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class="h pbm"> <h1 class="ph"> 相反相成（1）从感觉到量度 <a href="https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog.php?mod=recommend"><img src="./static/image/blog/recommendico.gif" width="22px" height="22px" /><font style="font-size:14px; color:#930;" face="宋体">精选</font></a> </h1> <p class="xg2"> <span class="xg1">已有 4817 次阅读</span> <span class="xg1">2024-11-16 07:32</span> <span class="pipe">|</span><span class="xg1">个人分类:<a href="https://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=space&uid=612874&do=blog&classid=167131&view=me">汉语言</a></span><span class="pipe">|</span><span class="xg1">系统分类:<a href="https://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=space&do=blog&view=all&uid=612874&catid=10">人文社科</a></span> </p> </div> <div id="blog_article" class="d cl" ><p style="margin-top:16px;margin-right:0;margin-bottom:16px;margin-left:0;text-align:center;line-height:200%"><strong><span style="font-size:24px;line-height: 200%;font-family:黑体;color:red">相反相成（1）从感觉到量度</span></strong></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">我们常常用到有两个意思相反的字组成的词，如大小、多少、高低、快慢等等。看看这些词的组成和意思，是很有趣的事情。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">有一类字是表示人对外界事物观察所得到的感受。这些感觉是对于两个事物的某一个性质做观察而得到的相对印象。例如，大和小就是人们对两个物体占有的空间多少进行比较后得到的结果；冷和热最早是人们对两个物体是否能够给人以温暖而得到的相对感觉。由于所得到的感觉不同，人们称它们的意思相反。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">对于这类感觉相反的两个字，组成一个词，往往可以有一个“度”的意思，也就是说可以用数字来量度了。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">比如，大和小，本来是相对的，一个大些一个小些，组成了一个词，大小，那就有量度的意思了，往往可以用数字来量度。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">在我们生活的三维空间，大小体现为体积。体积就是一个可以量度的概念。古人用升、斗、合等单位来量度，现代则用立方米、立方分米（升）和立方厘米等单位进行比较精确的量度。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">在平面的二维空间，大小则体现为面积。当指定了一个单位之后，面积可以用数字来表示，其大小就是可以量度的。古人用亩、分、厘等量度地积，现在则用平方公里、平方米、平方厘米等测量。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">在一维空间，大小体现为长度，这是最基本的物理量之一。现代人们多说长度，古人最早还是说“长短”。这是一个由两个意思相反的字组成的词。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">孟子说：“度，然后知长短”。度字的意思，就是“知长短”。今天我们所谓的“长度”就知长短的结果。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">古人用引、丈、尺、寸、分等作长度单位，现在用千米（公里）、米、分米、厘米等单位表示。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">人们用远和近表示两个物体之间的相对距离不同，而“远近”这个词的实质也是一种长度，可以测量和量度。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">在不同的方向，则有许多由两个相反意思的字组成的词来表示长度。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">对于一个平面的物体，比如长方形，长的边称为长，短的边称为宽。对“长”的方向的度量，称长短；对“宽”的方向的量度，则称宽窄。长短（即长度）和宽窄（即宽度）都是对不同方向上长度的称呼。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">把“长短”立起来，就有了高矮（指人）、高低（指物）、厚薄（指层状物的厚度）、深浅（即深度）这些称呼。高矮、高低、厚薄、深浅的实质都是长度，当然也都是可以量度的。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">对于接近圆柱体的物体，人们通常用“粗细”来表示它的直径或周长，其实质也是长度。对于纤维的粗细，现在人们用细度来描述。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">快和慢，是描述在一定时间间隔中两个物体运动距离不同的感觉。而“快慢”就是可以量度的物理量了，用如今科学的术语是速度。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">轻重，又是两个意思相反的字而组成一个可以度量的词，对应于一个重要的物理量，重量。《汉书·律历志》说：“权者，铢、两、斤、钧、石也，所以称物平施，知轻重也”。我们现在知道，这是两个质量不同的物体受到地球引力的不同而引起的。力的单位应当是牛顿，不过在日常情况下人们还是借用质量的单位（千克、克等）来描述物体的轻重即重量。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">冷热，这个词表示了另一个重要的物理量，温度。我国古人对于温度的测量只是停留在定性的阶段，只有一些描述性的词汇，如冰冷、温暖、炎热等。西方人则在18世纪开始对温度有了定量的测定。现在世界上一般使用的摄氏度、华氏度等，都是在18世纪时提出的。现在科学界所使用的开氏温标K，在每一度的大小上与摄氏度是相同的。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">过去，冷热多用于白话口语，书面语则多用寒暑。当然寒暑还有其他的含义如表示年，但是用于温度也是一个重要的用法。在早期，温度计被称为寒暑表。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">软硬表示物质的一个重要性质，即硬度。我国古人虽然对于硬度并没有定量的定义，但是对于物体的相对软硬程度还是很注重的。18世纪以来，科技工作者提出了各种不同的硬度定义，以便人们更为准确而方便地应用于各个领域。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">明和暗是眼睛对于不同光照条件下观看物体的感觉。明暗则表示了光照的强度。照度即光照强度，如今的定义是单位面积上接受到的光通量。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">干和湿是人们对于物体含水量不同的称呼，而干湿这个词就往往是湿度的另一种表述。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">大和小，长和短，远和近，高和低，高和矮，厚和薄，宽和窄，深和浅，粗和细，快和慢，轻和重，冷和热，软和硬，明和暗，干和湿等字，其意思一开始都只是人的相对感觉，每一对中的两个字的意思都是相反的。但是，两个字组成的词，大小、长短、远近、高低、高矮、厚薄、宽窄、深浅、粗细、快慢、轻重、冷热、软硬、明暗、干湿等这些词则形成了可以量度的物理量。这可以算是一种相反相成吧。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">当确定了各物理量的单位，上面的那些感觉如大和小，长和短，远和近，高和低，高和矮等等都可以用数字来表示。这样，它们性质的“相反”，就表现为数的大小不同。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">多和少最早只是表示“自然数”即个数的多和少。随着各种物理量单位的确定，量度得到的结果使得这里的数扩展为实数。多少这个在自然数域作量度的词，也就可以用作在实数域中的量度，变成了数字的大小。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 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