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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_situation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_situation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Political situation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_situation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics_and_armed_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics_and_armed_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Demographics and armed groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics_and_armed_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Events_of_30_March_–_2_April_1918" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Events_of_30_March_–_2_April_1918"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Events of 30 March – 2 April 1918</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Events_of_30_March_–_2_April_1918-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Casualties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analysis_and_interpretations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analysis_and_interpretations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Analysis and interpretations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Analysis_and_interpretations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Analysis and interpretations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Analysis_and_interpretations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Azerbaijani_position" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Azerbaijani_position"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Azerbaijani position</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Azerbaijani_position-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_position" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_position"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Soviet position</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_position-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armenian_position" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armenian_position"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Armenian position</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armenian_position-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_positions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_positions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Other positions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_positions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>International recognition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " 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Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="أيام مارس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أيام مارس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart_soyq%C4%B1r%C4%B1m%C4%B1" title="Mart soyqırımı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mart soyqırımı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8C" title="مارس سویقیرمی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مارس سویقیرمی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C5%99eznov%C3%A9_ud%C3%A1losti" title="Březnové události – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Březnové události" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A4rz-Ereignisse_1918_in_Aserbaidschan" title="März-Ereignisse 1918 in Aserbaidschan – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="März-Ereignisse 1918 in Aserbaidschan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A4rtsip%C3%A4evad" title="Märtsipäevad – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Märtsipäevad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acontecimientos_de_marzo" title="Acontecimientos de marzo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Acontecimientos de marzo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B9_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="وقایع مارس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="وقایع مارس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89v%C3%A8nements_de_mars" title="Évènements de mars – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Évènements de mars" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%AB_%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B1%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80_%D4%B2%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4_(1918)" title="Մարտի իրադարձություններ Բաքվում (1918) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մարտի իրադարձություններ Բաքվում (1918)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hari-hari_Maret" title="Hari-hari Maret – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hari-hari Maret" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorni_di_Marzo" title="Giorni di Marzo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Giorni di Marzo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="მარტის მოვლენები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მარტის მოვლენები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hari-hari_Mac" title="Hari-hari Mac – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hari-hari Mac" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars-massakrene" title="Mars-massakrene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mars-massakrene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart_genotsidi" title="Mart genotsidi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mart genotsidi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masacrul_din_Martie" title="Masacrul din Martie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Masacrul din Martie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83_(1918)" title="Мартовские события в Баку (1918) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мартовские события в Баку (1918)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%86%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="ڕۆژانی ئازار – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕۆژانی ئازار" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Мартовски дани – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мартовски дани" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart_Katliam%C4%B1" title="Mart Katliamı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mart Katliamı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%97_%D0%B2_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83_(1918)" title="Березневі події в Баку (1918) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Березневі події в Баку (1918)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%E1%BB%AFng_ng%C3%A0y_Th%C3%A1ng_Ba" title="Những ngày Tháng Ba – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Những ngày Tháng Ba" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%9C%88%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6_(%E9%98%BF%E5%A1%9E%E6%8B%9C%E7%96%86)" title="三月事件 (阿塞拜疆) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="三月事件 (阿塞拜疆)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1918 inter-ethnic clashes and Bolshevik takeover attempt in Baku</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the 1918 inter-ethnic clashes and Bolshevik takeover attempt in Baku. For Polish student and intellectual protests of 1968, see <a href="/wiki/1968_Polish_political_crisis" title="1968 Polish political crisis">1968 Polish political crisis</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">March Days</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_war_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)">Armenian-Azerbaijani War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Front_of_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Southern Front of the Russian Civil War">Southern Front of the Russian Civil War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Azerbaijani_victims_in_Baku.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Azerbaijani_victims_in_Baku.jpg/300px-Azerbaijani_victims_in_Baku.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Azerbaijani_victims_in_Baku.jpg/450px-Azerbaijani_victims_in_Baku.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Azerbaijani_victims_in_Baku.jpg/600px-Azerbaijani_victims_in_Baku.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1431" data-file-height="885" /></a></span><br />Azerbaijani victims in Baku</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>30 March – 2 April 1918</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Baku_Governorate" title="Baku Governorate">Baku Governorate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasian_Commissariat" title="Transcaucasian Commissariat">Transcaucasian Commissariat</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dashnaktsutyun" class="mw-redirect" title="Dashnaktsutyun">Dashnaktsutyun</a> victory</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musavat" title="Musavat">Musavat</a> lost control in <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baku_Commune" class="mw-redirect" title="Baku Commune">Baku Commune</a> was established in <a href="/wiki/April_1918" title="April 1918">April 1918</a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/23px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/35px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/45px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation_Flag.svg/23px-Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation_Flag.svg/35px-Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation_Flag.svg/45px-Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation" title="Armenian Revolutionary Federation">Armenian Revolutionary Federation</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flag_of_Musavat_Party.svg/23px-Flag_of_Musavat_Party.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flag_of_Musavat_Party.svg/35px-Flag_of_Musavat_Party.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flag_of_Musavat_Party.svg/45px-Flag_of_Musavat_Party.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="340" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Musavat_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Musavat Party">Musavat Party</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Native_Cavalry_Division" title="Caucasian Native Cavalry Division">Caucasian Native Cavalry Division</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/23px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/35px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/45px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Stepan_Shahumyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Stepan Shahumyan">Stepan Shahumyan</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flag_of_Musavat_Party.svg/23px-Flag_of_Musavat_Party.