleshow/62034518.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2019. Retrieved 6 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=IHG+debuts+in+Varanasi+with+Holiday+Inn+and+Crowne+Plaza+hotels&rft.date=2017-12-12&rft.aulast=Chaturvedi&rft.aufirst=Anumeha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Findustry%2Fservices%2Fhotels-%2F-restaurants%2Fihg-debuts-in-varanasi-with-holiday-inn-and-crowne-plaza-hotels%2Farticleshow%2F62034518.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215054855/http://uptourism.gov.in/site/writereaddata/siteContent/Tourist%2520Arrival%25202013%2520to%25202017.pdf">"Annual tourist visits statistics- 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017"</a> (PDF). UP Tourism. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://uptourism.gov.in/site/writereaddata/siteContent/Tourist%2520Arrival%25202013%2520to%25202017.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 15 February 2020. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.uptourism.gov.in/site/writereaddata/siteContent/202003131118073276Year-wise-statistics2020.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 15 July 2020. Retrieved 11 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Indian+and+Foreign+tourist+visits+in+important+tourist+places+of+Uttar+Pradesh+in+year+2015+to+2019&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uptourism.gov.in%2Fsite%2Fwritereaddata%2FsiteContent%2F202003131118073276Year-wise-statistics2020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Archaeological_Survey_of_India-157"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Archaeological_Survey_of_India_157-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_uttarpradesh_patna.asp">"Alphabetical List of Monuments – Uttar Pradesh"</a>. Archaeological Survey of India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508064601/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_uttarpradesh_patna.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2012. Retrieved 22 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alphabetical+List+of+Monuments+%E2%80%93+Uttar+Pradesh&rft.pub=Archaeological+Survey+of+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fasi.nic.in%2Fasi_monu_alphalist_uttarpradesh_patna.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Tourist-158"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Tourist_158-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://varanasi.nic.in/default.htm">"DEO Varanasi"</a>. Tourist Information:Places of Interest. Varanasi District Administration by National Informatics Centre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628050118/http://varanasi.nic.in/default.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tourist+Information%3APlaces+of+Interest&rft.atitle=DEO+Varanasi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvaranasi.nic.in%2Fdefault.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929071740/http://users.hartwick.edu/hartleyc/jantar.htm">"18th Century Observatories of Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II"</a>. Hardwick University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://users.hartwick.edu/hartleyc/jantar.htm">the original</a> on 29 September 2012. Retrieved 2 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=18th+Century+Observatories+of+Maharaja+Sawai+Jai+Singh+II&rft.pub=Hardwick+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusers.hartwick.edu%2Fhartleyc%2Fjantar.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Ram-160">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Ram_160-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Ram_160-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/uttar-pradesh/varanasi/sights/museum/ramnagar-fort-museum">"Lonely Planet review for Ramnagar Fort & Museum"</a>. Lonely Planet. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616061730/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/uttar-pradesh/varanasi/sights/museum/ramnagar-fort-museum">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2012. Retrieved 6 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lonely+Planet+review+for+Ramnagar+Fort+%26+Museum&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lonelyplanet.com%2Findia%2Futtar-pradesh%2Fvaranasi%2Fsights%2Fmuseum%2Framnagar-fort-museum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitra2002124–127-161"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitra2002124%E2%80%93127_161-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMitra2002">Mitra 2002</a>, pp. 124–127.</li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-162">^</a> David Scheinbaum. Varanasi: City Immersed in Prayer. Staunton: George F Thompson Publishing, 2022. 160 pages. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/1938086961?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/1938086961">1938086961</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-Ganga-163"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Ganga_163-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://varanasi.nic.in/ghat/ghatr.html">"Ganga & ghats"</a>. National Informatics Centre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113184017/http://varanasi.nic.in/ghat/ghatr.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2012. Retrieved 3 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ganga+%26+ghats&rft.pub=National+Informatics+Centre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvaranasi.nic.in%2Fghat%2Fghatr.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Ghats-164"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Ghats_164-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://varanasi.nic.in/ghat/ghat1-20.html">"Ghats of Benares, 1–20"</a>. National Informatics Centre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113184526/http://varanasi.nic.in/ghat/ghat1-20.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2012. Retrieved 3 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ghats+of+Benares%2C+1%E2%80%9320&rft.pub=National+Informatics+Centre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvaranasi.nic.in%2Fghat%2Fghat1-20.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-ghats-165">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ghats_165-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ghats_165-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ghats_165-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://varanasi.nic.in/ghat/ghat41-60.html">"Ghats of Varanasi, 41 to 60"</a>. National Informatics Centre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113184154/http://varanasi.nic.in/ghat/ghat41-60.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2012. Retrieved 3 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ghats+of+Varanasi%2C+41+to+60&rft.pub=National+Informatics+Centre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvaranasi.nic.in%2Fghat%2Fghat41-60.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-ghat-166"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ghat_166-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://varanasi.nic.in/ghat/ghat61-84.html">"Ghats of Benares, 61 to 84"</a>. National Informatics Centre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113183803/http://varanasi.nic.in/ghat/ghat61-84.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2012. Retrieved 3 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ghats+of+Benares%2C+61+to+84&rft.pub=National+Informatics+Centre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvaranasi.nic.in%2Fghat%2Fghat61-84.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBansal200834–35-167"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBansal200834%E2%80%9335_167-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFBansal2008">Bansal 2008</a>, pp. 34–35.</li> <li id="cite_note-Brief_description-168"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Brief_description_168-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20180526232342/http://www.bhu.ac.in/VT/">"Brief description"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benaras_Hindu_University?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Benaras Hindu University">Benaras Hindu University</a> website. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.bhu.ac.in/VT/">the original</a> on 26 May 2018. Retrieved 7 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Brief+description&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bhu.ac.in%2FVT%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-temple-169">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-temple_169-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-temple_169-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-temple_169-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-temple_169-3">d</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-temple_169-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://varanasi.nic.in/temple/various_temples.html">"Important temples of Varanasi"</a>. National Informatics Centre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105032502/http://varanasi.nic.in/temple/various_temples.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2012. Retrieved 2 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Important+temples+of+Varanasi&rft.pub=National+Informatics+Centre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvaranasi.nic.in%2Ftemple%2Fvarious_temples.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Warrier2014-170"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Warrier2014_170-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShrikala_Warrier2014" class="citation book cs1">Shrikala Warrier (December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DqNhiCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA57">Kamandalu: The Seven Sacred Rivers of Hinduism</a>. MAYUR University. pp. 57–. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9535679-7-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9535679-7-3"><bdi>978-0-9535679-7-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303145703/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DqNhiCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA57">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kamandalu%3A+The+Seven+Sacred+Rivers+of+Hinduism&rft.pages=57-&rft.pub=MAYUR+University&rft.date=2014-12&rft.isbn=978-0-9535679-7-3&rft.au=Shrikala+Warrier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqNhiCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-route-171">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-route_171-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-route_171-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/42205744.cms">"The religious route"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Times_of_India?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. 3 April 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107193930/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/42205744.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2009. Retrieved 4 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=The+religious+route&rft.date=2003-04-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Farticleshow%2F42205744.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://varanasi.nic.in/temple/KASHI.html">"Shri Kashi Vishwanath Mandir Varanasi"</a>. National Informatics Centre, Government of India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070210110217/http://varanasi.nic.in/temple/kashi.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2007. Retrieved 4 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shri+Kashi+Vishwanath+Mandir+Varanasi&rft.pub=National+Informatics+Centre%2C+Government+of+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvaranasi.nic.in%2Ftemple%2FKASHI.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://varanasi.nic.in/temple/temple.htm">"Temples of Varnasi"</a>. Varanasi Official website. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229102428/http://varanasi.nic.in/temple/temple.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Temples+of+Varnasi&rft.pub=Varanasi+Official+website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvaranasi.nic.in%2Ftemple%2Ftemple.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-ex-174">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ex_174-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ex_174-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.indianexpress.com/oldStory/89192/">"Blasts in Sankatmochan temple and railway station kill dozen, several injured"</a>. The Indian Express. 8 March 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Blasts+in+Sankatmochan+temple+and+railway+station+kill+dozen%2C+several+injured&rft.date=2006-03-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indianexpress.com%2FoldStory%2F89192%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECallewaert200090-175"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECallewaert200090_175-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCallewaert2000">Callewaert 2000</a>, p. 90.</li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/varanasi-temple-gets-permanent-police-post/396/">"Varanasi temple gets permanent police post"</a>. The Indian Express. 14 March 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028203607/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/varanasi-temple-gets-permanent-police-post/396">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2019. Retrieved 2 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Varanasi+temple+gets+permanent+police+post&rft.date=2006-03-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indianexpress.com%2Fnews%2Fvaranasi-temple-gets-permanent-police-post%2F396%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/Nag-Panchami-celebrated-with-religious-fervour/articleshow/15115776.cms">"Nag Panchami celebrated with religious fervour"</a>. The Times of India. 24 July 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818152150/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/Nag-Panchami-celebrated-with-religious-fervour/articleshow/15115776.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2017. Retrieved 30 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Nag+Panchami+celebrated+with+religious+fervour&rft.date=2012-07-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fvaranasi%2FNag-Panchami-celebrated-with-religious-fervour%2Farticleshow%2F15115776.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOut2010259-178"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOut2010259_178-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFOut2010">Out 2010</a>, p. 259.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesai200323-179"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesai200323_179-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFDesai2003">Desai 2003</a>, p. 23.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitra2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidNviJaunGDJMCpgPA95_95]-180"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitra2002%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidNviJaunGDJMCpgPA95_95%5D_180-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMitra2002">Mitra 2002</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DNviJaunGDJMC%26pg%3DPA95">95</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBettsMcCulloch2013213-181">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBettsMcCulloch2013213_181-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBettsMcCulloch2013213_181-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBettsMcCulloch2013213_181-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBettsMcCulloch2013213_181-3">d</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFBettsMcCulloch2013">Betts & McCulloch 2013</a>, p. 213.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher1992278-182"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher1992278_182-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFAsher1992">Asher 1992</a>, p. 278.</li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DIqhKAQAAIAAJ">"VHP game in Benares, with official blessings"</a>. Frontline. 12 (14–19). S. Rangarajan for Kasturi & Sons: 14. 1995. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707203852/http://books.google.com/books?id%3DIqhKAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontline&rft.atitle=VHP+game+in+Benares%2C+with+official+blessings&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=14%E2%80%9319&rft.pages=14&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIqhKAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowtherRajWheeler1984-184"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrowtherRajWheeler1984_184-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCrowtherRajWheeler1984">Crowther, Raj & Wheeler 1984</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunlopSykesJackson2001135-185"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunlopSykesJackson2001135_185-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFDunlopSykesJackson2001">Dunlop, Sykes & Jackson 2001</a>, p. 135.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKumar200390-186">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKumar200390_186-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKumar200390_186-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFKumar2003">Kumar 2003</a>, p. 90.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussain1999342-187"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussain1999342_187-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHussain1999">Hussain 1999</a>, p. 342.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShetty201473-188"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShetty201473_188-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFShetty2014">Shetty 2014</a>, p. 73.</li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Fodor's essential India : with Delhi, Rajasthan, Mumbai & Kerala. New York: Fodor's. 2015. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-101-87868-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-101-87868-2"><bdi>978-1-101-87868-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fodor%27s+essential+India+%3A+with+Delhi%2C+Rajasthan%2C+Mumbai+%26+Kerala&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Fodor%27s&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-101-87868-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVit-Suzan201411-190"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVit-Suzan201411_190-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFVit-Suzan2014">Vit-Suzan 2014</a>, p. 11.</li> <li id="cite_note-outlookindia.com_2015-191"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-outlookindia.com_2015_191-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.outlookindia.com/news/article/mayawati-fails-to-pay-visit-to-ravidas-birth-place/547086">"Mayawati fails to pay visit to Ravidas' birth place – Feb 21, 2008"</a>. outlookindia.com. 19 October 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818232710/https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/mayawati-fails-to-pay-visit-to-ravidas-birth-place/547086">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2020. Retrieved 20 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=outlookindia.com&rft.atitle=Mayawati+fails+to+pay+visit+to+Ravidas%27+birth+place+%E2%80%93+Feb+21%2C+2008&rft.date=2015-10-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.outlookindia.com%2Fnews%2Farticle%2Fmayawati-fails-to-pay-visit-to-ravidas-birth-place%2F547086&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.gururavidassguruji.com/place-of-pilgrimage">"Shri Guru Ravidass Janam Asthan Mandir Seer Govardhanpur, Varanasi (U.P.)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315012830/http://www.gururavidassguruji.com/place-of-pilgrimage">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shri+Guru+Ravidass+Janam+Asthan+Mandir+Seer+Govardhanpur%2C+Varanasi+%28U.P.%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gururavidassguruji.com%2Fplace-of-pilgrimage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-bn-193"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-bn_193-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhistworld/sarnath.htm">"Sarnath – The First Teachings"</a>. Buddhist studies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216074329/http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhistworld/sarnath.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2018. Retrieved 26 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sarnath+%E2%80%93+The+First+Teachings&rft.pub=Buddhist+studies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.buddhanet.net%2Fe-learning%2Fbuddhistworld%2Fsarnath.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-194">^</a> The Buddha mentions this in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mahaparinibbana_Sutta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahaparinibbana Sutta">Mahaparinibbana Sutta</a>. See, for instance, Thanissaro (1998)<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.16.5-6.than.html%23pilgrim">[2]</a> and Vajira & Story (1998)<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.16.1-6.vaji.html%23t-42">[3]</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedhasananda2002653-195"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedhasananda2002653_195-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMedhasananda2002">Medhasananda 2002</a>, p. 653.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKasbekar2006126-196">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKasbekar2006126_196-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKasbekar2006126_196-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFKasbekar2006">Kasbekar 2006</a>, p. 126.</li> <li id="cite_note-topic-197"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-topic_197-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/623248/Varanasi">"Varanasi"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. 1 November 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20150327164920/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/623248/Varanasi">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Varanasi&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2012-11-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F623248%2FVaranasi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-bhu-198"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-bhu_198-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620142336/http://www.bhu.ac.in/varanasi.htm">"Benares, the Eternal City"</a>. Banaras Hindu University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.bhu.ac.in/varanasi.htm">the original</a> on 20 June 2012. Retrieved 2 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Benares%2C+the+Eternal+City&rft.pub=Banaras+Hindu+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bhu.ac.in%2Fvaranasi.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETiwari20109-199"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETiwari20109_199-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFTiwari2010">Tiwari 2010</a>, p. 9.