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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population_growth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Population growth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population_growth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population_planning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population_planning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Population planning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population_planning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Area_planning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Area_planning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Area planning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Area_planning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population_white_paper" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population_white_paper"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Population white paper</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population_white_paper-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Population</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Population-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Population subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Population_size_and_growth_by_residential_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population_size_and_growth_by_residential_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Population size and growth by residential status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population_size_and_growth_by_residential_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender_composition_of_resident_population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_composition_of_resident_population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Gender composition of resident population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender_composition_of_resident_population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Age_distribution_of_resident_population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Age_distribution_of_resident_population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Age distribution of resident population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Age_distribution_of_resident_population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population_by_sex_and_age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population_by_sex_and_age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Population by sex and age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population_by_sex_and_age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fertility_and_mortality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fertility_and_mortality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Fertility and mortality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fertility_and_mortality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_vital_statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_vital_statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Current vital statistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_vital_statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population_by_area" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population_by_area"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Population by area</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population_by_area-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnic_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ethnic groups</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ethnic_groups-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ethnic groups subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Post-independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Post-independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Pre-independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage_and_divorce" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage_and_divorce"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Marriage and divorce</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage_and_divorce-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literacy_and_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literacy_and_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Literacy and education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literacy_and_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Employment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Employment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Employment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Employment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Household_income" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Household_income"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Household income</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Household_income-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Household income subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Household_income-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Average_household_monthly_income" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Average_household_monthly_income"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Average household monthly income</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Average_household_monthly_income-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Household_income_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Household_income_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Household income distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Household_income_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Growth_in_household_income_by_decile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growth_in_household_income_by_decile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Growth in household income by decile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growth_in_household_income_by_decile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Household_income_ratio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Household_income_ratio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Household income ratio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Household_income_ratio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_rankings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_rankings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>International rankings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_rankings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Demographics of Singapore</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="ديمغرافية سنغافورة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ديمغرافية سنغافورة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinqapur_%C9%99halisi" title="Sinqapur əhalisi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sinqapur əhalisi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Насельніцтва Сінгапура – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Насельніцтва Сінгапура" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80" title="Население на Сингапур – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Население на Сингапур" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demograf%C3%ADa_de_Singapur" title="Demografía de Singapur – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Demografía de Singapur" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9mographie_de_Singapour" title="Démographie de Singapour – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Démographie de Singapour" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demograf%C3%ADa_de_Singapur" title="Demografía de Singapur – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Demografía de Singapur" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%B1%EA%B0%80%ED%8F%AC%EB%A5%B4%EC%9D%98_%EC%9D%B8%EA%B5%AC" title="싱가포르의 인구 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="싱가포르의 인구" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="सिंगापुर की जनसांख्यिकी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सिंगापुर की जनसांख्यिकी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demografi_Singapura" title="Demografi Singapura – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Demografi Singapura" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singap%C5%ABro_demografija" title="Singapūro demografija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Singapūro demografija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szingap%C3%BAr_demogr%C3%A1fi%C3%A1ja" title="Szingapúr demográfiája – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szingapúr demográfiája" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demografi_Singapura" title="Demografi Singapura – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Demografi Singapura" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demografia_de_Singapura" title="Demografia de Singapura – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Demografia de Singapura" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Население Сингапура – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Население Сингапура" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demografia_e_Singaporit" title="Demografia e Singaporit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Demografia e Singaporit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporen_v%C3%A4est%C3%B6" title="Singaporen väestö – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Singaporen väestö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="சிங்கப்பூர் மக்கள் தொகையியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிங்கப்பூர் மக்கள் தொகையியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ประชากรศาสตร์สิงคโปร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประชากรศาสตร์สิงคโปร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83" title="Населення Сінгапуру – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Населення Сінгапуру" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="line-height:120%"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ddddff">Demographics of <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Singapore_single_age_population_pyramid_2020.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Singapore_single_age_population_pyramid_2020.png/350px-Singapore_single_age_population_pyramid_2020.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Singapore_single_age_population_pyramid_2020.png/525px-Singapore_single_age_population_pyramid_2020.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Singapore_single_age_population_pyramid_2020.png/700px-Singapore_single_age_population_pyramid_2020.png 2x" data-file-width="2212" data-file-height="1777" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Population_pyramid" title="Population pyramid">Population pyramid</a> of Singapore as of 2020</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population</th><td class="infobox-data">5,637,000 (2023)<sup id="cite_ref-Data_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Data-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Birth rate</th><td class="infobox-data">8.6 births/1,000 population (2021)<sup id="cite_ref-Data_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Data-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Death rate</th><td class="infobox-data">5.8 deaths/1,000 population (2021)<sup id="cite_ref-Data_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Data-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Life expectancy</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 83.0 years (2022)<sup id="cite_ref-Data_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Data-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • male</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 80.7 years (2022)<sup id="cite_ref-Data_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Data-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • female</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 85.3 years (2022)<sup id="cite_ref-Data_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Data-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fertility rate</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.97 (2023)<sup id="cite_ref-Data_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Data-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Infant mortality rate</th><td class="infobox-data">1.8 deaths/1,000 live births (2021)<sup id="cite_ref-Data_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Data-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddddff">Age structure</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">0–14 years</th><td class="infobox-data">14.54%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">15–64 years</th><td class="infobox-data">70.26%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">65 and over</th><td class="infobox-data">15.20%</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddddff">Nationality</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>noun</i>: Singaporean(s) <i>adjective</i>: Singaporean</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Major ethnic</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Singaporeans" title="Chinese Singaporeans">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malay_Singaporean" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay Singaporean">Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Singaporean" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Singaporean">Indian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kristang_people" title="Kristang people">Eurasian</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddddff">Language</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spoken</th><td class="infobox-data">English, Singlish, Mandarin, Malay, Tamil and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Singapore" title="Languages of Singapore">others</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As of June 2023, the population of <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> stands at 5.92 million.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of these 5.92 million people, 4.15 million are residents, consisting of 3.61 million <a href="/wiki/Singaporeans" title="Singaporeans">citizens</a> and 540,000 <a href="/wiki/Permanent_residency_in_Singapore" title="Permanent residency in Singapore">permanent residents</a> (PRs). The remaining 1.77 million people living in Singapore are classed as non-residents, a group consisting mainly of resident workers without political rights who are routinely excluded from official demographic statistics. </p><p>Singapore is a multiracial, multiethnic, and <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">multicultural</a> Asian society. Major religions include <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>. Its people are broadly organised under the CMIO (Chinese–Malay–Indian–Other) system of categorisation. Although Malays are recognised as the indigenous community,<sup id="cite_ref-UNHCR_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNHCR-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 75.9% of the citizens and permanent resident visa holders are ethnic Chinese, with ethnic Malay and Indians comprising 15.0% and 7.5% respectively. Together, the three largest ethnic groups comprise 98.4% of the citizen population.<sup id="cite_ref-census2020_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2020-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remaining 1.6% comprises members of "Other" races, which comprises largely <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Singaporeans" title="Eurasian Singaporeans">Eurasians</a>. Despite long term occupancy, Singapore excludes 29% of the population as non-residents for the purpose of resident statistics.<sup id="cite_ref-census2020_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2020-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Officially, mixed-race Singaporeans are often regarded as having the race of their father. However, race categorisation, for example on an individual's <a href="/wiki/National_Registration_Identity_Card" title="National Registration Identity Card">identity card</a>, may also reflect both ethnicities of their parents.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are four official languages in Singapore: <a href="/wiki/Singapore_English" title="Singapore English">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Mandarin" title="Singaporean Mandarin">Mandarin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>. Malay is the symbolic national language, while English is the main <a href="/wiki/Working_language" title="Working language">working language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Singapore" title="Education in Singapore">Education in Singapore</a> is bilingual, with English being the medium of instruction. Students are also required to learn a second language, usually Malay, Mandarin, or Tamil.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Singlish_vocabulary" title="Singlish vocabulary">Singlish</a>, a local <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creole</a> and accent, is often used in colloquial speech between all native races of Singapore. There is also <a href="/wiki/Singdarin" title="Singdarin">Singdarin</a>, a Mandarin creole. </p><p>The annual total population growth rate for the year 2020 was -0.3%.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Singapore's resident <a href="/wiki/Total_fertility_rate" title="Total fertility rate">total fertility rate</a> (TFR) was 1.10 in 2020; the Singaporean Chinese, Malay and Indian fertility rates were 0.94, 1.83 and 0.97 respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population_growth">Population growth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Population growth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; text-align:center; margin:1em;"> <caption><b>Population growth and immigration in selected periods</b><sup id="cite_ref-saw2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saw2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:6em;">Period </th> <th style="width:7em;">Population increase </th> <th style="width:7em;">Natural increase </th> <th style="width:7em;">Net immigration </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left">1881–1891 </td> <td>43,857 </td> <td>−30,932<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_1"><a href="#endnote_1">A</a></sup> </td> <td>74,798 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">1901–1911 </td> <td>75,729 </td> <td>−59,978<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_1"><a href="#endnote_1">A</a></sup> </td> <td>135,707 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">1921–1931 </td> <td>230,387 </td> <td>18,176 </td> <td>212,211 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">1947–1957 </td> <td>507,800 </td> <td>395,600 </td> <td>112,200 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">1970–1980 </td> <td>339,400 </td> <td>315,400 </td> <td>24,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">1990–2000 </td> <td>980,755 </td> <td>325,887 </td> <td>654,868 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">2000–2010 </td> <td>1,048,845 </td> <td>224,718 </td> <td>824,127 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">2010–2020 </td> <td>609,075 </td> <td>203,643 </td> <td>405,432 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <ul><li><small><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_1"><b><a href="#ref_1">^A</a></b></span> Negative figures are due to low birth rate and high death rate</small></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Singapore" title="Immigration to Singapore">Immigration to Singapore</a></div> <p>Population growth in Singapore was fueled by immigration for a long period of time, starting soon after <a href="/wiki/Stamford_Raffles" title="Stamford Raffles">Stamford Raffles</a> landed in Singapore in 1819, when the population of the island was estimated to be around 1,000.<sup id="cite_ref-rahim_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rahim-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first official census taken in January 1824 showed that the resident population of Singapore had grown to 10,683: 4,580 Malays, 3,317 Chinese, 1,925 <a href="/wiki/Bugis" title="Bugis">Bugis</a>, 756 natives of India, 74 Europeans, 16 Armenians, and 15 Arabs.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chinese males greatly outnumbered the females; in the 1826 population figures there were 5,747 Chinese males but only 341 Chinese females, in contrast to 2,501 Malay males and 2,289 Malay females. The figures for around a thousand Indians in 1826 are also similarly skewed towards male – 209 male and 35 female <a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengalis</a>, 772 males and 5 females from the <a href="/wiki/Coromandel_Coast" title="Coromandel Coast">Coromandel Coast</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-census_1826_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census_1826-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1836, the population figure had risen to 29,980, and marked a change in demographics as the Malays were outnumbered for the first time; 45.9% of the population were Chinese versus 41.9% for Malays (including Javanese and Bugis).<sup id="cite_ref-census_1836_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census_1836-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jstor1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jstor1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women from China were discouraged from emigrating, and most of the Chinese females in this early period of Singapore were likely <span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ms-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Peranakan" class="mw-redirect" title="Peranakan">nyonyas</a></i></span> from <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a>; it was noted in 1837 that there were no Chinese women in Singapore who had emigrated directly from China.<sup id="cite_ref-jstor1_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jstor1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The imbalance of the sexes continued for a long period, for example, the 1901 census figures show that there were 130,367 Chinese males compared to 33,674 Chinese females.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such imbalance also meant that fewer people were born in early Singapore, and in the first hundred years, most of the Chinese population in Singapore were immigrants. By the late 1890s, only around 10% of the Chinese population in Singapore were born there.<sup id="cite_ref-warren_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-warren-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the early migrant workers from China and India did not intend to settle permanently to raise their families in Singapore; they worked to send back remittance to their families back home, and would return to China or India after they had earned enough money. Later an increasing number of Chinese chose to settle permanently in Singapore, especially in the 1920s when it became more favourable to stay in Singapore rather than returning to China. Change in social attitude in the modern era also meant that Chinese women were freer to emigrate from China, and the sex ratio began to normalise.<sup id="cite_ref-jstor1_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jstor1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This gradual normalisation of sex ratio led to an increase in the number of native births. Immigration continued to be the main reason for the Chinese population increase in Singapore until the 1931–1947 period when the natural increase in population surpassed the net immigration figure.<sup id="cite_ref-warren_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-warren-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Saw_Swee-Hock_12_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saw_Swee-Hock_12-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, in the period from 1947 to 1957, Singapore saw a massive population increase mostly due to increased number of native births.<sup id="cite_ref-Natalism_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Natalism-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The birth rate rose and the death rate fell; the average annual growth rate was 4.4%, of which 1% was due to immigration; Singapore experienced its highest birth rate in 1957 at 42.7 per thousand individuals. (This was also the same year the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> saw its peak birth rate.) </p><p>Immigration to Singapore also fell sharply after Singapore independence due to tighter control of immigration from Malaysia and other countries. The population increase became dominated by native births with 315,400 in the 1970–1980 period due to natural increase compared to 24,000 from net migration. However, a lower rate of natural growth in population and the need for low-skill labour resulted in a deliberate shift in policy by the Singapore government to allow more foreigners to live and work in the country, and net migration increased in the 1980–1990 period to nearly 200,000. By the decade of 1990–2000, the net migrant number of over 600,000 had surpassed the natural growth of the population, and accounted for nearly two-thirds of the population increase. The same high level of immigration is also seen in the next decade with 664,083 net migration recorded.<sup id="cite_ref-saw2_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saw2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin:1em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Net migration rate </th> <td align="right">9.12 migrants/1,000 population (2006 est.) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Due to the continued low birth rate, amongst other reasons, the Singapore government has varied its <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Singapore" title="Immigration to Singapore">immigration policy</a> over the years. As the demand for labour grew with industrialisation, foreign talent with professional qualifications as well as less-skilled foreign workers has made up a significant and increasing proportion of Singapore's total population since the 2000s and 2010s. Curbs on immigration, however, began to be implemented in the 2010s to ease increasing social issues arising from the high level of immigration.<sup id="cite_ref-ST_2015_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ST_2015-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population_planning">Population planning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Population planning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Population_planning_in_Singapore" title="Population planning in Singapore">Population planning in Singapore</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; text-align:center; margin:1em;"> <caption>Per-period population growth, 1947—2000<sup id="cite_ref-Natalism_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Natalism-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Period</th> <th>Growth rate </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:right"> <td>1947—1957</td> <td>84.7% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right"> <td>1957—1970</td> <td>90.8% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right"> <td>1970—1980</td> <td>13.3% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right"> <td>1980—1990</td> <td>18.5% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right"> <td>1990— 2000</td> <td>20.6% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The post-war boom in births led to an interest in family planning, and by 1960, the government publicly funded and supported family planning programmes. After independence in 1965, the birth rate had fallen to 29.5 per thousand individuals, and the natural growth rate had fallen to 2.5%. Birth rates in the 1960s were still perceived as high by the government; on average, a baby was born every 11 minutes in 1965. <a href="/wiki/Kandang_Kerbau_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Kandang Kerbau Hospital">Kandang Kerbau Hospital</a> (KKH)—which specialised in women's health and was the most popular hospital to have children—saw over 100 deliveries per day in 1962. In 1966, KKH delivered 39835 babies, earning it a place in the <a href="/wiki/Guinness_Book_of_World_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinness Book of World Records">Guinness Book of World Records</a> for "largest number of births in a single maternity facility" for ten years. Because there was generally a massive shortage of beds in that era, mothers with routine deliveries were discharged from hospitals within 24 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-a2ofam_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a2ofam-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 1965 the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_(Singapore)" title="Ministry of Health (Singapore)">Minister for Health</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yong_Nyuk_Lin" title="Yong Nyuk Lin">Yong Nyuk Lin</a>, submitted a white paper to Parliament, recommending a "Five-year Mass Family Planning programme" that would reduce the birth rate to 20.0 per thousand individuals by 1970. In 1966, the Family Planning and Population Board (FPPB) had been established based on the findings of the white paper, providing clinical services and public education on <a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">family planning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LOC1989_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LOC1989-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1970, the <a href="/wiki/Eugenics_in_Singapore#Stop_at_Two" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugenics in Singapore"><i>Stop at Two</i></a> campaign was firmly established, implementing incentives, disincentives and public exhortation to discourage families from having more than two children. After 1975, the fertility rate declined below replacement level, in a sign that Singapore was undergoing the <a href="/wiki/Demographic_transition" title="Demographic transition">demographic transition</a>. In 1983, the <i>Graduate Mothers' Scheme</i> was implemented in an attempt to get educated women, especially women with a university degree, to marry and procreate, while the government encouraged women without an <a href="/wiki/GCE_Ordinary_Level" title="GCE Ordinary Level">O-level degree</a> to get <a href="/wiki/Sterilization_(medicine)" title="Sterilization (medicine)">sterilised</a>. This was done out of the <a href="/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Lee Kuan Yew">Lee Kuan Yew</a> government's belief that for the nation to best develop and avoid hardship, the educated classes should be encouraged to contribute to the nation's breeding pool, while the uneducated should not, sparking the <i>Great Marriage Debate</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-LOC1989_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LOC1989-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1986, the government reversed its population policy—except its stance on low-income, lowly-educated women—and initiated the <a href="/wiki/Eugenics_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugenics in Singapore">Have Three or More (if you can afford it)</a> campaign, offering cash and public administration incentives to have children. In 2001, the Singapore government started its <a href="/wiki/Baby_Bonus" class="mw-redirect" title="Baby Bonus">Baby Bonus</a> scheme. </p><p>Singapore has one of the lowest <a href="/wiki/Fertility_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertility rate">fertility rates</a> in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, Singapore total fertility rate (TFR) was 1.20 children born per woman, a <a href="/wiki/Sub-replacement_fertility" title="Sub-replacement fertility">sub-replacement fertility</a> rate. Ethnic Chinese had a fertility of 1.07 in 2004 (1.65 in 1990), while Malays had a TFR of 2.10 (2.69 in 1990). Both figures declined further in 2006. TFR for Indians was 1.30 in 2004 and 1.89 in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Singapore government has launched several highly publicised attempts to raise the fertility rate and increase awareness of the negative effects of an ageing population, the elderly (65 and above) had constituted 9.9% of its population in 2012; this proportion is still significantly lower than that of many other developed nations, such as the United States and Japan. In February 2015, <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Singapore" title="National University of Singapore">National University of Singapore</a> launched the "New Age Institute" in conjunction with <a href="/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis" title="Washington University in St. Louis">Washington University in St. Louis</a> to conduct research on this issue.