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flag_of_Musavat_Party.svg/35px-Flag_of_Musavat_Party.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flag_of_Musavat_Party.svg/45px-Flag_of_Musavat_Party.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="340" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mahammad_Amin_Rasulzade" title="Mahammad Amin Rasulzade">Mahammad Amin Rasulzade</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a></b><br />6,000 regular troops, Russian Fleet gunboats<sup id="cite_ref-Hopkirk_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hopkirk-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation" title="Armenian Revolutionary Federation">Dashnaks</a></b><br />4,000 militiamen<sup id="cite_ref-Hopkirk_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hopkirk-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 10,000 troops and militiamen<sup id="cite_ref-Hopkirk_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hopkirk-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 2,500 Armenians<sup id="cite_ref-Pas193_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pas193-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 3,000<sup id="cite_ref-altstadt86_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-altstadt86-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>–12,000 Azerbaijanis and other Muslims<sup id="cite_ref-smithmusavat_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smithmusavat-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup 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style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Southern_Front_of_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Southern Front of the Russian Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Southern_Front_of_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Southern Front of the Russian Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Southern_Front_of_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Southern Front of the Russian Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Southern_Frontof_the_Russian_Civil_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Front_of_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Southern Front of the Russian Civil War">Southern Front<br />of the Russian Civil War</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1917</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Kharkiv_(1917)" title="Occupation of Kharkiv (1917)">1st Kharkiv</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1918</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughan_clashes" title="Mughan clashes">Mughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamkhor_massacre" title="Shamkhor massacre">Shamkhor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donbas-Don_operation" title="Donbas-Don operation">Donbas-Don</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1918)" title="Battle of Kiev (1918)">1st Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_March" title="Ice March">Ice March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steppe_March" title="Steppe March">Steppe March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i%E2%80%93Don_March" title="Iași–Don March">Iași–Don</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">March Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea_Operation_(1918)" title="Crimea Operation (1918)">1st Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Caucasus_expedition" title="German Caucasus expedition">Transcaucasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuban_Offensive" title="Kuban Offensive">Kuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Goychay" title="Battle of Goychay">Goychay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sochi_conflict" title="Sochi conflict">Sochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tsaritsyn" title="Battle of Tsaritsyn">Tsaritsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kurdamir" title="Battle of Kurdamir">Kurdamir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livny_Uprising" title="Livny Uprising">Livny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baku" title="Battle of Baku">Baku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dibrivka" title="Battle of Dibrivka">Dibrivka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Russia_intervention" title="Southern Russia intervention">Allied intervention</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1919</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voronezh%E2%80%93Povorino_Operation" title="Voronezh–Povorino Operation">Voronezh–Povorino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katerynoslav_March" title="Katerynoslav March">Katerynoslav March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Caucasus_Operation_(1918%E2%80%931919)" title="Northern Caucasus Operation (1918–1919)">Northern Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Soviet_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(January_1919)" title="Battle of Kiev (January 1919)">2nd Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khotyn_Uprising" title="Khotyn Uprising">Khotyn Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_the_Donbas_(1919)" title="Battle for the Donbas (1919)">1st Donbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hryhoriv_Uprising" title="Hryhoriv Uprising">Hryhoriv Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Binagadi" title="Battle of Binagadi">Binagadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapan_rebellion" title="Chapan rebellion">Chapan rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyoshenskaya_Uprising" title="Vyoshenskaya Uprising">Vyoshenskaya Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alexandrovsky_Fort" title="Battle of Alexandrovsky Fort">Alexandrovsky Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bender_Uprising" title="Bender Uprising">Bender Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odesa_Operation_(1919)" class="mw-redirect" title="Odesa Operation (1919)">Odesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharkiv_Operation_(June_1919)" title="Kharkiv Operation (June 1919)">2nd Kharkiv</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamontov_Raid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mamontov Raid (page does not exist)">Mamontov Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Front_counteroffensive" title="Southern Front counteroffensive">Southern Front counteroffensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Kiev_by_the_White_Army" title="Capture of Kiev by the White Army">3rd Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Perehonivka" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Perehonivka">Perehonivka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advance_on_Moscow_(1919)" title="Advance on Moscow (1919)">Advance on Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nizhyn%E2%80%93Poltava_Operation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nizhyn–Poltava Operation (page does not exist)">Nizhyn–Poltava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orel%E2%80%93Kursk_operation" title="Orel–Kursk operation">Orel–Kursk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voronezh%E2%80%93Kastornoye_operation_(1919)" title="Voronezh–Kastornoye operation (1919)">Voronezh–Kastornoye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khopyor%E2%80%93Don_Operation" title="Khopyor–Don Operation">Khopyor–Don</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pavlohrad%E2%80%93Katerynoslav_Operation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pavlohrad–Katerynoslav Operation (page does not exist)">Pavlohrad–Katerynoslav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharkiv_Operation_(December_1919)" title="Kharkiv Operation (December 1919)">3rd Kharkiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(December_1919)" title="Battle of Kiev (December 1919)">4th Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donbas_operation_(1919)" title="Donbas operation (1919)">2nd Donbas</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1920</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rostov%E2%80%93Novocherkassk_Operation" title="Rostov–Novocherkassk Operation">Rostov–Novocherkassk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odesa_Operation_(1920)" class="mw-redirect" title="Odesa Operation (1920)">Odesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus_Operation_(1920)" title="North Caucasus Operation (1920)">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_of_Novorossiysk_(1920)" title="Evacuation of Novorossiysk (1920)">Novorossiysk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Azerbaijan" title="Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yalama" title="Battle of Yalama">Yalama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarvan" title="Battle of Sarvan">Sarvan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_3_May_1920" title="Action of 3 May 1920">Ochakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anzali_Operation" title="Anzali Operation">Anzali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lankaran_Uprisings" title="Lankaran Uprisings">Lankaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulagay%27s_Landing" title="Ulagay's Landing">Ulagay's Landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Obytichnyi_Spit" title="Battle of Obytichnyi Spit">Obytichnyi Spit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Armenia" title="Red Army invasion of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Taurida_Operation" title="Northern Taurida Operation">Northern Taurida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagestan_uprising" title="Dagestan uprising">Dagestan uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambov_Rebellion" title="Tambov Rebellion">Tambov Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Perekop_(1920)" title="Siege of Perekop (1920)">Perekop–Chonhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_of_the_Crimea" title="Evacuation of the Crimea">2nd Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolshevik%E2%80%93Makhnovist_conflict" title="Bolshevik–Makhnovist conflict">Bolshevik–Makhnovist