</li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://varanasi.nic.in/">"DEO Portal Varanasi"</a>. District Varanasi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903151035/http://varanasi.nic.in/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DEO+Portal+Varanasi&rft.pub=District+Varanasi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvaranasi.nic.in%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Music-201">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Music_201-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Music_201-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.varanasicity.com/varanasi-music.html">"Varanasi Music"</a>. Varanasi City.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228013039/http://www.varanasicity.com/varanasi-music.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2013. Retrieved 27 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Varanasi+Music&rft.pub=Varanasi+City.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.varanasicity.com%2Fvaranasi-music.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughtonEllingham200091-202"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughtonEllingham200091_202-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFBroughtonEllingham2000">Broughton & Ellingham2000</a>, p. 91.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruynBainAllardice2010470-203"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruynBainAllardice2010470_203-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFBruynBainAllardice2010">Bruyn, Bain & Allardice 2010</a>, p. 470.</li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.unesco.org/creative-cities/creative-cities-map">"Search"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105143851/https://en.unesco.org/creative-cities/creative-cities-map">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 31 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Search&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.unesco.org%2Fcreative-cities%2Fcreative-cities-map&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-festival1-205">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-festival1_205-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-festival1_205-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUttar_Pradesh_Tourism" class="citation web cs1">Uttar Pradesh Tourism. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629052417/http://www.up-tourism.com/destination/varanasi/fair_festival.htm">"Fair and Festivals of Varanasi"</a>. Uttar Pradesh Tourism. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.up-tourism.com/destination/varanasi/fair_festival.htm">the original</a> on 29 June 2012. Retrieved 22 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fair+and+Festivals+of+Varanasi&rft.pub=Uttar+Pradesh+Tourism&rft.au=Uttar+Pradesh+Tourism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.up-tourism.com%2Fdestination%2Fvaranasi%2Ffair_festival.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-sm-206"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-sm_206-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/Sankat-Mochan-Sangeet-Samaroh-from-April-13/articleshow/4375831.cms">"Sankat Mochan Sangeet Samaroh from April 13"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Times_of_India?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. 8 April 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104051021/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-04-08/varanasi/28040380_1_music-concert-birju-maharaj-mishra-brothers">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Sankat+Mochan+Sangeet+Samaroh+from+April+13&rft.date=2009-04-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fvaranasi%2FSankat-Mochan-Sangeet-Samaroh-from-April-13%2Farticleshow%2F4375831.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/Jasraj-Birju-Maharaj-enthral-on-first-night/articleshow/4401273.cms">"Jasraj, Birju Maharaj enthral on first night"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Times_of_India?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. 14 April 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104051028/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-04-14/varanasi/28001802_1_music-festival-first-night-pandit-jasraj">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Jasraj%2C+Birju+Maharaj+enthral+on+first+night&rft.date=2009-04-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fvaranasi%2FJasraj-Birju-Maharaj-enthral-on-first-night%2Farticleshow%2F4401273.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/four-day-festival-of-dala-chhath-begins/articleshow/25335422.cms">"Four-day festival of Dala Chhath begins"</a>. The Times of India. 6 November 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818075811/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/four-day-festival-of-dala-chhath-begins/articleshow/25335422.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Four-day+festival+of+Dala+Chhath+begins&rft.date=2013-11-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fvaranasi%2Ffour-day-festival-of-dala-chhath-begins%2Farticleshow%2F25335422.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2009221-209"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2009221_209-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFSingh2009">Singh 2009</a>, p. 221.</li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrienitz2018" class="citation book cs1">Krienitz, Lothar (31 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dn_CBDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DChhath%2BPuja%2BVaranasi%26pg%3DPA224">Lesser Flamingos: Descendants of Phoenix</a>. Springer. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-662-58163-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-662-58163-6"><bdi>978-3-662-58163-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134521/https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dn_CBDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DChhath%2BPuja%2BVaranasi%26pg%3DPA224">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lesser+Flamingos%3A+Descendants+of+Phoenix&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2018-12-31&rft.isbn=978-3-662-58163-6&rft.aulast=Krienitz&rft.aufirst=Lothar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn_CBDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DChhath%2BPuja%2BVaranasi%26pg%3DPA224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUniyalfirst=Parmita2021" class="citation news cs1">Uniyalfirst=Parmita (5 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/festivals/chhath-puja-2021-significance-rituals-of-nahay-khay-kharna-four-day-festival-101636116509976.html">"Chhath Puja 2021: Date, significance, rituals of Nahay Khay, Kharna and all about four-day festival"</a>. Hindustan Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105133136/https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/festivals/chhath-puja-2021-significance-rituals-of-nahay-khay-kharna-four-day-festival-101636116509976.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2021. Retrieved 18 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Chhath+Puja+2021%3A+Date%2C+significance%2C+rituals+of+Nahay+Khay%2C+Kharna+and+all+about+four-day+festival&rft.date=2021-11-05&rft.au=Uniyalfirst%3DParmita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Flifestyle%2Ffestivals%2Fchhath-puja-2021-significance-rituals-of-nahay-khay-kharna-four-day-festival-101636116509976.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerma2021" class="citation web cs1">Verma, Abhishek (10 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.gaonconnection.com/chhath-puja-sandhya-arghya-varanasi-uttar-pradesh-ganga-river-festival-chhath-bihar-48416/">"In Photos: On Chhath Puja, devotees offer Sandhya Arghya in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh"</a>. Gaonconnection. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818080257/https://en.gaonconnection.com/chhath-puja-sandhya-arghya-varanasi-uttar-pradesh-ganga-river-festival-chhath-bihar-48416/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gaonconnection&rft.atitle=In+Photos%3A+On+Chhath+Puja%2C+devotees+offer+Sandhya+Arghya+in+Varanasi%2C+Uttar+Pradesh&rft.date=2021-11-10&rft.aulast=Verma&rft.aufirst=Abhishek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.gaonconnection.com%2Fchhath-puja-sandhya-arghya-varanasi-uttar-pradesh-ganga-river-festival-chhath-bihar-48416%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChowdhury2014" class="citation web cs1">Chowdhury, Sanchita (29 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.boldsky.com/yoga-spirituality/festivals/2014/the-legends-and-stories-of-chhath-puja-052199.html">"Chhath Puja 2019: Legends And Stories Related To The Festival"</a>. Boldsky.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817050453/https://www.boldsky.com/yoga-spirituality/festivals/2014/the-legends-and-stories-of-chhath-puja-052199.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Boldsky.com&rft.atitle=Chhath+Puja+2019%3A+Legends+And+Stories+Related+To+The+Festival&rft.date=2014-10-29&rft.aulast=Chowdhury&rft.aufirst=Sanchita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boldsky.com%2Fyoga-spirituality%2Ffestivals%2F2014%2Fthe-legends-and-stories-of-chhath-puja-052199.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2020/nov/13/honour-religious-sentiments-of-people-lift-chhath-puja-ban-at-public-places-bjp-chief-to-delhi-govt-2223330.html">"Honour religious sentiments of people, lift Chhath Puja ban at public places: BJP chief to Delhi govt"</a>. The New Indian Express. 13 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109120511/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2020/nov/13/honour-religious-sentiments-of-people-lift-chhath-puja-ban-at-public-places-bjp-chief-to-delhi-govt-2223330.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2021. Retrieved 18 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Honour+religious+sentiments+of+people%2C+lift+Chhath+Puja+ban+at+public+places%3A+BJP+chief+to+Delhi+govt&rft.date=2020-11-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fcities%2Fdelhi%2F2020%2Fnov%2F13%2Fhonour-religious-sentiments-of-people-lift-chhath-puja-ban-at-public-places-bjp-chief-to-delhi-govt-2223330.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma2021" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sharma, Sohit (8 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/up/varanasi/chhath-puja-2021-mahaparv-chhath-started-by-the-gahadwal-dynasty-sht">"गहड़वाल वंश ने की थी महापर्व छठ की शुरुआत, स्वास्थ्य के लिहाज से भी है खास, रिसर्च में कई चौंकाने वाले खुलासे"</a>. Prabhat Khabar (in Hindi). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817042311/https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/up/varanasi/chhath-puja-2021-mahaparv-chhath-started-by-the-gahadwal-dynasty-sht">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prabhat+Khabar&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6+%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5+%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%A0+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A4%2C+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88+%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%2C+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%88+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87&rft.date=2021-11-08&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Sohit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prabhatkhabar.com%2Fstate%2Fup%2Fvaranasi%2Fchhath-puja-2021-mahaparv-chhath-started-by-the-gahadwal-dynasty-sht&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPintchman200569–70-216"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPintchman200569%E2%80%9370_216-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFPintchman2005">Pintchman 2005</a>, pp. 69–70.</li> <li id="cite_note-festival-217"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-festival_217-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://varanasi.nic.in/culture/fair.html">"Fairs and festivals"</a>. National Informatics Centre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113184204/http://varanasi.nic.in/culture/fair.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2012. Retrieved 2 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fairs+and+festivals&rft.pub=National+Informatics+Centre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvaranasi.nic.in%2Fculture%2Ffair.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESukul1974262-218"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESukul1974262_218-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFSukul1974">Sukul1974</a>, p. 262.</li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF(India)1965" class="citation book cs1">(India), Uttar Pradesh (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DDg9uAAAAMAAJ">Uttar Pradesh district gazetteers</a>. Govt. of Uttar Pradesh. p. 98. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115124728/https://books.google.com/books?id%3Ddg9uAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uttar+Pradesh+district+gazetteers&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Govt.+of+Uttar+Pradesh&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=%28India%29&rft.aufirst=Uttar+Pradesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDg9uAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma1995191-220"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma1995191_220-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFSharma1995">Sharma 1995</a>, p. 191.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta200641-221"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta200641_221-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFGupta2006">Gupta 2006</a>, p. 41.</li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumar_Yadav,_Mithilesh2011" class="citation web cs1">Kumar Yadav, Mithilesh (14 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120428011627/http://www.hindustantimes.com/HTEducation/Chunk-HT-UI-HTEducationSectionPage-OtherStories/From-ancient-to-modern/SP-Article1-709224.aspx">"From ancient to modern"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hindustan_Times?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hindustan Times">Hindustan Times</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.hindustantimes.com/HTEducation/Chunk-HT-UI-HTEducationSectionPage-OtherStories/From-ancient-to-modern/SP-Article1-709224.aspx">the original</a> on 28 April 2012. Retrieved 30 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=From+ancient+to+modern&rft.date=2011-06-14&rft.au=Kumar+Yadav%2C+Mithilesh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2FHTEducation%2FChunk-HT-UI-HTEducationSectionPage-OtherStories%2FFrom-ancient-to-modern%2FSP-Article1-709224.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.irri.org/irri-south-asia-regional-centre">"IRRI South Asia Regional Centre"</a>. International Rice Research Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921170441/https://www.irri.org/irri-south-asia-regional-centre">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2019. Retrieved 29 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IRRI+South+Asia+Regional+Centre&rft.pub=International+Rice+Research+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irri.org%2Firri-south-asia-regional-centre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.iivr.org.in/contact-us">"ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research"</a>. 22 September 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922150134/https://www.iivr.org.in/contact-us">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2019. Retrieved 22 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ICAR-Indian+Institute+of+Vegetable+Research&rft.date=2019-09-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iivr.org.in%2Fcontact-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://nsrtc.nic.in/">"National Seed Research and Training Centre, Varanasi"</a>. nsrtc.nic.in. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922161622/http://nsrtc.nic.in/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2019. Retrieved 22 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nsrtc.nic.in&rft.atitle=National+Seed+Research+and+Training+Centre%2C+Varanasi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnsrtc.nic.in%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.sjcsvns.org/index_files/AboutUs.htm">"About US"</a>. St. Joseph's Convent School organization. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204222628/http://sjcsvns.org/index_files/AboutUs.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+US&rft.pub=St.+Joseph%27s+Convent+School+organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sjcsvns.org%2Findex_files%2FAboutUs.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DuBSEJznCfJkC%26pg%3DRA1-PA479">Dr. Rajendra Prasad, Correspondence and Select Documents: Volume Seventeen. Presidency Period January 1954 to December 1955</a>. Allied Publishers. 1984. pp. 1–. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7023-002-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7023-002-1"><bdi>978-81-7023-002-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dr.+Rajendra+Prasad%2C+Correspondence+and+Select+Documents%3A+Volume+Seventeen.+Presidency+Period+January+1954+to+December+1955&rft.pages=1-&rft.pub=Allied+Publishers&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-81-7023-002-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuBSEJznCfJkC%26pg%3DRA1-PA479&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.varanasi.org.in/central-hindu-school">"CHS Varanasi"</a>. varanasi.org.in. 11 October 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711191225/http://www.varanasi.org.in/central-hindu-school">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2015. Retrieved 3 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CHS+Varanasi&rft.pub=varanasi.org.in&rft.date=2012-10-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.varanasi.org.in%2Fcentral-hindu-school&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-sc-229">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-sc_229-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-sc_229-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-sc_229-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-sc_229-3">d</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-sc_229-4">e</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-sc_229-5">f</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-sc_229-6">g</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-sc_229-7">h</a> Hiroshi Sasaki. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://ir.lib.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/metadb/up/ZZT00001/JJpnAssocSouthAsianStud_16_17.pdf">"School Choice and Divided Primary Education: Case Study of Varanasi, UP State, India"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515042822/http://ir.lib.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/metadb/up/ZZT00001/JJpnAssocSouthAsianStud_16_17.pdf">Archived</a> 15 May 2013 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (PDF). Journal of the Japanese Association for South Asian Studies no. 16 (October 2004): 17–39.</li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/kanpur-ups-new-shooting-hub-for-filmmakers/1629818">"Kanpur UPs new shooting hub for filmmakers"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630221210/https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/kanpur-ups-new-shooting-hub-for-filmmakers/1629818">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2020. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://ajhindidaily.com/AboutUs.aspx">the original</a> on 30 June 2020. Retrieved 30 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fajhindidaily.com%2FAboutUs.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jagran.com/local/uttar-pradesh_varanasi-city-news-hindi.html">"वाराणसी समाचार"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622232647/https://www.jagran.com/local/uttar-pradesh_varanasi-city-news-hindi.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2020. Retrieved 30 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jagran.com%2Flocal%2Futtar-pradesh_varanasi-city-news-hindi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://epaper.livehindustan.com/epaper/UP/Varanasi/2020-06-30/70/Page-1.html">"Varanasi epaper"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630182000/https://epaper.livehindustan.com/epaper/UP/Varanasi/2020-06-30/70/Page-1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2020. Retrieved 30 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Varanasi+epaper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fepaper.livehindustan.com%2Fepaper%2FUP%2FVaranasi%2F2020-06-30%2F70%2FPage-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi">"Varanasi news"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630150535/https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2020. Retrieved 30 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Varanasi+news&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amarujala.com%2Futtar-pradesh%2Fvaranasi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630142220/http://jansandeshtimes.net/view/1608/varanasi-city">"Jansandesh Times Varanasi"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://jansandeshtimes.net/view/1608/varanasi-city">the original</a> on 30 June 2020. Retrieved 30 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jansandesh+Times+Varanasi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjansandeshtimes.net%2Fview%2F1608%2Fvaranasi-city&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.patrika.com/varanasi-news/">"Varanasi News Edition"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518043737/https://www.patrika.com/varanasi-news/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2020. Retrieved 30 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Varanasi+News+Edition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.patrika.com%2Fvaranasi-news%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi">"Varanasi Edition"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Times_of_India?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927171408/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2019. Retrieved 27 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Varanasi+Edition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fvaranasi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.hindustantimes.com/topic/varanasi">"Varanasi Edition News"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701213631/https://www.hindustantimes.com/topic/varanasi">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2020. Retrieved 30 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Varanasi+Edition+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Ftopic%2Fvaranasi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701054655/http://ddkvaranasi.co.in/history.aspx">"Varanasi Kendra"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://ddkvaranasi.co.in/history.aspx">the original</a> on 1 July 2020. Retrieved 30 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Varanasi+Kendra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fddkvaranasi.co.in%2Fhistory.