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Area_planning">Area planning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Area planning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Planning_areas_of_Singapore" title="Planning areas of Singapore">Planning areas of Singapore</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_towns_of_Singapore" title="New towns of Singapore">New towns of Singapore</a></div> <p>The population of Singapore are generally housed within <a href="/wiki/New_towns_of_Singapore" title="New towns of Singapore">new towns</a>, which are large scale satellite housing developments designed to be self contained. It includes public housing units, private housing, a town centre and other amenities.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 1950s, Singapore had a city centre surrounded by slums and squatter colonies. By 1959 when Singapore attained self government, the problem of housing shortage had grown. Combined with a fast population growth, it led to congestion and squalor.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Planned_community" title="Planned community">new towns</a> planning concept was introduced in July 1952 by the country's public housing authority, <a href="/wiki/Housing_and_Development_Board" title="Housing and Development Board">Housing and Development Board (HDB)</a>, to counter the housing shortage problem and to relocate most of the population crammed within the city centre to other parts of the island.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, there are 23 new towns and 3 estates within the country, with Bedok being the largest by area and population.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population_white_paper">Population white paper</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Population white paper"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Population_White_Paper" title="Population White Paper">Population White Paper</a></div> <p>In early 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Singapore" title="Parliament of Singapore">Parliament of Singapore</a> debated over the policies recommended by the Population White Paper entitled <i>A Sustainable Population for a Dynamic Singapore</i>. Citing that Singapore's 900,000 Baby Boomers would comprise a quarter of the citizen population by 2030 and that its workforce would shrink "from 2020 onwards", the White Paper projected that by 2030, Singapore's "total population could range between 6.5 and 6.9 million", with resident population between 4.2 and 4.4 million and citizen population between 3.6 and 3.8 million. The White Paper called for an increase in the number of foreign workers so as to provide balance between the number of skilled and less-skilled workers, as well as provide healthcare and domestic services. It also claimed that foreign workers help businesses thrive when the economy is good.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The motion was passed<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> albeit after amendments made to leave out "population policy" and add focus on infrastructure and transport development. </p><p>The White Paper was heavily criticised and panned by opposition parties and government critics.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Member of Parliament <a href="/wiki/Low_Thia_Khiang" title="Low Thia Khiang">Low Thia Khiang</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Workers' Party of Singapore">Workers' Party of Singapore</a> had criticised current measures of increasing the fertility rate, claiming that this would lead to an increase of a higher cost of living and discourage young couples from having more kids. As for current immigration policies, he had noted that immigrants were a source of friction for Singaporeans and that an increased population would put more stress and strain on the urban infrastructure.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 16 February 2013, nearly 3,000 people rallied to protest against the White Paper at <a href="/wiki/Hong_Lim_Park" title="Hong Lim Park">Hong Lim Park</a> and raised concerns that the increased population would lead to the deterioration of public service and the increase of the cost of living.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population">Population</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population_size_and_growth_by_residential_status">Population size and growth by residential status</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Population size and growth by residential status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Notice plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width:100%;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;"><div class="mbox-text-span">Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on <a href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940" class="extiw" title="phab:T334940">Phabricator</a> and on <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Graph/Plans">MediaWiki.org</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Notice plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width:100%;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;"><div class="mbox-text-span">Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on <a href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940" class="extiw" title="phab:T334940">Phabricator</a> and on <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Graph/Plans">MediaWiki.org</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Notice plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width:100%;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;"><div class="mbox-text-span">Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on <a href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940" class="extiw" title="phab:T334940">Phabricator</a> and on <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Graph/Plans">MediaWiki.org</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Source: Singapore Department of Statistics<sup id="cite_ref-:0_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 80%;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Year</th> <th colspan="5">Number ('000)</th> <th colspan="5">Growth (year on year)</th> <th rowspan="2">Land area (km<sup>2</sup>)<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th rowspan="2">Population density (persons per km<sup>2</sup>) </th></tr> <tr> <th>Total population</th> <th>Total residents</th> <th>Singapore citizens</th> <th>Permanent residents</th> <th>Non-residents</th> <th>Total population</th> <th>Total residents</th> <th>Singapore citizens</th> <th>Permanent residents</th> <th>Non-residents </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:right"> <td>1950</td> <td>1,022.1</td> <td>na</td> <td>na</td> <td>na</td> <td>na</td> <td>4.4%</td> <td>na</td> <td>na</td> <td>na</td> <td>na</td> <td>na</td> <td>na </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right"> <td>1955</td> <td>1,305.5</td> <td>na</td> <td>na</td> <td>na</td> <td>na</td> <td>4.6%</td> <td>na</td> <td>na</td> <td>na</td> <td>na</td> <td>na</td> <td>na </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right"> <td>1960</td> <td>1,646.4</td> <td>na</td> <td>na</td> <td>na</td> <td>na</td> <td>3.7%</td> <td>na</td> <td>na</td> <td>na</td> <td>na</td> <td>581.5</td> <td>2,831 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right"> <td>1965</td> <td>1,886.9</td> <td>na</td> <td>na</td> <td>na</td> <td>na</td> <td>2.5%</td> <td>na</td> <td>na</td> <td>na</td> <td>na</td> <td>581.5</td> <td>3,245 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right"> <td>1970</td> <td>2,074.5</td> <td>2,013.6</td> <td>1,874.8</td> <td>138.8</td> <td>60.9</td> <td>2.8%</td> <td>na</td> <td>na</td> <td>na</td> <td>na</td> <td>586.4</td> <td>3,538 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right"> <td>1975</td> <td>2,262.6</td> <td>na</td> <td>na</td> <td>na</td> <td>na</td> <td>1.5%</td> <td>na</td> <td>na</td> <td>na</td> <td>na</td> <td>596.8</td> <td>3,791 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right"> <td>1980</td> <td>2,413.9</td> <td>2,282.1</td> <td>2,194.3</td> <td>87.8</td> <td>131.8</td> <td>1.5%</td> <td>1.3%</td> <td>na</td> <td>na</td> <td>na</td> <td>617.8</td> <td>3,907 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right"> <td>1985</td> <td>2,736</td> <td>2,482.6</td> <td>na</td> <td>na</td> <td>253.3</td> <td>0.1%</td> <td>1.6%</td> <td>na</td> <td>na</td> <td>na</td> <td>620.5</td> <td>4,409 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right"> <td>1990</td> <td>3,047.1</td> <td>2,735.9</td> <td>2,623.7</td> <td>112.1</td> <td>311.3</td> <td>2.3%</td> <td>1.7%</td> <td>1.7%</td> <td>2.3%</td> <td>9.0%</td> <td>633</td> <td>4,706 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right"> <td>1995</td> <td>3,524.5</td> <td>3,013.5</td> <td>2,823.7</td> <td>189.8</td> <td>511</td> <td>3.1%</td> <td>1.8%</td> <td>1.4%</td> <td>8.3%</td> <td>11.2%</td> <td>647.5</td> <td>5,443 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right"> <td>2000</td> <td>4,027.9</td> <td>3,273.4</td> <td>2,985.9</td> <td>287.5</td> <td>754.5</td> <td>2.8%</td> <td>1.8%</td> <td>1.3%</td> <td>9.9%</td> <td>9.3%</td> <td>682.7</td> <td>5,900 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right"> <td>2005</td> <td>4,265.8</td> <td>3,467.8</td> <td>3,081</td> <td>386.8</td> <td>797.9</td> <td>2.4%</td> <td>1.6%</td> <td>0.8%</td> <td>8.6%</td> <td>5.9%</td> <td>697.9</td> <td>6,121 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right"> <td>2010</td> <td>5,076.7</td> <td>3,771.7</td> <td>3,230.7</td> <td>541.0</td> <td>1,305.0</td> <td>1.8%</td> <td>1.0%</td> <td>0.9%</td> <td>1.5%</td> <td>4.1%</td> <td>712.4</td> <td>7,126 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right"> <td>2015</td> <td>5,535.0</td> <td>3,902.7</td> <td>3,375.0</td> <td>527.7</td> <td>1,632.3</td> <td>1.2%</td> <td>0.8%</td> <td>1.0%</td> <td>0%</td> <td>2.1%</td> <td>719.1</td> <td>7,697 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right"> <td>2020</td> <td>5,685,8</td> <td>4,044.2</td> <td>3,523.2</td> <td>521</td> <td>1,641.6</td> <td>-0.3%</td> <td>0.4%</td> <td>0.6%</td> <td>-0.8%</td> <td>0.02%</td> <td>728.3</td> <td>7,810 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender_composition_of_resident_population">Gender composition of resident population</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Gender composition of resident population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Source: Singapore Department of Statistics<sup id="cite_ref-tablebuilder.singstat.gov.sg_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tablebuilder.singstat.gov.sg-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:80%;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>1960</th> <th>1965</th> <th>1970</th> <th>1975</th> <th>1980</th> <th>1985</th> <th>1990</th> <th>1995</th> <th>2000</th> <th>2005</th> <th>2010</th> <th>2015</th> <th>2020 </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:right"> <td>Total</td> <td>1,646.4</td> <td>1,886.9</td> <td>2,013.6</td> <td>2,262.6</td> <td>2,282.1</td> <td>2,482.6</td> <td>2,735.9</td> <td>3,013.5</td> <td>3,273.4</td> <td>3,467.8</td> <td>3,771.7</td> <td>3,902.7</td> <td>4,044.2 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right"> <td>Males</td> <td>859.6</td> <td>973.8</td> <td>1,030.8</td> <td>1,156.1</td> <td>1,159.0</td> <td>1,258.5</td> <td>1,386.3</td> <td>1,514.0</td> <td>1,634.7</td> <td>1,721.1</td> <td>1,861.1</td> <td>1,916.6</td> <td>1,977.6 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right"> <td>Females</td> <td>786.8</td> <td>913.1</td> <td>982.8</td> <td>1,106.5</td> <td>1,123.1</td> <td>1,224.2</td> <td>1,349.6</td> <td>1,499.5</td> <td>1,638.7</td> <td>1,746.7</td> <td>1,910.6</td> <td>1,986.1</td> <td>2,066.7 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right"> <td>Sex ratio (males per 1,000 females)</td> <td>1,093</td> <td>1,066</td> <td>1,049</td> <td>1,045</td> <td>1,032</td> <td>1,028</td> <td>1,027</td> <td>1,010</td> <td>998</td> <td>985</td> <td>974</td> <td>965</td> <td>957 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Age_distribution_of_resident_population">Age distribution of resident population</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Age distribution of resident population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Source: Singapore Department of Statistics<sup id="cite_ref-Singstat_2012_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singstat_2012-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Age group (years)</th> <th>1990</th> <th>2000</th> <th>2010</th> <th>2011</th> <th>2012</th> <th>2013</th> <th>2014 </th></tr> <tr> <td>Below 15</td> <td>23.0%</td> <td>21.9%</td> <td>17.4%</td> <td>16.8%</td> <td>16.4%</td> <td>16.0%</td> <td>15.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>15–24</td> <td>16.9%</td> <td>12.9%</td> <td>13.5%</td> <td>13.6%</td> <td>13.7%</td> <td>13.6%</td> <td>13.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>25–34</td> <td>21.5%</td> <td>17.0%</td> <td>15.1%</td> <td>14.8%</td> <td>14.4%</td> <td>14.4%</td> <td>14.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>35–44</td> <td>16.9%</td> <td>19.4%</td> <td>16.7%</td> <td>16.4%</td> <td>16.3%</td> <td>16.1%</td> <td>16.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td>45–54</td> <td>9.0%</td> <td>14.3%</td> <td>16.6%</td> <td>16.7%</td> <td>16.5%</td> <td>16.4%</td> <td>16.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>55–64</td> <td>6.7%</td> <td>7.2%</td> <td>11.7%</td> <td>12.4%</td> <td>12.7%</td> <td>13.1%</td> <td>13.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>65 and over</td> <td>6.0%</td> <td>7.2%</td> <td>9.0%</td> <td>9.3%</td> <td>9.9%</td> <td>10.5%</td> <td>11.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Median age (years)</td> <td>29.8</td> <td>34.0</td> <td>37.4</td> <td>38.0</td> <td>38.4</td> <td>38.9<sup id="cite_ref-Singstat_2015_Population_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singstat_2015_Population-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>39.3<sup id="cite_ref-Singstat_2015_Population_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singstat_2015_Population-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Age_distribution_in_Singapore_1960-2016.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Age_distribution_in_Singapore_1960-2016.gif/550px-Age_distribution_in_Singapore_1960-2016.gif" decoding="async" width="550" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Age_distribution_in_Singapore_1960-2016.gif/825px-Age_distribution_in_Singapore_1960-2016.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Age_distribution_in_Singapore_1960-2016.gif 2x" data-file-width="938" data-file-height="544" /></a><figcaption>This animation shows the share of age groups for the population of Singapore from 1960 – 2016. The age group which contains the median is highlighted. The population of Singapore is considered to be ageing rapidly.<sup id="cite_ref-tablebuilder.singstat.gov.sg_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tablebuilder.singstat.gov.sg-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population_by_sex_and_age">Population by sex and age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Population by sex and age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="80pt">Age group<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th width="80pt">Male </th> <th width="80pt">Female </th> <th width="80pt">Total </th> <th width="80pt">% </th></tr> <tr> <td align="right">Total </td> <td align="right">1 977 556 </td> <td align="right">2 066 654 </td> <td align="right">4 044 210 </td> <td align="right">100 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">0–4 </td> <td align="right">93 388 </td> <td align="right">89 688 </td> <td align="right">183 076 </td> <td align="right">4.53 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">5–9 </td> <td align="right">101 729 </td> <td align="right">97 008 </td> <td align="right">198 737 </td> <td align="right">4.91 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">10–14 </td> <td align="right">104 967 </td> <td align="right">101 426 </td> <td align="right">206 393 </td> <td align="right">5.10 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">15–19 </td> <td align="right">109 868 </td> <td align="right">105 366 </td> <td align="right">215 234 </td> <td align="right">5.32 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">20–24 </td> <td align="right">124 617 </td> <td align="right">119 920 </td> <td align="right">244 537 </td> <td align="right">6.05 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">25–29 </td> <td align="right">142 382 </td> <td align="right">144 615 </td> <td align="right">286 997 </td> <td align="right">7.10 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">30–34 </td> <td align="right">143 022 </td> <td align="right">154 776 </td> <td align="right">297 798 </td> <td align="right">7.36 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">35–39 </td> <td align="right">141 357 </td> <td align="right">158 158 </td> <td align="right">299 515 </td> <td align="right">7.41 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">40–44 </td> <td align="right">142 801 </td> <td align="right">156 490 </td> <td align="right">299 291 </td> <td align="right">7.40 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">45–49 </td> <td align="right">151 690 </td> <td align="right">160 050 </td> <td align="right">311 740 </td> <td align="right">7.71 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">50–54 </td> <td align="right">145 383 </td> <td align="right">150 685 </td> <td align="right">296 068 </td> <td align="right">7.32 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">55–59 </td> <td align="right">152 960 </td> <td align="right">152 870 </td> <td align="right">305 830 </td> <td align="right">7.56 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">60–64 </td> <td align="right">141 471 </td> <td align="right">143 155 </td> <td align="right">284 626 </td> <td align="right">7.04 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">65–69 </td> <td align="right">112 609 </td> <td align="right">116 787 </td> <td align="right">229 396 </td> <td align="right">5.67 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">70–74 </td> <td align="right">80 819 </td> <td align="right">89 189 </td> <td align="right">170 008 </td> <td align="right">4.20 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">75–79 </td> <td align="right">40 773 </td> <td align="right">50 217 </td> <td align="right">90 990 </td> <td align="right">2.25 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">80–84 </td> <td align="right">27 886 </td> <td align="right">38 627 </td> <td align="right">66 513 </td> <td align="right">1.64 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">85-89 </td> <td align="right">13 522 </td> <td align="right">23 064 </td> <td align="right">36 586 </td> <td align="right">0.90 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">90+ </td> <td align="right">6312 </td> <td align="right">14 563 </td> <td align="right">20 875 </td> <td align="right">0.52 </td></tr> <tr> <th width="50">Age group </th> <th width="80pt">Male </th> <th width="80">Female </th> <th width="80">Total </th> <th width="50">Percent </th></tr> <tr> <td align="right">0–14 </td> <td align="right">300 084 </td> <td align="right">288 122 </td> <td align="right">588 206 </td> <td align="right">14.54 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">15–64 </td> <td align="right">1 395 551 </td> <td align="right">1 446 085 </td> <td align="right">2 841 636 </td> <td align="right">70.26 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">65+ </td> <td align="right">281 921 </td> <td align="right">332 447 </td> <td align="right">614 368 </td> <td align="right">15.19 </td></tr> </tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bev%C3%B6lkerungspyramide_Singapur_2016.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Bev%C3%B6lkerungspyramide_Singapur_2016.png/220px-Bev%C3%B6lkerungspyramide_Singapur_2016.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Bev%C3%B6lkerungspyramide_Singapur_2016.png/330px-Bev%C3%B6lkerungspyramide_Singapur_2016.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Bev%C3%B6lkerungspyramide_Singapur_2016.png/440px-Bev%C3%B6lkerungspyramide_Singapur_2016.png 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>Population pyramid according to the CIA</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fertility_and_mortality">Fertility and mortality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Fertility and mortality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="vertical-align:middle; color:#202122;"> <caption>Fertility and mortality<sup id="cite_ref-Singstat_2012_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singstat_2012-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Singstat_2015_Population_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singstat_2015_Population-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;">Year </th> <th style="font-weight:bold;">Total live-births </th> <th>Resident live-births </th> <th>Crude birth rate (per 1,000 residents) </th> <th>Total fertility rate (per female) </th> <th>Gross reproduction rate (per female) </th> <th>Net reproduction rate (per female) </th> <th style="font-weight:bold;">Total deaths </th> <th>Crude death rate (per 1,000 residents) </th> <th>Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 resident live-births) </th> <th>Life expectancy at birth (years) </th> <th>Life expectancy at birth for males (years) </th> <th>Life expectancy at birth for females (Years) </th> <th style="font-weight:bold;">Natural growth </th> <th style="font-weight:bold;">Natural change </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;">1950 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>45.4 </td> <td>N.A. </td> <td>N.A. </td> <td>N.A. </td> <td> </td> <td>12 </td> <td>82.2 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;">1955 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>44.3 </td> <td>N.A. </td> <td>N.A. </td> <td>N.A. </td> <td> </td> <td>8.1 </td> <td>49.5 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;">1960 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>37.5 </td> <td>5.76 </td> <td>2.78 </td> <td>2.54 </td> <td> </td> <td>6.2 </td> <td>34.9 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;">1965 </td> <td style="font-weight:bold;"> </td> <td> </td> <td>29.5 </td> <td>4.66 </td> <td>2.27 </td> <td>2.08 </td> <td style="font-weight:bold;"> </td> <td>5.4 </td> <td>26.3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-weight:bold;"> </td> <td style="font-weight:bold;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;">1970 </td> <td style="font-weight:bold;">45,934 </td> <td>N.A. </td> <td>22.1 </td> <td>3.07 </td> <td>1.49 </td> <td>1.42 </td> <td style="font-weight:bold;">10,717 </td> <td>5.2 </td> <td>20.5 </td> <td>65.8 </td> <td>64.1 </td> <td>67.8 </td> <td style="font-weight:bold;">35,217 </td> <td style="font-weight:bold;">16.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;">1975 </td> <td style="font-weight:bold;"> </td> <td> </td> <td>17.7 </td> <td>2.07 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>0.97 </td> <td style="font-weight:bold;"> </td> <td>5.1 </td> <td>13.9 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-weight:bold;"> </td> <td style="font-weight:bold;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;">1980 </td> <td style="font-weight:bold;">41,217 </td> <td>40,100 </td> <td>17.6 </td> <td>1.82 </td> <td>0.88 </td> <td>0.86 </td> <td style="font-weight:bold;">12,505 </td> <td>4.9 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>72.1 </td> <td>69.8 </td> <td>74.7 </td> <td style="font-weight:bold;">28,712 </td> <td style="font-weight:bold;">12.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;">1985 </td> <td style="font-weight:bold;"> </td> <td> </td> <td>16.6 </td> <td>1.61 </td> <td>0.78 </td> <td>0.76 </td> <td style="font-weight:bold;"> </td> <td>4.9 </td> <td>7.6 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-weight:bold;"> </td> <td style="font-weight:bold;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;">1990 </td> <td style="font-weight:bold;">51,142 </td> <td>49,787 </td> <td>18.2 </td> <td>1.83 </td> <td>0.88 </td> <td>0.87 </td> <td style="font-weight:bold;">13,891 </td> <td>4.7 </td> <td>6.6 </td> <td>75.3 </td> <td>73.1 </td> <td>77.6 </td> <td style="font-weight:bold;">37,251 </td> <td style="font-weight:bold;">13.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;">1995 </td> <td style="font-weight:bold;"> </td> <td> </td> <td>15.6 </td> <td>1.67 </td> <td>0.8 </td> <td>0.8 </td> <td style="font-weight:bold;"> </td> <td>4.8 </td> <td>3.8 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-weight:bold;"> </td> <td style="font-weight:bold;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;">2000 </td> <td style="font-weight:bold;">46,997 </td> <td>44,765 </td> <td>13.7 </td> <td>1.6 </td> <td>0.77 </td> <td>0.77 </td> <td style="font-weight:bold;">15,693 </td> <td>4.5 </td> <td>2.5 </td> <td>78 </td> <td>76 </td> <td>80 </td> <td style="font-weight:bold;">31,304 </td> <td style="font-weight:bold;">9.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;">2005 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>10.2 </td> <td>1.26 </td> <td>0.61 </td> <td>0.61 </td> <td> </td> <td>4.4 </td> <td>2.1 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;">2006 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>10.3 </td> <td>1.28 </td> <td>0.62 </td> <td>0.61 </td> <td> </td> <td>4.4 </td> <td>2.6 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;">2007 </td> <td style="font-weight:bold;"> </td> <td> </td> <td>10.3 </td> <td>1.29 </td> <td>0.62 </td> <td>0.62 </td> <td style="font-weight:bold;"> </td> <td>4.5 </td> <td>2.1 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-weight:bold;"> </td> <td style="font-weight:bold;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;">2008 </td> <td style="font-weight:bold;">39,826 </td> <td> </td> <td>10.2 </td> <td>1.28 </td> <td>0.62 </td> <td>0.62 </td> <td style="font-weight:bold;">17,222 </td> <td>4.4 </td> <td>2.1 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-weight:bold;">22,604 </td> <td style="font-weight:bold;">5.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;">2009 </td> <td style="font-weight:bold;">39,570 </td> <td> </td> <td>9.9 </td> <td>1.22 </td> <td>0.59 </td> <td>0.59 </td> <td style="font-weight:bold;">17,101 </td> <td>4.3 </td> <td>2.2 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-weight:bold;">22,469 </td> <td style="font-weight:bold;">5.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;">2010 </td> <td style="font-weight:bold;">37,967 </td> <td>35,129 </td> <td>9.3 </td> <td>1.15 </td> <td>0.56 </td> <td>0.55 </td> <td style="font-weight:bold;">17,610 </td> <td>4.4 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>81.7 </td> <td>79.2 </td> <td>84 </td> <td style="font-weight:bold;">20,357 </td> <td style="font-weight:bold;">4.