conflict</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1921</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_9_January_1921" title="Action of 9 January 1921">Anapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Georgia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>March Days</b> or <b>March Events</b> (<a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a>: <i lang="az">Mart hadisələri</i>) was a period of inter-ethnic strife and clashes which took place between 30 March – 2 April 1918 in the city of <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a> and adjacent areas of the <a href="/wiki/Baku_Governorate" title="Baku Governorate">Baku Governorate</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasian_Commissariat" title="Transcaucasian Commissariat">Transcaucasian Commissariat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-York_Times_Current_History_1920_p._492_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-York_Times_Current_History_1920_p._492-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Smith_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Facilitated by a political power struggle between <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> with the support of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation" title="Armenian Revolutionary Federation">Armenian Revolutionary Federation (Dashnaktsutiun)</a><sup id="cite_ref-dewaal2010_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dewaal2010-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-suny41-42_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suny41-42-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on one side and the Azerbaijani <a href="/wiki/Musavat" title="Musavat">Musavat</a> Party on another, the events led to rumours of a possible Muslim revolt<sup id="cite_ref-Kazemzadeh_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kazemzadeh-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Swietochowski_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swietochowski-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cavendish_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavendish-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the part of Bolshevik and Dashnak forces<sup id="cite_ref-blackgarden100_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blackgarden100-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-suny42_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suny42-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the establishment of the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Baku_Commune" class="mw-redirect" title="Baku Commune">Baku Commune</a> in April 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most historic sources and accounts interpret the March events in the context of <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil war</a> unrest,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dewaal2010_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dewaal2010-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rgsunycommune_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rgsunycommune-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-croissant_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-croissant-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while contemporary <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijani</a> sources officially refers to the March Days as a <i><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-decree_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-decree-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were followed by the <a href="/wiki/September_Days" title="September Days">September days</a> where 10,000 ethnic Armenians were massacred by <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Army_of_the_Caucasus" title="Islamic Army of the Caucasus">Army of Islam</a> and their local <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijani</a> allies upon capturing <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_Days&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasus Campaign">Caucasus Campaign</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_situation">Political situation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_Days&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Political situation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Special_Transcaucasian_Committee" title="Special Transcaucasian Committee">Special Transcaucasian Committee</a>, including Armenian, Azerbaijani and Georgian representatives, was established to administer parts of the <a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a> under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Russian Provisional Government</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>, on 11 November 1917, this committee was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasian_Commissariat" title="Transcaucasian Commissariat">Transcaucasian Commissariat</a>, also known as the <i>Sejm</i>, with headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasian_Democratic_Federative_Republic#Legislature" title="Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic">Sejm</a> opposed Bolshevism and sought separation of the South Caucasus from Bolshevik Russia. To prevent that, on 13 November 1917, a group of Bolsheviks and <a href="/wiki/Left_Socialist-Revolutionaries" title="Left Socialist-Revolutionaries">Left Socialist-Revolutionaries</a> (SR) proclaimed the Baku Soviet, a governing body which assumed power over the territory of <a href="/wiki/Baku_Governorate" title="Baku Governorate">Baku Governorate</a> under the leadership of Bolshevik <a href="/wiki/Stepan_Shahumyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Stepan Shahumyan">Stepan Shahumyan</a>. Although the Baku Soviet included Azerbaijanis and Armenians who were neither Bolsheviks nor necessarily sympathetic towards Bolshevik ideas,<sup id="cite_ref-Hopkirk_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hopkirk-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the two nationalist parties and members of the <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasian_Democratic_Federative_Republic#Legislature" title="Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic">Sejm</a> ― the <a href="/wiki/Musavat" title="Musavat">Musavat</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation" title="Armenian Revolutionary Federation">Armenian Revolutionary Federation</a> ― refused to recognize its authority. The Baku-based <a href="/wiki/Musavat" title="Musavat">Musavat</a> dominated the <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_National_Council" title="Azerbaijani National Council">Muslim National Councils</a> (MNCs), a representative body which eventually formed the first Parliament of the <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Democratic Republic">Azerbaijan Democratic Republic</a> (ADR). <a href="/wiki/Mammad_Hasan_Hajinski" title="Mammad Hasan Hajinski">Mammad Hasan Hajinski</a> chaired the Temporary Executive Committee for the MNCs, while <a href="/wiki/Mammed_Amin_Rasulzade" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammed Amin Rasulzade">Mammed Amin Rasulzade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alimardan_Topchubashev" class="mw-redirect" title="Alimardan Topchubashev">Alimardan Topchubashev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fatali_Khan_Khoyski" title="Fatali Khan Khoyski">Fatali Khan Khoyski</a> and other prominent political figures were among the 44 Azerbaijani delegates to the Sejm. Meanwhile, the ARF, which was established in <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a>, formed a 27-member Armenian delegation to the Sejm. The leader of the Baku Soviet, Shahumyan, kept contacts with ARF and viewed it as a source of support for eliminating Musavat influence in Baku.<sup id="cite_ref-swietochowski_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swietochowski-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stepan_Shahumyan_youth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Stepan_Shahumyan_youth.jpg/220px-Stepan_Shahumyan_youth.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Stepan_Shahumyan_youth.jpg/330px-Stepan_Shahumyan_youth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Stepan_Shahumyan_youth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="359" data-file-height="519" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Shahumyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Stepan Shahumyan">Stepan Shahumyan</a>, an ethnic <a href="/wiki/Armenian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian people">Armenian</a> leader of the Bolshevik Baku Soviet</figcaption></figure> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>, the Russian army fell apart and its units fled the front lines en masse, often harassing local residents. Concerned with the situation, the Sejm established a Military Council of Nationalities, with Armenian, Azerbaijani and Georgian representatives, which had troops at its disposal.<sup id="cite_ref-kazemzadeh83_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kazemzadeh83-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When a large group of Russian soldiers withdrew from the Ottoman front line in January 1918, the head of the council, Georgian Menshevik <a href="/wiki/Noe_Ramishvili" title="Noe Ramishvili">Noe Ramishvili</a>, ordered their disarmament. The Russian soldiers were stopped near Shamkhor station and, upon a refusal to surrender, were attacked by Azerbaijani bands in what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Shamkhor_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamkhor incident">Shamkhor massacre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kazemzadeh83_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kazemzadeh83-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Baku Soviet played out this incident into its favor against the Sejm.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>notes 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 10–24 February 1918, the <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasian_Commissariat" title="Transcaucasian Commissariat">Sejm</a> adopted a declaration of independence. In the meantime, to support Armenian resistance against the Ottoman Empire, the British government attempted to re-organize and train a group of Armenians from the Caucasus under the leadership of General <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Dunsterville" title="Lionel Dunsterville">Lionel Dunsterville</a> in Baghdad.