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://radio-asia.org/fm/fm.php?itu%3DIndia%26region%3DUP">"FM Stations In UP"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630151935/https://radio-asia.org/fm/fm.php?itu%3DIndia%26region%3DUP">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2020. Retrieved 30 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FM+Stations+In+UP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fradio-asia.org%2Ffm%2Ffm.php%3Fitu%3DIndia%26region%3DUP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://onlineradiofm.in/uttar-pradesh/varanasi">"Radio stations in Varanasi"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519115512/https://onlineradiofm.in/uttar-pradesh/varanasi">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2020. Retrieved 30 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Radio+stations+in+Varanasi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlineradiofm.in%2Futtar-pradesh%2Fvaranasi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://streema.com/radios/Varanasi">"Varanasi UP Radio Stations"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630210350/https://streema.com/radios/Varanasi">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2020. Retrieved 30 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Varanasi+UP+Radio+Stations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstreema.com%2Fradios%2FVaranasi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id%3Dcom.novasyslabs.livevaranasi%26hl%3Den_IN">"InVaranasi"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412225524/https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id%3Dcom.novasyslabs.livevaranasi%26hl%3Den_IN">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2019. Retrieved 30 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=InVaranasi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplay.google.com%2Fstore%2Fapps%2Fdetails%3Fid%3Dcom.novasyslabs.livevaranasi%26hl%3Den_IN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id%3Dcom.cityguide.varanasi%26hl%3Den_IN">"Varanasi App"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927002008/https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id%3Dcom.cityguide.varanasi%26hl%3Den_IN">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 30 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Varanasi+App&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplay.google.com%2Fstore%2Fapps%2Fdetails%3Fid%3Dcom.cityguide.varanasi%26hl%3Den_IN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id%3Din.livevns.app.native%26hl%3Den_IN">"LiveVNS App"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927072056/https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id%3Din.livevns.app.native%26hl%3Den_IN">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 30 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LiveVNS+App&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplay.google.com%2Fstore%2Fapps%2Fdetails%3Fid%3Din.livevns.app.native%26hl%3Den_IN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130721024839/http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/09/stories/2005110912892000.htm">"Varanasi team scores big win"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Hindu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. Chennai, India. 9 November 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/09/stories/2005110912892000.htm">the original</a> on 21 July 2013. Retrieved 30 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Varanasi+team+scores+big+win&rft.date=2005-11-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2F2005%2F11%2F09%2Fstories%2F2005110912892000.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116143238/http://stats.thecricketer.com/Grounds/1268.html">"Dr Sampurnanda Stadium, Varanasi"</a>. The Cricketer. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://stats.thecricketer.com/Grounds/1268.html">the original</a> on 16 January 2014. Retrieved 30 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dr+Sampurnanda+Stadium%2C+Varanasi&rft.pub=The+Cricketer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstats.thecricketer.com%2FGrounds%2F1268.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626213926/http://upsports.gov.in/pages/sportsdirectorate-en/topmenu/institutions/stadiums/sportsdirectorate-en-hockey-stadium">"Hockey Stadium"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://upsports.gov.in/pages/sportsdirectorate-en/topmenu/institutions/stadiums/sportsdirectorate-en-hockey-stadium">the original</a> on 26 June 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hockey+Stadium&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fupsports.gov.in%2Fpages%2Fsportsdirectorate-en%2Ftopmenu%2Finstitutions%2Fstadiums%2Fsportsdirectorate-en-hockey-stadium&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607180710/http://www.bhu.ac.in/physicaledu/index.html">"Department of Physical Education"</a>. Banaras Hindu University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://bhu.ac.in/physicaledu/index.html">the original</a> on 7 June 2012. Retrieved 30 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Department+of+Physical+Education&rft.pub=Banaras+Hindu+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbhu.ac.in%2Fphysicaledu%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130083656/https://www.bhu.ac.in/sport_board/Complex.html">"Sports Complexes"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bhu.ac.in/sport_board/Complex.html">the original</a> on 30 November 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sports+Complexes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bhu.ac.in%2Fsport_board%2FComplex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETiwari201047-261"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETiwari201047_261-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFTiwari2010">Tiwari 2010</a>, p. 47.</li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaskar2014" class="citation web cs1">Naskar, Sudhiti (4 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-28112403">"The river where swimming lessons can be a health hazard"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703134305/http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-28112403">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2014. Retrieved 4 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+river+where+swimming+lessons+can+be+a+health+hazard&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft.date=2014-07-04&rft.aulast=Naskar&rft.aufirst=Sudhiti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-28112403&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403141958/http://vdcsa.webs.com/">"Varanasi District Chess Sports Association"</a>. Varanasi District Chess Sports Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://vdcsa.webs.com/">the original</a> on 3 April 2013. Retrieved 30 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Varanasi+District+Chess+Sports+Association&rft.pub=Varanasi+District+Chess+Sports+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvdcsa.webs.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-reach-264"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-reach_264-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://varanasi.nic.in/default.htm">"DEO Varanasi"</a>. Tourist Information How to Reach page. Varanasi District Administration by National Informatics Centre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628050118/http://varanasi.nic.in/default.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tourist+Information+How+to+Reach+page&rft.atitle=DEO+Varanasi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvaranasi.nic.in%2Fdefault.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitra2002195-265"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitra2002195_265-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMitra2002">Mitra 2002</a>, p. 195.</li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509140104/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid%3D777269">"Cabinet Grants International Status to Five Airports"</a>. Outlook India. 4 October 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid%3D777269">the original</a> on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 30 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cabinet+Grants+International+Status+to+Five+Airports&rft.pub=Outlook+India&rft.date=2012-10-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.outlookindia.com%2Fitems.aspx%3Fartid%3D777269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/With-mercury-soaring-Kashi-is-still-hot-destination/articleshow/8241727.cms">"With mercury soaring, Kashi is still 'hot' destination"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Times_of_India?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. 11 May 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510113525/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-11/varanasi/29531482_1_summer-special-trains-railway-station-passenger-trains">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2013. Retrieved 30 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=With+mercury+soaring%2C+Kashi+is+still+%27hot%27+destination&rft.date=2011-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fvaranasi%2FWith-mercury-soaring-Kashi-is-still-hot-destination%2Farticleshow%2F8241727.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://indiarailinfo.com/train/udhna-varanasi-weekly-express-19057-udn-to-bsb/20050/215/334">"19057/Udhna(Surat) – Varanasi Bholenagari Express"</a>. Indian Railways. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112193224/http://indiarailinfo.com/train/udhna-varanasi-weekly-express-19057-udn-to-bsb/20050/215/334">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=19057%2FUdhna%28Surat%29+%E2%80%93+Varanasi+Bholenagari+Express&rft.pub=Indian+Railways&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findiarailinfo.com%2Ftrain%2Fudhna-varanasi-weekly-express-19057-udn-to-bsb%2F20050%2F215%2F334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-269">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://runningstatus.in/status/14258-today">"Kashi V Express (14258) Running Train Status"</a>. Indian Railways. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20150816122746/http://runningstatus.in/status/14258-today">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2015. Retrieved 3 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kashi+V+Express+%2814258%29+Running+Train+Status&rft.pub=Indian+Railways&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frunningstatus.in%2Fstatus%2F14258-today&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-270">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://indiarailinfo.com/train/varuna-express-24228-cnb-to-bsb/8062">"24228/Varuna Express"</a>. Indian Railways. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908010842/http://indiarailinfo.com/train/varuna-express-24228-cnb-to-bsb/8062">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2015. Retrieved 3 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=24228%2FVaruna+Express&rft.pub=Indian+Railways&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findiarailinfo.com%2Ftrain%2Fvaruna-express-24228-cnb-to-bsb%2F8062&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-271">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPTI2019" class="citation news cs1">PTI (7 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/train-18-pm-modi-to-flag-off-vande-bharat-express-on-february-15-from-new-delhi/story/317978.html">"Train 18: PM Modi to flag off Vande Bharat Express on February 15 from New Delhi"</a>. Business Today. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207131914/https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/train-18-pm-modi-to-flag-off-vande-bharat-express-on-february-15-from-new-delhi/story/317978.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2019. Retrieved 15 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Today&rft.atitle=Train+18%3A+PM+Modi+to+flag+off+Vande+Bharat+Express+on+February+15+from+New+Delhi&rft.date=2019-02-07&rft.au=PTI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businesstoday.in%2Fcurrent%2Feconomy-politics%2Ftrain-18-pm-modi-to-flag-off-vande-bharat-express-on-february-15-from-new-delhi%2Fstory%2F317978.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-272">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/train-18-indias-first-engine-less-train-set-to-hit-tracks-on-october-29-5415892/">"Train 18, India's first engine-less train, set to hit tracks on October 29"</a>. The Indian Express. 24 October 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106233913/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/train-18-indias-first-engine-less-train-set-to-hit-tracks-on-october-29-5415892/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2018. Retrieved 28 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Train+18%2C+India%27s+first+engine-less+train%2C+set+to+hit+tracks+on+October+29&rft.date=2018-10-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Findia%2Ftrain-18-indias-first-engine-less-train-set-to-hit-tracks-on-october-29-5415892%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-273">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.travelkhana.com/rail-inforailway-stations-varanasi/">"RAILWAY STATIONS IN VARANASI"</a>. travelkhana.com. 6 April 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928034111/https://www.travelkhana.com/rail-inforailway-stations-varanasi/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2021. Retrieved 3 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=travelkhana.com&rft.atitle=RAILWAY+STATIONS+IN+VARANASI&rft.date=2018-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.travelkhana.com%2Frail-inforailway-stations-varanasi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-274">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi/story-satellite-rail-station-to-be-built-in-shivpur-and-lohta-2185705.html">"शिवपुर और लोहता में बनेंगे सेटेलाइट रेलवे स्टेशन"</a>. Hindustan. 22 September 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927210353/https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi/story-satellite-rail-station-to-be-built-in-shivpur-and-lohta-2185705.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 3 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindustan&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82+%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8&rft.date=2018-09-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livehindustan.com%2Futtar-pradesh%2Fvaranasi%2Fstory-satellite-rail-station-to-be-built-in-shivpur-and-lohta-2185705.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-275">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.metrorailnews.in/vs-engg-bags-contract-to-built-indias-first-urban-ropeway-project-in-varanasi/">"VS Engg bags contract to build India's first urban ropeway project in Varanasi"</a>. Metro Rail News. 28 December 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228103530/https://www.metrorailnews.in/vs-engg-bags-contract-to-built-indias-first-urban-ropeway-project-in-varanasi/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Metro+Rail+News&rft.atitle=VS+Engg+bags+contract+to+build+India%27s+first+urban+ropeway+project+in+Varanasi&rft.date=2022-12-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metrorailnews.in%2Fvs-engg-bags-contract-to-built-indias-first-urban-ropeway-project-in-varanasi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi/ropeway-project-in-varanasi-four-departments-of-kashi-vidyapith-will-end-due-to-construction-of-ropeway-bharat-mata-temple-too">"Ropeway Project: रोपवे बनने से खत्म हो जाएंगे काशी विद्यापीठ के चार विभाग, भारत माता मंदिर के अस्तित्व पर भी संकट"</a>. Amar Ujala (in Hindi). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330061043/https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi/ropeway-project-in-varanasi-four-departments-of-kashi-vidyapith-will-end-due-to-construction-of-ropeway-bharat-mata-temple-too">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amar+Ujala&rft.atitle=Ropeway+Project%3A+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE+%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A0+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%2C+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amarujala.com%2Futtar-pradesh%2Fvaranasi%2Fropeway-project-in-varanasi-four-departments-of-kashi-vidyapith-will-end-due-to-construction-of-ropeway-bharat-mata-temple-too&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-277">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/public-ropeway-near-kashi-corridor-among-28-projects-launched-by-pm-modi-in-varanasi/articleshow/98966111.cms">"Public ropeway near Kashi corridor among 28 projects launched by PM Modi in Varanasi"</a>. The Times of India. 24 March 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134546/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/public-ropeway-near-kashi-corridor-among-28-projects-launched-by-pm-modi-in-varanasi/articleshow/98966111.cms?from%3Dmdr">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 24 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Public+ropeway+near+Kashi+corridor+among+28+projects+launched+by+PM+Modi+in+Varanasi&rft.date=2023-03-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2Fpublic-ropeway-near-kashi-corridor-among-28-projects-launched-by-pm-modi-in-varanasi%2Farticleshow%2F98966111.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruynBainAllardice2010467-278">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruynBainAllardice2010467_278-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruynBainAllardice2010467_278-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFBruynBainAllardice2010">Bruyn, Bain & Allardice 2010</a>, p. 467.</li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-279">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://uputd.gov.in/article/varanasictsl-en/about-department">"Varanasi City Transport Service Ltd"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630234547/http://uputd.gov.in/article/varanasictsl-en/about-department">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2020. Retrieved 30 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Varanasi+City+Transport+Service+Ltd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuputd.gov.in%2Farticle%2Fvaranasictsl-en%2Fabout-department&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-280">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://uputd.gov.in/article/varanasictsl-en/bus-timing">"Varanasi City Transport Service Ltd"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630173415/http://uputd.gov.in/article/varanasictsl-en/bus-timing">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2020. Retrieved 30 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Varanasi+City+Transport+Service+Ltd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuputd.gov.in%2Farticle%2Fvaranasictsl-en%2Fbus-timing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-281">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703201946/https://nhai.gov.in/nhdp-english-map.htm">"State-wise length of National Highways (NH) in India"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nhai.gov.in/nhdp-english-map.htm">the original</a> on 3 July 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=State-wise+length+of+National+Highways+%28NH%29+in+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnhai.gov.in%2Fnhdp-english-map.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-282">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703201946/https://nhai.gov.in/nhdp-english-map.htm">"State-wise length of National Highways NH in India"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nhai.gov.in/nhdp-english-map.htm">the original</a> on 3 July 2020. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nhai.gov.in/writereaddata/Portal/Images/pdf/StateWiseLengthNHsIndia.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 28 January 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statewise+length+of+National+Highways+%28NH%29+in+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnhai.gov.in%2Fwritereaddata%2FPortal%2FImages%2Fpdf%2FStateWiseLengthNHsIndia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-284">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://indianexpress.com/photos/lifestyle-gallery/express-wanderlust-heres-why-jabalpur-should-be-next-on-your-must-visit-list-6242680/">"Express Wanderlust"</a>. 30 January 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703161355/https://indianexpress.com/photos/lifestyle-gallery/express-wanderlust-heres-why-jabalpur-should-be-next-on-your-must-visit-list-6242680/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Express+Wanderlust&rft.date=2020-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Fphotos%2Flifestyle-gallery%2Fexpress-wanderlust-heres-why-jabalpur-should-be-next-on-your-must-visit-list-6242680%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-285">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.rome2rio.com/s/Varanasi/Rummin-dei">"Varanasi to Rummindei"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703060116/https://www.rome2rio.com/s/Varanasi/Rummin-dei">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Varanasi+to+Rummindei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rome2rio.com%2Fs%2FVaranasi%2FRummin-dei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-286">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701153939/http://uphome.gov.in/integrated-traffic-management-system.htm">"Integrated Traffic Management System"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://uphome.gov.in/integrated-traffic-management-system.htm">the original</a> on 1 July 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Integrated+Traffic+Management+System&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuphome.gov.in%2Fintegrated-traffic-management-system.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-287">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/trends/varanasis-smart-city-command-control-centre-now-covid-19-war-room-with-cctv-gis-tech/story/400301.html">"Varanasi's smart city command control centre now COVID-19 War Room with CCTV GIS tech"</a>. 6 April 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702210851/https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/trends/varanasis-smart-city-command-control-centre-now-covid-19-war-room-with-cctv-gis-tech/story/400301.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Varanasi%27s+smart+city+command+control+centre+now+COVID-19+War+Room+with+CCTV+GIS+tech&rft.date=2020-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businesstoday.in%2Flatest%2Ftrends%2Fvaranasis-smart-city-command-control-centre-now-covid-19-war-room-with-cctv-gis-tech%2Fstory%2F400301.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-288">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://smartnet.niua.org/sites/default/files/rfpscopeofwork.pdf">"Varanasi Integrated Smart Solutions"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703183102/https://smartnet.niua.org/sites/default/files/rfpscopeofwork.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 3 July 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Varanasi+Integrated+Smart+Solutions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsmartnet.niua.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Frfpscopeofwork.