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;">2011 </td> <td style="font-weight:bold;">39,654 </td> <td>36,178 </td> <td>9.5 </td> <td>1.2 </td> <td>0.58 </td> <td>0.58 </td> <td style="font-weight:bold;">18,027 </td> <td>4.5 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>82 </td> <td>79.5 </td> <td>84.1 </td> <td style="font-weight:bold;">21,627 </td> <td style="font-weight:bold;">5 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;">2012 </td> <td style="font-weight:bold;">42,663 </td> <td> </td> <td>10.1 </td> <td>1.29 </td> <td>0.62 </td> <td>0.6 </td> <td style="font-weight:bold;">18,481 </td> <td>4.5 </td> <td>1.8 </td> <td>82.1 </td> <td>79.8 </td> <td>84.3 </td> <td style="font-weight:bold;">24,182 </td> <td style="font-weight:bold;">5.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;">2013 </td> <td style="font-weight:bold;">39,720 </td> <td> </td> <td>9.3 </td> <td>1.19 </td> <td>0.57 </td> <td>0.57 </td> <td style="font-weight:bold;">18,938 </td> <td>4.6 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>82.4 </td> <td>80.1 </td> <td>84.5 </td> <td style="font-weight:bold;">18,982 </td> <td style="font-weight:bold;">4.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;">2014 </td> <td style="font-weight:bold;">42,232 </td> <td> </td> <td>9.8 </td> <td>1.25 </td> <td>0.61 </td> <td>0.6 </td> <td style="font-weight:bold;">19,393 </td> <td>4.7 </td> <td>1.8 </td> <td>82.8 </td> <td>80.5 </td> <td>84.9 </td> <td style="font-weight:bold;">22,839 </td> <td style="font-weight:bold;">5.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;">2015 </td> <td style="font-weight:bold;">42,185 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1.24 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-weight:bold;">19,862 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-weight:bold;">22,323 </td> <td style="font-weight:bold;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;">2018 </td> <td style="font-weight:bold;">39,039 </td> <td>35,040 </td> <td>8.8 </td> <td>1.14 </td> <td>0.56 </td> <td>0.55 </td> <td style="font-weight:bold;">21,282 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>2.1 </td> <td>83.4 </td> <td>81.2 </td> <td>85.5 </td> <td style="font-weight:bold;">17,757 </td> <td style="font-weight:bold;">3.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;">2019 </td> <td style="font-weight:bold;">39,279 </td> <td>35,330 </td> <td>8.8 </td> <td>1.14 </td> <td>0.56 </td> <td>0.56 </td> <td style="font-weight:bold;">21,446 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>1.7 </td> <td>83.6 </td> <td>81.4 </td> <td>85.7 </td> <td style="font-weight:bold;">17,833 </td> <td style="font-weight:bold;">3.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;">2020 </td> <td style="font-weight:bold;">38,590 </td> <td>34,323 </td> <td>8.5 </td> <td>1.1 </td> <td>0.53 </td> <td>0.53 </td> <td style="font-weight:bold;">22,045 </td> <td>5.2 </td> <td>1.8 </td> <td>83.9 </td> <td>81.5 </td> <td>86.1 </td> <td style="font-weight:bold;">16,545 </td> <td style="font-weight:bold;">3.3 </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Life_expectancy_in_Singapore.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Life_expectancy_in_Singapore.svg/220px-Life_expectancy_in_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Life_expectancy_in_Singapore.svg/330px-Life_expectancy_in_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Life_expectancy_in_Singapore.svg/440px-Life_expectancy_in_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">Life expectancy</a> in Singapore since 1950</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Life_expectancy_by_WBG_-Singapore_-diff.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Life_expectancy_by_WBG_-Singapore_-diff.png/220px-Life_expectancy_by_WBG_-Singapore_-diff.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Life_expectancy_by_WBG_-Singapore_-diff.png/330px-Life_expectancy_by_WBG_-Singapore_-diff.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Life_expectancy_by_WBG_-Singapore_-diff.png/440px-Life_expectancy_by_WBG_-Singapore_-diff.png 2x" data-file-width="1153" data-file-height="721" /></a><figcaption>Life expectancy in Singapore since 1960 by gender</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Singapore_Population_1950-2021_Forecast_2022-2032_UN_World_Population_Prospects_2022.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Singapore_Population_1950-2021_Forecast_2022-2032_UN_World_Population_Prospects_2022.svg/350px-Singapore_Population_1950-2021_Forecast_2022-2032_UN_World_Population_Prospects_2022.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Singapore_Population_1950-2021_Forecast_2022-2032_UN_World_Population_Prospects_2022.svg/525px-Singapore_Population_1950-2021_Forecast_2022-2032_UN_World_Population_Prospects_2022.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Singapore_Population_1950-2021_Forecast_2022-2032_UN_World_Population_Prospects_2022.svg/700px-Singapore_Population_1950-2021_Forecast_2022-2032_UN_World_Population_Prospects_2022.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1074" data-file-height="524" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">Population</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fertility_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertility rate">fertility rate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Net_reproduction_rate" title="Net reproduction rate">net reproduction rate</a>, United Nations estimates</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.singstat.gov.sg/-/media/files/publications/population/population2020.pdf">Department of Statistics of Singapore: Population Trends, 2020</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_vital_statistics">Current vital statistics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Current vital statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Period<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Live births </th> <th>Deaths </th> <th>Natural increase </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>January - June 2023</b> </td> <td>16,358 </td> <td>13,661 </td> <td>2,697 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>January - June 2024</b> </td> <td>16,035 </td> <td>13,393 </td> <td>2,642 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Difference</b> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> -323 (-1.97%) </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Positive decrease"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/11px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/17px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/22px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> -268 (-1.96%) </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> -55 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population_by_area">Population by area</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Population by area"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float: left;height:2.6em;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Largest_planning_areas_of_Singapore" title="Template:Largest planning areas of Singapore"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Largest_planning_areas_of_Singapore" title="Template talk:Largest planning areas of Singapore"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Largest_planning_areas_of_Singapore" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Largest planning areas of Singapore"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;"><span style="font-size:110%;">Largest <a href="/wiki/New_towns_of_Singapore" title="New towns of Singapore">towns and planning areas</a> in Singapore</span><br /><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.singstat.gov.sg/find-data/search-by-theme/population/geographic-distribution/visualising-data/geographical-distribution-dashboard">Singapore Department of Statistics population report for June 2023</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Planning_Areas_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Planning Areas of Singapore">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Singapore">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Singapore" title="Regions of Singapore">Region</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Planning_Areas_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Planning Areas of Singapore"> Pop.</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Planning_Areas_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Planning Areas of Singapore">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Singapore">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Singapore" title="Regions of Singapore">Region</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Planning_Areas_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Planning Areas of Singapore"> Pop.</a></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_perspective_of_Bedok_Reservoir._Shot_in_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bedok"><img alt="Bedok" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Aerial_perspective_of_Bedok_Reservoir._Shot_in_2014.jpg/120px-Aerial_perspective_of_Bedok_Reservoir._Shot_in_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Aerial_perspective_of_Bedok_Reservoir._Shot_in_2014.jpg/180px-Aerial_perspective_of_Bedok_Reservoir._Shot_in_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Aerial_perspective_of_Bedok_Reservoir._Shot_in_2014.jpg/240px-Aerial_perspective_of_Bedok_Reservoir._Shot_in_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="996" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Bedok" title="Bedok">Bedok</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cg1_expo_exterior.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tampines"><img alt="Tampines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Cg1_expo_exterior.jpg/120px-Cg1_expo_exterior.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Cg1_expo_exterior.jpg/180px-Cg1_expo_exterior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Cg1_expo_exterior.jpg/240px-Cg1_expo_exterior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Tampines" title="Tampines">Tampines</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bedok" title="Bedok">Bedok</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/East_Region,_Singapore" title="East Region, Singapore">East</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">279,510</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ang_Mo_Kio" title="Ang Mo Kio">Ang Mo Kio</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/North-East_Region,_Singapore" title="North-East Region, Singapore">North-East</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">161,180 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jurong_West_skyline_from_Boon_Lay_Avenue_-_April_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jurong West"><img alt="Jurong West" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Jurong_West_skyline_from_Boon_Lay_Avenue_-_April_2019.jpg/120px-Jurong_West_skyline_from_Boon_Lay_Avenue_-_April_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Jurong_West_skyline_from_Boon_Lay_Avenue_-_April_2019.jpg/180px-Jurong_West_skyline_from_Boon_Lay_Avenue_-_April_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Jurong_West_skyline_from_Boon_Lay_Avenue_-_April_2019.jpg/240px-Jurong_West_skyline_from_Boon_Lay_Avenue_-_April_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5152" data-file-height="3864" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Jurong_West" title="Jurong West">Jurong West</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Compassvale_Court,_Sep_06.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Sengkang"><img alt="Sengkang" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Compassvale_Court%2C_Sep_06.JPG/120px-Compassvale_Court%2C_Sep_06.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Compassvale_Court%2C_Sep_06.JPG/180px-Compassvale_Court%2C_Sep_06.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Compassvale_Court%2C_Sep_06.JPG/240px-Compassvale_Court%2C_Sep_06.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Sengkang" title="Sengkang">Sengkang</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tampines" title="Tampines">Tampines</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/East_Region,_Singapore" title="East Region, Singapore">East</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">274,360</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bukit_Merah" title="Bukit Merah">Bukit Merah</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Region,_Singapore" title="Central Region, Singapore">Central</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">149,530 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Jurong_West" title="Jurong West">Jurong West</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/West_Region,_Singapore" title="West Region, Singapore">West</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">259,740</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pasir_Ris" title="Pasir Ris">Pasir Ris</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/East_Region,_Singapore" title="East Region, Singapore">East</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">146,930 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sengkang" title="Sengkang">Sengkang</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/North-East_Region,_Singapore" title="North-East Region, Singapore">North-East</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">257,190</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bukit_Panjang" title="Bukit Panjang">Bukit Panjang</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/West_Region,_Singapore" title="West Region, Singapore">West</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">138,940 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Woodlands,_Singapore" title="Woodlands, Singapore">Woodlands</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/North_Region,_Singapore" title="North Region, Singapore">North</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">255,390</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Toa_Payoh" title="Toa Payoh">Toa Payoh</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Region,_Singapore" title="Central Region, Singapore">Central</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">134,610 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hougang" title="Hougang">Hougang</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/North-East_Region,_Singapore" title="North-East Region, Singapore">North-East</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">227,610</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Serangoon" title="Serangoon">Serangoon</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/North-East_Region,_Singapore" title="North-East Region, Singapore">North-East</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">118,780 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Yishun" title="Yishun">Yishun</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/North_Region,_Singapore" title="North Region, Singapore">North</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">228,910</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Geylang" title="Geylang">Geylang</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Region,_Singapore" title="Central Region, Singapore">Central</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">114,750 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Choa_Chu_Kang" title="Choa Chu Kang">Choa Chu Kang</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/West_Region,_Singapore" title="West Region, Singapore">West</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">191,480</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sembawang" title="Sembawang">Sembawang</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/North_Region,_Singapore" title="North Region, Singapore">North</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">109,120 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Punggol" title="Punggol">Punggol</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/North-East_Region,_Singapore" title="North-East Region, Singapore">North-East</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">194,750</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kallang" title="Kallang">Kallang</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Region,_Singapore" title="Central Region, Singapore">Central</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">100,870 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bukit_Batok" title="Bukit Batok">Bukit Batok</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/West_Region,_Singapore" title="West Region, Singapore">West</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">168,560</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Queenstown,_Singapore" title="Queenstown, Singapore">Queenstown</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Region,_Singapore" title="Central Region, Singapore">Central</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">99,690 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Ethnic groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Race_in_Singapore" title="Race in Singapore">Race in Singapore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Singaporeans" title="Singaporeans">Singaporeans</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-independence">Post-independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Post-independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the post-independence period, the population of Singapore has been categorised into four main groups: Chinese, Malays, Indians, and Others. The CMIO system was first proposed in 1956 to organise the education system of Singapore by four national languages.<sup id="cite_ref-rocha_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rocha-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although population growth in Singapore was driven by immigration for a long period during the colonial period, the population increase in Singapore became dominated by native births in Singapore around the middle of the 20th century, and boomed after the Second World War. After Singapore became independent in 1965, the free movement of people between Malaysia and Singapore ended, and net immigration dropped to a low level of 24,000 in the decade of 1970–80 due to tighter control on immigration.<sup id="cite_ref-saw2_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saw2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the fertility of the Chinese population declined sharply after the post-war boom, while that of the Malays remained high. There was therefore a corresponding percentage increase of the Malay population, which rose to 14.5% in 1967 after a long period of continual decline.<sup id="cite_ref-jstor1_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jstor1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the 1980s onwards, the policy on immigration changed; the number of immigrants increased sharply and became again an important factor in the growth of population in Singapore. By the 1990–2000 period, the number of migrants had overtaken the natural population increase, constituting nearly two-thirds of the decadal population increase with 640,571 net migrants including non-residents.<sup id="cite_ref-saw2_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saw2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the racial composition of its citizens has been fairly constant in recent years, it shows a shift in the figures for its residents (citizens plus permanent residents). Fewer of the immigrants were Malays, therefore the percentage resident population of the Malays began to fall. Indian residents, however, rose to 9.2% in 2010 due to an increase in the number of Indians migrant workers (compared to 7.4% Indians in the figures for citizens).<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The population profile of the country changed dramatically after the relaxation of immigration policy, with a huge increase in the number of transient migrant workers. Official figures show that the number of foreigners on short-term permits (termed 'non-residents') has grown from 30,900 in 1970 to 797,900 in 2005, which translate roughly to a 24-fold increase in 35 years, or from 1% of the population in 1970 to 18.3% in 2005. Despite this huge increase, no further breakdown is given by Singstat. By 2010, the population of non-residents had increased to 25.7%. It was estimated in the mid-2010s that around 40% of Singapore's population were of foreign origin (permanent residents plus non-residents such as foreign students and workers including dependents).<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Proportion of non-residents out of total population<sup id="cite_ref-Singstat_site_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singstat_site-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Singstat_2014_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singstat_2014-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-census2020_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2020-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>1970</th> <th>1980</th> <th>1990</th> <th>2000</th> <th>2009</th> <th>2014</th> <th>2020 </th></tr> <tr> <td>Non-residents (residents = citizens + PRs) </td> <td align="right">2.9% </td> <td align="right">5.5% </td> <td align="right">10.2% </td> <td align="right">18.7% </td> <td align="right">25.3% </td> <td align="right">29.3% </td> <td align="right">28.9% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>While the Singapore Department of Statistics reports overall population figures for Singapore (4.48 million in 2006), as a matter of policy, it only provides more detailed demographic breakdown analysis for the approximately 80% of the population (in 2006) who are Singapore citizens and Permanent Residents (collectively termed 'residents'). Of this group of about 3.6 million people in 2006, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese in Singapore">Chinese</a> form 75.2%, <a href="/wiki/Malays_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Malays in Singapore">Malays</a> form 13.6%, <a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Indians in Singapore">Indians</a> form 8.8%, while <a href="/wiki/Eurasians_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasians in Singapore">Eurasians</a> and other groups form 2.4%. No breakdown by ethnicity is released for the non-resident population. Currently around 60,000<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Europeans and 16,900 Eurasians live in Singapore, over 1% of its total population. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Ethnic composition of resident population </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Chinese </th> <th>Malays </th> <th>Indians </th> <th>Others </th></tr> <tr> <th>1970<sup id="cite_ref-Singstat_site_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singstat_site-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238854847">.mw-parser-output .percentage-bar{position:relative;border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#fff;width:100px;max-width:100%;height:1.5em}.mw-parser-output .percentage-bar-fill{position:absolute;background-color:#dbdbdb;height:1.5em;width:50%}.mw-parser-output .percentage-bar-text{position:absolute;width:100%;height:1.5em;text-align:center;color:#000}</style><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 77%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">77.0%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 14%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">14.8%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 7%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">7.0%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 1%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">1.2%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1980<sup id="cite_ref-Singstat_site_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singstat_site-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 78%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">78.3%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 14%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">14.4%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 6%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">6.3%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 1%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">1.0%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1990<sup id="cite_ref-Singstat_2012_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singstat_2012-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 77%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">77.8%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 14%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">14.0%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 7%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">7.1%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 1%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">1.1%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2000<sup id="cite_ref-Singstat_2012_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singstat_2012-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 76%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">76.8%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 13%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">13.9%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 7%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">7.9%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 1%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">1.4%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2010<sup id="cite_ref-Singstat_2012_44-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singstat_2012-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 74%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">74.1%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 13%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">13.4%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 9%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">9.2%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 3%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">3.3%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2011<sup id="cite_ref-Singstat_2012_44-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singstat_2012-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 74%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">74.1%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 13%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">13.4%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 9%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">9.2%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 3%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">3.3%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2012<sup id="cite_ref-Singstat_2012_44-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singstat_2012-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 74%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">74.2%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 13%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">13.3%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 9%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">9.2%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 3%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">3.3%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2013<sup id="cite_ref-Singstat_2012_44-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singstat_2012-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 74%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">74.2%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 13%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">13.3%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 9%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">9.1%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 3%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">3.3%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2015<sup id="cite_ref-Singstat_2014_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singstat_2014-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 74%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">74.3%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 13%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">13.3%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 9%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">9.1%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 3%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">3.2%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2017<sup id="cite_ref-population_2017_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population_2017-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 74%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">74.3%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 13%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">13.4%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 9%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">9.0%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 3%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">3.2%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2020<sup id="cite_ref-census2020_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2020-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 74%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">74.3%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 13%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">13.5%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 9%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">9.0%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 3%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">3.2%</div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerycaption">Population pyramids of ethnic group residents in 2020</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_population_pyramid_in_2020_Singapore.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chinese"><img alt="Chinese" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Chinese_population_pyramid_in_2020_Singapore.svg/120px-Chinese_population_pyramid_in_2020_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Chinese_population_pyramid_in_2020_Singapore.svg/180px-Chinese_population_pyramid_in_2020_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Chinese_population_pyramid_in_2020_Singapore.svg/240px-Chinese_population_pyramid_in_2020_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2491" data-file-height="1976" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chinese</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Malays_population_pyramid_in_2020_Singapore.