<sup id="cite_ref-p788_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p788-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Allies had also provided Armenians with 6,500,000 rubles ($3,250,000 of 1918 value) in financial assistance.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the Armenian National Organization of the Caucasus formed an Armenian Military Committee in <a href="/wiki/Petrograd" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrograd">Petrograd</a> under General Bagradouni and called upon all Armenian military personnel scattered throughout Russia to mobilize on the Caucasus front.<sup id="cite_ref-Pas192_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pas192-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to this call, by early March 1918, a large number of Armenians had gathered in Baku, joining a group of 200 trained officers accompanied by General Bagradouni and the ARF co-founder <a href="/wiki/Stepan_Zorian" title="Stepan Zorian">Stepan Zorian</a> (Mr. Rostom).<sup id="cite_ref-Pas192_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pas192-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Azerbaijanis grew increasingly suspicious that Shahumyan, who was an ethnic Armenian, was conspiring with the Dashnaks against them. The units of the <a href="/wiki/Savage_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Savage Division">Caucasian Native Cavalry Division</a>, composed of Caucasian Muslims who had served in the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army" title="Imperial Russian Army">Imperial Russian Army</a>, thus nicknamed the "Savage" Division, disarmed a pro-Bolshevik garrison in <a href="/wiki/Lankaran" title="Lankaran">Lankaran</a>, and Dagestani insurgents under Imam Najm ul-din Gotsinski drove the Bolsheviks out of <a href="/wiki/Makhachkala" title="Makhachkala">Petrovsk</a>, severing Baku's land communications with Bolshevik Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-Swietochowski113_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swietochowski113-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Erzincan" title="Armistice of Erzincan">Armistice of Erzincan</a>, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a> signed on 3 March 1918, formalized Russia's exit from <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Richard_G._Hovannisian" title="Richard G. Hovannisian">Richard G. Hovannisian</a>, a secret annex to the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk obligated the Bolsheviks to demobilize and dissolve ethnic Armenian bands on territories previously under Russian control.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Trabzon_Peace_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Trabzon Peace Conference">Trabzon Peace Conference</a>, the Ottoman delegation called for a unified position of the Sejm before the negotiations could be completed. The Bolsheviks grew increasingly concerned about the emerging Transcaucasian Federation, and in the given situation, had to choose between Musavat and ARF in the struggle to dominate Transcaucasia's largest city. Thus the Baku Soviet was drawn into the nationalistic struggle between the Azerbaijanis and the Armenians, trying to utilize one people against the other.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Baku produced 7 million tons of oil per year (about 15% of global oil production), during World War I the city remained in the sights of the major warring powers. Even though most of the oil fields were owned by Azerbaijanis and less than 5 per cent by Armenians, most of the production/distribution rights in Baku were owned by foreign investors, primarily the British. At the beginning of 1918, Germany transferred General <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Freiherr_Kress_von_Kressenstein" title="Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein">Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinai and Palestine Campaign">Sinai and Palestine Campaign</a> to establish the <a href="/wiki/German_Caucasus_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="German Caucasus Expedition">German Caucasus Expedition</a> with the aim of capturing Baku. In response, in February 1918, the British dispatched General <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Dunsterville" title="Lionel Dunsterville">Lionel Dunsterville</a> with troops to Baku through <a href="/wiki/Enzeli" class="mw-redirect" title="Enzeli">Enzeli</a>, in order to block the German move and to protect the British investments.<sup id="cite_ref-Soviet_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Soviet-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demographics_and_armed_groups">Demographics and armed groups</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_Days&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Demographics and armed groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Azerbaijani_victims_in_Baku_with_consul_from_Iran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Azerbaijani_victims_in_Baku_with_consul_from_Iran.jpg/270px-Azerbaijani_victims_in_Baku_with_consul_from_Iran.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Azerbaijani_victims_in_Baku_with_consul_from_Iran.jpg/405px-Azerbaijani_victims_in_Baku_with_consul_from_Iran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Azerbaijani_victims_in_Baku_with_consul_from_Iran.jpg/540px-Azerbaijani_victims_in_Baku_with_consul_from_Iran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1403" data-file-height="942" /></a><figcaption>Postcard from <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> consul M.S. Vezare-Maragai near Muslim victims in <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a> after March days</figcaption></figure> <p>Before World War I, the population of <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>, including the Bailoff promontory, the White Town, the oil fields and the neighboring villages, amounted to over 200,000, distributed as follows: 74,000 temporary migrants from various parts of <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, 56,000 <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijani people">Azerbaijani</a> natives of the town and district, 25,000 <a href="/wiki/Armenian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian people">Armenians</a>, 18,000 <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persians</a>, 6,000 Jews, 4,000 <a href="/wiki/Volga_Tatars" title="Volga Tatars">Volga Tatars</a>, 3,800 <a href="/wiki/Lezgins" title="Lezgins">Lezgins</a>, 2,600 <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a>, 5,000 <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a>, 1,500 <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a> and many other nationalities numbering less than 1,000 each. <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijani people">Azerbaijanis</a> formed the majority among natives and owned the greater part of land including the oil fields. They also constituted most of the labor force and small trading class as well as some commercial and financial posts. The petroleum industry was largely owned by a small number of foreign capitalists.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to the 1918 March events, the major armed groups in Baku consisted of 6,000 men from the remnants of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Caucasus_Army_(World_War_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Caucasus Army (World War I)">Russian Caucasus Army</a> which had withdrawn from the Ottoman front line, about 4,000 men of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_militia" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian militia">Armenian militia</a> organized under the ARF Dashnaktsutiun,<sup id="cite_ref-Stephan63_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stephan63-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an undefined number of soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/Savage_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Savage Division">Caucasian Native Cavalry Division</a> disbanded in January 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events_of_30_March_–_2_April_1918"><span id="Events_of_30_March_.E2.80.93_2_April_1918"></span>Events of 30 March – 2 April 1918</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_Days&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Events of 30 March – 2 April 1918"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:4_march_days_1918.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/4_march_days_1918.jpg/260px-4_march_days_1918.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/4_march_days_1918.jpg/390px-4_march_days_1918.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/4_march_days_1918.jpg/520px-4_march_days_1918.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1594" data-file-height="1063" /></a><figcaption>Bazarnaya Street (modern day Azerbaijan Avenue) during the March days in 1918.</figcaption></figure> <p>When the staff of the disbanded <a href="/wiki/Savage_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Savage Division">Caucasian Native Cavalry Division</a> arrived in Baku on 9 March 1918, the Soviet immediately arrested its commander, General Talyshinski. The move sparked protests from the Azerbaijani population, with occasional calls to offer armed resistance to the Soviet. According to the historian <a href="/wiki/Firuz_Kazemzadeh" title="Firuz Kazemzadeh">Firuz Kazemzadeh</a>, Shahumyan could have prevented bloodshed, had he been less impulsive and stubborn. Only a few days earlier, Shahumyan had received a telegram from <a href="/wiki/Lenin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenin">Lenin</a>, in which he was advised "to learn diplomacy", but this advice was ignored.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>notes 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The March 1918 confrontation was triggered by an incident with the steamship <i>Evelina</i>. On 27 March 1918, fifty former <a href="/wiki/Savage_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Savage Division">Caucasian Native Cavalry Division</a> servicemen arrived in Baku on this ship to attend the funeral of their colleague Mamed Tagiyev, son of a famous Azerbaijani oil magnate and philanthropist, <a href="/wiki/Haji_Zeynalabdin_Taghiyev" class="mw-redirect" title="Haji Zeynalabdin Taghiyev">Haji Zeynalabdin Taghiyev</a>. M. Tagiyev had been killed in a skirmish by Russian-Armenian forces in <a href="/wiki/Lankaran" title="Lankaran">Lankaran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the soldiers got back on board the <i>Evelina</i> to sail out of Baku on 30 March 1918, the Soviet received information that the Muslim crew of the ship was armed and waiting for a signal to revolt against the Soviet. While the report lacked foundation, the Soviet acted on it, disarming the crew which tried to resist.