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-289">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/pm-to-inaugurate-first-multi-modal-terminal-on-ganga-river-in-varanasi/articleshow/66555589.cms">"First multi-modal terminal on Ganga river in Varanasi"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Times_of_India?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. 16 November 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226062002/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/pm-to-inaugurate-first-multi-modal-terminal-on-ganga-river-in-varanasi/articleshow/66555589.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2019. Retrieved 1 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=First+multi-modal+terminal+on+Ganga+river+in+Varanasi&rft.date=2018-11-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Findia-business%2Fpm-to-inaugurate-first-multi-modal-terminal-on-ganga-river-in-varanasi%2Farticleshow%2F66555589.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-290">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/ftLRyqPk7Nnldp4SGvD1HL/DP-World-Portek-in-fray-to-run-Varanasi-multimodal-terminal.html">"DP World Portek in fray to run Varanasi multimodal terminal"</a>. 19 November 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701125438/https://www.livemint.com/Companies/ftLRyqPk7Nnldp4SGvD1HL/DP-World-Portek-in-fray-to-run-Varanasi-multimodal-terminal.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DP+World+Portek+in+fray+to+run+Varanasi+multimodal+terminal&rft.date=2018-11-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livemint.com%2FCompanies%2FftLRyqPk7Nnldp4SGvD1HL%2FDP-World-Portek-in-fray-to-run-Varanasi-multimodal-terminal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.maritimegateway.com/varanasi-multimodal-terminal-ganga-nearing-completion/">"VARANASI MULTIMODAL TERMINAL ON GANGA NEARING COMPLETION"</a>. 23 July 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701143406/http://www.maritimegateway.com/varanasi-multimodal-terminal-ganga-nearing-completion/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=VARANASI+MULTIMODAL+TERMINAL+ON+GANGA+NEARING+COMPLETION&rft.date=2018-07-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maritimegateway.com%2Fvaranasi-multimodal-terminal-ganga-nearing-completion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-292">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/big-first-for-india-worlds-largest-container-shipping-firm-maersk-moves-containers-on-nw-1-inland-waterways/1486401/">"Big first for India World's largest container shipping firm Maersk moves containers on NW-1 inland waterways"</a>. 13 February 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703095650/https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/big-first-for-india-worlds-largest-container-shipping-firm-maersk-moves-containers-on-nw-1-inland-waterways/1486401/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Big+first+for+India+World%27s+largest+container+shipping+firm+Maersk+moves+containers+on+NW-1+inland+waterways&rft.date=2019-02-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.financialexpress.com%2Finfrastructure%2Fbig-first-for-india-worlds-largest-container-shipping-firm-maersk-moves-containers-on-nw-1-inland-waterways%2F1486401%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-293">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlookmoney/real-estate/spiritual-capital-of-india-958">"Spiritual capital of India"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101072209/https://www.outlookindia.com/outlookmoney/real-estate/spiritual-capital-of-india-958">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2020. Retrieved 1 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spiritual+capital+of+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.outlookindia.com%2Foutlookmoney%2Freal-estate%2Fspiritual-capital-of-india-958&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma" class="citation news cs1">Sharma, Aman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/kashi-in-4-years-not-quite-kyoto-but-got-rs-30000-crore-bonanza/articleshow/64981283.cms">"Kashi in 4 years not quite Kyoto but got Rs 30000 crore bonanza"</a>. The Economic Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926195221/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/kashi-in-4-years-not-quite-kyoto-but-got-rs-30000-crore-bonanza/articleshow/64981283.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2020. Retrieved 30 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=Kashi+in+4+years+not+quite+Kyoto+but+got+Rs+30000+crore+bonanza&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Aman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics-and-nation%2Fkashi-in-4-years-not-quite-kyoto-but-got-rs-30000-crore-bonanza%2Farticleshow%2F64981283.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-295">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202153859/http://nnvns.org/data/Final%2520CDP%2520Varanasi.pdf">"City Development Plan for Varanasi"</a> (PDF). 7 January 2022. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://nnvns.org/data/Final%2520CDP%2520Varanasi.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2 December 2020. Retrieved 30 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=City+Development+Plan+for+Varanasi&rft.date=2022-01-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnnvns.org%2Fdata%2FFinal%2520CDP%2520Varanasi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Outlook_India-2016-296">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Outlook_India-2016_296-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Outlook_India-2016_296-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlookmoney/real-estate/spiritual-capital-of-india-958">"How the spiritual capital of India – Varanasi – is becoming the hotbed for real estate investments"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Outlook_India?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Outlook India">Outlook India</a>. 8 December 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101072209/https://www.outlookindia.com/outlookmoney/real-estate/spiritual-capital-of-india-958">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2020. Retrieved 1 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Outlook+India&rft.atitle=How+the+spiritual+capital+of+India+%E2%80%93+Varanasi+%E2%80%93+is+becoming+the+hotbed+for+real+estate+investments&rft.date=2016-12-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.outlookindia.com%2Foutlookmoney%2Freal-estate%2Fspiritual-capital-of-india-958&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-297">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/bhadoni/story-varanasi-allahabad-six-lanes-to-start-construction-of-houses-2460987.html">"वाराणसी-इलाहाबाद सिक्स लेन के लिए मकानों को जमींदोज करने की कार्रवाई शुरू"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630180054/https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/bhadoni/story-varanasi-allahabad-six-lanes-to-start-construction-of-houses-2460987.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2020. Retrieved 30 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8+%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livehindustan.com%2Futtar-pradesh%2Fbhadoni%2Fstory-varanasi-allahabad-six-lanes-to-start-construction-of-houses-2460987.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-298">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/pm-narendra-modi-concerned-over-delay-in-widening-of-2-varanasi-national-highways/articleshow/74198072.cms?from%3Dmdr">"PM Narendra Modi concerned over delay in widening of 2 Varanasi national highways"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718203316/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/pm-narendra-modi-concerned-over-delay-in-widening-of-2-varanasi-national-highways/articleshow/74198072.cms?from%3Dmdr">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2020. 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Retrieved 30 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82+%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amarujala.com%2Futtar-pradesh%2Fazamgarh%2Ffour-lane-road-on-hold-hindi-news&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-300">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma2016" class="citation news cs1">Sharma, Shantanu Nandan (11 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/varanasi-big-budget-projects-galore-in-pm-narendra-modis-constituency/articleshow/54271330.cms">"Varanasi: Big budget projects galore in PM Narendra Modi's constituency"</a>. The Economic Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824101452/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/varanasi-big-budget-projects-galore-in-pm-narendra-modis-constituency/articleshow/54271330.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=Varanasi%3A+Big+budget+projects+galore+in+PM+Narendra+Modi%27s+constituency&rft.date=2016-09-11&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Shantanu+Nandan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics-and-nation%2Fvaranasi-big-budget-projects-galore-in-pm-narendra-modis-constituency%2Farticleshow%2F54271330.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://forestsclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/Addinfo/0_0_11112912591291NewNHDeclarationofNH-709ADMoRTHLetter.pdf">"NHAI"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706022813/http://forestsclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/Addinfo/0_0_11112912591291NewNHDeclarationofNH-709ADMoRTHLetter.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 6 July 2020. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://upeida.in/site/writereaddata/UploadNews/corrigendum/pdf/C_201902011804205533.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 30 June 2020. 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Retrieved 30 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Purvanchal+Expressway+progress+Great+news+for+commuters+One+of+India%27s+longest+highways+to+open+by+Diwali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.financialexpress.com%2Finfrastructure%2Froadways%2Fpurvanchal-expressway-progress-great-news-for-commuters-one-of-indias-longest-highways-to-open-by-diwali%2F1867018%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-306">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/railways-has-ongoing-projects-worth-over-rs-4500-cr-in-varanasi-minister/articleshow/63205239.cms?from%3Dmdr">"Railways has ongoing projects worth over Rs 4500 cr in Varanasi"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701103829/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/railways-has-ongoing-projects-worth-over-rs-4500-cr-in-varanasi-minister/articleshow/63205239.cms?from%3Dmdr">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2020. 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The Economic Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701103829/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/railways-has-ongoing-projects-worth-over-rs-4500-cr-in-varanasi-minister/articleshow/63205239.cms?from%3Dmdr">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2020. 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Retrieved 30 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NHSRCL&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhsrcl.in%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Ftender%2F2020-06%2FDPR-DATA%2520COLLECTION-ADDENDUM%2520CORRIGENDUM%25201-26062020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-309">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dfccil.com/Home/DynemicPages?MenuId%3D76">"EDFC"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701102211/https://dfccil.com/Home/DynemicPages?MenuId%3D76">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2020. 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Retrieved 30 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Development+of+Inter-Modal+Station+Varanasi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenvironmentclearance.nic.in%2Fwritereaddata%2FFormB%2FTOR%2FPFR%2F13_Apr_2018_173109067EY5B6XQRDBR.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-311">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/infrastructure/first-2-intermodal-stations-to-come-up-in-nagpur-varanasi/articleshow/63089505.cms?from%3Dmdr">"First 2 intermodal stations to come up in Nagpur Varanasi"</a>. The Economic Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608215435/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/infrastructure/first-2-intermodal-stations-to-come-up-in-nagpur-varanasi/articleshow/63089505.cms?from%3Dmdr">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2020. Retrieved 30 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=First+2+intermodal+stations+to+come+up+in+Nagpur+Varanasi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fnews%2Feconomy%2Finfrastructure%2Ffirst-2-intermodal-stations-to-come-up-in-nagpur-varanasi%2Farticleshow%2F63089505.cms%3Ffrom%3Dmdr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-312">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/up-airport-1st-to-have-national-highway-under-runway/articleshow/64457458.cms">"UP airport 1st to have national highway under runway"</a>. The Times of India. 5 June 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620095655/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/up-airport-1st-to-have-national-highway-under-runway/articleshow/64457458.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2019. Retrieved 27 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=UP+airport+1st+to+have+national+highway+under+runway&rft.date=2018-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fvaranasi%2Fup-airport-1st-to-have-national-highway-under-runway%2Farticleshow%2F64457458.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-313">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi-city-new-airport-terminal-will-be-made-as-shivling-shape-19739101.html">"गंगा की लहरों व शिवलिंग सा होगा वाराणसी एलबीएस इंटरनेशनल एयरपोर्ट टर्मिनल, डिजाइन तैयार"</a>. Dainik Jagran (in Hindi). 10 November 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630214722/https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi-city-new-airport-terminal-will-be-made-as-shivling-shape-19739101.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dainik+Jagran&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82+%E0%A4%B5+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8+%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F+%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2%2C+%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0&rft.date=2019-11-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jagran.com%2Futtar-pradesh%2Fvaranasi-city-new-airport-terminal-will-be-made-as-shivling-shape-19739101.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-314">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/DPR-of-Varanasi-Metro-Rail-Project-approved/articleshow/52526623.cms">"DPR of Varanasi Metro Rail Project approved – Times of India"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Times_of_India?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. 31 May 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20161206122603/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/DPR-of-Varanasi-Metro-Rail-Project-approved/articleshow/52526623.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2016. Retrieved 24 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=DPR+of+Varanasi+Metro+Rail+Project+approved+%E2%80%93+Times+of+India&rft.date=2016-05-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fvaranasi%2FDPR-of-Varanasi-Metro-Rail-Project-approved%2Farticleshow%2F52526623.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-315">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.metrorailnews.in/tag/varanasi-metro-rail-project/">"Varanasi Metro Rail Project – Metro Rail News"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025093206/https://www.metrorailnews.in/tag/varanasi-metro-rail-project/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2016. Retrieved 24 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Varanasi+Metro+Rail+Project+%E2%80%93+Metro+Rail+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metrorailnews.in%2Ftag%2Fvaranasi-metro-rail-project%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-316"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-316">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRawat2016" class="citation web cs1">Rawat, Virendra Singh (19 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220114510/http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/kanpur-varanasi-metro-rail-projects-could-start-by-december-2016-116021900701_1.html">"Kanpur, Varanasi metro rail projects could start by December 2016"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/kanpur-varanasi-metro-rail-projects-could-start-by-december-2016-116021900701_1.html">the original</a> on 20 February 2016. Retrieved 29 December 2019 – via Business Standard.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kanpur%2C+Varanasi+metro+rail+projects+could+start+by+December+2016&rft.date=2016-02-19&rft.aulast=Rawat&rft.aufirst=Virendra+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.business-standard.com%2Farticle%2Feconomy-policy%2Fkanpur-varanasi-metro-rail-projects-could-start-by-december-2016-116021900701_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-317">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.metrorailnews.in/varanasi-metro-centre-approves-varanasi-metro-rail-project-plan/">"Varanasi Metro – Centre approves Varanasi Metro Rail Project plan – Metro Rail News"</a>. 24 May 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025094710/https://www.metrorailnews.in/varanasi-metro-centre-approves-varanasi-metro-rail-project-plan/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2016. Retrieved 24 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Varanasi+Metro+%E2%80%93+Centre+approves+Varanasi+Metro+Rail+Project+plan+%E2%80%93+Metro+Rail+News&rft.date=2016-05-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metrorailnews.in%2Fvaranasi-metro-centre-approves-varanasi-metro-rail-project-plan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-318"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-318">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPTI2016" class="citation news cs1">PTI (31 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/detailed-project-report-of-varanasi-metro-rail-project-approved/articleshow/52526360.cms">"Detailed Project Report of Varanasi metro rail project approved"</a>. The Economic Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304191539/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/detailed-project-report-of-varanasi-metro-rail-project-approved/articleshow/52526360.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2020. Retrieved 1 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=Detailed+Project+Report+of+Varanasi+metro+rail+project+approved&rft.date=2016-05-31&rft.au=PTI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Findustry%2Ftransportation%2Frailways%2Fdetailed-project-report-of-varanasi-metro-rail-project-approved%2Farticleshow%2F52526360.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-319">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jica.go.jp/india/english/office/topics/press180716.html">"Press Release"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630215610/https://www.jica.go.jp/india/english/office/topics/press180716.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2020. Retrieved 30 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Press+Release&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jica.go.jp%2Findia%2Fenglish%2Foffice%2Ftopics%2Fpress180716.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-320"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-320">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://bwsmartcities.businessworld.in/article/Kashi-Vishwanath-corridor-to-be-completed-by-April-2021/26-12-2019-181128/">"Kashi Vishwanath corridor to be completed by April 2021"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703084121/http://bwsmartcities.businessworld.in/article/Kashi-Vishwanath-corridor-to-be-completed-by-April-2021/26-12-2019-181128/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2020. Retrieved 30 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kashi+Vishwanath+corridor+to+be+completed+by+April+2021&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbwsmartcities.businessworld.in%2Farticle%2FKashi-Vishwanath-corridor-to-be-completed-by-April-2021%2F26-12-2019-181128%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-321"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-321">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID%3D1523350">"Freight Village in Varanasi"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703122749/https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID%3D1523350">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2020. Retrieved 30 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Freight+Village+in+Varanasi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpib.gov.in%2FPressreleaseshare.aspx%3FPRID%3D1523350&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-322"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-322">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/varanasi-to-get-its-first-film-city-confirms-chairman-of-upfdc-comedian-raju-srivastava-7407221.html">"Varanasi to get its first Film City confirms chairman of UPFDC comedian Raju Srivastava"</a>. 26 September 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702032521/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/varanasi-to-get-its-first-film-city-confirms-chairman-of-upfdc-comedian-raju-srivastava-7407221.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2020. Retrieved 30 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Varanasi+to+get+its+first+Film+City+confirms+chairman+of+UPFDC+comedian+Raju+Srivastava&rft.date=2019-09-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstpost.com%2Fentertainment%2Fvaranasi-to-get-its-first-film-city-confirms-chairman-of-upfdc-comedian-raju-srivastava-7407221.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-323"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-323">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi/kashi-new-bus-station-will-be-built-like-airport">"एयरपोर्ट की तर्ज पर काशी में बनेगा नया बस अड्डा, इन सुविधाओं से होगा लैस"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927014143/https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi/kashi-new-bus-station-will-be-built-like-airport">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82+%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B8+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%2C+%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%82+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amarujala.com%2Futtar-pradesh%2Fvaranasi%2Fkashi-new-bus-station-will-be-built-like-airport&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-324"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-324">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.upsrtc.com/pdf/Varanasi_Corrigendum_12_010720.pdf">"UTTAR PRADESH STATE ROAD TRANSPORT CORPORATION"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128185102/http://www.upsrtc.com/pdf/Varanasi_Corrigendum_12_010720.