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Malays"><img alt="Malays" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Malays_population_pyramid_in_2020_Singapore.svg/120px-Malays_population_pyramid_in_2020_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Malays_population_pyramid_in_2020_Singapore.svg/180px-Malays_population_pyramid_in_2020_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Malays_population_pyramid_in_2020_Singapore.svg/240px-Malays_population_pyramid_in_2020_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2491" data-file-height="1976" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Malays</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_population_pyramid_in_2020_Singapore.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Indian"><img alt="Indian" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Indian_population_pyramid_in_2020_Singapore.svg/120px-Indian_population_pyramid_in_2020_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Indian_population_pyramid_in_2020_Singapore.svg/180px-Indian_population_pyramid_in_2020_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Indian_population_pyramid_in_2020_Singapore.svg/240px-Indian_population_pyramid_in_2020_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2491" data-file-height="1976" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Indian</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Others_population_pyramid_in_2020_Singapore.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Other"><img alt="Other" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Others_population_pyramid_in_2020_Singapore.svg/120px-Others_population_pyramid_in_2020_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Others_population_pyramid_in_2020_Singapore.svg/180px-Others_population_pyramid_in_2020_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Others_population_pyramid_in_2020_Singapore.svg/240px-Others_population_pyramid_in_2020_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2491" data-file-height="1976" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Other</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Overseas_Citizens_population_pyramid_in_Singapore_in_2020.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Overseas Citizens (outside of census figures)"><img alt="Overseas Citizens (outside of census figures)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Overseas_Citizens_population_pyramid_in_Singapore_in_2020.svg/120px-Overseas_Citizens_population_pyramid_in_Singapore_in_2020.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Overseas_Citizens_population_pyramid_in_Singapore_in_2020.svg/180px-Overseas_Citizens_population_pyramid_in_Singapore_in_2020.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Overseas_Citizens_population_pyramid_in_Singapore_in_2020.svg/240px-Overseas_Citizens_population_pyramid_in_Singapore_in_2020.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2491" data-file-height="1976" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Overseas Citizens (outside of census figures)</div> </li> </ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238864702">.mw-parser-output .bar-chart{margin:0.5em;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid #c0c0c0}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart caption{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th,.mw-parser-output .bar-chart td{padding:1px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th[scope="col"]:not(.bar-chart-label-type){width:15em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th[scope="row"]:not(.bar-chart-total){font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar{height:1.25em;width:40em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#cedff2;height:1.25em;margin:0 0 0 0;z-index:0}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-comment{font-size:90%;padding-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-numbers{position:relative;top:-1.4em;height:1.25em;padding:0 0 0 2em;z-index:10;width:40em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-caption{border-top:1px solid #aaa}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-right{float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-center{margin:0.5em auto}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#74497e}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#74497e}}</style> <table class="bar-chart"> <caption>Chinese Resident Population by Detailed Ethnic Group (2020)<sup id="cite_ref-census2020_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2020-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" class="bar-chart-label-type">Group </th> <th scope="col">Population </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Hoklo_people" title="Hoklo people">Hokkien</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:5.9em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">1,180,599</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Teochew_people" title="Teochew people">Teochew</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:2.9em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">583,963</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_people" title="Cantonese people">Cantonese</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:2.1em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">429,329</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Hakka_people" title="Hakka people">Hakka</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:1.3em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">259,153</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Hainan_people" title="Hainan people">Hainanese</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0.9em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">183,312</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_people" title="Fuzhou people">Foochow</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0.3em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">59,609</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Putian_people" title="Putian people">Henghua</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0.1em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">26,702</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Shanghainese_people" title="Shanghainese people">Shanghainese</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0.1em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">22,503</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_people" title="Fuzhou people">Hockchia</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0.1em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">17,070</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Other Chinese </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:1.2em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">244,529</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Total </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:15em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">3,006,769</span></span></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238864702"> <table class="bar-chart"> <caption>Malay Resident Population by Detailed Ethnic Group (2020)<sup id="cite_ref-census2020_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2020-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" class="bar-chart-label-type">Group </th> <th scope="col">Population </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)" title="Malays (ethnic group)">Malay</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:10.2em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">370,445</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bawean" title="Bawean">Boyanese</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:4.3em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">154,869</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Other Malays </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0.6em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">20,184</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Total </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:15em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">545,498</span></span></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238864702"> <table class="bar-chart"> <caption>Indian Resident Population by Detailed Ethnic Group (2020)<sup id="cite_ref-census2020_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2020-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" class="bar-chart-label-type">Group </th> <th scope="col">Population </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">Tamil</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:8.2em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">198,449</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Malayali" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayali">Malayali</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:1.1em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">26,693</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Hindi </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0.8em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">18,618</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikh</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0.5em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">12,589</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Other Indians </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:4.4em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">105,925</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Total </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:15em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">362,274</span></span></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238864702"> <table class="bar-chart"> <caption>Resident Population of Other Ethnic Groups by Detailed Ethnic Group (2020)<sup id="cite_ref-census2020_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2020-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" class="bar-chart-label-type">Group </th> <th scope="col">Population </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Filipinos" title="Filipinos">Filipino</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:15em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">30,893</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">White </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:14.6em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">29,981</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Eurasian </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:8.8em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">18,060</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Burmese_people" title="Burmese people">Burmese</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:5.8em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">11,899</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:4.4em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">9,028</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Thai_people" title="Thai people">Thai</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:3.4em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">7,036</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Others </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:11.1em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">22,772</span></span></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Total fertility rate by ethnic group<sup id="cite_ref-Singstat_2012_44-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singstat_2012-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Chinese </th> <th>Malays </th> <th>Indians </th> <th>Total </th></tr> <tr> <td>1980 </td> <td>1.73 </td> <td>2.20 </td> <td>2.03 </td> <td>1.82 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990 </td> <td>1.65 </td> <td>2.69 </td> <td>1.89 </td> <td>1.83 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000 </td> <td>1.43 </td> <td>2.54 </td> <td>1.59 </td> <td>1.60 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007 </td> <td>1.14 </td> <td>1.94 </td> <td>1.25 </td> <td>1.29 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008 </td> <td>1.14 </td> <td>1.91 </td> <td>1.19 </td> <td>1.28 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2009 </td> <td>1.08 </td> <td>1.82 </td> <td>1.14 </td> <td>1.22 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010 </td> <td>1.02 </td> <td>1.65 </td> <td>1.13 </td> <td>1.15 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011 </td> <td>1.08 </td> <td>1.64 </td> <td>1.09 </td> <td>1.20 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012 </td> <td>1.18 </td> <td>1.69 </td> <td>1.15 </td> <td>1.29 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013 </td> <td>1.05 </td> <td>1.66 </td> <td>1.11 </td> <td>1.19 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014 </td> <td>1.13 </td> <td>1.73 </td> <td>1.13 </td> <td>1.25 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015 </td> <td>1.10 </td> <td>1.79 </td> <td>1.15 </td> <td>1.24 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016 </td> <td>1.07 </td> <td>1.80 </td> <td>1.04 </td> <td>1.20 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017 </td> <td>1.01 </td> <td>1.82 </td> <td>1.00 </td> <td>1.16 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018 </td> <td>0.98 </td> <td>1.85 </td> <td>1.00 </td> <td>1.14 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019 </td> <td>0.99 </td> <td>1.80 </td> <td>0.98 </td> <td>1.14 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020 </td> <td>0.94 </td> <td>1.82 </td> <td>0.96 </td> <td>1.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2021 </td> <td>0.96 </td> <td>1.82 </td> <td>1.05 </td> <td>1.12 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022 </td> <td>0.87 </td> <td>1.83 </td> <td>1.01 </td> <td>1.04 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2023 </td> <td>0.81 </td> <td>1.65 </td> <td>0.95 </td> <td>0.97 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-independence">Pre-independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Pre-independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Singapore, following its founding as a British <a href="/wiki/Free_economic_zone" title="Free economic zone">free port</a> by <a href="/wiki/Stamford_Raffles" title="Stamford Raffles">Stamford Raffles</a> in the 19th century, did not have a sizeable native population as the population became dominated by three main groups of <a href="/wiki/Immigrant" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigrant">immigrants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jstor1_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jstor1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Raffles arrived in Singapore in January 1819, Singapore had approximately 120 Malays, 30 Chinese and some native tribes (<a href="/wiki/Orang_Laut" title="Orang Laut">Orang Laut</a>) under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Temenggung" class="mw-redirect" title="Temenggung">Temenggung</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-early_population_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-early_population-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 100 of the Malays had originally moved to Singapore from the mainland (<a href="/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">Johor</a>) in 1811, led by the Temenggung. Other estimates place the then population of Singapore at 1,000, belonging to various local tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-rahim_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rahim-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early census figures show a long influx of migrant workers into the country, initially comprising mostly Malays, but shortly thereafter followed by the Chinese. By 1821, the population was estimated to have increased to 4,724 Malays and 1,150 Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-early_population_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-early_population-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the first census of 1824, 6,505 out of the 10,683 total were Malays and Bugis, constituting over 60% of the population. Large number of Chinese migrants started to enter Singapore just months after it became a British settlement, and they were predominantly male. In 1826, official census figures give a total population of 13,750, with 6,088 Chinese, 4,790 Malays, 1,242 <a href="/wiki/Bugis" title="Bugis">Bugis</a>, 1,021 Indians from <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> (244) and the <a href="/wiki/Coromandel_Coast" title="Coromandel Coast">Coromandel Coast</a> (777), smaller number of <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a> (267), Europeans (87) and other peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-census_1826_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census_1826-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The population total of Singapore increased to 16,000 in 1829, 26,000 five years later. By 1836, the Chinese at 13,749 had become the most populous ethnic group, overtaking the broad Malay grouping (12,538, including other groups such as the Bugis, Javanese, and Balinese from the Dutch East Indies).<sup id="cite_ref-saw_swee-hock_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saw_swee-hock-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1849, the population had reached 59,043, 24,790 of them Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-anoma_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anoma-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of the migrants from China in the 19th century came to work on the pepper and <a href="/wiki/Uncaria_gambir" title="Uncaria gambir">gambier</a> plantations, with 11,000 Chinese immigrants recorded in one year.<sup id="cite_ref-sanderson_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sanderson-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Singapore became one of the entry and dispersal points for large number of Chinese and Indian migrants who came to work in the plantations and mines of the Straits Settlements, many of whom then settled in Singapore after their contract ended. By 1860, the total population had reached around 90,000, of these 50,000 were Chinese, and 2,445 Europeans and Eurasians. The first thorough census in Singapore was undertaken in 1871, and the people were grouped into 33 racial, ethnic or national categories, with Chinese forming the largest group at 57.6%.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Censuses were then conducted at 10-year intervals afterwards. The 1881 census grouped the people into 6 main categories, and further subdivided into 47 sub-categories. The 6 broad groups were given as Europeans, Eurasians, Malays, Chinese, Indians and Others in 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-rocha_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rocha-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Malays group included other natives of the Malay archipelago, the Europeans included Americans, the Indians would be people from the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> including what are now <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>. In 1901, the total population of Singapore was 228,555,<sup id="cite_ref-sanderson_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sanderson-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with 15.8% Malays, 71.8% Chinese, 7.8% Indians, and 3.5% Europeans and Eurasians. The Chinese population figure of Singapore has stayed at over 70% of the total since, reaching 77.8% in 1947. After dropping from a peak of 60% in the early years of Singapore, the Malay population settled within the range of 11 and 16% in the first half of the 20th century, while Indians hovered between 7 and just over 9% in the same period.<sup id="cite_ref-saw_swee-hock_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saw_swee-hock-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Population of colonial era Singapore </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Ethnic group </th> <th colspan="7">Population<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_11"><a href="#endnote_11">A</a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="width:4.5em;">1824<sup id="cite_ref-1823_census_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1823_census-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="width:4.5em;">1826<sup id="cite_ref-census_1826_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census_1826-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="width:4.5em;">1836<sup id="cite_ref-census_1836_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census_1836-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="width:4.5em;">1871<sup id="cite_ref-census_1871_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census_1871-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="width:4.5em;">1901<sup id="cite_ref-census_1871_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census_1871-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="width:4.5em;">1931<sup id="cite_ref-census_1871_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census_1871-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="width:4.5em;">1957<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Europeans </td> <td>74 </td> <td>87 </td> <td>141 </td> <td>1,946 </td> <td>3,824 </td> <td>8,082 </td> <td>10,826 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Eurasians_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasians in Singapore">Eurasians</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>117 </td> <td>2,164 </td> <td>4,120 </td> <td>6,903 </td> <td>11,382 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Native Christians<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_12"><a href="#endnote_12">B</a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td>188 </td> <td>421 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Singapore" title="Armenians in Singapore">Armenians</a> </td> <td>16 </td> <td>19 </td> <td>34 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>(81) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Arab_Singaporeans" title="Arab Singaporeans">Arabs</a> </td> <td>15 </td> <td>26 </td> <td>41 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Malay_Singaporeans" title="Malay Singaporeans">Malays</a><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_13"><a href="#endnote_13">C</a></sup> </td> <td>4,580 </td> <td>4,790 </td> <td>9,632 </td> <td>26,148 </td> <td>36,080 </td> <td>65,014 </td> <td>197,059 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Bugis </td> <td>1,925 </td> <td>1,242 </td> <td>1,962<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_14"><a href="#endnote_14">D</a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Javanese </td> <td> </td> <td>267 </td> <td>903 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Singaporeans" title="Chinese Singaporeans">Chinese</a> </td> <td>3,317 </td> <td>6,088 </td> <td>13,749 </td> <td>54,572 </td> <td>164,041 </td> <td>418,640 </td> <td>1,090,596 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Singaporeans" title="Indian Singaporeans">Indians</a> </td> <td>756 </td> <td>1,021 </td> <td>2,930 </td> <td>11,610 </td> <td>17,824 </td> <td>50,811 </td> <td>124,084 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Others<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_15"><a href="#endnote_15">E</a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td>12 </td> <td>50 </td> <td>671 </td> <td>2,667 </td> <td>8,275 </td> <td>11,982 </td></tr> <tr style="background: #DDE"> <td align="left">Total </td> <td>10,683 </td> <td>13,750 </td> <td>29,980 </td> <td>97,111 </td> <td>228,555 </td> <td>557,745 </td> <td>1,445,929 </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_11"><b><a href="#ref_11">^A</a></b></span> Population figures do not include transient populations of military personnel and convicts</small></li> <li><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_12"><b><a href="#ref_12">^B</a></b></span> Mostly of <a href="/wiki/Kristang_people" title="Kristang people">Portuguese descent</a></small></li> <li><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_13"><b><a href="#ref_13">^C</a></b></span> Include other peoples of the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Archipelago" title="Malay Archipelago">Malay Archipelago</a> if figures not given separately</small></li> <li><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_14"><b><a href="#ref_14">^D</a></b></span> Include Balinese</small></li> <li><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_15"><b><a href="#ref_15">^E</a></b></span> Include <a href="/wiki/Cafres" title="Cafres">Cafres</a>, Siamese, <a href="/wiki/Parsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Parsi">Parsis</a>, Jews, and other groupings if figures not given separately.</small></li></ul> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Annual growth rate for main ethnic groups in selected periods<sup id="cite_ref-Saw_Swee-Hock_12_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saw_Swee-Hock_12-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Ethnic group </th> <th>1824–1830</th> <th>1849–1860</th> <th>1881–1891</th> <th>1901–1911</th> <th>1931–1947 </th></tr> <tr> <td>Chinese</td> <td>12.0%</td> <td>5.4%</td> <td>3.5%</td> <td>3.0%</td> <td>3.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Malays</td> <td>2.9%</td> <td>5.2%</td> <td>0.1%</td> <td>1.5%</td> <td>3.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Indians</td> <td>6.7%</td> <td>6.8%</td> <td>2.9%</td> <td>5.0%</td> <td>1.9% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Languages">Languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quadrilingual_danger_sign_-_Singapore_(gabbe).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Quadrilingual_danger_sign_-_Singapore_%28gabbe%29.jpg/220px-Quadrilingual_danger_sign_-_Singapore_%28gabbe%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Quadrilingual_danger_sign_-_Singapore_%28gabbe%29.jpg/330px-Quadrilingual_danger_sign_-_Singapore_%28gabbe%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Quadrilingual_danger_sign_-_Singapore_%28gabbe%29.jpg/440px-Quadrilingual_danger_sign_-_Singapore_%28gabbe%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Quadrilingual construction warning sign written in Singapore's four official languages; <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Singapore" title="Languages of Singapore">Languages of Singapore</a></div> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Languages of Singapore (2020)<sup id="cite_ref-CIATONGA_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIATONGA-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Languages</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">percent</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Singapore_English" title="Singapore English">English</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:blue; width:48.3%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">48.3%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:orange; width:29.9%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">29.9%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Malay_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay Language">Malay</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:red; width:9.2%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">9.2%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese dialects">Chinese dialects</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:purple; width:8.7%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">8.7%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:green; width:2.5%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">2.5%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Others</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:grey; width:1.4%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.4%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> <p>Singapore has four <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official languages</a>: <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Mandarin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> is the national language of the country, although English is the official language used in the <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Singapore" title="Education in Singapore">educational system</a> and by the government. The colloquial English-based creole used in everyday life is often referred to as <a href="/wiki/Singlish" title="Singlish">Singlish</a>, spoken by all races of Singapore. </p><p>The government of Singapore promotes the use of Mandarin. The use of other <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> varieties, like <a href="/wiki/Min_Nan" class="mw-redirect" title="Min Nan">Hokkien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Cantonese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hakka_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakka dialect">Hakka</a>, has been declining over the last two decades, although they are still being used especially by the older generations of the Chinese population. </p><p>About 60% of <a href="/wiki/Indian_Singaporeans" title="Indian Singaporeans">Indian Singaporeans</a> are Tamils although the percentage of those who speak <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> at home has been declining, with around 37% of Singaporean Indians speaking Tamil at home according to the 2010 census.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other spoken <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Indian languages</a> are <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>, but none of them alone is spoken by more than 10% of the Indian Singaporeans. As with Chinese Singaporeans, a large proportion of Indian Singaporeans speak English at home.