<sup id="cite_ref-dokumenty_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dokumenty-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-altstadt86_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-altstadt86-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other sources claim that <sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>notes 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Azerbaijanis were alarmed by the growing military strength of the Armenians in Baku, and called for the help of the Caucasian Native Cavalry Division units in Lenkoran. Their arrival caused great concern among both Bolsheviks and Armenians, and when officials were sent down to the dockside to try to discover what their intentions were, they were driven back by gunfire, a number of them being killed. Eventually these newcomers were disarmed by a stronger Bolshevik force, but when more units of the Caucasian Native Cavalry Division arrived on 1 April, in MacDonell's words, "the Baku cauldron boiled over". No one really knows who fired the first shot, but very soon Baku became a battlefield, with trenches and barricades being hastily prepared throughout the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Hopkirk_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hopkirk-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2_march_days_1918.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/2_march_days_1918.jpg/260px-2_march_days_1918.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/2_march_days_1918.jpg/390px-2_march_days_1918.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/2_march_days_1918.jpg/520px-2_march_days_1918.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1594" data-file-height="1063" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ismailiyya_building" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismailiyya building">Ismailiyya building</a></figcaption></figure> <p>By 6 p.m. on 30 March 1918, Baku was filled with fighting.<sup id="cite_ref-thchalkhouchian85_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thchalkhouchian85-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Soviet side, led by Shahumyan, realized that full civil war was starting and its own forces were insufficient against Azerbaijani masses led by <a href="/wiki/Musavat" title="Musavat">Musavat</a>. Allies were found among the <a href="/wiki/Mensheviks" title="Mensheviks">Mensheviks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialist-Revolutionary_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist-Revolutionary Party">SRs</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Democratic_Party" title="Constitutional Democratic Party">Kadets</a> (right-wing liberals), which promised to support the Bolsheviks as the champions of the "Russian Cause."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to these, Musavat's <i>Achiq Söz</i> newspaper noted that while Bolsheviks and Mensheviks were fighting all year, both were uniting against Musavat even with the Kadets and the Dashnaks. The paper attributed such alliance to national factors, and concluded that the Soviet's attempt to provoke "one nationality against another, instead of fighting a class war, was a tragic capitulation of democracy".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the morning of 31 March, Azerbaijanis opposed to the Bolshevik disarming of the Caucasian Native Cavalry Division held protests in Baku, demanding to arm the Muslims. The Azerbaijani Bolshevik organization Hümmet attempted to mediate the dispute, proposing that the arms taken from the Caucasian Native Cavalry Division be transferred to the custody of the Hümmet. Shahumyan agreed to this proposal, but on the afternoon of 31 March, when Muslim representatives appeared before the Baku Soviet leadership to take the arms, shots were already being heard in the city and the Soviet commissar <a href="/wiki/Prokofy_Dzhaparidze" title="Prokofy Dzhaparidze">Prokofy Dzhaparidze</a> refused to provide the arms. He informed the Hümmet leadership that "Musavat had launched a political war".<sup id="cite_ref-altstadt86_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-altstadt86-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rgsunycommune_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rgsunycommune-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The talks broke off abruptly when the Soviet's soldiers were fired upon. The Bolsheviks accused the Muslims of responsibility for the incident, stopped negotiations, and opened hostilities. Later Shahumyan admitted that the Bolsheviks deliberately used a pretext to attack their political opponents: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We needed to give a rebuff, and we exploited the opportunity of the first attempt at an armed assault on our cavalry unit and began an attack on the whole front. Due to the efforts of both the local Soviet and the Military-revolutionary committee of the Caucasus Army, which moved here (from Tbilisi and Sarikamish) we already had armed forces – about 6,000 strong. <a href="/wiki/Dashnaktsutiun" class="mw-redirect" title="Dashnaktsutiun">Dashnaktsutiun</a> also had 3,000 – 4,000 strong national forces, which were at our disposal. The participation of the latter lent the civil war, to some extent, the character of an ethnic massacre, however, it was impossible to avoid it. We were going for it deliberately. The Muslim poor suffered severely, however they are now rallying around the Bolsheviks and the Soviet.<sup id="cite_ref-Stephan63_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stephan63-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Armenians initially remained neutral as the Muslim rebellion against the Soviet began. The Musavat Party proposed an alliance with the Dashnaks, but was given a rebuff. The Armenian leadership withdrew its forces to the Armenian areas of Baku and limited its action to self-defense. On the evening of 31 March, machine-gun and rifle fire in Baku intensified into a full-fledged battle.<sup id="cite_ref-rgsunycommune_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rgsunycommune-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the morning of 1 April 1918, the Committee of Revolutionary Defense of Baku's Soviet issued a leaflet which said: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In view of the fact that the counterrevolutionary Musavat party declared war on the Soviet of Workers', Soldiers', and Sailors' Deputies in the city of Baku and thus threatened the existence of the government of the revolutionary democracy, Baku is declared to be in a state of siege<sup id="cite_ref-rgsunycommune_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rgsunycommune-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Forced to seek support from either Muslim Musavat or Armenian Dashnaktsutyun, Shahumyan, himself an Armenian, chose the latter. Following initial skirmishes in the streets, the Dashnaks proceeded to initiate a massacre, wildly killing Musavat military elements and Muslim civilians alike without mercy or discrimination in both Baku and the surrounding countryside.<sup id="cite_ref-Marshall_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marshall-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were descriptions of Dashnak forces taking to looting, burning and killing in the Muslim sections of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Swietochowski116_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swietochowski116-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Peter_Hopkirk" title="Peter Hopkirk">Peter Hopkirk</a>, "Armenians, seeing that at last they had their ancient foes on the run, were now out for vengeance".<sup id="cite_ref-Hopkirk_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hopkirk-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Balakhany and Ramany districts of Baku, the majority of Muslim workers stayed at their places and avoided the battles, while the peasants were not moved to join the anti-Soviet rebels. The Persian workers remained passive during all of the fighting, refusing to take sides.<sup id="cite_ref-rgsunycommune_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rgsunycommune-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Left-wing Muslim leaders, including those of SRs and Hümmet Party, such as Narimanov, Azizbekov, Bunyat Sardarov and Kazi-Magomed Aghasiyev, supported the Soviet forces<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the battles, Bolsheviks decided to use artillery against the Azerbaijani residential quarters in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-altstadt86_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-altstadt86-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the afternoon on 1 April, a Muslim delegation arrived at the Hotel Astoria. The Committee of Revolutionary Defense presented them with an ultimatum<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>notes 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and demanded that representatives of all Muslim parties sign the document before the shelling stopped. Early in the evening, the agreements were signed and the bombardment stopped.<sup id="cite_ref-rgsunycommune_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rgsunycommune-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fighting did not subside, however, until the night of 2 April 1918, when thousands of Muslims started leaving the city in a mass exodus. By the fifth day, although much of the city was still ablaze, all resistance had ceased, leaving the streets strewn with dead and wounded, nearly all of them Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-Hopkirk_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hopkirk-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center" style="max-width: 1115px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1_march_days_1918.