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UTTAR+PRADESH+STATE+ROAD+TRANSPORT+CORPORATION&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upsrtc.com%2Fpdf%2FVaranasi_Corrigendum_12_010720.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-325"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-325">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi/it-park-will-be-devloped-in-varanasi">"वाराणसी में बनेगा आईटी पार्क"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703234948/https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi/it-park-will-be-devloped-in-varanasi">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2020. Retrieved 2 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82+%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amarujala.com%2Futtar-pradesh%2Fvaranasi%2Fit-park-will-be-devloped-in-varanasi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-326"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-326">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/Centre-approves-a-textile-park-for-Varanasi/articleshow/10840025.cms">"Centre approves a textile park for Varanasi"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Times_of_India?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. 23 November 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220903020139/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/Centre-approves-a-textile-park-for-Varanasi/articleshow/10840025.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2022. Retrieved 2 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Centre+approves+a+textile+park+for+Varanasi&rft.date=2011-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fvaranasi%2FCentre-approves-a-textile-park-for-Varanasi%2Farticleshow%2F10840025.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-327"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-327">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi-city-chief-minister-approves-textile-park-in-banaras-migrant-weavers-of-surat-will-get-benefit-20327412.html">"बनारस में टेक्सटाइल पार्क को मिली मुख्यमंत्री की मंजूरी"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702073017/https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi-city-chief-minister-approves-textile-park-in-banaras-migrant-weavers-of-surat-will-get-benefit-20327412.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2020. Retrieved 2 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82+%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jagran.com%2Futtar-pradesh%2Fvaranasi-city-chief-minister-approves-textile-park-in-banaras-migrant-weavers-of-surat-will-get-benefit-20327412.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-328"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-328">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDikshit2021" class="citation news cs1">Dikshit, Rajeev (7 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/varanasi-to-soon-have-its-own-twin-towers/articleshow/80138223.cms">"Varanasi to soon have its own 'twin towers' | Varanasi News"</a>. The Times of India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106224238/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/varanasi-to-soon-have-its-own-twin-towers/articleshow/80138223.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2021. Retrieved 8 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Varanasi+to+soon+have+its+own+%27twin+towers%27+%7C+Varanasi+News&rft.date=2021-01-07&rft.aulast=Dikshit&rft.aufirst=Rajeev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fvaranasi%2Fvaranasi-to-soon-have-its-own-twin-towers%2Farticleshow%2F80138223.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Som-329"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Som_329-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSom2014" class="citation web cs1">Som, Vishnu (30 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/to-rejuvenate-indian-cities-pm-modi-takes-first-step-with-japan-584209?ndtv_alsoread">"To Rejuvenate Indian Cities, PM Modi Takes First Step With Japan"</a>. NDTV.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901193517/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/to-rejuvenate-indian-cities-pm-modi-takes-first-step-with-japan-584209?ndtv_alsoread">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=To+Rejuvenate+Indian+Cities%2C+PM+Modi+Takes+First+Step+With+Japan&rft.pub=NDTV.com&rft.date=2014-08-30&rft.aulast=Som&rft.aufirst=Vishnu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndtv.com%2Farticle%2Findia%2Fto-rejuvenate-indian-cities-pm-modi-takes-first-step-with-japan-584209%3Fndtv_alsoread&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-330"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-330">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.sunday-guardian.com/news/smart-varanasi-will-be-kyotos-sister-city">"Smart Varanasi will be Kyoto's sister city"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925220133/http://www.sunday-guardian.com/news/smart-varanasi-will-be-kyotos-sister-city">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2020. Retrieved 26 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Smart+Varanasi+will+be+Kyoto%27s+sister+city&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sunday-guardian.com%2Fnews%2Fsmart-varanasi-will-be-kyotos-sister-city&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-331"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-331">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/varanasi-kathmandu-ayodhya-janakpur-to-become-sister-cities/articleshow/45099914.cms">"Varanasi-Kathmandu, Ayodhya-Janakpur to become sister cities"</a>. economictimes.indiatimes.com. The Economic Times. 10 November 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727113002/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/varanasi-kathmandu-ayodhya-janakpur-to-become-sister-cities/articleshow/45099914.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Varanasi-Kathmandu%2C+Ayodhya-Janakpur+to+become+sister+cities&rft.date=2014-11-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics-and-nation%2Fvaranasi-kathmandu-ayodhya-janakpur-to-become-sister-cities%2Farticleshow%2F45099914.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-332"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-332">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid%3D112053">"MoU on Twinning arrangements between Kathmandu-Varanasi, Janakpur-Ayodhya and Lumbini-Bodh Gaya as sister cities"</a>. pib.gov.in. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823152314/https://pib.gov.in/ErrorPage.html?aspxerrorpath%3D%252Fnewsite%252FPrintRelease.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 23 August 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pib.gov.in&rft.atitle=MoU+on+Twinning+arrangements+between+Kathmandu-Varanasi%2C+Janakpur-Ayodhya+and+Lumbini-Bodh+Gaya+as+sister+cities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpib.gov.in%2Fnewsite%2FPrintRelease.aspx%3Frelid%3D112053&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> </ol> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="General_bibliography">General bibliography</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Further information: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibliography_of_Varanasi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bibliography of Varanasi">Bibliography of Varanasi</a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style> <div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAcademy" class="citation book cs1">Academy, Students'. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DsHc3AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA21">Banaras (Varanasi) – The City of Gods</a>. Lulu.com. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-557-91475-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-557-91475-3"><bdi>978-0-557-91475-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134521/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DsHc3AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA21">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Banaras+%28Varanasi%29+%E2%80%93+The+City+of+Gods&rft.pub=Lulu.com&rft.isbn=978-0-557-91475-3&rft.aulast=Academy&rft.aufirst=Students%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsHc3AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988">[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">self-published source?</a>]</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsher1992" class="citation book cs1">Asher, Catherine Blanshard (24 September 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D3ctLNvx68hIC%26pg%3DPA278">Architecture of Mughal India</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-26728-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-26728-1"><bdi>978-0-521-26728-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134526/https://books.google.com/books?id%3D3ctLNvx68hIC%26pg%3DPA278">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architecture+of+Mughal+India&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992-09-24&rft.isbn=978-0-521-26728-1&rft.aulast=Asher&rft.aufirst=Catherine+Blanshard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3ctLNvx68hIC%26pg%3DPA278&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBansal2008" class="citation book cs1">Bansal, Sunita Pant (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DF303Zb7EC0kC%26q%3Dpanch%2Bprayag%26pg%3DPT34">Hindu Pilgrimage</a>. Pustak Mahal. pp. 6–9, 3455. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788122309973?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9788122309973"><bdi>9788122309973</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134556/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DF303Zb7EC0kC%26q%3Dpanch%2Bprayag%26pg%3DPT34">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 7 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Pilgrimage&rft.pages=6-9%2C+3455&rft.pub=Pustak+Mahal&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9788122309973&rft.aulast=Bansal&rft.aufirst=Sunita+Pant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF303Zb7EC0kC%26q%3Dpanch%2Bprayag%26pg%3DPT34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template:Cite_book?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:CS1_errors?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerwick1986" class="citation book cs1">Berwick, Dennison (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DJTJszmJc2oUC%26pg%3DPA121">A Walk Along The Ganges</a>. Dennison Berwick. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7137-1968-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7137-1968-0"><bdi>978-0-7137-1968-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134538/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DJTJszmJc2oUC%26pg%3DPA121">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Walk+Along+The+Ganges&rft.pub=Dennison+Berwick&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-7137-1968-0&rft.aulast=Berwick&rft.aufirst=Dennison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJTJszmJc2oUC%26pg%3DPA121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBettsMcCulloch2013" class="citation book cs1">Betts, Vanessa; McCulloch, Victoria (27 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dy-pUBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA213">India – The North: Forts, Palaces, the Himalaya Dream Trip</a>. Footprint Travel Guides. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-907263-74-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-907263-74-3"><bdi>978-1-907263-74-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134539/https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dy-pUBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA213">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+%E2%80%93+The+North%3A+Forts%2C+Palaces%2C+the+Himalaya+Dream+Trip&rft.pub=Footprint+Travel+Guides&rft.date=2013-09-27&rft.isbn=978-1-907263-74-3&rft.aulast=Betts&rft.aufirst=Vanessa&rft.au=McCulloch%2C+Victoria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy-pUBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBindlossBrownElliott2007" class="citation book cs1">Bindloss, Joe; Brown, Lindsay; Elliott, Mark (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DQmR5p1tb5mcC%26pg%3DPA278">Northeast India</a>. Lonely Planet. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74179-095-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74179-095-5"><bdi>978-1-74179-095-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134527/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DQmR5p1tb5mcC%26pg%3DPA278">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Northeast+India&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-74179-095-5&rft.aulast=Bindloss&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft.au=Brown%2C+Lindsay&rft.au=Elliott%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQmR5p1tb5mcC%26pg%3DPA278&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroughtonEllingham2000" class="citation book cs1">Broughton, Simon; Ellingham, Mark (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DQzX8THIgRjUC%26pg%3DPA91">World Music: Latin and North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific</a>. Rough Guides. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85828-636-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85828-636-5"><bdi>978-1-85828-636-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134553/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DQzX8THIgRjUC%26pg%3DPA91">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Music%3A+Latin+and+North+America%2C+Caribbean%2C+India%2C+Asia+and+Pacific&rft.pub=Rough+Guides&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-85828-636-5&rft.aulast=Broughton&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.au=Ellingham%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQzX8THIgRjUC%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruynBainAllardice2010" class="citation book cs1">Bruyn, Pippa de; Bain, Keith; Allardice, David (18 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DqG-9cwHOcCIC%26pg%3DPA470">Frommer's India</a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-64580-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-64580-2"><bdi>978-0-470-64580-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134546/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DqG-9cwHOcCIC%26pg%3DPA470">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frommer%27s+India&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010-02-18&rft.isbn=978-0-470-64580-2&rft.aulast=Bruyn&rft.aufirst=Pippa+de&rft.au=Bain%2C+Keith&rft.au=Allardice%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqG-9cwHOcCIC%26pg%3DPA470&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCallewaert2000" class="citation book cs1">Callewaert, Winand M. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DRyTeRVRLiOYC%26pg%3DPA90">Banaras: vision of a living ancient tradition</a>. Hemkunt Press. p. 90. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7010-302-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/81-7010-302-9"><bdi>81-7010-302-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134555/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DRyTeRVRLiOYC%26pg%3DPA90">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Banaras%3A+vision+of+a+living+ancient+tradition&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Hemkunt+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=81-7010-302-9&rft.aulast=Callewaert&rft.aufirst=Winand+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRyTeRVRLiOYC%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJNNURM2006" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223090737/http://gangapedia.iitk.ac.in/sites/default/files/CDP_Varanasi.pdf">City Development Plan for Varanasi</a> (PDF). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_National_Urban_Renewal_Mission?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission">Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission</a>. 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://gangapedia.iitk.ac.in/sites/default/files/CDP_Varanasi.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 23 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=City+Development+Plan+for+Varanasi&rft.pub=Jawaharlal+Nehru+National+Urban+Renewal+Mission&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgangapedia.iitk.ac.in%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FCDP_Varanasi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunninghamSastri2002" class="citation book cs1">Cunningham, Alexander; Sastri, Surendranath Majumdar (2002) [1924]. Ancient Geography of India. Munshiram Manoharlal. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-215-1064-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/81-215-1064-3"><bdi>81-215-1064-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Geography+of+India&rft.pub=Munshiram+Manoharlal&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=81-215-1064-3&rft.aulast=Cunningham&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=Sastri%2C+Surendranath+Majumdar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowtherRajWheeler1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geoff_Crowther?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geoff Crowther">Crowther, Geoff</a>; Raj, Prakash A.; Wheeler, Tony (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/indiatravelsurvi00crow">India, a Travel Survival Kit</a>. Lonely Planet. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780908086542?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780908086542"><bdi>9780908086542</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%2C+a+Travel+Survival+Kit&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9780908086542&rft.aulast=Crowther&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rft.au=Raj%2C+Prakash+A.&rft.au=Wheeler%2C+Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findiatravelsurvi00crow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDas1991" class="citation book cs1">Das, G. N. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DbNc2VfJiQW4C%26pg%3DPR17">Couplets from Kabīr</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0935-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0935-2"><bdi>978-81-208-0935-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134539/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DbNc2VfJiQW4C%26pg%3DPR17">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Couplets+from+Kab%C4%ABr&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0935-2&rft.aulast=Das&rft.aufirst=G.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbNc2VfJiQW4C%26pg%3DPR17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesai2003" class="citation journal cs1">Desai, Madhuri (2003). "Mosques, Temples, and Orientalists: Hegemonic Imaginations in Banaras". Traditional Dwellings and Settlements Review. 15 (1): 23–37. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41758028">41758028</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Traditional+Dwellings+and+Settlements+Review&rft.atitle=Mosques%2C+Temples%2C+and+Orientalists%3A+Hegemonic+Imaginations+in+Banaras&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=23-37&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41758028%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Desai&rft.aufirst=Madhuri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunlopSykesJackson2001" class="citation book cs1">Dunlop, Fiona; Sykes, Carol; Jackson, Felicity (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DAnLWgVtbJpoC">Fodor's Exploring India</a>. Fodor's Travel Publications. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-00707-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-00707-4"><bdi>978-0-679-00707-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134608/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DAnLWgVtbJpoC">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fodor%27s+Exploring+India&rft.pub=Fodor%27s+Travel+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-679-00707-4&rft.aulast=Dunlop&rft.aufirst=Fiona&rft.au=Sykes%2C+Carol&rft.au=Jackson%2C+Felicity&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAnLWgVtbJpoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEck1982" class="citation book cs1">Eck, Diana L. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DJ57C4d8Bv6UC">Banaras, City of Light</a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11447-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11447-9"><bdi>978-0-231-11447-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134459/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DJ57C4d8Bv6UC">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Banaras%2C+City+of+Light&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-231-11447-9&rft.aulast=Eck&rft.aufirst=Diana+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ57C4d8Bv6UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGandhi2007" class="citation book cs1">Gandhi, Surjit Singh (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dqw7-kUkHA_0C%26pg%3DPA90">History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1469–1606 C.E.</a> Atlantic Publishers & Dist. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0857-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0857-8"><bdi>978-81-269-0857-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134459/https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dqw7-kUkHA_0C%26pg%3DPA90">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Sikh+Gurus+Retold%3A+1469%E2%80%931606+C.E.&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Dist&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-269-0857-8&rft.aulast=Gandhi&rft.aufirst=Surjit+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqw7-kUkHA_0C%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta2006" class="citation book cs1">Gupta, Amita (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dqi2EAXesijkC%26pg%3DPA41">Early Childhood Education, Postcolonial Theory, and Teaching Practices in India: Balancing Vygotsky and the Veda</a>. Macmillan. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-7114-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-7114-2"><bdi>978-1-4039-7114-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134500/https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dqi2EAXesijkC%26pg%3DPA41">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Childhood+Education%2C+Postcolonial+Theory%2C+and+Teaching+Practices+in+India%3A+Balancing+Vygotsky+and+the+Veda&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-7114-2&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Amita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqi2EAXesijkC%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta2003" class="citation book cs1">Gupta, Shobhna (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DW4r5iLMVGkAC%26pg%3DPA11">Monuments of India</a>. Har-Anand Publications. p. 11. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-241-0926-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-241-0926-7"><bdi>978-81-241-0926-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134500/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DW4r5iLMVGkAC%26pg%3DPA11">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monuments+of+India&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Har-Anand+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-81-241-0926-7&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Shobhna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW4r5iLMVGkAC%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerman1999" class="citation book cs1">Herman, A. L. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D3Kp333dcCpAC%26pg%3DPA153">Community, Violence, and Peace: Aldo Leopold, Mohandas K. Gandhi, Martin Luther King, Jr., and Gautama the Buddha in the Twenty-First Century</a>. SUNY Press. p. 153. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3983-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3983-8"><bdi>978-0-7914-3983-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134500/https://books.google.com/books?id%3D3Kp333dcCpAC%26pg%3DPA153">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Community%2C+Violence%2C+and+Peace%3A+Aldo+Leopold%2C+Mohandas+K.+Gandhi%2C+Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr.%2C+and+Gautama+the+Buddha+in+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-3983-8&rft.aulast=Herman&rft.aufirst=A.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3Kp333dcCpAC%26pg%3DPA153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHussain1999" class="citation book cs1">Hussain, Ansar (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DXRpFol4AnO0C%26pg%3DPA342">Rediscovery of India, The: A New Subcontinent</a>. Orient Blackswan. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-250-1595-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-250-1595-6"><bdi>978-81-250-1595-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134501/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DXRpFol4AnO0C%26pg%3DPA342">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rediscovery+of+India%2C+The%3A+A+New+Subcontinent&rft.pub=Orient+Blackswan&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-81-250-1595-6&rft.aulast=Hussain&rft.aufirst=Ansar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXRpFol4AnO0C%26pg%3DPA342&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobsen2013" class="citation book cs1">Jacobsen, Knut A. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DKn6_3oBFAqIC%26pg%3DPA136">Pilgrimage in the Hindu Tradition: Salvific Space</a>. Routledge. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-59038-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-59038-9"><bdi>978-0-415-59038-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134501/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DKn6_3oBFAqIC%26pg%3DPA136">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pilgrimage+in+the+Hindu+Tradition%3A+Salvific+Space&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-415-59038-9&rft.aulast=Jacobsen&rft.aufirst=Knut+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKn6_3oBFAqIC%26pg%3DPA136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJayaswal2009" class="citation book cs1">Jayaswal, Vidula (2009). Ancient Varanasi: an archaeological perspective (excavations at Aktha). Aryan Books International. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7305-355-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7305-355-9"><bdi>978-81-7305-355-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Varanasi%3A+an+archaeological+perspective+%28excavations+at+Aktha%29&rft.pub=Aryan+Books+International&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-81-7305-355-9&rft.aulast=Jayaswal&rft.aufirst=Vidula&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKasbekar2006" class="citation book cs1">Kasbekar, Asha (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DSv7Uk0UcdM8C%26pg%3DPA126">Pop Culture India!: Media, Arts, And Lifestyle</a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-636-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-636-7"><bdi>978-1-85109-636-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134502/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DSv7Uk0UcdM8C%26pg%3DPA126">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pop+Culture+India%21%3A+Media%2C+Arts%2C+And+Lifestyle&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-636-7&rft.aulast=Kasbekar&rft.aufirst=Asha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSv7Uk0UcdM8C%26pg%3DPA126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKishore2008" class="citation book cs1">Kishore, Kaushal (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DmbGeAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT65">Holy Ganga</a>. Rupa Publications. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-291-3328-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-291-3328-1"><bdi>978-81-291-3328-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134503/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DmbGeAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT65">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holy+Ganga&rft.pub=Rupa+Publications&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-291-3328-1&rft.aulast=Kishore&rft.aufirst=Kaushal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmbGeAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKochhar2015" class="citation book cs1">Kochhar, Atul (4 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DPu3sCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA247">Benares: Michelin Starred Cooking</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4729-2078-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4729-2078-2"><bdi>978-1-4729-2078-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134512/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DPu3sCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA247">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Benares%3A+Michelin+Starred+Cooking&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2015-06-04&rft.isbn=978-1-4729-2078-2&rft.aulast=Kochhar&rft.aufirst=Atul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPu3sCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramrisch1946" class="citation book cs1">Kramrisch, Stella (1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DNNcXrBlI9S0C%26pg%3DPA3">The Hindu Temple</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0223-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0223-0"><bdi>978-81-208-0223-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134513/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DNNcXrBlI9S0C%26pg%3DPA3">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hindu+Temple&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1946&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0223-0&rft.aulast=Kramrisch&rft.aufirst=Stella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNNcXrBlI9S0C%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumar2003" class="citation book cs1">Kumar, Brajesh (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DQqei_Wo1qXwC%26pg%3DPA90">Pilgrimage Centres of India</a>. Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7182-185-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7182-185-3"><bdi>978-81-7182-185-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134500/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DQqei_Wo1qXwC%26pg%3DPA90">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pilgrimage+Centres+of+India&rft.pub=Diamond+Pocket+Books+%28P%29+Ltd.&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-81-7182-185-3&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Brajesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQqei_Wo1qXwC%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedhasananda2002" class="citation book cs1">Medhasananda (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DK4MMAQAAMAAJ">Varanasi at the crossroads: a panoramic view of early modern Varanasi and the story of its transition</a>. Ramakrishna Mission, Institute of Culture. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-87332-18-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-87332-18-3"><bdi>978-81-87332-18-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134500/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DK4MMAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Varanasi+at+the+crossroads%3A+a+panoramic+view+of+early+modern+Varanasi+and+the+story+of+its+transition&rft.pub=Ramakrishna+Mission%2C+Institute+of+Culture&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-81-87332-18-3&rft.au=Medhasananda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK4MMAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMellorPodany2005" class="citation book cs1">Mellor, Ronald; Podany, Amanda H. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dl8MqX3QAmIkC%26pg%3DPA73">The World in Ancient Times: Primary Sources and Reference Volume</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-522220-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-522220-3"><bdi>978-0-19-522220-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134500/https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dl8MqX3QAmIkC%26pg%3DPA73">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+in+Ancient+Times%3A+Primary+Sources+and+Reference+Volume&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-522220-3&rft.aulast=Mellor&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft.au=Podany%2C+Amanda+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl8MqX3QAmIkC%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelton2007" class="citation book cs1">Melton, J. Gordon (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dn2LTTK5B_OMC%26pg%3DPA29">The Encyclopedia of Religious Phenomena</a>. Visible Ink Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57859-209-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57859-209-8"><bdi>978-1-57859-209-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134500/https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dn2LTTK5B_OMC%26pg%3DPA29">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Religious+Phenomena&rft.pub=Visible+Ink+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-57859-209-8&rft.aulast=Melton&rft.aufirst=J.+Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn2LTTK5B_OMC%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeltonBaumann2010" class="citation book cs1">Melton, J. Gordon; Baumann, Martin (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dv2yiyLLOj88C%26pg%3DPA2536">Religions of the World, Second Edition: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices</a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-204-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-204-3"><bdi>978-1-59884-204-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134639/https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dv2yiyLLOj88C%26pg%3DPA2536">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religions+of+the+World%2C+Second+Edition%3A+A+Comprehensive+Encyclopedia+of+Beliefs+and+Practices&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-204-3&rft.aulast=Melton&rft.aufirst=J.+Gordon&rft.au=Baumann%2C+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv2yiyLLOj88C%26pg%3DPA2536&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerriam-Webster1999" class="citation book cs1">Merriam-Webster (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440">Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions</a>. Merriam-Webster. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440/page/910">910</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-044-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-044-0"><bdi>978-0-87779-044-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster%27s+Encyclopedia+of+World+Religions&rft.pages=910&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-87779-044-0&rft.au=Merriam-Webster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780877790440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitra2002" class="citation book cs1">Mitra, Swati, ed. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DNviJaunGDJMC">Good Earth Varanasi City Guide</a>. Eicher Goodearth Limited. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-87780-04-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-87780-04-5"><bdi>978-81-87780-04-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134525/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DNviJaunGDJMC">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Good+Earth+Varanasi+City+Guide&rft.pub=Eicher+Goodearth+Limited&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-81-87780-04-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNviJaunGDJMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohanty1993" class="citation book cs1">Mohanty, Bidyut (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D88_4KESo8d0C%26pg%3DPA316">Urbanisation in Developing Countries: Basic Services and Community Participation</a>. Concept Publishing Company. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7022-475-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7022-475-4"><bdi>978-81-7022-475-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134500/https://books.google.com/books?id%3D88_4KESo8d0C%26pg%3DPA316">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urbanisation+in+Developing+Countries%3A+Basic+Services+and+Community+Participation&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-81-7022-475-4&rft.aulast=Mohanty&rft.aufirst=Bidyut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D88_4KESo8d0C%26pg%3DPA316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOut2010" class="citation book cs1">Out, Time (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DCUZpPim5nnQC%26pg%3DPA259">Time Out India: Perfect Places to Stay, Eat and Explore</a>. Time Out Guides Ltd. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84670-164-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84670-164-1"><bdi>978-1-84670-164-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134500/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DCUZpPim5nnQC%26pg%3DPA259">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Time+Out+India%3A+Perfect+Places+to+Stay%2C+Eat+and+Explore&rft.pub=Time+Out+Guides+Ltd&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84670-164-1&rft.aulast=Out&rft.aufirst=Time&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCUZpPim5nnQC%26pg%3DPA259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPandey1989" class="citation book cs1">Pandey, K. N. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DNLk3-qPOBrEC%26pg%3DPA13">Adoption of Agricultural Innovations: A Study of Small and Marginal Farmers of Varanasi, U.P.</a> Northern Book Centre. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85119-68-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85119-68-7"><bdi>978-81-85119-68-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134529/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DNLk3-qPOBrEC%26pg%3DPA13">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adoption+of+Agricultural+Innovations%3A+A+Study+of+Small+and+Marginal+Farmers+of+Varanasi%2C+U.P.&rft.pub=Northern+Book+Centre&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-81-85119-68-7&rft.aulast=Pandey&rft.aufirst=K.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNLk3-qPOBrEC%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPintchman2005" class="citation book cs1">Pintchman, Tracy (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DW-9Hq-DOXnEC">Guests at God's Wedding: Celebrating Kartik among the Women of Benares</a>. SUNY Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-8256-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-8256-8"><bdi>978-0-7914-8256-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134531/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DW-9Hq-DOXnEC">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guests+at+God%27s+Wedding%3A+Celebrating+Kartik+among+the+Women+of+Benares&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-8256-8&rft.aulast=Pintchman&rft.aufirst=Tracy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW-9Hq-DOXnEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPletcher2010" class="citation book cs1">Pletcher, Kenneth (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DMjr0X-8jrLAC%26pg%3DPA159">The Geography of India: Sacred and Historic Places</a>. The Rosen Publishing Group. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61530-142-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61530-142-3"><bdi>978-1-61530-142-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134500/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DMjr0X-8jrLAC%26pg%3DPA159">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Geography+of+India%3A+Sacred+and+Historic+Places&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-61530-142-3&rft.aulast=Pletcher&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMjr0X-8jrLAC%26pg%3DPA159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrakash1981" class="citation book cs1">Prakash, Satya (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DnKJiBUFrmfoC%26pg%3DRA1-PA170">Cultural Contours of India: Dr. Satya Prakash Felicitation Volume</a>. Abhinav Publications. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-391-02358-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-391-02358-1"><bdi>978-0-391-02358-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134533/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DnKJiBUFrmfoC%26pg%3DRA1-PA170">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+Contours+of+India%3A+Dr.+Satya+Prakash+Felicitation+Volume&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-391-02358-1&rft.aulast=Prakash&rft.aufirst=Satya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnKJiBUFrmfoC%26pg%3DRA1-PA170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay2003" class="citation book cs1">Ray, Satyajit (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DRKjNXSvBrz8C%26pg%3DPA3">Adventures of Feluda : Mystery of the El</a>. Penguin Books India. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-333574-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-333574-0"><bdi>978-0-14-333574-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134501/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DRKjNXSvBrz8C%26pg%3DPA3">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adventures+of+Feluda+%3A+Mystery+of+the+El&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+India&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-14-333574-0&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=Satyajit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRKjNXSvBrz8C%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReal_Corp2007" class="citation book cs1">Real Corp (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DiGT03xAcFQIC%26pg%3DRA1-PA105">CORP 007 Proceedings</a>. Lulu.com. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-9502139-3-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-9502139-3-5"><bdi>978-3-9502139-3-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134629/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DiGT03xAcFQIC%26pg%3DRA1-PA105">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CORP+007+Proceedings&rft.pub=Lulu.com&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-9502139-3-5&rft.au=Real+Corp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiGT03xAcFQIC%26pg%3DRA1-PA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988">[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">self-published source?</a>]</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchreitmüller2012" class="citation book cs1">Schreitmüller, Karen (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DbGgf_LkeG2kC%26pg%3DPA284">Baedeker India</a>. Baedeker. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8297-6622-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8297-6622-7"><bdi>978-3-8297-6622-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134538/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DbGgf_LkeG2kC%26pg%3DPA284">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baedeker+India&rft.pub=Baedeker&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3-8297-6622-7&rft.aulast=Schreitm%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbGgf_LkeG2kC%26pg%3DPA284&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShackley2001" class="citation book cs1">Shackley, Myra (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DF18-QxgyHIEC%26pg%3DPA121">Managing Sacred Sites: Service Provision and Visitor Experience</a>. Cengage Learning EMEA. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84480-107-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84480-107-7"><bdi>978-1-84480-107-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134502/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DF18-QxgyHIEC%26pg%3DPA121">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Managing+Sacred+Sites%3A+Service+Provision+and+Visitor+Experience&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning+EMEA&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-84480-107-7&rft.aulast=Shackley&rft.aufirst=Myra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF18-QxgyHIEC%26pg%3DPA121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharmaSharma2001" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, Urmila; Sharma, S.K. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DBX3wIjJ9mvMC%26pg%3DPA197">Indian Political Thought</a>. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7156-678-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7156-678-5"><bdi>978-81-7156-678-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134712/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DBX3wIjJ9mvMC%26pg%3DPA197">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Political+Thought&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Dist&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-7156-678-5&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Urmila&rft.au=Sharma%2C+S.K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBX3wIjJ9mvMC%26pg%3DPA197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma1995" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, Virendra Nath (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DQRA2mgZnXXMC%26pg%3DPA191">Sawai Jai Singh And His Astronomy</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1256-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1256-7"><bdi>978-81-208-1256-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134627/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DQRA2mgZnXXMC%26pg%3DPA191">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sawai+Jai+Singh+And+His+Astronomy&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1256-7&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Virendra+Nath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQRA2mgZnXXMC%26pg%3DPA191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShetty2014" class="citation book cs1">Shetty, Rekha (1 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Da6JQAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT73">Innovation Sutra: The Secret of Good Business and a Good Life</a>. Penguin Books Limited. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5118-696-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5118-696-0"><bdi>978-93-5118-696-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Innovation+Sutra%3A+The+Secret+of+Good+Business+and+a+Good+Life&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Limited&rft.date=2014-05-01&rft.isbn=978-93-5118-696-0&rft.aulast=Shetty&rft.aufirst=Rekha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da6JQAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh1975" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Ram Bali (1975). Rajput Clan-settlements in Varanasi District. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4702795">4702795</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rajput+Clan-settlements+in+Varanasi+District&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4702795&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Ram+Bali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template:Cite_book?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:CS1_errors?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2009" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Rana (2 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DJwMaBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA54">Banaras: Making of India's Heritage City</a>. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-1579-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-1579-6"><bdi>978-1-4438-1579-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134503/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DJwMaBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA54">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Banaras%3A+Making+of+India%27s+Heritage+City&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2009-10-02&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-1579-6&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Rana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJwMaBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinghRana2002" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Rana P.B.; Rana, Pravin S. (2002). Banaras region: a spiritual & cultural guide. Indica Books. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788186569245?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9788186569245"><bdi>9788186569245</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Banaras+region%3A+a+spiritual+%26+cultural+guide&rft.pub=Indica+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9788186569245&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Rana+P.B.&rft.au=Rana%2C+Pravin+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSukul1974" class="citation book cs1">Sukul, Kuber Nath (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://books.groogle.com/BOOKS?ID%3DY2LUAAAAMAAJ">Varanasi Down The Ages</a>. Kameshwar Nath Sukul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226115034/http://books.groogle.com/BOOKS?ID%3DY2LUAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 14 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Varanasi+Down+The+Ages&rft.pub=Kameshwar+Nath+Sukul&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Sukul&rft.aufirst=Kuber+Nath&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.groogle.com%2FBOOKS%3FID%3DY2LUAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTiwari2010" class="citation book cs1">Tiwari, Reena (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DP7W1I4j75E8C%26pg%3DPA47">Space-Body-Ritual: Performativity in the City</a>. Lexington Books. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-2857-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-2857-2"><bdi>978-0-7391-2857-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134659/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DP7W1I4j75E8C%26pg%3DPA47">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Space-Body-Ritual%3A+Performativity+in+the+City&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-2857-2&rft.aulast=Tiwari&rft.aufirst=Reena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP7W1I4j75E8C%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTwain1897" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mark_Twain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mark Twain">Twain, Mark</a> (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228225229/http://www.literaturecollection.com/a/twain/following-equator/">"L"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.literaturecollection.com/a/twain/following-equator/">Following the Equator: A journey around the world</a>. Hartford, Connecticut: American Pub. Co. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-404-01577-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-404-01577-8"><bdi>0-404-01577-8</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/577051">577051</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.literaturecollection.com/a/twain/following-equator/51/">the original</a> on 28 February 2008. Retrieved 7 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=L&rft.btitle=Following+the+Equator%3A+A+journey+around+the+world&rft.place=Hartford%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=American+Pub.+Co.&rft.date=1897&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F577051&rft.isbn=0-404-01577-8&rft.aulast=Twain&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.literaturecollection.com%2Fa%2Ftwain%2Ffollowing-equator%2F51%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVera2010" class="citation book cs1">Vera, Zak (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D8HhVcspIBU4C%26pg%3DPA179">Invisible River: Sir Richard's Last Mission</a>. AuthorHouse. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4389-0020-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4389-0020-9"><bdi>978-1-4389-0020-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134513/https://books.google.com/books?id%3D8HhVcspIBU4C%26pg%3DPA179">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Invisible+River%3A+Sir+Richard%27s+Last+Mission&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4389-0020-9&rft.aulast=Vera&rft.aufirst=Zak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8HhVcspIBU4C%26pg%3DPA179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988">[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">self-published source?</a>]</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVit-Suzan2014" class="citation book cs1">Vit-Suzan, Dr Ilan (28 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DTKv8AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR11">Architectural Heritage Revisited: A Holistic Engagement of its Tangible and Intangible Constituents</a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4724-2064-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4724-2064-0"><bdi>978-1-4724-2064-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134542/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DTKv8AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR11">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architectural+Heritage+Revisited%3A+A+Holistic+Engagement+of+its+Tangible+and+Intangible+Constituents&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2014-03-28&rft.isbn=978-1-4724-2064-0&rft.aulast=Vit-Suzan&rft.aufirst=Dr+Ilan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTKv8AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarikoo2010" class="citation book cs1">Warikoo, K. (1 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D0zRZBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA192">Religion and Security in South and Central Asia</a>. Routledge. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-89020-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-89020-8"><bdi>978-1-136-89020-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134514/https://books.google.com/books?id%3D0zRZBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA192">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Security+in+South+and+Central+Asia&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010-11-01&rft.isbn=978-1-136-89020-8&rft.aulast=Warikoo&rft.aufirst=K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0zRZBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilder-SmithShawSchwartz2012" class="citation book cs1">Wilder-Smith, Annelies; Shaw, Marc; Schwartz, Eli (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DitegkZspCgUC%26pg%3DPA273">Travel Medicine: Tales Behind the Science</a>. Routledge. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-045359-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-045359-0"><bdi>978-0-08-045359-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134515/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DitegkZspCgUC%26pg%3DPA273">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Travel+Medicine%3A+Tales+Behind+the+Science&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-08-045359-0&rft.aulast=Wilder-Smith&rft.aufirst=Annelies&rft.au=Shaw%2C+Marc&rft.au=Schwartz%2C+Eli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DitegkZspCgUC%26pg%3DPA273&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Wood, Jolie M.F. (2011). "Contentious politics and civil society in Varanasi". In Ajay Gudavarthy (ed.). Re-framing Democracy and Agency at India: Interrogating Political Society. Anthem Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85728-350-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85728-350-4"><bdi>978-0-85728-350-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Contentious+politics+and+civil+society+in+Varanasi&rft.btitle=Re-framing+Democracy+and+Agency+at+India%3A+Interrogating+Political+Society&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-85728-350-4&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Jolie+M.F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(18)"> <h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-18 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-18"> <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Banks, Marcus; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Howard_Morphy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Howard Morphy">Morphy, Howard</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DmfddjqZGZygC">Rethinking Visual Anthropology</a>. Yale University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-07854-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-07854-1"><bdi>978-0-300-07854-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Visual+Anthropology&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-300-07854-1&rft.aulast=Banks&rft.aufirst=Marcus&rft.au=Morphy%2C+Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmfddjqZGZygC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Kara, Siddharth (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DLL4kfg6CPuwC%26pg%3DPA59">Sex Trafficking: Inside the Business of Modern Slavery</a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13961-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13961-8"><bdi>978-0-231-13961-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sex+Trafficking%3A+Inside+the+Business+of+Modern+Slavery&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-231-13961-8&rft.aulast=Kara&rft.aufirst=Siddharth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLL4kfg6CPuwC%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jaishree_Misra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jaishree Misra">Misra, Jaishree</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DvwITlHzYxnoC%26pg%3DPR6">Rani</a>. Penguin Books India. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-310210-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-310210-6"><bdi>978-0-14-310210-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rani&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+India&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-14-310210-6&rft.aulast=Misra&rft.aufirst=Jaishree&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvwITlHzYxnoC%26pg%3DPR6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"> A work of fiction.</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Mukherjee, Neela (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dymo-TP_DhTIC%26pg%3DPA49">Alternative Perspectives on Livelihood, Agriculture and Air Pollution</a>. Concept Publishing Company. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7022-986-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7022-986-5"><bdi>978-81-7022-986-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alternative+Perspectives+on+Livelihood%2C+Agriculture+and+Air+Pollution&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-81-7022-986-5&rft.aulast=Mukherjee&rft.aufirst=Neela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dymo-TP_DhTIC%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Partridge, Christopher Hugh (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D7lEFyGiP5r8C">Introduction to World Religions</a>. Fortress Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-3714-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-3714-9"><bdi>978-0-8006-3714-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+World+Religions&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8006-3714-9&rft.aulast=Partridge&rft.aufirst=Christopher+Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7lEFyGiP5r8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Singh, Sarina (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DvK88ktao7pIC%26pg%3DPA453">India</a>. Lonely Planet. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74179-151-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74179-151-8"><bdi>978-1-74179-151-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-74179-151-8&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Sarina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvK88ktao7pIC%26pg%3DPA453&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Singh, Vipul (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DURW9LABgF_4C%26pg%3DPA73">Longman Panorama History 7</a>. Pearson Education India. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1175-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1175-0"><bdi>978-81-317-1175-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longman+Panorama+History+7&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+India&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-317-1175-0&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Vipul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DURW9LABgF_4C%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Trayler, Richard (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D2mzsNsjVi1gC%26pg%3DPA182">Life Is Short...Compared to Eternity</a>. Xulon Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61215-343-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61215-343-8"><bdi>978-1-61215-343-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+Is+Short...Compared+to+Eternity&rft.pub=Xulon+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-61215-343-8&rft.aulast=Trayler&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2mzsNsjVi1gC%26pg%3DPA182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaranasi" class="Z3988"></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(19)"> <h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-19 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-19"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style> <div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"> Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Varanasi" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Varanasi">Varanasi</a>. </div> </div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"> <div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"> <link 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travel guide for <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Varanasi%23Q79980" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Varanasi">Varanasi</a>. </div> </div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"> <div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/40px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="33" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 33px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/40px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="33" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/60px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/80px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"> Wikiversity has learning resources about <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/The_Varanasi_Heritage_Dossier" class="extiw" title="v:The Varanasi Heritage Dossier">The Varanasi Heritage Dossier</a> </div> </div> </div> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://varanasi.nic.in/">Official website of Varanasi District</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20090908004947/http://www.up-tourism.com/destination/varanasi/varanasi.htm">State Government Tourism Website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.sai.uni-heidelberg.de/abt/IND/publikation/bibbanaras/bibbanaras.php">Banaras Bibliography</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208164757/https://www.sai.uni-heidelberg.de/abt/IND/publikation/bibbanaras/bibbanaras.php">Archived</a> 8 December 2019 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at the Südasien-Institut, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heidelberg_University?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heidelberg University">Heidelberg University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v%3DX5d49DzbzfM">Varanasi Documentary</a></li> </ul> <div class="navbox-styles"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style> <div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>: <ul class="portal-bar-content"> <li class="portal-bar-item"> <noscript> <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/21px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/21px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="21" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/42px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:India?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:India">India</a></li> <li class="portal-bar-item"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/18px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 18px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/18px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="18" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/28px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/37px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:Hinduism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style> </div>   </section> </div> <noscript> <img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=mobile" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DVaranasi%26oldid%3D1258232033">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Varanasi&oldid=1258232033</a>" </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Varanasi&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 18 November 2024, at 21:24 </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benares" title="Benares – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Benares" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2581%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B3%25D9%258A" title="فاراناسي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فاراناسي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benar%25C3%25A9s" title="Benarés – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Benarés" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25A3%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A5%2580" title="वाराणसी – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="वाराणसी" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%25C9%2599nar%25C9%2599s" title="Bənarəs – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bənarəs" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A8%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B3" title="بنارس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بنارس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25AC%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25A3%25E0%25A6%25B8%25E0%25A7%2580" title="বারাণসী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বারাণসী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benares_(si%25C3%25A2%25E2%2581%25BF)" title="Benares (siâⁿ) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Benares (siâⁿ)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2592%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D1%2596" title="Варанасі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Варанасі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AC%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25B8" title="बनारस – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="बनारस" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Varanasi" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2592%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D0%25B8" title="Варанаси – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Варанаси" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Varanasi" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benar%25C3%25A9s" title="Benarés – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Benarés" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2592%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D0%25B8" title="Варанаси – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Варанаси" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanasi_(lungsod_sa_Indiya)" title="Varanasi (lungsod sa Indiya) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Varanasi (lungsod sa Indiya)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%25C3%25A1r%25C3%25A1nas%25C3%25AD" title="Váránasí – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Váránasí" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Varanasi" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Varanasi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Varanasi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Varanasi" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25A3%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A5%2580" title="वाराणसी – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="वाराणसी" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Varanasi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%2592%25CE%25B1%25CF%2581%25CE%25B1%25CE%25BD%25CE%25AC%25CF%2583%25CE%25B9" title="Βαρανάσι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βαρανάσι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benar%25C3%25A9s" title="Benarés – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Benarés" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanasio" title="Varanasio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Varanasio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Varanasi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A8%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B3" title="بنارس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بنارس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Varanasi" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%25C3%25A9nar%25C3%25A8s" title="Bénarès – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bénarès" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Varanasi" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AA%25B5%25E0%25AA%25BE%25E0%25AA%25B0%25E0%25AA%25BE%25E0%25AA%25A3%25E0%25AA%25B8%25E0%25AB%2580" title="વારાણસી – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="વારાણસી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B6%25E0%25A5%2580" title="काशी – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="काशी" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EB%25B0%2594%25EB%259D%25BC%25EB%2582%2598%25EC%258B%259C" title="바라나시 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바라나시" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D5%258E%25D5%25A1%25D6%2580%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B6%25D5%25A1%25D5%25BD%25D5%25AB" title="Վարանասի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վարանասի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25A3%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A5%2580" title="वाराणसी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वाराणसी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Varanasi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25AC%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25A8%25E0%25A6%25B8%25E0%25A6%25BF" title="বারানসি – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="বারানসি" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benares" title="Benares – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Benares" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2592%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D0%25B8" title="Варанаси – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Варанаси" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Varanasi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2595%25D7%2590%25D7%25A8%25D7%2590%25D7%25A0%25D7%25A1%25D7%2599" title="ואראנסי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ואראנסי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B2%25B5%25E0%25B2%25BE%25E0%25B2%25B0%25E0%25B2%25BE%25E0%25B2%25A3%25E0%25B2%25B8%25E0%25B2%25BF" title="ವಾರಾಣಸಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಾರಾಣಸಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Varanasi" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%2595%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%25A1%25E1%2583%2598" title="ვარანასი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვარანასი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Varanasi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benar%25C3%25A8s" title="Benarès – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Benarès" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2592%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D0%25B8" title="Варанаси – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Варанаси" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Varanasi" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Varanasi" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%25C4%2581r%25C4%2581nas%25C4%25AB" title="Vārānasī – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vārānasī" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Varanasi" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanasis" title="Varanasis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Varanasis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%25C3%25A1r%25C3%25A1naszi" title="Váránaszi – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Váránaszi" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25A3%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A5%2580" title="वाराणसी – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="वाराणसी" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Varanasi" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%25B5%25E0%25B4%25BE%25E0%25B4%25B0%25E0%25B4%25BE%25E0%25B4%25A3%25E0%25B4%25B8%25E0%25B4%25BF" title="വാരാണസി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വാരാണസി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25A3%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A5%2580" title="वाराणसी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वाराणसी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%2595%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%25A1%25E1%2583%2598" title="ვარანასი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ვარანასი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D8%25AF%25D9%258A%25D9%2586%25D9%2587_%25D9%2581%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B3%25D9%2589" title="مدينه فاراناسى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مدينه فاراناسى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B3%25DB%258C" title="وارناسی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="وارناسی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanasi,_Cantonment" title="Varanasi, Cantonment – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Varanasi, Cantonment" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%2597%25E1%2580%25AC%25E1%2580%259B%25E1%2580%25AC%25E1%2580%258F%25E1%2580%259E%25E1%2580%25AE%25E1%2580%2599%25E1%2580%25BC%25E1%2580%25AD%25E1%2580%25AF%25E1%2580%25B7" title="ဗာရာဏသီမြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဗာရာဏသီမြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benares_(stad)" title="Benares (stad) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Benares (stad)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AC%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25B8" title="बनारस – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बनारस" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25A3%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A5%2580" title="वाराणासी – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="वाराणासी" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E3%2583%25B4%25E3%2582%25A1%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25A9%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%258A%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25BC" title="ヴァーラーナシー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴァーラーナシー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2592%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D0%25B8" title="Варанаси – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Варанаси" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Varanasi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Varanasi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Varanasi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AC%25AC%25E0%25AC%25BE%25E0%25AC%25B0%25E0%25AC%25BE%25E0%25AC%25A3%25E0%25AC%25B8%25E0%25AD%2580" title="ବାରାଣସୀ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବାରାଣସୀ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Varanasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A8%25B5%25E0%25A8%25BE%25E0%25A8%25B0%25E0%25A8%25BE%25E0%25A8%25A3%25E0%25A8%25B8%25E0%25A9%2580" title="ਵਾਰਾਣਸੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਾਰਾਣਸੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D8%25B3%25DB%258C" title="وارانسی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="وارانسی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B3%25D9%258A" title="وراناسي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="وراناسي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waranasi" title="Waranasi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Waranasi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Varanasi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Varanasi" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Varanasi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2592%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D0%25B8" title="Варанаси – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Варанаси" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2592%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D0%25B8" title="Варанаси – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Варанаси" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B6%25E0%25A5%2580" title="काशी – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="काशी" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%25B1%25B5%25E1%25B1%259F%25E1%25B1%25A8%25E1%25B1%259F%25E1%25B1%25AC%25E1%25B1%259F%25E1%25B1%25A5%25E1%25B1%25A4" title="ᱵᱟᱨᱟᱬᱟᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱵᱟᱨᱟᱬᱟᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A8%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B3" title="بنارس – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="بنارس" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Varanasi" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Varanasi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B7%2580%25E0%25B7%258F%25E0%25B6%25BB%25E0%25B7%258F%25E0%25B6%25AB%25E0%25B7%2583%25E0%25B7%2593" title="වාරාණසී – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වාරාණසී" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Varanasi" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B3%25D9%258A" title="واراناسي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="واراناسي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%25C3%25A1r%25C3%25A1nas%25C3%25AD_(mesto)" title="Váránasí (mesto) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Váránasí (mesto)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Varanasi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%25A4%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B3%25DB%258C" title="ڤاراناسی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڤاراناسی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2592%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D0%25B8" title="Варанаси – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Варанаси" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Varanasi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Varanasi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Varanasi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Varanasi" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%25B5%25E0%25AE%25BE%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AE%25A3%25E0%25AE%25BE%25E0%25AE%259A%25E0%25AE%25BF" title="வாரணாசி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வாரணாசி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B0%2595%25E0%25B0%25BE%25E0%25B0%25B6%25E0%25B1%2580" title="కాశీ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కాశీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%259E%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%2593%25E0%25B8%25AA%25E0%25B8%25B5" title="พาราณสี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พาราณสี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581_(%25D1%2588%25D0%25B0%25D2%25B3%25D1%2580)" title="Банорас (шаҳр) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Банорас (шаҳр)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Varanasi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Varanasi" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2592%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D1%2596" title="Варанасі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Варанасі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D8%25B3%25DB%258C" title="وارانسی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="وارانسی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Varanasi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Varanasi" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E7%2593%25A6%25E6%258B%2589%25E7%25BA%25B3%25E8%25A5%25BF" title="瓦拉纳西 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="瓦拉纳西" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E7%25B6%25AD%25E8%258F%25AF%25E6%258B%25BF%25E6%2596%25AF" title="維華拿斯 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="維華拿斯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E7%2593%25A6%25E6%258B%2589%25E7%25B4%258D%25E8%25A5%25BF" title="瓦拉納西 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="瓦拉納西" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod">This page was last edited on 18 November 2024, at 21:24 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:About?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://stats.wikimedia.org/%23/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-terms-use"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://foundation.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a></li> <li id="footer-places-desktop-toggle"><a id="mw-mf-display-toggle" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DVaranasi%26mobileaction%3Dtoggle_view_desktop" data-event-name="switch_to_desktop">Desktop</a></li> </ul> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <div class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-78f4c97c5d-h7lcp","wgBackendResponseTime":308,"wgKartographerLiveData":{"_58790541db2dbe1926a3351c0fc856a9e698d5d9":[{"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[83.012777777778,25.318888888889],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"marker-color":"5E74F3","title":"Varanasi","marker-symbol":"city"}},{"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","url":"https://maps.wikimedia.org/geoshape?getgeojson=1\u0026ids=Q79980","properties":{"stroke-width":2,"stroke":"#808080","title":"Varanasi"}}]},"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.644","walltime":"4.045","ppvisitednodes":{"value":35394,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1211411,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":151954,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":27,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":38,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1279660,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3386.987 1 -total"," 38.81% 1314.398 2 Template:Reflist"," 18.26% 618.376 157 Template:Cite_web"," 13.39% 453.562 94 Template:Cite_book"," 10.31% 349.051 89 Template:Sfn"," 8.97% 303.771 1 Template:Infobox_settlement"," 6.96% 235.678 1 Template:Infobox"," 5.00% 169.252 48 Template:Cite_news"," 3.51% 118.983 127 Template:Main_other"," 3.31% 112.026 22 Template:Navbox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.236","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":22795453,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREF(India)1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAcademy\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArnold2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAsher1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBansal2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBayly1983\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBayly1988\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBerwick1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBettsMcCulloch2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBhargava2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBindlossBrownElliott2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBose2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBourke2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBroughtonEllingham2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBruynBainAllardice2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCallewaert2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChatterji1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChaturvedi2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChaurasia2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChowdhury2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrowtherRajWheeler1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCunninghamSastri2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDas1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDesai2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDikshit2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDikshit2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunlopSykesJackson2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEck1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEck2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFogelin2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoubergMoseley2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreitag1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGandhi2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarces-Foley2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGupta2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGupta2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamnerTripathiMishraBouskill2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerman1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHussain1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJNNURM2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobsen2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJayaswal2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKasbekar2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKishore2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKochhar2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKramrisch1946\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrienitz2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKumar2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKumar2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKumar_SharmaAgrawalMarshall2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKumar_Yadav,_Mithilesh2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaxmikanth2014\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLimited2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaheshwari2000\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMallet2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarkovitz2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatthew_Atmore_Sherring\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMedhasananda2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMellorPodany2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMelton2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeltonBaumann2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMerriam-Webster1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMetcalf2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitra2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMohanty1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMohiuddin2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaskar2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOut2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPTI2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPTI2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPandey1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParry2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPintchman2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPletcher2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrakash1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPuniyani2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRawat2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRay2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReal_Corp2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRima_Hooja2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFS._Roy1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSan_Chirico2012\"] = 5,\n [\"CITEREFSatish_Chandra2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchreitmüller2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSen2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShackley2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharma\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharma1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharma2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharma2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharmaAgrawalMarshall2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharmaAgrawalMarshall2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharmaSharma2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShetty2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShrikala_Warrier2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh1993\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSingh2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinghMohanSinhaDalwani2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinghRana2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSom2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSukul1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTalageri\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTiwari2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTwain1897\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUniyalfirst=Parmita2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUttar_Pradesh_Tourism\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVera2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVerma2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVit-Suzan2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarikoo2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilder-SmithShawSchwartz2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWood2011\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 10,\n [\"Airport codes\"] = 1,\n [\"Ancient Dharmic centres of Higher Learning\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation\"] = 16,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 94,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite map\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 48,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 158,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 34,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 6,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 3,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 3,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"Flag\"] = 1,\n [\"Flagicon\"] = 2,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Geographic location\"] = 1,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 1,\n [\"Hindu holy cities\"] = 1,\n [\"IAST\"] = 3,\n [\"INRConvert\"] = 3,\n [\"IPA\"] = 3,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox settlement\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang-zh\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 7,\n [\"Maplink\"] = 1,\n [\"Million-plus agglomerations in India\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Nobold\"] = 2,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Pie chart\"] = 2,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect2\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Self-published inline\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 89,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Translation\"] = 5,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 1,\n [\"URL\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Indian English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Uttar Pradesh\"] = 1,\n [\"Varanasi\"] = 1,\n [\"Varanasi district\"] = 1,\n [\"Varanasi division topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Weather box\"] = 2,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 6,\n [\"Wide image\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiversity\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikivoyage\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","420","17.2"],["?","360","14.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","180","7.4"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","160","6.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","160","6.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","140","5.7"],["recursiveClone 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