<sup id="cite_ref-singstat.gov.sg_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-singstat.gov.sg-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around 5,000 to 10,000 <a href="/wiki/Peranakan" class="mw-redirect" title="Peranakan">Peranakans</a>, the early Chinese population of the region, still use the Hokkien-influenced <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> dialect called <a href="/wiki/Baba_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Baba Malay">Baba Malay</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Languages of Singapore most frequently spoken at home </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>English </th> <th>Mandarin<br />Chinese </th> <th>Malay </th> <th>Chinese<br />dialects </th> <th>Tamil </th> <th>Others </th></tr> <tr> <td>1980 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 70px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 11%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">11.6%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 70px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 10%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">10.2%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 70px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 13%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">13.9%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 70px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 59%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">59.5%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 70px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 3%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">3.1%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 70px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 1%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">1.7%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 70px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 20%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">20.3%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 70px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 26%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">26.0%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 70px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 13%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">13.4%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 70px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 36%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">36.7%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 70px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 2%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">2.9%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 70px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.7%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 70px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 23%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">23.0%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 70px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 35%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">35.0%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 70px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 14%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">14.1%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 70px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 23%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">23.8%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 70px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 3%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">3.2%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 70px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.9%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 70px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 32%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">32.3%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 70px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 35%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">35.6%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 70px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 12%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">12.2%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 70px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 14%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">14.3%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 70px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 3%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">3.3%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 70px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 2%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">2.3%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 70px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 48%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">48.3%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 70px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 29%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">29.9%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 70px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 9%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">9.2%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 70px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 8%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">8.7%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 70px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 2%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">2.5%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 70px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 1%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">1.4%</div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Singapore" title="Religion in Singapore">Religion in Singapore</a></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:White; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 33.887042993809px; border-left-color:Chartreuse"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Chartreuse"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Chartreuse"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 29.735293003841px; border-left-color:DarkOrange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkOrange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DarkOrange"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:99.96841892833px 2.5130095443338px 0 0; border-top-color:Red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Red"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:83.752804004214px 54.639434673427px 0 0; border-top-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:1.2566039883353px 99.992104420382px 0 0; border-top-color:DarkBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkBlue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 41.789897502735px 100px 0; border-right-color:Gold"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:Gold"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Religion in Singapore (census 2020)<sup id="cite_ref-2020Religion_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020Religion-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Singapore_Census_2020_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singapore_Census_2020-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Gold; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Buddhism</a> (31.3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DarkBlue; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Singapore" title="Christianity in Singapore">Christianity</a> (18.9%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Green; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Singapore" title="Islam in Singapore">Islam</a> (15.6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Red; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Taoism_in_Singapore" title="Taoism in Singapore">Taoism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">other Chinese religions</a> (8.8%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DarkOrange; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Singapore" title="Hinduism in Singapore">Hinduism</a> (5.0%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Chartreuse; color:black;"> </span> Other religions (0.6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:White; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Singapore" title="Irreligion in Singapore">No religion</a> (19.9%)</div> </div> </div></div> <p>The main religions of Singapore are <a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>, with a significant number who profess no religion.<sup id="cite_ref-Census_2010_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census_2010-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Census_2000_religion_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census_2000_religion-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Singapore has freedom of religion, although the government restricts some religions such as <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>, due to their opposition to conscription. The majority of Malays are <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Muslim</a>, while the plurality of Chinese practise Buddhism and syncretic Chinese folk traditions. <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> is growing in the country. <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> was overtaken as the second-most important religion in the 2000 census among the Chinese as more have increasingly described themselves as Buddhists rather than Taoist.<sup id="cite_ref-Census_2000_religion_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census_2000_religion-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indians are mostly <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindus</a> though many are <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a>. People who practise no religion form the third-largest group in Singapore.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage_and_divorce">Marriage and divorce</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Marriage and divorce"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Marriages and divorces<sup id="cite_ref-Singstat_2015_Population_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singstat_2015_Population-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>2008</th> <th>2009</th> <th>2010</th> <th>2011</th> <th>2012</th> <th>2013</th> <th>2014</th> <th>2015</th> <th>2016</th> <th>2017 </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Number of marriages</b> (excluding previously married) </td> <td align="center">24,596</td> <td>26,081</td> <td>24,363</td> <td>27,258</td> <td>27,936</td> <td>26,254</td> <td>28,407 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Number of divorces</b> (not including divorces under Muslim law) </td> <td align="center">5,170</td> <td>5,416</td> <td>5,433</td> <td>5,696</td> <td>5,306</td> <td>5,471</td> <td>5,172</td> <td>5,450</td> <td>5,505</td> <td>5,570 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8"><b>Median age of first marriage</b> (years) </td></tr> <tr> <td>...Grooms </td> <td align="center">29.8</td> <td>29.8</td> <td>30.0</td> <td>30.1</td> <td>30.1</td> <td>30.1</td> <td>30.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>...Brides </td> <td align="center">27.3</td> <td>27.5</td> <td>27.7</td> <td>28.0</td> <td>28.0</td> <td>28.1</td> <td>28.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8"><b>General marriage rate</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>...Males (per 1,000 unmarried resident males aged 15 to 49) </td> <td align="center">43.5</td> <td>43.4</td> <td>39.3</td> <td>43.5</td> <td>43.8</td> <td>40.5</td> <td>44.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>...Females (per 1,000 unmarried resident females aged 15 to 49) </td> <td align="center">39.6</td> <td>38.9</td> <td>35.3</td> <td>39.2</td> <td>39.4</td> <td>36.9</td> <td>40.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8"><b>Median age at divorce</b> (years) </td></tr> <tr> <td>...Grooms </td> <td align="center">39.9</td> <td>40.5</td> <td>41.0</td> <td>41.3</td> <td>41.6</td> <td>42.4</td> <td>42.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>...Brides </td> <td align="center">36.3</td> <td>36.9</td> <td>37.4</td> <td>37.7</td> <td>38.0</td> <td>38.2</td> <td>38.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8"><b>General divorce rate</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>...Males (per 1,000 married resident males aged 20 years and over) </td> <td align="center">7.5</td> <td>7.5</td> <td>7.5</td> <td>7.6</td> <td>7.1</td> <td>7.3</td> <td>7.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>...Females (per 1,000 married resident females aged 20 years and over) </td> <td align="center">7.3</td> <td>7.1</td> <td>7.2</td> <td>7.2</td> <td>6.7</td> <td>6.9</td> <td>6.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Crude marriage rate</b> (per 1,000 resident population) </td> <td align="center"></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>6.7</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Crude rate of marital dissolution</b> (per 1,000 resident population) </td> <td align="center"></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>2.0</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literacy_and_education">Literacy and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Literacy and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Literacy rate population aged 15 years and above<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Total </th> <th>Male </th> <th>Female </th></tr> <tr> <td>1960 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 52%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">52.6%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 70%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">70.3%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 32%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">32.8%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1970 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 68%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">68.9%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 83%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">83.0%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 54%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">54.3%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1980 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 82%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">82.3%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 91%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">91.4%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 73%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">73.1%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 89%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">89.1%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 95%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">95.1%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 83%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">83.0%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 92%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">92.5%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 96%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">96.6%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 88%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">88.6%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 95%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">95.9%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 98%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">98.0%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 93%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">93.8%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 97%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">97.1%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 98%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">98.5%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 95%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">95.8%</div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Highest qualification attained of resident non-student population aged 25 years and over<sup id="cite_ref-Singstat_2012_44-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singstat_2012-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Below secondary </th> <th>Secondary </th> <th>Post-secondary<br />(non-tertiary) </th> <th>Diploma or<br />professional<br />qualification </th> <th>University </th></tr> <tr> <td>2001 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 46%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">46.9%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 24%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">24.1%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 6%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">6.6%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 8%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">8.9%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 13%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">13.6%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 33%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">33.4%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 19%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">19.6%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 8%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">8.9%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 13%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">13.6%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 24%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">24.5%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 25%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">25.5%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 16%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">16.3%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 10%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">10.0%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 15%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">15.3%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 33%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">33.0%</div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Among residents aged 25–39 years, the percentage of university graduates increased from 23.7% in 2001 to 45.9% in 2011 while that who had attained a diploma or professional qualification increased from 15.9% to 22.9% over the same period.<sup id="cite_ref-Singstat_2012_44-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singstat_2012-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Employment">Employment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Employment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2005, the unemployment rate for persons aged 15 years and over was 2.5%, the lowest in the last four years, with a labour force of 2.3 million people.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Employment (thousands)<sup id="cite_ref-MOM_2012_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MOM_2012-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Year</th> <th colspan="11">Employment <i>change</i></th> <th rowspan="2">Employment in December 2012 </th></tr> <tr> <th>2002</th> <th>2003</th> <th>2004</th> <th>2005</th> <th>2006</th> <th>2007</th> <th>2008</th> <th>2009</th> <th>2010</th> <th>2011</th> <th>2012 </th></tr> <tr> <td>Total</td> <td>−22.9</td> <td>−12.9</td> <td>71.4</td> <td>113.3</td> <td>176.0</td> <td>234.9</td> <td>221.6</td> <td>37.6</td> <td>115.9</td> <td>122.6</td> <td>129.1</td> <td>3,357.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total (excluding foreign domestic workers)</td> <td>−23.6</td> <td>−11.7</td> <td>66.4</td> <td>105.5</td> <td>168.0</td> <td>223.5</td> <td>213.4</td> <td>32.9</td> <td>110.6</td> <td>117.7</td> <td>125.8</td> <td>3,148.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Locals</td> <td>19.4</td> <td>14.9</td> <td>49.9</td> <td>63.5</td> <td>90.9</td> <td>90.4</td> <td>64.7</td> <td>41.8</td> <td>56.2</td> <td>37.9</td> <td>58.7</td> <td>2,089.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Foreigners</td> <td>−42.3</td> <td>−27.9</td> <td>21.5</td> <td>49.8</td> <td>85.1</td> <td>144.5</td> <td>156.9</td> <td>−4.2</td> <td>59.7</td> <td>84.8</td> <td>70.4</td> <td>1,268.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Foreigners (excluding foreign domestic workers)</td> <td>−43.0</td> <td>−26.6</td> <td>16.5</td> <td>42.0</td> <td>77.1</td> <td>133.1</td> <td>148.7</td> <td>−8.9</td> <td>54.4</td> <td>79.8</td> <td>67.1</td> <td>1,058.7 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Unemployment rate (%) for persons aged 15 years and over<sup id="cite_ref-Singstat_2015_Key_Indicators_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singstat_2015_Key_Indicators-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MOM_2012_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MOM_2012-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Overall </th> <th>Residents </th> <th>Singapore citizens </th></tr> <tr> <td>2002 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 3%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">3.6%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 4%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">4.8%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 5%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">5.1%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2003 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 4%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">4.0%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 5%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">5.2%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 5%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">5.4%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2004 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 3%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">3.4%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 4%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">4.4%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 4%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">4.8%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 3%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">3.1%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 4%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">4.1%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 4%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">4.4%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2006 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 2%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">2.7%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 3%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">3.6%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 3%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">3.7%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 2%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">2.1%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 3%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">3.0%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 3%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">3.1%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 2%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">2.2%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 3%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">3.2%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 3%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">3.4%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2009 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 3%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">3.0%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 4%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">4.3%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 4%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">4.5%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 2%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">2.2%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 3%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">3.1%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 3%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">3.4%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 2%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">2.0%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 2%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">2.9%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 3%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">3.0%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 2%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">2.0%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 2%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">2.8%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 3%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">3.0%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 2%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">2.0%</div></div> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 2%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">2.0%</div></div> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Household_income">Household income</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Household income"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Average_household_monthly_income">Average household monthly income</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Average household monthly income"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The average household monthly income was <a href="/wiki/Singapore_dollar" title="Singapore dollar">SGD</a> 4,943 in 2000, which was an increase of $3,080 in 1990 at an average annual rate of 4.9%. The average household income experienced a drop of 2.7% in 1999 due to economic slowdown. Measured in 1990 dollars, the average household monthly income rose from SGD$3,080 in 1990 to SGD$4,170 in 2000 at an average annual rate of 3.1%.<sup id="cite_ref-adr-hhinc_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adr-hhinc-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Household income from work <small>(<a href="/wiki/Singapore_dollar" title="Singapore dollar">SGD</a>)</small><sup id="cite_ref-adr-hhinc_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adr-hhinc-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-adr2011-hhinc_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adr2011-hhinc-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>1990</th> <th>1995</th> <th>1997</th> <th>1998</th> <th>1999</th> <th>2000</th> <th>2010</th> <th>2011</th> <th>2017 </th></tr> <tr> <td>Average income</td> <td>3,076</td> <td>4,107</td> <td>4,745</td> <td>4,822</td> <td>4,691</td> <td>4,943</td> <td>8,726</td> <td>9,618</td> <td>11,589 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Median income</td> <td>2,296</td> <td>3,135</td> <td>3,617</td> <td>3,692</td> <td>3,500</td> <td>3,607</td> <td>5,600</td> <td>6,307</td> <td>8,846 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Households income from work by ethnic group per head <small>(<a href="/wiki/Singapore_dollar" title="Singapore dollar">SGD</a>)</small><sup id="cite_ref-adr-hhinc_85-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adr-hhinc-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Ethnic group </th> <th colspan="3">Average household<br />income </th> <th colspan="4">Median household<br />income </th></tr> <tr> <th>1990 </th> <th>2000 </th> <th>2010<sup id="cite_ref-sing_stat_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sing_stat-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>1990 </th> <th>2000 </th> <th>2010<sup id="cite_ref-sing_stat_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sing_stat-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>2020 </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Total</b> </td> <td><b>3,076</b> </td> <td><b>4,943</b> </td> <td><b>7,214</b> </td> <td><b>2,296</b> </td> <td><b>3,607</b> </td> <td><b>5,000</b> </td> <td><b>7,744</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chinese </td> <td>3,213 </td> <td>5,219 </td> <td>7,326 </td> <td>2,400 </td> <td>3,848 </td> <td>5,100 </td> <td>7,792 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Malays </td> <td>2,246 </td> <td>3,148 </td> <td>4,575 </td> <td>1,880 </td> <td>2,708 </td> <td>3,844 </td> <td>5,704 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Indians </td> <td>2,859 </td> <td>4,556 </td> <td>7,664 </td> <td>2,174 </td> <td>3,387 </td> <td>5,370 </td> <td>8,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Others </td> <td>3,885 </td> <td>7,250 </td> <td> </td> <td>2,782 </td> <td>4,775 </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Household_income_distribution">Household income distribution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Household income distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Resident households by monthly household income from work <i>including</i> employer CPF contributions (%)<sup id="cite_ref-:1_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>2000</th> <th>2001</th> <th>2002</th> <th>2003</th> <th>2004</th> <th>2005</th> <th>2006</th> <th>2007</th> <th>2008</th> <th>2009</th> <th>2010</th> <th>2011</th> <th>2012 </th> <th>2013 </th> <th>2014 </th> <th>2015 </th> <th>2016 </th> <th>2017 </th> <th>2018 </th> <th>2019 </th></tr> <tr> <td>No working person</td> <td>8.6</td> <td>6.9</td> <td>9</td> <td>9.7</td> <td>9.8</td> <td>10</td> <td>9</td> <td>8.6</td> <td>8.6</td> <td>9.6</td> <td>10.5</td> <td>9.3</td> <td>9.2 </td> <td>9.4 </td> <td>10.4 </td> <td>9.7 </td> <td>10.8 </td> <td>11.8 </td> <td>12.1 </td> <td>13.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Retiree households</td> <td>2.6</td> <td>2.3</td> <td>3</td> <td>3.6</td> <td>3.7</td> <td>3.5</td> <td>4.1</td> <td>4.1</td> <td>3.8</td> <td>4</td> <td>4.1</td> <td>4.5</td> <td>4.7 </td> <td>4.9 </td> <td>5.7 </td> <td>5.3 </td> <td>6.1 </td> <td>6.9 </td> <td>7.1 </td> <td>7.