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ruins of the editorial office of the Kaspi newspaper on Nikolayevskaya Street (present-day Istiglaliyyat Street)"><img alt="Ruins of the editorial office of the Kaspi newspaper on Nikolayevskaya Street (present-day Istiglaliyyat Street)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/1_march_days_1918.jpg/178px-1_march_days_1918.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/1_march_days_1918.jpg/267px-1_march_days_1918.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/1_march_days_1918.jpg/356px-1_march_days_1918.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1543" data-file-height="1042" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ruins of the editorial office of the <i>Kaspi</i> newspaper on Nikolayevskaya Street (present-day Istiglaliyyat Street)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:3_march_days_1918.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gubernskaya Street (present-day Nizami Street)"><img alt="Gubernskaya Street (present-day Nizami Street)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/3_march_days_1918.jpg/180px-3_march_days_1918.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/3_march_days_1918.jpg/270px-3_march_days_1918.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/3_march_days_1918.jpg/360px-3_march_days_1918.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1594" data-file-height="1063" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gubernskaya Street (present-day Nizami Street)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:5_march_days_1918.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bazarnaya Street (present-day Azerbaijan Avenue)"><img alt="Bazarnaya Street (present-day Azerbaijan Avenue)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/5_march_days_1918.jpg/180px-5_march_days_1918.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/5_march_days_1918.jpg/270px-5_march_days_1918.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/5_march_days_1918.jpg/360px-5_march_days_1918.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1580" data-file-height="975" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bazarnaya Street (present-day Azerbaijan Avenue)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:6_march_days_1918.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pochtovaya Street (present-day Taghizadeh Street)"><img alt="Pochtovaya Street (present-day Taghizadeh Street)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/6_march_days_1918.jpg/80px-6_march_days_1918.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/6_march_days_1918.jpg/120px-6_march_days_1918.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/6_march_days_1918.jpg/160px-6_march_days_1918.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1063" data-file-height="1594" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pochtovaya Street (present-day Taghizadeh Street)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Casualties">Casualties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_Days&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Casualties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Removing_the_dead_from_the_streets_of_baku_march_days_1918.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Removing_the_dead_from_the_streets_of_baku_march_days_1918.png/220px-Removing_the_dead_from_the_streets_of_baku_march_days_1918.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Removing_the_dead_from_the_streets_of_baku_march_days_1918.png/330px-Removing_the_dead_from_the_streets_of_baku_march_days_1918.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Removing_the_dead_from_the_streets_of_baku_march_days_1918.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="301" /></a><figcaption>Removing the dead from the streets</figcaption></figure> <p>The May 1918 dispatch of <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> stated that "2,000 were killed and 3,000 were wounded in [the] struggle between Russians and Mussulmans".<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A later 1919 publication by <i>The New York Times</i> reported – presumably citing Azerbaijani officials – that 12,000 people were killed during the events.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes1919_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes1919-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same publication wrote that, according to Azerbaijani representatives, the Bolsheviks crushed Muslims with assistance from Armenians who wanted to "wipe out old enemies and seize their lands".<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes1919_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes1919-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1920 <a href="/wiki/Current_History" title="Current History">New York Times Current History</a> edition used the same figure of 12,000 victims.<sup id="cite_ref-York_Times_Current_History_1920_p._492_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-York_Times_Current_History_1920_p._492-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Azerbaijani delegation to the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Peace Conference, 1919">1919 Paris Peace Conference</a> provided the following interpretation of the March Days: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In that bloodthirsty episode, which had such fatal effects upon the Muslims, the principal part was played by the Armenians, who were then in Baku, clustering as elsewhere around their nationalist party [ARF]... The truth is that the Armenians under the guise of Bolshevism, rushed on the Muslims and massacred during a few frightful days more than 12,000 people, many of whom were old men, women, and children.<sup id="cite_ref-claims18_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-claims18-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The leader of Baku Soviet, Stepan Shahumyan, claimed that more than 3,000 killed in two days from both sides.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-altstadt86_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-altstadt86-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in his October 1918 article for the Armenian Herald – a publication of the Boston-based Armenian National Union of America – prominent ARF leader <a href="/wiki/Karekin_Pastermadjian" class="mw-redirect" title="Karekin Pastermadjian">Karekin Pastermadjian</a> asserted that over 10,000 Azerbaijanis and nearly 2,500 Armenians were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>notes 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> According to <a href="/wiki/Firuz_Kazemzadeh" title="Firuz Kazemzadeh">Firuz Kazemzadeh</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The brutalities continued for weeks. No quarter was given by either side: neither age nor sex was respected. Enormous crowds roamed the streets, burning houses, killing every pass-by who was identified as an enemy, many innocent persons suffering death at the hands of both the Armenians and the Azerbaijanis. The struggle which had begun as a political contest between Musavat and the Soviet assumed the character of a gigantic race riot.<sup id="cite_ref-pcross_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pcross-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_Days&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_war_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)">Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baku" title="Battle of Baku">Battle of Baku</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_aftermath_in_the_tatar_quarter_of_baku_march_days_1918.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/The_aftermath_in_the_tatar_quarter_of_baku_march_days_1918.png/260px-The_aftermath_in_the_tatar_quarter_of_baku_march_days_1918.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/The_aftermath_in_the_tatar_quarter_of_baku_march_days_1918.png/390px-The_aftermath_in_the_tatar_quarter_of_baku_march_days_1918.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/The_aftermath_in_the_tatar_quarter_of_baku_march_days_1918.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="221" /></a><figcaption>The aftermath in the Tatar (i.e. Azerbaijani) quarter</figcaption></figure> <p>In the immediate aftermath of the March Days, many of the Muslim survivors fled to <a href="/wiki/Ganja,_Azerbaijan" title="Ganja, Azerbaijan">Elisabethpol (Ganja)</a> in central Azerbaijan. While the <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_National_Council" title="Azerbaijani National Council">Temporary Executive Committee of the Muslim National Councils</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Musavat" title="Musavat">Musavat</a> ceased their activities in the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Baku_Governorate" title="Baku Governorate">Baku Governorate</a>, the left-wing Azerbaijani political groups, such as the SRs and the Hümmet, benefited from the developments and became effective leaders of the Azerbaijani community in Baku. The Muslim Socialist Bureau appealed to the Committee of Revolutionary Defense to redress some of the grievances of some of the Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-rgsunycommune_20-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rgsunycommune-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 13 April 1918, within few days of the massacres, the Bolsheviks under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Stepan_Shahumyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Stepan Shahumyan">Stepan Shahumyan</a> proclaimed the <a href="/wiki/Baku_Commune" class="mw-redirect" title="Baku Commune">Baku Commune</a>. This new body endeavored to nationalize Baku's oil fields, drawing the ire of the British,<sup id="cite_ref-Soviet_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Soviet-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and formed the "Red Army of Baku", an undisciplined and poorly managed force composed largely of ethnic Armenian recruits.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/26_Baku_Commissars" title="26 Baku Commissars">26 Baku Commissars</a> were not all commissars and were not all Bolsheviks; There were many ethnicities among them: Greek, Latvian, Jewish, Russian, Georgian, Armenian and two of them were ethnic Azerbaijani revolutionaries, <a href="/wiki/Meshadi_Azizbekov" class="mw-redirect" title="Meshadi Azizbekov">Meshadi Azizbekov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mir_Hasan_Vazirov" title="Mir Hasan Vazirov">Mir Hasan Vazirov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, in the Azerbaijani psyche, the Baku Commune symbolized the Bolshevik – Armenian collusion born out of the March Days bloodbath.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (June 2023)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The March Days of 1918 had a profound effect on the formulation of Azerbaijani political objectives as well. While previously Azerbaijani leaders had sought only autonomy within the Russian domain, after the Bolshevik-perpetrated massacres in Baku, they no longer believed in the Russian Revolution and turned to the Ottomans for support in achieving total independence.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, when the <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Democratic Republic">Azerbaijan Democratic Republic</a> was proclaimed on 28 May 1918, its government immediately dispatched a delegation to Istanbul to discuss the possibility of Ottoman military support for the young republic. The Ottoman triumvir, <a href="/wiki/Enver_Pasha" title="Enver Pasha">Enver Pasha</a>, agreed to the Azerbaijani requests and charged his brother, <a href="/wiki/Nuru_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuru Pasha">Nuru Pasha</a>, with forming an Ottoman military unit, known as the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Army_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Army of Islam">Caucasus Army of Islam</a>, to retake Baku. When in July 1918, the Ottoman-Azerbaijani force defeated the "Red Army of Baku" in several key battles in Central Azerbaijan, Bolshevik power in Baku started crumbling under pressure from the <a href="/wiki/Socialist-Revolutionary_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist-Revolutionary Party">Russian Socialist Revolutionaries</a>, Dashnaks, and British agents in the city. On 1 August 1918, the Baku Commune was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Centrocaspian_Dictatorship" title="Centrocaspian Dictatorship">Centrocaspian Dictatorship</a>, which desperately invited a <a href="/wiki/Dunsterforce" title="Dunsterforce">1000-strong British expeditionary force</a> led by General <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Dunsterville" title="Lionel Dunsterville">Lionel Dunsterville</a> to the city. This proved a futile effort and, in the face of an overwhelming Ottoman-Azerbaijani offensive, the <a href="/wiki/Dunsterforce" title="Dunsterforce">Dunsterforce</a> fled and the Caucasus Army of Islam entered the Azerbaijani capital on 15 September 1918.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The March Days brought underlying tensions between Armenians and Azerbaijanis to the fore. Less than six months after the March massacres, when the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Army_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Army of Islam">Ottoman-Azerbaijani force</a> entered Baku, the city fell into chaos and <a href="/wiki/September_Days" title="September Days">nearly 10,000 Armenians were massacred</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-marshall_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marshall-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A special commission formed by the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Congress_of_Eastern_Armenians" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Congress of Eastern Armenians">Armenian National Council</a> (ANC) reported a total of 8,988 ethnic Armenians massacred, among whom were 5,248 Armenian inhabitants of Baku, 1,500 Armenian refugees from other parts of the Caucasus who were in Baku, and 2,240 Armenians whose corpses were found in the streets but whose identities were never established.<sup id="cite_ref-kazemzadeh143_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kazemzadeh143-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although these figures were gathered by the Armenian National Council, and have been questioned by some,<sup id="cite_ref-kazemzadeh143_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kazemzadeh143-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> given the general run of events, they were unlikely to be greatly exaggerated.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While trying to escape Baku amidst the Ottoman-Azerbaijani offensive, the Bolshevik Baku Commissars were taken by ship across the Caspian to Krasnovodsk, where they were imprisoned by the Social Revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Transcaspian_Government" title="Transcaspian Government">Transcaspian Government</a>, with the alleged support of the British. A few days later, on 20 September 1918, between the stations of Pereval and Akhcha-Kuyma on the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Caspian_railway" title="Trans-Caspian railway">Trans-Caspian railway</a>, <a href="/wiki/26_Baku_Commissars" title="26 Baku Commissars">26 of the Commissars</a> were executed by firing squad.<sup id="cite_ref-marshall_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marshall-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analysis_and_interpretations">Analysis and interpretations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_Days&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Analysis and interpretations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Michael Smith, Muslims faced a crushing defeat at the hands of Baku Soviet followed by an "unrestrained brutality of Dashnak forces".<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While in the aftermath of the tragic events, Musavat used them to foster a <a href="/wiki/National_memory" title="National memory">national memory</a> of pain, its leader <a href="/wiki/Mammad_Emin_Rasulzade" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammad Emin Rasulzade">M. E. Rasulzade</a> provided an analysis which seems to reflect the essence of witness accounts. In Rasulzade's view, Bolsheviks and their supporters sought to diminish Musavat's influence among Azerbaijani masses for a long time, and Muslim elites felt frustrated and powerless in face of this pressure. March Days were a violent culmination in this assault of Russian Bolshevism against the unprepared Azerbaijani people.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Azerbaijani_position">Azerbaijani position</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_Days&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Azerbaijani position"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The leader of <a href="/wiki/Musavat" title="Musavat">Musavat</a> <a href="/wiki/Mammed_Amin_Rasulzade" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammed Amin Rasulzade">Mammed Amin Rasulzade</a> stated with regard to the March Days: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Musavat was blamed for the March events. It is absolutely baseless, because to declare a war one must possess at least some physical strength, which Musavat lacked. Others accuse Musavat that it provoked the March events by defending the idea of autonomy for Azerbaijan. This could resemble the truth to a certain extent. If we obediently bowed to the enemies of our freedom, these events might not have happened. But we could not have done that. We openly claimed the autonomy for Azerbaijan, and this increased the number of our enemies.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Azerbaijan">Soviet Azerbaijan</a>, historical accounts of March Days were made to support the actions of Baku Soviet and to condemn Musavat as the culprit of the tragedy. Soviet historiography also tried to suppress the memory of 1918 massacres and omitted the fact that Bolsheviks used the Armenian-Azerbaijani ethnic confrontation to gain power. However, in 1978, then-leader of Soviet Azerbaijan, <a href="/wiki/Heydar_Aliyev" title="Heydar Aliyev">Heydar Aliyev</a> recalled the forgotten March Days in his speech dedicated to the 100th anniversary of <a href="/wiki/Stepan_Shahumyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Stepan Shahumyan">Stepan Shahumyan</a> as follows: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In March 1918, the Musavatist anti-Soviet rebellion was raised in Baku, intending to strangle the Soviet Government. Thanks to the firm and resolute action of the Bolsheviks, however, the rebellion was extinguished."<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Exactly twenty years later, as the President of independent <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, Heydar Aliyev issued a decree condemning March Days as the beginning of Azerbaijani genocide. Text of the 1998 Presidential decree describes the March events as follows: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Taking advantage of the situation following the end of the First World War and the February and October 1917 revolutions in Russia, the Armenians began to pursue the implementation of their plans under the banner of Bolshevism. Under the watchword of combating counter-revolutionary elements, in March 1918 the Baku commune began to implement a criminal plan aimed at eliminating Azerbaijanis from the whole of Baku province.<sup id="cite_ref-decree_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-decree-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_position">Soviet position</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_Days&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Soviet position"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Baku Soviet's Committee of Revolutionary Defense issued a proclamation early in April explaining the events and their causes. The statement claimed an anti-Soviet character of the rebellion and blamed <a href="/wiki/Musavat" title="Musavat">Musavat</a> and its leadership for the events. Soviet's statement asserted that there was a carefully laid out conspiracy by <a href="/wiki/Musavat" title="Musavat">Musavat</a> to overthrow the Baku Soviet and to establish its own regime: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The enemies of Soviet power in the city of Baku have raised their head. The malice and hatred with which they viewed the revolutionary organ of the workers and soldiers began recently to overflow into open counterrevolutionary activities. The appearance of the staff of the Savage Division, headed by the unmasked Talyshkhanov, the events in Lenkoran, in Mugan, and at Shemakha, the capture of Petrovsk by the Daghestan regiment and the withholding of grain shipments from Baku, the threats of Elisavetpol, and in the last few days of Tbilisi, to march on Baku, against soviet power, the aggressive movements of the armored train of the Transcaucasian Commissariat in Adzhikabul, and, finally, the outrageous behavior of the Savage Division on the steamship Evelina in shooting comrades—all this speaks of the criminal plans of the counterrevolutionaries grouped mainly around the Bek party Musavat and having as its goal the overthrow of Soviet power.