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Below $1,000</td> <td>3.3</td> <td>3.9</td> <td>4</td> <td>4.6</td> <td>4.3</td> <td>4.3</td> <td>4.4</td> <td>4.3</td> <td>3.8</td> <td>4.1</td> <td>3.5</td> <td>3.2</td> <td>3 </td> <td>2.7 </td> <td>2.3 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>1.9 </td> <td>1.9 </td> <td>1.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>$1,000–$1,999</td> <td>12.2</td> <td>11.1</td> <td>11.5</td> <td>11.1</td> <td>11.4</td> <td>10.9</td> <td>10.5</td> <td>9.8</td> <td>8.3</td> <td>7.8</td> <td>7</td> <td>6.5</td> <td>6.2 </td> <td>6.2 </td> <td>5.9 </td> <td>5.7 </td> <td>5.5 </td> <td>5.4 </td> <td>5.3 </td> <td>5.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>$2,000–$2,999</td> <td>13.2</td> <td>12.7</td> <td>12.5</td> <td>11.9</td> <td>12.2</td> <td>11.4</td> <td>11.2</td> <td>10</td> <td>8.6</td> <td>8.6</td> <td>8.2</td> <td>7.1</td> <td>6.3 </td> <td>6.3 </td> <td>5.8 </td> <td>5.8 </td> <td>5.4 </td> <td>5.1 </td> <td>5.2 </td> <td>4.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>$3,000–$3,999</td> <td>12.6</td> <td>11.5</td> <td>11.6</td> <td>11.7</td> <td>11.4</td> <td>10.7</td> <td>10.8</td> <td>9.7</td> <td>8.5</td> <td>8.9</td> <td>8.3</td> <td>7.6</td> <td>6.6 </td> <td>6.7 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>5.5 </td> <td>5.3 </td> <td>5.5 </td> <td>5.2 </td> <td>5.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>$4,000–$4,999</td> <td>10.2</td> <td>9.8</td> <td>9.5</td> <td>9.4</td> <td>9.6</td> <td>9.1</td> <td>8.9</td> <td>8.8</td> <td>8.4</td> <td>8.1</td> <td>7.9</td> <td>7.2</td> <td>7 </td> <td>6.3 </td> <td>5.9 </td> <td>5.9 </td> <td>5.4 </td> <td>5.2 </td> <td>5.3 </td> <td>5.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>$5,000–$5,999</td> <td>8.3</td> <td>8.3</td> <td>8.1</td> <td>7.9</td> <td>7.9</td> <td>7.9</td> <td>8.1</td> <td>7.7</td> <td>7.3</td> <td>7.5</td> <td>7.4</td> <td>7</td> <td>6.8 </td> <td>6.4 </td> <td>6.1 </td> <td>5.7 </td> <td>5.9 </td> <td>5.4 </td> <td>5.4 </td> <td>4.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>$6,000–$6,999</td> <td>6.7</td> <td>6.7</td> <td>6.4</td> <td>6.9</td> <td>6.3</td> <td>6.4</td> <td>6.9</td> <td>6.8</td> <td>6.4</td> <td>6.9</td> <td>6.7</td> <td>6.5</td> <td>6.1 </td> <td>5.8 </td> <td>5.8 </td> <td>5.8 </td> <td>5.8 </td> <td>5.2 </td> <td>5.2 </td> <td>4.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>$7,000–$7,999</td> <td>5.1</td> <td>5.3</td> <td>5.1</td> <td>4.9</td> <td>5.3</td> <td>5.4</td> <td>5.3</td> <td>5.7</td> <td>5.9</td> <td>5.7</td> <td>5.7</td> <td>6</td> <td>5.8 </td> <td>5.6 </td> <td>5.4 </td> <td>5.3 </td> <td>5.1 </td> <td>5.2 </td> <td>4.6 </td> <td>4.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>$8,000–$8,999</td> <td>4</td> <td>4.3</td> <td>4.3</td> <td>4</td> <td>4.1</td> <td>4.5</td> <td>4.4</td> <td>4.7</td> <td>5.1</td> <td>4.7</td> <td>5.1</td> <td>5.4</td> <td>5.4 </td> <td>5.1 </td> <td>5.1 </td> <td>5.3 </td> <td>4.9 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>4.7 </td> <td>4.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>$9,000–$9,999</td> <td>3.1</td> <td>3.5</td> <td>3.3</td> <td>3.4</td> <td>3.3</td> <td>3.4</td> <td>3.5</td> <td>3.8</td> <td>4.1</td> <td>4.1</td> <td>4.2</td> <td>4.7</td> <td>4.7 </td> <td>4.6 </td> <td>4.7 </td> <td>4.8 </td> <td>4.6 </td> <td>4.6 </td> <td>4.4 </td> <td>4.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>$10,000–$10,999</td> <td>2.4</td> <td>2.9</td> <td>2.8</td> <td>2.7</td> <td>2.7</td> <td>2.8</td> <td>2.9</td> <td>3.3</td> <td>3.8</td> <td>3.7</td> <td>3.8</td> <td>4.1</td> <td>4.1 </td> <td>4.4 </td> <td>4.7 </td> <td>4.3 </td> <td>4.6 </td> <td>4.3 </td> <td>4.3 </td> <td>4.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>$11,000–$11,999</td> <td>1.8</td> <td>2.1</td> <td>2.1</td> <td>1.9</td> <td>1.9</td> <td>2.1</td> <td>2.3</td> <td>2.6</td> <td>3.2</td> <td>2.9</td> <td>3</td> <td>3.3</td> <td>3.8 </td> <td>3.7 </td> <td>3.6 </td> <td>3.8 </td> <td>3.8 </td> <td>3.6 </td> <td>3.8 </td> <td>3.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>$12,000–$12,999</td> <td>1.5</td> <td>1.8</td> <td>1.5</td> <td>1.5</td> <td>1.5</td> <td>1.8</td> <td>1.9</td> <td>1.9</td> <td>2.4</td> <td>2.4</td> <td>2.6</td> <td>2.7</td> <td>3.3 </td> <td>3.4 </td> <td>3.3 </td> <td>3.6 </td> <td>3.5 </td> <td>3.2 </td> <td>3.2 </td> <td>3.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>$13,000–$13,999</td> <td>1.1</td> <td>1.4</td> <td>1.2</td> <td>1.4</td> <td>1.3</td> <td>1.4</td> <td>1.5</td> <td>1.9</td> <td>2</td> <td>2.2</td> <td>2.1</td> <td>2.4</td> <td>2.6 </td> <td>2.8 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>3.2 </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>$14,000–$14,999</td> <td>0.9</td> <td>1.1</td> <td>1.1</td> <td>1.1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1.1</td> <td>1.2</td> <td>1.4</td> <td>1.7</td> <td>1.8</td> <td>1.8</td> <td>2.1</td> <td>2.2 </td> <td>2.6 </td> <td>2.6 </td> <td>2.7 </td> <td>2.6 </td> <td>2.7 </td> <td>2.6 </td> <td>2.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>$15,000–$17,499</td> <td>1.6</td> <td>2</td> <td>1.8</td> <td>1.9</td> <td>1.8</td> <td>2.1</td> <td>2</td> <td>2.6</td> <td>3.2</td> <td>3.2</td> <td>3.5</td> <td>4.2</td> <td>4.6 </td> <td>4.7 </td> <td>4.9 </td> <td>5.2 </td> <td>5.5 </td> <td>5.6 </td> <td>5.8 </td> <td>5.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>$17,500–$19,999 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1.4 </td> <td>1.2 </td> <td>1.1 </td> <td>1.2 </td> <td>1.3 </td> <td>1.4 </td> <td>1.7 </td> <td>2.2 </td> <td>2.1 </td> <td>2.2 </td> <td>2.8 </td> <td>3.1 </td> <td>3.3 </td> <td>3.5 </td> <td>3.8 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>4.1 </td> <td>4.2 </td> <td>4.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>$20,000 and over </td> <td>2.4 </td> <td>3.2 </td> <td>2.8 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>2.9 </td> <td>3.4 </td> <td>3.8 </td> <td>4.7 </td> <td>6.4 </td> <td>5.7 </td> <td>6.6 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>9.2 </td> <td>9.9 </td> <td>11 </td> <td>12.1 </td> <td>12.4 </td> <td>13.3 </td> <td>13.5 </td> <td>14.4 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Resident households by monthly household income from work <i>excluding</i> employer CPF contributions (%)<sup id="cite_ref-:1_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>2000</th> <th>2001</th> <th>2002</th> <th>2003</th> <th>2004</th> <th>2005</th> <th>2006</th> <th>2007</th> <th>2008</th> <th>2009</th> <th>2010</th> <th>2011</th> <th>2012 </th> <th>2013 </th> <th>2014 </th> <th>2015 </th> <th>2016 </th> <th>2017 </th> <th>2018 </th> <th>2019 </th></tr> <tr> <td>No working person</td> <td>8.6</td> <td>6.9</td> <td>9</td> <td>9.7</td> <td>9.8</td> <td>10</td> <td>9</td> <td>8.6</td> <td>8.6</td> <td>9.6</td> <td>10.5</td> <td>9.3</td> <td>9.2 </td> <td>9.4 </td> <td>10.4 </td> <td>9.7 </td> <td>10.8 </td> <td>11.8 </td> <td>12.1 </td> <td>13.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Retiree households</td> <td>2.6</td> <td>2.3</td> <td>3</td> <td>3.6</td> <td>3.7</td> <td>3.5</td> <td>4.1</td> <td>4.1</td> <td>3.8</td> <td>4</td> <td>4.1</td> <td>4.5</td> <td>4.7 </td> <td>4.9 </td> <td>5.7 </td> <td>5.3 </td> <td>6.1 </td> <td>6.9 </td> <td>7.1 </td> <td>7.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Below $1,000</td> <td>3.9</td> <td>4.4</td> <td>4.6</td> <td>5.2</td> <td>4.8</td> <td>4.8</td> <td>4.9</td> <td>4.7</td> <td>4</td> <td>4.3</td> <td>3.7</td> <td>3.4</td> <td>3.2 </td> <td>2.9 </td> <td>2.4 </td> <td>2.2 </td> <td>2.1 </td> <td>2.1 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>$1,000–$1,999</td> <td>13.8</td> <td>13.3</td> <td>13.6</td> <td>13</td> <td>12.9</td> <td>12.3</td> <td>11.9</td> <td>10.9</td> <td>9.5</td> <td>9</td> <td>8.2</td> <td>7.5</td> <td>7 </td> <td>7.2 </td> <td>6.7 </td> <td>6.6 </td> <td>6.4 </td> <td>6.2 </td> <td>6.1 </td> <td>5.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>$2,000–$2,999</td> <td>14.7</td> <td>14.2</td> <td>14.1</td> <td>13.9</td> <td>13.6</td> <td>12.7</td> <td>12.4</td> <td>11.2</td> <td>9.8</td> <td>9.9</td> <td>9.3</td> <td>8.3</td> <td>7.3 </td> <td>7.2 </td> <td>6.7 </td> <td>6.5 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>5.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>$3,000–$3,999</td> <td>13.1</td> <td>12.6</td> <td>12.4</td> <td>12.2</td> <td>12.2</td> <td>11.5</td> <td>11.3</td> <td>10.6</td> <td>9.7</td> <td>9.9</td> <td>9.3</td> <td>8.3</td> <td>7.7 </td> <td>7.4 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>6.7 </td> <td>6.4 </td> <td>6.2 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>6.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>$4,000–$4,999</td> <td>10.3</td> <td>10</td> <td>9.8</td> <td>9.7</td> <td>9.8</td> <td>9.4</td> <td>9.5</td> <td>9.2</td> <td>8.9</td> <td>8.5</td> <td>8.6</td> <td>8.2</td> <td>8 </td> <td>7.4 </td> <td>6.8 </td> <td>6.5 </td> <td>6.5 </td> <td>6.1 </td> <td>6.3 </td> <td>5.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>$5,000–$5,999</td> <td>8.2</td> <td>8.3</td> <td>7.9</td> <td>8.2</td> <td>7.8</td> <td>7.9</td> <td>8.2</td> <td>7.9</td> <td>7.6</td> <td>8.2</td> <td>7.8</td> <td>7.5</td> <td>7.3 </td> <td>6.9 </td> <td>6.7 </td> <td>6.7 </td> <td>6.7 </td> <td>6.3 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>$6,000–$6,999</td> <td>6.3</td> <td>6.3</td> <td>6.1</td> <td>6</td> <td>6</td> <td>6.3</td> <td>6.4</td> <td>6.7</td> <td>6.4</td> <td>6.7</td> <td>6.6</td> <td>6.7</td> <td>6.4 </td> <td>6.3 </td> <td>6.1 </td> <td>6.1 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>5.8 </td> <td>5.5 </td> <td>5.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>$7,000–$7,999</td> <td>4.6</td> <td>4.7</td> <td>4.8</td> <td>4.6</td> <td>4.8</td> <td>5</td> <td>4.9</td> <td>5.3</td> <td>5.9</td> <td>5.2</td> <td>5.6</td> <td>6</td> <td>5.9 </td> <td>5.8 </td> <td>5.7 </td> <td>5.9 </td> <td>5.6 </td> <td>5.7 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>$8,000–$8,999</td> <td>3.5</td> <td>3.9</td> <td>3.6</td> <td>3.6</td> <td>3.8</td> <td>3.9</td> <td>3.9</td> <td>4.2</td> <td>4.6</td> <td>4.6</td> <td>4.8</td> <td>5.2</td> <td>5.3 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>5.2 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>5.3 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>5.2 </td> <td>4.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>$9,000–$9,999</td> <td>2.6</td> <td>3</td> <td>2.9</td> <td>2.6</td> <td>2.7</td> <td>2.8</td> <td>3</td> <td>3.4</td> <td>3.9</td> <td>3.7</td> <td>3.9</td> <td>4.2</td> <td>4.2 </td> <td>4.6 </td> <td>4.7 </td> <td>4.5 </td> <td>4.5 </td> <td>4.5 </td> <td>4.4 </td> <td>4.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>$10,000–$10,999</td> <td>2.1</td> <td>2.2</td> <td>2.3</td> <td>2.2</td> <td>2.1</td> <td>2.4</td> <td>2.6</td> <td>3</td> <td>3.4</td> <td>3.4</td> <td>3.4</td> <td>3.7</td> <td>4.2 </td> <td>4.3 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>4.3 </td> <td>4.3 </td> <td>3.9 </td> <td>4.2 </td> <td>4.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>$11,000–$11,999</td> <td>1.5</td> <td>1.7</td> <td>1.3</td> <td>1.5</td> <td>1.6</td> <td>1.8</td> <td>1.9</td> <td>1.9</td> <td>2.5</td> <td>2.4</td> <td>2.6</td> <td>2.7</td> <td>3.2 </td> <td>3.3 </td> <td>3.3 </td> <td>3.5 </td> <td>3.5 </td> <td>3.4 </td> <td>3.6 </td> <td>3.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>$12,000–$12,999</td> <td>1.2</td> <td>1.4</td> <td>1.3</td> <td>1.3</td> <td>1.4</td> <td>1.5</td> <td>1.6</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>2.3</td> <td>2.2</td> <td>2.5</td> <td>2.6 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>3.1 </td> <td>3.2 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>3.1 </td> <td>3.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>$13,000–$13,999</td> <td>0.9</td> <td>1.1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1.1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1.2</td> <td>1.2</td> <td>1.5</td> <td>1.6</td> <td>1.8</td> <td>1.8</td> <td>2.1</td> <td>2.3 </td> <td>2.5 </td> <td>2.5 </td> <td>2.7 </td> <td>2.8 </td> <td>2.7 </td> <td>2.7 </td> <td>2.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>$14,000–$14,999</td> <td>0.7</td> <td>0.8</td> <td>0.7</td> <td>0.7</td> <td>0.7</td> <td>0.9</td> <td>0.9</td> <td>1.1</td> <td>1.4</td> <td>1.4</td> <td>1.5</td> <td>1.8</td> <td>1.9 </td> <td>2.1 </td> <td>2.3 </td> <td>2.2 </td> <td>2.3 </td> <td>2.4 </td> <td>2.4 </td> <td>2.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>$15,000–$17,499</td> <td>1.3</td> <td>1.6</td> <td>1.5</td> <td>1.4</td> <td>1.5</td> <td>1.7</td> <td>1.6</td> <td>2.1</td> <td>2.7</td> <td>2.6</td> <td>2.8</td> <td>3.6</td> <td>3.8 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>4.1 </td> <td>4.4 </td> <td>4.6 </td> <td>4.9 </td> <td>5.1 </td> <td>4.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>$17,500–$19,999 </td> <td>0.8 </td> <td>1.1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>0.9 </td> <td>0.9 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1.3 </td> <td>1.5 </td> <td>1.8 </td> <td>1.6 </td> <td>1.8 </td> <td>2.2 </td> <td>2.6 </td> <td>2.6 </td> <td>2.9 </td> <td>3.2 </td> <td>3.3 </td> <td>3.4 </td> <td>3.2 </td> <td>3.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>$20,000 and over </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2.5 </td> <td>2.2 </td> <td>2.3 </td> <td>2.5 </td> <td>2.9 </td> <td>3.4 </td> <td>4.2 </td> <td>5.5 </td> <td>4.9 </td> <td>5.7 </td> <td>6.8 </td> <td>7.7 </td> <td>8.3 </td> <td>9.2 </td> <td>10.1 </td> <td>9.9 </td> <td>10.7 </td> <td>11.1 </td> <td>11.7 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Growth_in_household_income_by_decile">Growth in household income by decile</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Growth in household income by decile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the recovery from the 1998 economic slowdown, household income growth had resumed for the majority of households in 2000. However, for the lowest two deciles, the average household income in 2000 had declined compared with 1999. This was mainly due to the increase in the proportion of households with no <a href="/wiki/Income_earner" title="Income earner">income earner</a> from 75% in 1999 to 87% in 2000 for the lowest 10%. Households with no income earner include those with retired elderly persons as well as unemployed members.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size: 90%;"> <caption>Average monthly household income from work <i>including</i> employer CPF contributions among resident employed households<small>(<a href="/wiki/Singapore_dollar" title="Singapore dollar">SGD</a>)</small><sup id="cite_ref-Singstat_Income_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singstat_Income-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Decile</th> <th colspan="15">Average monthly household income <small>(<a href="/wiki/Singapore_dollar" title="Singapore dollar">SGD</a>)</small></th> <th colspan="14">Nominal annual change (%) </th></tr> <tr> <th>2000</th> <th>2001</th> <th>2002</th> <th>2003</th> <th>2004</th> <th>2005</th> <th>2006</th> <th>2007</th> <th>2008</th> <th>2009</th> <th>2010</th> <th>2011</th> <th>2012</th> <th>2013</th> <th>2014</th> <th>2001</th> <th>2002</th> <th>2003</th> <th>2004</th> <th>2005</th> <th>2006</th> <th>2007</th> <th>2008</th> <th>2009</th> <th>2010</th> <th>2011</th> <th>2012</th> <th>2013</th> <th>2014 </th></tr> <tr> <td>Total</td> <td>5,947</td> <td>6,417</td> <td>6,229</td> <td>6,276</td> <td>6,285</td> <td>6,593</td> <td>6,792</td> <td>7,431</td> <td>8,414</td> <td>8,195</td> <td>8,726</td> <td>9,618</td> <td>10,348</td> <td>10,469</td> <td>11,143</td> <td>7.9</td> <td>−2.9</td> <td>0.8</td> <td>0.1</td> <td>4.9</td> <td>3.0</td> <td>9.4</td> <td>13.2</td> <td>−2.6</td> <td>6.5</td> <td>10.2</td> <td>7.6</td> <td>1.2</td> <td>6.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1st – 10th</td> <td>1,382</td> <td>1,331</td> <td>1,266</td> <td>1,223</td> <td>1,232</td> <td>1,257</td> <td>1,258</td> <td>1,321</td> <td>1,399</td> <td>1,361</td> <td>1,497</td> <td>1,581</td> <td>1,644</td> <td>1,711</td> <td>1,775</td> <td>−3.7</td> <td>−4.9</td> <td>−3.4</td> <td>0.7</td> <td>2.0</td> <td>0.1</td> <td>5.0</td> <td>5.9</td> <td>−2.7</td> <td>10.0</td> <td>5.6</td> <td>4.0</td> <td>4.1</td> <td>3.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11th – 20th</td> <td>2,241</td> <td>2,275</td> <td>2,180</td> <td>2,164</td> <td>2,199</td> <td>2,257</td> <td>2,305</td> <td>2,418</td> <td>2,700</td> <td>2,696</td> <td>2,940</td> <td>3,135</td> <td>3,302</td> <td>3,372</td> <td>3,641</td> <td>1.5</td> <td>−4.2</td> <td>−0.7</td> <td>1.6</td> <td>2.6</td> <td>2.1</td> <td>4.9</td> <td>11.7</td> <td>−0.1</td> <td>9.1</td> <td>6.6</td> <td>5.3</td> <td>2.1</td> <td>8.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>21st – 30th</td> <td>2,986</td> <td>3,043</td> <td>2,944</td> <td>2,984</td> <td>2,988</td> <td>3,116</td> <td>3,182</td> <td>3,379</td> <td>3,831</td> <td>3,787</td> <td>4,158</td> <td>4,421</td> <td>4,782</td> <td>4,993</td> <td>5,226</td> <td>1.9</td> <td>−3.3</td> <td>1.4</td> <td>0.1</td> <td>4.3</td> <td>2.1</td> <td>6.2</td> <td>13.4</td> <td>−1.1</td> <td>9.8</td> <td>6.3</td> <td>8.2</td> <td>4.4</td> <td>4.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>31st – 40th</td> <td>3,683</td> <td>3,867</td> <td>3,722</td> <td>3,746</td> <td>3,786</td> <td>4,020</td> <td>4,038</td> <td>4,335</td> <td>4,906</td> <td>4,978</td> <td>5,418</td> <td>5,794</td> <td>6,183</td> <td>6,376</td> <td>6,863</td> <td>5.0</td> <td>−3.7</td> <td>0.6</td> <td>1.1</td> <td>6.2</td> <td>0.4</td> <td>7.4</td> <td>13.2</td> <td>1.5</td> <td>8.8</td> <td>6.9</td> <td>6.7</td> <td>3.1</td> <td>7.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>41st – 50th</td> <td>4,505</td> <td>4,680</td> <td>4,572</td> <td>4,637</td> <td>4,648</td> <td>4,859</td> <td>4,971</td> <td>5,358</td> <td>6,055</td> <td>5,980</td> <td>6,603</td> <td>7,032</td> <td>7,608</td> <td>7,993</td> <td>8,303</td> <td>3.9</td> <td>−2.3</td> <td>1.4</td> <td>0.2</td> <td>4.5</td> <td>2.3</td> <td>7.8</td> <td>13.0</td> <td>−1.2</td> <td>10.4</td> <td>6.5</td> <td>8.2</td> <td>5.1</td> <td>3.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>51st – 60th</td> <td>5,304</td> <td>5,677</td> <td>5,522</td> <td>5,638</td> <td>5,504</td> <td>5,865</td> <td>6,027</td> <td>6,561</td> <td>7,492</td> <td>7,319</td> <td>7,840</td> <td>8,436</td> <td>9,133</td> <td>9,469</td> <td>10,108</td> <td>7.0</td> <td>−2.7</td> <td>2.1</td> <td>−2.4</td> <td>6.6</td> <td>2.8</td> <td>8.9</td> <td>14.2</td> <td>−2.3</td> <td>7.1</td> <td>7.6</td> <td>8.3</td> <td>3.7</td> <td>6.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>61st – 70th</td> <td>6,354</td> <td>6,751</td> <td>6,664</td> <td>6,725</td> <td>6,633</td> <td>7,136</td> <td>7,180</td> <td>7,928</td> <td>8,957</td> <td>8,798</td> <td>9,310</td> <td>10,101</td> <td>10,894</td> <td>11,293</td> <td>11,861</td> <td>6.2</td> <td>−1.3</td> <td>0.9</td> <td>−1.4</td> <td>7.6</td> <td>0.6</td> <td>10.4</td> <td>13.0</td> <td>−1.8</td> <td>5.8</td> <td>8.5</td> <td>7.9</td> <td>3.7</td> <td>5.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>71st – 80th</td> <td>7,608</td> <td>8,322</td> <td>8,132</td> <td>8,229</td> <td>8,012</td> <td>8,641</td> <td>8,809</td> <td>9,479</td> <td>10,820</td> <td>10,694</td> <td>11,105</td> <td>12,306</td> <td>13,186</td> <td>13,807</td> <td>14,496</td> <td>9.4</td> <td>−2.3</td> <td>1.2</td> <td>−2.6</td> <td>7.9</td> <td>1.9</td> <td>7.6</td> <td>14.1</td> <td>−1.2</td> <td>3.8</td> <td>10.8</td> <td>7.2</td> <td>4.7</td> <td>5.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>81st – 90th</td> <td>9,461</td> <td>10,755</td> <td>10,294</td> <td>10,271</td> <td>10,350</td> <td>10,701</td> <td>11,048</td> <td>12,386</td> <td>14,013</td> <td>13,423</td> <td>13,943</td> <td>15,509</td> <td>16,366</td> <td>16,984</td> <td>18,017</td> <td>13.7</td> <td>−4.3</td> <td>−0.2</td> <td>0.8</td> <td>3.4</td> <td>3.2</td> <td>12.1</td> <td>13.1</td> <td>−4.2</td> <td>3.9</td> <td>11.2</td> <td>5.5</td> <td>3.8</td> <td>6.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>91st – 100th</td> <td>15,946</td> <td>17,467</td> <td>16,998</td> <td>17,146</td> <td>17,493</td> <td>18,076</td> <td>19,100</td> <td>21,146</td> <td>23,968</td> <td>22,909</td> <td>24,442</td> <td>27,867</td> <td>30,379</td> <td>28,688</td> <td>31,142</td> <td>9.5</td> <td>−2.7</td> <td>0.9</td> <td>2.0</td> <td>3.3</td> <td>5.7</td> <td>10.7</td> <td>13.3</td> <td>−4.4</td> <td>6.7</td> <td>14.0</td> <td>9.0</td> <td>−5.6</td> <td>8.6 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size: 90%;"> <caption>Average monthly household income from work <i>excluding</i> employer CPF contributions among resident employed households<small>(<a href="/wiki/Singapore_dollar" title="Singapore dollar">SGD</a>)</small><sup id="cite_ref-Singstat_Income_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singstat_Income-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Decile</th> <th colspan="13">Average monthly household income <small>(<a href="/wiki/Singapore_dollar" title="Singapore dollar">SGD</a>)</small></th> <th colspan="12">Nominal annual change (%) </th></tr> <tr> <th>2000</th> <th>2001</th> <th>2002</th> <th>2003</th> <th>2004</th> <th>2005</th> <th>2006</th> <th>2007</th> <th>2008</th> <th>2009</th> <th>2010</th> <th>2011</th> <th>2012</th> <th>2001</th> <th>2002</th> <th>2003</th> <th>2004</th> <th>2005</th> <th>2006</th> <th>2007</th> <th>2008</th> <th>2009</th> <th>2010</th> <th>2011</th> <th>2012 </th></tr> <tr> <td>Total</td> <td>5,456</td> <td>5,736</td> <td>5,572</td> <td>5,618</td> <td>5,761</td> <td>6,052</td> <td>6,280</td> <td>6,889</td> <td>7,752</td> <td>7,549</td> <td>8,058</td> <td>8,864</td> <td>9,515</td> <td>5.1</td> <td>−2.9</td> <td>0.8</td> <td>2.5</td> <td>5.1</td> <td>3.8</td> <td>9.7</td> <td>12.5</td> <td>−2.6</td> <td>6.7</td> <td>10.0</td> <td>7.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1st – 10th</td> <td>1,285</td> <td>1,209</td> <td>1,151</td> <td>1,112</td> <td>1,140</td> <td>1,162</td> <td>1,165</td> <td>1,223</td> <td>1,300</td> <td>1,264</td> <td>1,385</td> <td>1,460</td> <td>1,518</td> <td>−5.9</td> <td>−4.8</td> <td>−3.4</td> <td>2.5</td> <td>1.9</td> <td>0.3</td> <td>5.0</td> <td>6.3</td> <td>−2.8</td> <td>9.6</td> <td>5.4</td> <td>4.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11th – 20th</td> <td>2,062</td> <td>2,040</td> <td>1,956</td> <td>1,942</td> <td>2,009</td> <td>2,064</td> <td>2,114</td> <td>2,218</td> <td>2,464</td> <td>2,462</td> <td>2,679</td> <td>2,834</td> <td>2,985</td> <td>−1.1</td> <td>−4.1</td> <td>−0.7</td> <td>3.5</td> <td>2.7</td> <td>2.4</td> <td>4.9</td> <td>11.1</td> <td>−0.1</td> <td>8.8</td> <td>5.8</td> <td>5.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>21st – 30th</td> <td>2,737</td> <td>2,717</td> <td>2,627</td> <td>2,668</td> <td>2,721</td> <td>2,833</td> <td>2,903</td> <td>3,078</td> <td>3,464</td> <td>3,436</td> <td>3,759</td> <td>3,988</td> <td>4,290</td> <td>−0.7</td> <td>−3.3</td> <td>1.6</td> <td>2.0</td> <td>4.1</td> <td>2.5</td> <td>6.0</td> <td>12.5</td> <td>−0.8</td> <td>9.4</td> <td>6.1</td> <td>7.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>31st – 40th</td> <td>3,367</td> <td>3,434</td> <td>3,312</td> <td>3,330</td> <td>3,431</td> <td>3,645</td> <td>3,673</td> <td>3,950</td> <td>4,420</td> <td>4,495</td> <td>4,887</td> <td>5,200</td> <td>5,529</td> <td>2.0</td> <td>−3.6</td> <td>0.5</td> <td>3.0</td> <td>6.2</td> <td>0.8</td> <td>7.5</td> <td>11.9</td> <td>1.7</td> <td>8.7</td> <td>6.4</td> <td>6.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>41st – 50th</td> <td>4,097</td> <td>4,149</td> <td>4,043</td> <td>4,103</td> <td>4,200</td> <td>4,390</td> <td>4,514</td> <td>4,870</td> <td>5,455</td> <td>5,391</td> <td>5,959</td> <td>6,303</td> <td>6,800</td> <td>1.3</td> <td>−2.6</td> <td>1.5</td> <td>2.4</td> <td>4.5</td> <td>2.8</td> <td>7.9</td> <td>12.0</td> <td>−1.2</td> <td>10.5</td> <td>5.8</td> <td>7.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>51st – 60th</td> <td>4,830</td> <td>5,015</td> <td>4,884</td> <td>4,981</td> <td>4,978</td> <td>5,301</td> <td>5,477</td> <td>5,962</td> <td>6,753</td> <td>6,601</td> <td>7,090</td> <td>7,587</td> <td>8,196</td> <td>3.8</td> <td>−2.6</td> <td>2.0</td> <td>−0.1</td> <td>6.5</td> <td>3.3</td> <td>8.9</td> <td>13.3</td> <td>−2.3</td> <td>7.4</td> <td>7.0</td> <td>8.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>61st – 70th</td> <td>5,773</td> <td>5,971</td> <td>5,891</td> <td>5,936</td> <td>6,005</td> <td>6,458</td> <td>6,535</td> <td>7,234</td> <td>8,107</td> <td>7,972</td> <td>8,450</td> <td>9,147</td> <td>9,806</td> <td>3.4</td> <td>−1.3</td> <td>0.8</td> <td>1.2</td> <td>7.5</td> <td>1.2</td> <td>10.7</td> <td>12.1</td> <td>−1.7</td> <td>6.0</td> <td>8.2</td> <td>7.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>71st – 80th</td> <td>6,919</td> <td>7,365</td> <td>7,187</td> <td>7,273</td> <td>7,256</td> <td>7,846</td> <td>8,046</td> <td>8,694</td> <td>9,849</td> <td>9,733</td> <td>10,142</td> <td>11,193</td> <td>11,973</td> <td>6.4</td> <td>−2.4</td> <td>1.2</td> <td>−0.2</td> <td>8.1</td> <td>2.5</td> <td>8.1</td> <td>13.3</td> <td>−1.2</td> <td>4.2</td> <td>10.4</td> <td>7.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>81st – 90th</td> <td>8,631</td> <td>9,557</td> <td>9,144</td> <td>9,142</td> <td>9,443</td> <td>9,797</td> <td>10,203</td> <td>11,491</td> <td>12,916</td> <td>12,354</td> <td>12,887</td> <td>14,307</td> <td>15,038</td> <td>10.7</td> <td>−4.3</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>3.3</td> <td>3.7</td> <td>4.1</td> <td>12.6</td> <td>12.4</td> <td>−4.4</td> <td>4.3</td> <td>11.0</td> <td>5.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>91st – 100th</td> <td>14,862</td> <td>15,905</td> <td>15,524</td> <td>15,688</td> <td>16,425</td> <td>17,021</td> <td>18,170</td> <td>20,174</td> <td>22,797</td> <td>21,784</td> <td>23,345</td> <td>26,622</td> <td>29,012</td> <td>7.0</td> <td>−2.4</td> <td>1.1</td> <td>4.7</td> <td>3.6</td> <td>6.8</td> <td>11.0</td> <td>13.0</td> <td>−4.4</td> <td>7.2</td> <td>14.0</td> <td>9.0 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Household_income_ratio">Household income ratio</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Household income ratio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The disparity in household income had widened in 2000, reflecting the faster income growth for the higher-income households.<sup id="cite_ref-adr-hhinc_85-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adr-hhinc-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:800px;"> <caption>Gini coefficient among resident employed households<sup id="cite_ref-Singstat_Income_90-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singstat_Income-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>2000</th> <th>2001</th> <th>2002</th> <th>2003</th> <th>2004</th> <th>2005</th> <th>2006</th> <th>2007</th> <th>2008</th> <th>2009</th> <th>2010</th> <th>2011</th> <th>2012 </th></tr> <tr> <td>Household income from work <i>excluding</i> employer CPF contributions per household member</td> <td>0.444</td> <td>0.456</td> <td>0.457</td> <td>0.460</td> <td>0.464</td> <td>0.470</td> <td>0.476</td> <td>0.489</td> <td>0.481</td> <td>0.478</td> <td>0.480</td> <td>0.482</td> <td>0.488 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Household income from work <i>including</i> employer CPF contributions per household member</td> <td>0.442</td> <td>0.454</td> <td>0.454</td> <td>0.457</td> <td>0.460</td> <td>0.465</td> <td>0.470</td> <td>0.482</td> <td>0.474</td> <td>0.471</td> <td>0.472</td> <td>0.473</td> <td>0.478 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Household income from work <i>including</i> employer CPF contributions per household member <i>after</i> accounting for government transfers and taxes</td> <td>0.434</td> <td>0.437</td> <td>0.433</td> <td>0.446</td> <td>0.446</td> <td>0.449</td> <td>0.444</td> <td>0.467</td> <td>0.449</td> <td>0.448</td> <td>0.452</td> <td>0.448</td> <td>0.459 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:800px;"> <caption>Ratio of household income from work per household member at the 90th percentile to 10th percentile among resident employed households<sup id="cite_ref-Singstat_Income_90-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singstat_Income-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>2000</th> <th>2001</th> <th>2002</th> <th>2003</th> <th>2004</th> <th>2005</th> <th>2006</th> <th>2007</th> <th>2008</th> <th>2009</th> <th>2010</th> <th>2011</th> <th>2012 </th></tr> <tr> <td>Household income from work <i>excluding</i> employer CPF contributions per household member</td> <td>7.74</td> <td>8.68</td> <td>8.49</td> <td>8.51</td> <td>8.81</td> <td>9.26</td> <td>9.3</td> <td>9.52</td> <td>9.61</td> <td>9.25</td> <td>9.43</td> <td>9.12</td> <td>9.18 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Household income from work <i>including</i> employer CPF contributions per household member</td> <td>7.75</td> <td>8.58</td> <td>8.82</td> <td>8.81</td> <td>8.87</td> <td>9.06</td> <td>9.23</td> <td>9.38</td> <td>9.64</td> <td>9.43</td> <td>9.35</td> <td>9.19</td> <td>9.14 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Household income from work <i>including</i> employer CPF contributions per household member <i>after</i> accounting for government transfers and taxes</td> <td>7.68</td> <td>7.82</td> <td>7.71</td> <td>8.28</td> <td>8.24</td> <td>8.3</td> <td>7.68</td> <td>8.68</td> <td>7.94</td> <td>8.00</td> <td>8.1</td> <td>7.54</td> <td>7.87 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_rankings">International rankings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: International rankings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Singapore" title="International rankings of Singapore">International rankings of Singapore</a></div> <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" width="100%" style="font-size:95%; margin:0px 0px"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="7"><span style="padding-left:1.0em;"> </span>International rankings of Singapore </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Social rankings </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">Population density</a> </td> <td>3rd out of 239 (2014)<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_immigrant_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by immigrant population">Number of immigrants</a> </td> <td>7th out of 192 (42.6% of Singapore's population are foreigners) (<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (August 2015)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup>)<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_by_fertility_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries and territories by fertility rate">Fertility rate</a> </td> <td>197th out of 200 (2015)<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> 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href="#cite_ref-Data_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Data_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Data_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Data_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Data_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Data_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration 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J. (15 November 1884). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes18841115-1.2.11">"An Anecdotal History of Old Times in Singapore"</a>. <i>The Straits Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180130210434/http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes18841115-1.2.11">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=An+Anecdotal+History+of+Old+Times+in+Singapore&rft.date=1884-11-15&rft.aulast=Bernard&rft.aufirst=F.+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feresources.nlb.gov.sg%2Fnewspapers%2FDigitised%2FArticle%2Fstraitstimes18841115-1.2.11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-census_1826-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-census_1826_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-census_1826_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-census_1826_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright,_ArnoldCartwright,_H.A.1907" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Arnold; Cartwright, H.A., eds. 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Charles Knight. 30 March 2009. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3354-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3354-1"><bdi>978-0-8248-3354-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Penny+Cyclop%C3%A6dia+of+the+Society+for+the+Diffusion+of+Useful+Knowledge%2C+Volume+22&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Charles+Knight&rft.date=2009-03-30&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-3354-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D50ZFAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jstor1-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jstor1_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jstor1_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jstor1_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jstor1_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jstor1_20-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaw_Swee-Hock1969" class="citation journal cs1">Saw Swee-Hock (March 1969). 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Great Britain Census Office. 1906. p. 123.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Straits+Settlements&rft.btitle=Census+of+the+British+empire.+1901&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=Great+Britain+Census+Office&rft.date=1906&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcu31924030396067%23page%2Fn189%2Fmode%2F2up%2Fsearch%2Fsingapore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-warren-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-warren_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-warren_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Francis_Warren2003" class="citation book cs1">James Francis Warren (30 June 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wVyqbmHS2zQC&pg=PA19"><i>Rickshaw Coolie: A People's History of Singapore, 1880–1940</i></a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.singapore-window.org/sw06/060426re.htm">the original</a> on 16 March 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Singapore+Windows&rft.atitle=Pushing+for+babies%3A+S%27pore+fights+fertility+decline&rft.date=2006-04-26&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=Sara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.singapore-window.org%2Fsw06%2F060426re.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fas.nus.edu.sg/nai/about/about-NAI.html">"About"</a>. <i>fas.nus.edu.sg</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Singapore's New Town prototype: a textbook prescription?". <i>Habitat International</i>. <b>16</b> (3): 89–101. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0197-3975%2892%2990066-8">10.1016/0197-3975(92)90066-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Habitat+International&rft.atitle=Singapore%27s+New+Town+prototype%3A+a+textbook+prescription%3F&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=89-101&rft.date=1992-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0197-3975%2892%2990066-8&rft.aulast=Field&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hdb.gov.sg/cs/infoweb/about-us/history">"History of HDB"</a>. <i>Housing & Development Board</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Housing+%26+Development+Board&rft.atitle=History+of+HDB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hdb.gov.sg%2Fcs%2Finfoweb%2Fabout-us%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuan_Seik2001" class="citation journal cs1">Tuan Seik, Foo (1 February 2001). "Planning and design of Tampines, an award-winning high-rise, high-density township in Singapore". <i>Cities</i>. <b>18</b> (1): 33–42. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0264-2751%2800%2900052-4">10.1016/S0264-2751(00)00052-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cities&rft.atitle=Planning+and+design+of+Tampines%2C+an+award-winning+high-rise%2C+high-density+township+in+Singapore&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=33-42&rft.date=2001-02-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0264-2751%2800%2900052-4&rft.aulast=Tuan+Seik&rft.aufirst=Foo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150216022913/http://www.ura.gov.sg/MS/DMP2013/regional-highlights/~/media/dmp2013/Planning%20Area%20Brochures/Brochure_Bedok_1.ashx">"[[Urban Redevelopment Authority|URA]] Planning Area Brochure – Bedok"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ura.gov.sg/MS/DMP2013/regional-highlights/~/media/dmp2013/Planning%20Area%20Brochures/Brochure_Bedok_1.ashx">the original</a> on 16 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%26%2391%3B%26%2391%3BUrban+Redevelopment+Authority%7CURA%26%2393%3B%26%2393%3B+Planning+Area+Brochure+%E2%80%93+Bedok&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ura.gov.sg%2FMS%2FDMP2013%2Fregional-highlights%2F~%2Fmedia%2Fdmp2013%2FPlanning%2520Area%2520Brochures%2FBrochure_Bedok_1.ashx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130218092002/http://202.157.171.46/whitepaper/downloads/population-white-paper.pdf">"<i>A Sustainable Population for a Dynamic Singapore</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://202.157.171.46/whitepaper/downloads/population-white-paper.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 18 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Sustainable+Population+for+a+Dynamic+Singapore.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F202.157.171.46%2Fwhitepaper%2Fdownloads%2Fpopulation-white-paper.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.straitstimes.com/microsites/parliament/story/amended-motion-white-paper-adopted-69-million-not-target-20130209">Amended motion on white paper adopted; 6.9 million is not a target.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130304202829/http://www.straitstimes.com/microsites/parliament/story/amended-motion-white-paper-adopted-69-million-not-target-20130209">Archived</a> 4 March 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>The Straits Times</i>. 9 February 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130301085335/http://wp.sg/2013/02/the-workers-partys-population-policy-paper-a-dynamic-population-for-a-sustainable-singapore/">"The Workers' Party's Population Policy Paper: "A Dynamic Population for a Sustainable Singapore": The Workers' Party of Singapore"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wp.sg/2013/02/the-workers-partys-population-policy-paper-a-dynamic-population-for-a-sustainable-singapore/">the original</a> on 1 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Workers%27+Party%27s+Population+Policy+Paper%3A+%22A+Dynamic+Population+for+a+Sustainable+Singapore%22%3A+The+Workers%27+Party+of+Singapore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwp.sg%2F2013%2F02%2Fthe-workers-partys-population-policy-paper-a-dynamic-population-for-a-sustainable-singapore%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span> The Workers' Party's Population Policy Paper: "A Dynamic Population for a Sustainable Singapore" <i>The Workers' Party</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wp.sg/2013/02/a-sustainable-singapore-with-a-dynamic-singaporean-majority-mp-low-thia-khiang/">A Sustainable Singapore with a Dynamic Singaporean majority – MP Low Thia Khiang</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130315182137/http://wp.sg/2013/02/a-sustainable-singapore-with-a-dynamic-singaporean-majority-mp-low-thia-khiang">Archived</a> 15 March 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>The Workers' Party</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130218035052/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/02/17/rare-singapore-protest-against-population-plan.html">"Rare Singapore protest against population plan"</a>. 17 February 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/02/17/rare-singapore-protest-against-population-plan.html">the original</a> on 18 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rare+Singapore+protest+against+population+plan&rft.date=2013-02-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2013%2F02%2F17%2Frare-singapore-protest-against-population-plan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201104131257/https://www.tablebuilder.singstat.gov.sg/publicfacing/createDataTable.action?refId=14912">"M810001 – Indicators on Population, Annual"</a>. Singapore Department of Statistics. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tablebuilder.singstat.gov.sg/publicfacing/createDataTable.action?refId=14912">the original</a> on 4 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M810001+%E2%80%93+Indicators+on+Population%2C+Annual&rft.pub=Singapore+Department+of+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tablebuilder.singstat.gov.sg%2Fpublicfacing%2FcreateDataTable.action%3FrefId%3D14912&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tablebuilder.singstat.gov.sg/publicfacing/createDataTable.action?refId=12041">"M890151 – Land Area (As at December), Annual"</a>. <i>Statistics Singapore</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statistics+Singapore&rft.atitle=M890151+%E2%80%93+Land+Area+%28As+at+December%29%2C+Annual&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tablebuilder.singstat.gov.sg%2Fpublicfacing%2FcreateDataTable.action%3FrefId%3D12041&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2022">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tablebuilder.singstat.gov.sg-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tablebuilder.singstat.gov.sg_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tablebuilder.singstat.gov.sg_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201102165914/https://www.tablebuilder.singstat.gov.sg/publicfacing/createDataTable.action?refId=14911">"Singapore Residents By Age Group, Ethnic Group And Gender, End June, Annual"</a>. <i>Singapore Department of Statistics</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tablebuilder.singstat.gov.sg/publicfacing/createDataTable.action?refId=14911">the original</a> on 2 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Singapore+Department+of+Statistics&rft.atitle=Singapore+Residents+By+Age+Group%2C+Ethnic+Group+And+Gender%2C+End+June%2C+Annual&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tablebuilder.singstat.gov.sg%2Fpublicfacing%2FcreateDataTable.action%3FrefId%3D14911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Singstat_2012-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Singstat_2012_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Singstat_2012_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Singstat_2012_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Singstat_2012_44-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Singstat_2012_44-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Singstat_2012_44-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Singstat_2012_44-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Singstat_2012_44-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Singstat_2012_44-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Singstat_2012_44-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Singstat_2012_44-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/popn/population2012b.pdf">Population Trends 2012</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121113152420/http://www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/popn/population2012b.pdf">Archived</a> 13 November 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Department of Statistics, Singapore</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Singstat_2015_Population-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Singstat_2015_Population_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Singstat_2015_Population_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Singstat_2015_Population_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Singstat_2015_Population_45-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.singstat.gov.sg/docs/default-source/default-document-library/publications/publications_and_papers/reference/yearbook_2015/excel/topic3.xls">topic3</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150911223359/http://www.singstat.gov.sg/docs/default-source/default-document-library/publications/publications_and_papers/reference/yearbook_2015/excel/topic3.xls">Archived</a> 11 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Population). Retrieved from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.singstat.gov.sg/publications/publications-and-papers/reference/yoscontents%7CStatistics">Singapore – Yearbook of Statistics Singapore, 2015</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>, <i>Department of Statistics, Singapore</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.singstat.gov.sg">the original</a> on 18 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Singstat&rft.atitle=Population+trend&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.singstat.gov.sg%2Fdocs%2Fdefault-source%2Fdefault-document-library%2Fpublications%2Fpublications_and_papers%2Fpopulation_and_population_structure%2Fpopulation2017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.singstat.gov.sg/find-data/search-by-theme/population/births-and-fertility/latest-data">"M810091 – Births And Fertility Rates, Annual"</a>. <i>Department of Statistics Singapore</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Statistics+Singapore&rft.atitle=M810091+%E2%80%93+Births+And+Fertility+Rates%2C+Annual&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.singstat.gov.sg%2Ffind-data%2Fsearch-by-theme%2Fpopulation%2Fbirths-and-fertility%2Flatest-data&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tablebuilder.singstat.gov.sg/table/TS/M810091">"Births and Fertility Rates"</a>. <i>SingStat Tables</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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SEAS Publishing. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-230-738-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-230-738-5"><bdi>978-981-230-738-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Population+of+Singapore&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=SEAS+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-981-230-738-5&rft.au=Saw+Swee-Hock&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMUxLDhv9HB4C%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwee-Hock_Saw1970" class="citation book cs1">Swee-Hock Saw (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LGIyAAAAMAAJ&q=true+sense"><i>Singapore population in transition</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-7588-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-7588-9"><bdi>978-0-8122-7588-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Singapore+population+in+transition&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-7588-9&rft.au=Swee-Hock+Saw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLGIyAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dtrue%2Bsense&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-early_population-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-early_population_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-early_population_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaw_Swee-Hock2012" class="citation book cs1">Saw Swee-Hock (30 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dD2qVu8EpdUC&pg=PA7"><i>The Population of Singapore</i></a> (3rd ed.). ISEAS Publishing. pp. 7–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4380-98-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4380-98-0"><bdi>978-981-4380-98-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Population+of+Singapore&rft.pages=7-8&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=ISEAS+Publishing&rft.date=2012-06-30&rft.isbn=978-981-4380-98-0&rft.au=Saw+Swee-Hock&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdD2qVu8EpdUC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-saw_swee-hock-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-saw_swee-hock_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-saw_swee-hock_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaw_Swee-Hock2012" class="citation book cs1">Saw Swee-Hock (30 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dD2qVu8EpdUC&pg=PA29"><i>The Population of Singapore</i></a> (3rd ed.). ISEAS Publishing. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4380-98-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4380-98-0"><bdi>978-981-4380-98-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Population+of+Singapore&rft.pages=29&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=ISEAS+Publishing&rft.date=2012-06-30&rft.isbn=978-981-4380-98-0&rft.au=Saw+Swee-Hock&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdD2qVu8EpdUC%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-anoma-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-anoma_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPieris2009" class="citation book cs1">Pieris, Anoma (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PhngAfyvQIYC&pg=PA238"><i>Hidden Hands and Divided Landscapes: A Penal History of Singapore's Plural Society</i></a>. University of Hawaiʻi Press. p. 238. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3354-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3354-1"><bdi>978-0-8248-3354-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hidden+Hands+and+Divided+Landscapes%3A+A+Penal+History+of+Singapore%27s+Plural+Society&rft.pages=238&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%CA%BBi+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-3354-1&rft.aulast=Pieris&rft.aufirst=Anoma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPhngAfyvQIYC%26pg%3DPA238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sanderson-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sanderson_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sanderson_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMrs_Reginald_Sanderson1907" class="citation book cs1">Mrs Reginald Sanderson (1907). Wright, Arnold; Cartwright, H.A. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cu31924023134368#page/n227/mode/2up"><i>Twentieth century impressions of British Malaya: its history, people, commerce, industries, and resources</i></a>. pp. 220–221.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twentieth+century+impressions+of+British+Malaya%3A+its+history%2C+people%2C+commerce%2C+industries%2C+and+resources&rft.pages=220-221&rft.date=1907&rft.au=Mrs+Reginald+Sanderson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcu31924023134368%23page%2Fn227%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Francis_Warren2003" class="citation book cs1">James Francis Warren (30 June 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wVyqbmHS2zQC&pg=PA18"><i>Rickshaw Coolie: A People's History of Singapore, 1880–1940</i></a>. NUS Press. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-266-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-266-7"><bdi>978-9971-69-266-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rickshaw+Coolie%3A+A+People%27s+History+of+Singapore%2C+1880%E2%80%931940&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=NUS+Press&rft.date=2003-06-30&rft.isbn=978-9971-69-266-7&rft.au=James+Francis+Warren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwVyqbmHS2zQC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1823_census-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1823_census_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history/events/2fb8948b-5f16-4a7a-8e3c-7a724e1eb6ad">"First Census of Singapore is Taken"</a>. <i>History SG</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170106012547/http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history/events/2fb8948b-5f16-4a7a-8e3c-7a724e1eb6ad">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+SG&rft.atitle=First+Census+of+Singapore+is+Taken&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feresources.nlb.gov.sg%2Fhistory%2Fevents%2F2fb8948b-5f16-4a7a-8e3c-7a724e1eb6ad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-census_1871-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-census_1871_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-census_1871_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-census_1871_66-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrenda_S._A._Yeoh2003" class="citation book cs1">Brenda S. A. Yeoh (30 April 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qGEFUeRySkwC&pg=PA317"><i>Contesting Space in Colonial Singapore: Power Relations and the Urban Built Environment</i></a>. NUS Press. p. 317. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-268-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-268-1"><bdi>978-9971-69-268-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contesting+Space+in+Colonial+Singapore%3A+Power+Relations+and+the+Urban+Built+Environment&rft.pages=317&rft.pub=NUS+Press&rft.date=2003-04-30&rft.isbn=978-9971-69-268-1&rft.au=Brenda+S.+A.+Yeoh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqGEFUeRySkwC%26pg%3DPA317&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_334_2005-01-26.html">"Armenian"</a>. <i>Singapore Infopedia</i>. National Library Board, Singapore. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161003140108/http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_334_2005-01-26.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Singapore+Infopedia&rft.atitle=Armenian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feresources.nlb.gov.sg%2Finfopedia%2Farticles%2FSIP_334_2005-01-26.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLim_Peng_Han" class="citation journal cs1">Lim Peng Han. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170131191506/http://umijms.um.edu.my/filebank/published_article/2804/no.6.pdf">"The history of an emerging multilingual public library system and the role of mobile libraries in post colonial Singapore, 1956–1991"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Malaysian Journal of Library & Information Science</i>. <b>1</b> (2): 85–108. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://umijms.um.edu.my/filebank/published_article/2804/no.6.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 31 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Malaysian+Journal+of+Library+%26+Information+Science&rft.atitle=The+history+of+an+emerging+multilingual+public+library+system+and+the+role+of+mobile+libraries+in+post+colonial+Singapore%2C+1956%E2%80%931991&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=85-108&rft.au=Lim+Peng+Han&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fumijms.um.edu.my%2Ffilebank%2Fpublished_article%2F2804%2Fno.6.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIATONGA-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CIATONGA_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/singapore/">"East & Southeast Asia:: Singapore"</a>. CIA The World Factbook. 19 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=East+%26+Southeast+Asia%3A%3A+Singapore&rft.pub=CIA+The+World+Factbook&rft.date=2021-11-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fsingapore%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131113154937/http://www.singstat.gov.sg/publications/publications_and_papers/cop2010/census_2010_release1/cop2010sr1.pdf">"Census of Population 2010]" (table 6)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Singapore Department of Statistics. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.singstat.gov.sg/publications/publications_and_papers/cop2010/census_2010_release1/cop2010sr1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 13 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+of+Population+2010%5D%22+%28table+6%29&rft.pub=Singapore+Department+of+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.singstat.gov.sg%2Fpublications%2Fpublications_and_papers%2Fcop2010%2Fcensus_2010_release1%2Fcop2010sr1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-singstat.gov.sg-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-singstat.gov.sg_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.singstat.gov.sg/docs/default-source/default-document-library/publications/publications_and_papers/cop2010/census_2010_release1/cop2010sr1.pdf">Census of Population 2010 Statistical Release 1 – Demographic Characteristics, Education, Language and Religion</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161005201416/https://www.singstat.gov.sg/docs/default-source/default-document-library/publications/publications_and_papers/cop2010/census_2010_release1/cop2010sr1.pdf">Archived</a> 5 October 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2020Religion-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2020Religion_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210616140325/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/census-2020-more-residents-no-religion-15023964">"20% of Singapore residents have no religion, an increase from the last population census"</a>. <i>Channel News Asia</i>. 16 June 2021. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/census-2020-more-residents-no-religion-15023964">the original</a> on 16 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Channel+News+Asia&rft.atitle=20%25+of+Singapore+residents+have+no+religion%2C+an+increase+from+the+last+population+census&rft.date=2021-06-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.channelnewsasia.com%2Fnews%2Fsingapore%2Fcensus-2020-more-residents-no-religion-15023964&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Singapore_Census_2020-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Singapore_Census_2020_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.singstat.gov.sg/-/media/files/publications/cop2020/sr1/cop2020sr1.pdf">"Census of Population 2020: Demographic Characteristics, Education, Language and Religion"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Department of Statistics Singapore</i>. 16 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Statistics+Singapore&rft.atitle=Census+of+Population+2020%3A+Demographic+Characteristics%2C+Education%2C+Language+and+Religion&rft.date=2021-06-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.singstat.gov.sg%2F-%2Fmedia%2Ffiles%2Fpublications%2Fcop2020%2Fsr1%2Fcop2020sr1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/singapore/">"Singapore"</a>. CIA World Factbook<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Singapore&rft.pub=CIA+World+Factbook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fsingapore%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census_2010-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Census_2010_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110303155259/http://www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/popn/C2010sr1/cop2010sr1.pdf"><i>Census of Population 2010 Statistical Release 1: Demographic Characteristics, Education, Language and Religion</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Department of Statistics, Ministry of Trade & Industry, Republic of Singapore. January 2011. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-08-7808-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-08-7808-5"><bdi>978-981-08-7808-5</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/popn/C2010sr1/cop2010sr1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 March 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Census+of+Population+2010+Statistical+Release+1%3A+Demographic+Characteristics%2C+Education%2C+Language+and+Religion&rft.pub=Department+of+Statistics%2C+Ministry+of+Trade+%26+Industry%2C+Republic+of+Singapore&rft.date=2011-01&rft.isbn=978-981-08-7808-5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.singstat.gov.sg%2Fpubn%2Fpopn%2FC2010sr1%2Fcop2010sr1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census_2000_religion-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Census_2000_religion_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census_2000_religion_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927013657/http://www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/popn/c2000adr/chap5.pdf">"Census 2000 – Chapter 5: Religion"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/popn/c2000adr/chap5.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+2000+%E2%80%93+Chapter+5%3A+Religion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.singstat.gov.sg%2Fpubn%2Fpopn%2Fc2000adr%2Fchap5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2001/5732.htm">"Singapore"</a>. <i>state.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=state.gov&rft.atitle=Singapore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fj%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Firf%2F2001%2F5732.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071124144733/http://www.singstat.gov.sg/stats/themes/people/marriages.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.singstat.gov.sg/stats/themes/people/marriages.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.singstat.gov.sg%2Fstats%2Fthemes%2Fpeople%2Fmarriages.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span> <i>Singapore Department of Statistics</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.singstat.gov.sg/find-data/search-by-theme/population/education-language-spoken-and-literacy/latest-data">"Education, Language Spoken and Literacy – Latest Data"</a>. <i>Base</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Base&rft.atitle=Education%2C+Language+Spoken+and+Literacy+%E2%80%93+Latest+Data&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.singstat.gov.sg%2Ffind-data%2Fsearch-by-theme%2Fpopulation%2Feducation-language-spoken-and-literacy%2Flatest-data&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.singstat.gov.sg/keystats/mqstats/indicators.html">Latest Data (1 February 2006)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050711015920/http://www.singstat.gov.sg/keystats/mqstats/indicators.html">Archived</a> 11 July 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – <i>Singapore Department of Statistics</i>. URL accessed on 2 February 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporebusinessnews/view/191175/1/.html">"Singapore's employment hits all-time high of 2.3 m in 2005"</a>. Channel NewsAsia. 1 February 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060218031934/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporebusinessnews/view/191175/1/.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Singapore%27s+employment+hits+all-time+high+of+2.3+m+in+2005&rft.date=2006-02-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.channelnewsasia.com%2Fstories%2Fsingaporebusinessnews%2Fview%2F191175%2F1%2F.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span> By May Wong.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051031041632/http://www.singstat.gov.sg/keystats/annual/yos/yos110.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.singstat.gov.sg/keystats/annual/yos/yos110.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 31 October 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.singstat.gov.sg%2Fkeystats%2Fannual%2Fyos%2Fyos110.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span> <i>Department of Statistics, Singapore</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MOM_2012-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MOM_2012_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MOM_2012_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mom.gov.sg/Publications/mrsd_qtlmr124.pdf">Labour Market 2012</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130319135857/http://www.mom.gov.sg/Publications/mrsd_qtlmr124.pdf">Archived</a> 19 March 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Ministry of Manpower, Singapore</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Singstat_2015_Key_Indicators-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Singstat_2015_Key_Indicators_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.singstat.gov.sg/docs/default-source/default-document-library/publications/publications_and_papers/reference/yearbook_2015/excel/topic1.xls">topic1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150912044859/http://www.singstat.gov.sg/docs/default-source/default-document-library/publications/publications_and_papers/reference/yearbook_2015/excel/topic1.xls">Archived</a> 12 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Key Indicators). See Table 1.14 on <i>Education and Literacy</i> and Table 1.11 on <i>Employment</i>. Retrieved from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150108100846/http://www.singstat.gov.sg/publications/publications-and-papers/reference/yoscontents">Statistics Singapore – Yearbook of Statistics Singapore, 2015</a>, <i>Department of Statistics, Singapore</i>. Retrieved on 28 August 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-adr-hhinc-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-adr-hhinc_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-adr-hhinc_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-adr-hhinc_85-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-adr-hhinc_85-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110822074736/http://mms.elibraryhub.com/SHC/Govt/MTI/SingStat/c2000adr-hhinc.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mms.elibraryhub.com/SHC/Govt/MTI/SingStat/c2000adr-hhinc.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 22 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmms.elibraryhub.com%2FSHC%2FGovt%2FMTI%2FSingStat%2Fc2000adr-hhinc.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span> <i>Department of Statistics, Singapore.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-adr2011-hhinc-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-adr2011-hhinc_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121113154915/http://www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/papers/people/pp-s18.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/papers/people/pp-s18.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 13 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.singstat.gov.sg%2Fpubn%2Fpapers%2Fpeople%2Fpp-s18.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span> <i>Department of Statistics, Singapore.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sing_stat-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sing_stat_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sing_stat_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140113221750/http://www.singstat.gov.sg/Publications/publications_and_papers/cop2010/census_2010_release2/cop2010sr2.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.singstat.gov.sg/publications/publications_and_papers/cop2010/census_2010_release2/cop2010sr2.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 13 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.singstat.gov.sg%2Fpublications%2Fpublications_and_papers%2Fcop2010%2Fcensus_2010_release2%2Fcop2010sr2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.singstat.gov.sg/find-data/search-by-theme/households/household-income/latest-data">"Household Income – Latest Data"</a>. <i>Base</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Base&rft.atitle=Household+Income+%E2%80%93+Latest+Data&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.singstat.gov.sg%2Ffind-data%2Fsearch-by-theme%2Fhouseholds%2Fhousehold-income%2Flatest-data&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110822074736/http://mms.elibraryhub.com/SHC/Govt/MTI/SingStat/c2000adr-hhinc.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mms.elibraryhub.com/SHC/Govt/MTI/SingStat/c2000adr-hhinc.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 22 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmms.elibraryhub.com%2FSHC%2FGovt%2FMTI%2FSingStat%2Fc2000adr-hhinc.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Singstat_Income-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Singstat_Income_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Singstat_Income_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Singstat_Income_90-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Singstat_Income_90-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.singstat.gov.sg/publications/publications_and_papers/household_income_and_expenditure/pp-s19.pdf">Key Household Income Trends 2012</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130810003500/http://www.singstat.gov.sg/Publications/publications_and_papers/household_income_and_expenditure/pp-s19.pdf">Archived</a> 10 August 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Department of Statistics, Singapore.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.singstat.gov.sg/docs/default-source/default-document-library/statistics/browse_by_theme/population/time_series/hhinc.xls">"Household Income from work 2000–2014"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151005183818/http://www.singstat.gov.sg/docs/default-source/default-document-library/statistics/browse_by_theme/population/time_series/hhinc.xls">Archived</a> 5 October 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Department of Statistics, Singapore. Retrieved 4 October 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://hdr.undp.org/reports/global/2004/pdf/hdr04_HDI.pdf">http://hdr.undp.org/reports/global/2004/pdf/hdr04_HDI.pdf</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a><span> Development Programme Report 2004</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070718000227/http://hdr.undp.org/reports/global/2004/pdf/hdr04_HDI.pdf">Archived</a> 18 July 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> See page 50–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">List of countries and dependencies by population density</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_immigrant_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by immigrant population">List of countries by immigrant population</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_by_fertility_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries and territories by fertility rate">List of countries and territories by fertility rate</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Demographics of Singapore</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=&su=Singapore+%E2%80%93+Population+Statistics%2C+Vital.">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=&su=Singapore+%E2%80%93+Population+Statistics%2C+Vital.&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040215001654/http://www.singstat.gov.sg/keystats/people.html#census">Census 2000</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.singstat.gov.sg/">Singapore Dept of Statistics</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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title="Bugis-Malay">Bugis-Malay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankans_in_Singapore" title="Sri Lankans in Singapore">Ceylonese/Sri Lankans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitty" title="Chitty">Chitty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Singaporeans" title="Eurasian Singaporeans">Eurasians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawi_Peranakan" title="Jawi Peranakan">Jawi Peranakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Singapore" title="History of the Jews in Singapore">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_people" title="Minangkabau people">Minangkabau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Seletar" title="Orang Seletar">Orang Seletar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Singapore" title="Immigration to Singapore">Foreign nationalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group 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Singapore">Koreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysians_in_Singapore" title="Malaysians in Singapore">Malaysians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalis_in_Singapore" title="Nepalis in Singapore">Nepalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis_in_Singapore" title="Pakistanis in Singapore">Pakistanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Taiwanese" title="Overseas Taiwanese">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thais_in_Singapore" title="Thais in Singapore">Thais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people_in_Singapore" title="Vietnamese people in Singapore">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australians_in_Singapore" title="Australians in Singapore">Australians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immigrant_workers_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigrant workers in Singapore">Immigrant workers in Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Singapore" title="Immigration to Singapore">Immigration to Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_in_Singapore" title="Race in Singapore">Race in Singapore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Singapore_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Singapore_topics" title="Template:Singapore topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Singapore_topics" title="Template talk:Singapore topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Singapore_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Singapore topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Singapore_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Singapore-related_articles" title="Index of Singapore-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Singapore" title="History of Singapore">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeology in Singapore">Archaeology in Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Singapore" title="Early history of Singapore">Early history (pre–1819)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_of_modern_Singapore_and_its_early_colonial_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Founding of modern Singapore and its early colonial period">Founding of modern Singapore and early colonial period (1819–1826)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements (1826–1942)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Singapore" title="Japanese occupation of Singapore">Japanese occupation (1942–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Military_Administration_(Malaya)" title="British Military Administration (Malaya)">British Military Administration (1945–1946)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Singapore" title="Colony of Singapore">Post-war Singapore (1946–1955)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-governance_of_Singapore" title="Self-governance of Singapore">Self-governance of Singapore (1955–1962)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_in_Malaysia" title="Singapore in Malaysia">Merger with Malaysia (1962–1965)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Singapore" title="History of the Republic of Singapore">Republic of Singapore (1965–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Singapore" title="Geography of Singapore">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="List of beaches of Singapore">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Singapore" title="Environmental issues in Singapore">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Singapore" title="Geology of Singapore">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Singapore" title="List of islands of Singapore">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parks_in_Singapore" title="List of parks in Singapore">Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dams_and_reservoirs_in_Singapore" title="List of dams and reservoirs in Singapore">Reservoirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Singapore" title="List of rivers of Singapore">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_Singapore" title="Urban planning in Singapore">Urban planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_renewal_in_Singapore" title="Urban renewal in Singapore">Urban renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterways_in_Singapore" title="List of waterways in Singapore">Waterways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Singapore" title="Wildlife of Singapore">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Singapore" title="Politics of Singapore">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Singapore" title="Administrative divisions of Singapore">Administrative divisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Town_Council_(Singapore)" title="Town Council (Singapore)">Town Councils</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Singapore" title="Constitution of Singapore">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Singapore" title="Elections in Singapore">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Singapore" title="Foreign relations of Singapore">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Singapore" title="Government of Singapore">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Singapore" title="Cabinet of Singapore">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Singapore" title="Prime Minister of Singapore">Prime Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Singapore" title="Human rights in Singapore">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Singapore" title="Law of Singapore">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Armed_Forces" title="Singapore Armed Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_service_in_Singapore" title="National service in Singapore">Conscription</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Singapore" title="Parliament of Singapore">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Police_Force" title="Singapore Police Force">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Singapore" title="List of political parties in Singapore">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Singapore" title="President of Singapore">President</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Singapore" title="Economy of Singapore">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_statistics_of_Singapore" title="Economic statistics of Singapore">Economic statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Singapore" title="Agriculture in Singapore">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_Singapore" title="Aviation in Singapore">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_Authority_of_Singapore" title="Monetary Authority of Singapore">Monetary Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Singapore_Suzhou_Industrial_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="China–Singapore Suzhou Industrial Park">China–Singapore Suzhou Industrial Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_dollar" title="Singapore dollar">Dollar <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Singapore" title="Energy in Singapore">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement_of_Singapore" title="Labour movement of Singapore">Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_developments_in_Singapore" title="Future developments in Singapore">Proposed developments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserves_of_the_Government_of_Singapore" title="Reserves of the Government of Singapore">Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Exchange" title="Singapore Exchange">Singapore Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Standard_(SS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Singapore Standard (SS)">Singapore Standard (SS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Singapore" title="Telecommunications in Singapore">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Singapore" title="Tourism in Singapore">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Singapore" title="Transport in Singapore">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Singapore" title="Category:Society of Singapore">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_communitarianism" title="Singaporean communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caning_in_Singapore" title="Caning in Singapore">Caning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Singapore" title="Crime in Singapore">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_in_Singapore" title="Driving in Singapore">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_Singapore" title="Disability in Singapore">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Singapore" title="Women in Singapore">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Singapore" title="Education in Singapore">Education</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eat_Frozen_Pork" title="Eat Frozen Pork">Eat Frozen Pork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Cs_of_Singapore" title="Five Cs of Singapore">Five Cs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Singapore" title="Healthcare in Singapore">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_hair_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Long hair in Singapore">Long hair in Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Courtesy_Campaign_(Singapore)" title="National Courtesy Campaign (Singapore)">National Courtesy Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Marathon" title="Singapore Marathon">Singapore Marathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_National_Day_Parade" class="mw-redirect" title="Singapore National Day Parade">National Day Parade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_U-turn_syndrome" title="No U-turn syndrome">No U-turn syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OB_marker" title="OB marker">OB marker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_planning_in_Singapore" title="Population planning in Singapore">Population planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Singapore" title="Prostitution in Singapore">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_housing_in_Singapore" title="Public housing in Singapore">Public housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holidays_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Holidays in Singapore">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Singapore" title="Sex trafficking in Singapore">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Singapore" title="Smoking in Singapore">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Provident_Fund" title="Central Provident Fund">Social fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Singapore" title="Water supply and sanitation in Singapore">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Singapore" title="Culture of Singapore">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_art_of_Singapore" title="Visual art of Singapore">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Singapore" title="Architecture of Singapore">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Singapore" title="Cinema of Singapore">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_cuisine" title="Singaporean cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Singapore" title="Dance in Singapore">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Singapore" title="Gambling in Singapore">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Singapore" title="Languages of Singapore">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_English" title="Singapore English">Singapore English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Singapore">LGBT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture in Singapore">culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Singapore">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Singapore">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Singapore" title="Mass media in Singapore">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Singapore" title="Music of Singapore">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Singapore" title="Religion in Singapore">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Singapore" title="Sport in Singapore">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporeans" title="Singaporeans">Singaporeans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Singapore" title="National symbols of Singapore">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Majulah_Singapura" title="Majulah Singapura">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Singapore" title="Coat of arms of Singapore">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Singapore" title="Flag of Singapore">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanda_%27Miss_Joaquim%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanda 'Miss Joaquim'">Flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_head_symbol_of_Singapore" title="Lion head symbol of Singapore">Lion head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merlion" title="Merlion">Merlion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_National_Pledge" class="mw-redirect" title="Singapore National Pledge">Pledge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Singapore" title="Outline of Singapore">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Singapore-related_articles" title="Index of Singapore-related articles">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Singapore" title="Bibliography of Singapore">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Singapore" title="Category:Singapore">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Singapore" title="Portal:Singapore">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Demographics_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Demographics_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Asia" title="Demographics of Asia">Demographics of Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Afghanistan" title="Demographics of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Armenia" title="Demographics of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Azerbaijan" title="Demographics of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Bahrain" title="Demographics of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Bangladesh" title="Demographics of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Bhutan" title="Demographics of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Brunei" title="Demographics of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Cambodia" title="Demographics of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_China" title="Demographics of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Cyprus" title="Demographics of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_East_Timor" title="Demographics of East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Egypt" title="Demographics of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Demographics of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_India" title="Demographics of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Indonesia" title="Demographics of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iran" title="Demographics of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iraq" title="Demographics of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Israel" title="Demographics of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Japan" title="Demographics of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Jordan" title="Demographics of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Kazakhstan" title="Demographics of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_North_Korea" title="Demographics of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_South_Korea" title="Demographics of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Kuwait" title="Demographics of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Demographics of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Laos" title="Demographics of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Lebanon" title="Demographics of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Malaysia" title="Demographics of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Maldives" title="Demographics of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Mongolia" title="Demographics of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Myanmar" title="Demographics of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Nepal" title="Demographics of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Oman" title="Demographics of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Pakistan" title="Demographics of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Philippines" title="Demographics of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Qatar" title="Demographics of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Russia" title="Demographics of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Demographics of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Demographics of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Syria" title="Demographics of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Tajikistan" title="Demographics of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Thailand" title="Demographics of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Turkey" title="Demographics of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Turkmenistan" title="Demographics of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Demographics of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Uzbekistan" title="Demographics of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Vietnam" title="Demographics of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Yemen" title="Demographics of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Abkhazia" title="Demographics of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Demographics of the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Taiwan" title="Demographics of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of the British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Demographics of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Hong_Kong" title="Demographics of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Macau" title="Demographics of Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Asia" title="Ethnic groups in Asia">Ethnic groups in Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Afghanistan" title="Ethnic groups in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Bhutan" title="Ethnic groups in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Cambodia" title="Ethnic groups in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia" title="Ethnic groups in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups 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