<sup id="cite_ref-rgsunycommune_20-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rgsunycommune-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Shahumian considered the March events to be a triumph of the Soviet power in the Caucasus: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Transcaucasia has entered a period of active armed struggle for the Soviet power. For three days, 30th, 31 March and 1 April, a furious battle raged in the city of Baku. On one side were fighting the Soviet Red Guard; the Red International Army, recently organized by us; the Red Fleet, which we had succeeded in reorganizing in a short time; and Armenian national units. On the other side the Muslim Savage Division in which there were quite a few Russian officers, and bands of armed Muslims, led by the Musavat Party... For us the results of the battle were brilliant. The destruction of the enemy was complete. We dictated to them the conditions which were signed without reservation. More than three thousand were killed on both sides. The Soviet power in Baku has always been hanging by a thread, due to the resistance of Muslim nationalistic parties. These parties led by feudal intelligentsia (beks and khans), which settled in Elisavetpol and Tbilisi thanks to the degraded and cowardly politics of the <a href="/wiki/Mensheviks" title="Mensheviks">Mensheviks</a> became very aggressive in Baku too. ... If they had taken the control of Baku, the city would have been declared the capital of <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> and all non-Muslim elements would have been disarmed and killed.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In the opinion of the American historian <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Swietochowski" title="Tadeusz Swietochowski">Tadeusz Swietochowski</a>, "in his enthusiasm, Shahumyan might not have remembered that in 1905 he himself had accused the <a href="/wiki/Tsardom" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsardom">tsardom</a> of reaping in benefits of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Tatar_massacres_1905-1907" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian–Tatar massacres 1905-1907">Muslim-Armenian massacres</a>. It is doubtful that to him, as opposed to the Azerbaijanis, any similarity suggested itself."<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, who was Bolshevik People's Commissar at the time, stated in the "Pravda" newspaper that the <i>March Days</i> happened in protest of <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasian_Commissariat" title="Transcaucasian Commissariat">Transcaucasian Commissariat</a> in Tbilisi: </p> <blockquote><p>All of Armenia is protesting against the usurpation of the self-proclaimed Tiflis "government", demanding the resignation of the Sejm deputies. And the center of Muslims, Baku, the citadel of Soviet power in Transcaucasus, unified around itself the entire Eastern Transcaucasus, from Lenkoran and Kuba till Elizavetpol, with arms in hands is asserting the rights of people of Transcaucasus, who try by all forces to maintain a link with Soviet Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Victor_Serge" title="Victor Serge">Victor Serge</a> in <i>Year One (First Year) Of the Russian Revolution</i>: "The Soviet at Baku, led by Shahumyan, was meanwhile making itself the ruler of the area, discreetly but unmistakably. Following the Moslem rising of 18 (30) March, it had to introduce a dictatorship. This rising, instigated by the Musavat, set the Tartar and Turkic population, led by their reactionary bourgeoisie, against the Soviet, which consisted of Russians with support from the Armenians. The races began to slaughter each other in the street. Most of the Turkic port-workers (the <i>ambal</i>) either remained neutral or supported the Reds. The contest was won by the Soviets."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armenian_position">Armenian position</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_Days&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Armenian position"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Armenian view of the March 1918 events was documented in a letter written by Archbishop Bagrat to the American mission in <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>. The letter began with the accusation that the Azerbaijanis, being the disciples of the Turks and the <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germans</a>, could not be trusted. Having thus disposed of the Azerbaijani version of the events, Bagrat stated that the battle was waged by the Musavat and the Soviet, while the Armenians remained neutral. The Archbishop claimed that some Armenian soldiers took part in the fighting, but that those were only isolated individuals for whom the Armenian National Council could not be held responsible.<sup id="cite_ref-kazemzadeh73_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kazemzadeh73-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also claimed that the Armenians gave shelter to some 20,000 Muslims during the struggle.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kazemzadeh73_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kazemzadeh73-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Armenians had been inflamed by the sight and pitiful stories of <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Armenia#Refugee_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of Armenia">several hundred thousand refugees</a> who had succeeded in reaching Transcaucasia, fleeing before the Ottoman Army.<sup id="cite_ref-herb_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-herb-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, when the Russian Army broke up, the Armenians preserved their discipline against all attempts of the Bolsheviks, and were the only force upon which the Allies could count in southwestern Asia during the last year of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-herb_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-herb-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two million Armenians of Transcaucasia, increased by several hundred thousand refugees from the Ottoman Empire, persisted in their loyalty to Russia until the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk delivered them to the Ottoman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-herb_73-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-herb-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then they moved to form their own state, which succeeded in maintaining itself during the period of anarchy and famine that Bolshevism brought upon the Russian Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-herb_73-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-herb-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Peace Conference, 1919">Peace Conference</a>, speaking before the Council of Ten, <a href="/wiki/Avetis_Aharonyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Avetis Aharonyan">M. Aharonian</a>, delegate of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of Armenia">Armenian Republic of the Caucasus</a>, stated that the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Armenia#Population" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of Armenia">two and a half million Armenians in Transcaucasia</a> wanted to cast in their fortunes with the <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Armenians in the Ottoman Empire">Armenians of Ottoman Empire</a> to form a <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Greater Armenia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-herb_73-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-herb-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Michael P. Croissant, the ARF set out to take revenge for the persecution and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">genocide suffered by Armenians</a> at the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-croissant14_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-croissant14-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Tadeusz Swietochowski states that "Armenian historians do not offer an explanation for the political calculations behind this move, which was bound to entail terrible retribution, and they hint rather at an uncontrollable emotional outburst".<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_positions">Other positions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_Days&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other positions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Firuz_Kazemzadeh" title="Firuz Kazemzadeh">Firuz Kazemzadeh</a>, the Soviet provoked March events to eliminate its most formidable rival – the Musavat. However, when Soviet leaders reached out to ARF for assistance against the Azerbaijani nationalists, the conflict degenerated into a massacre with the Armenians killing the Muslims irrespective of their political affiliations or social and economic position.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following an investigation, the Scientific Service of the German <a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a> came to the conclusion that, in specialist literature and journalism, there are different accounts of the events, incidents and casualty figures, which makes a reliable account difficult.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_recognition">International recognition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_Days&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: International recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 27 March 2012, the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Senate" title="New York State Senate">New York State Senate</a> adopted the first-ever legislative resolution J3784-2011 proclaiming 31 March 2012 as the Azerbaijani Remembrance Day.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resolution was introduced by the State Senator <a href="/wiki/James_Alesi" class="mw-redirect" title="James Alesi">James Alesi</a> at the initiative of the members of Azerbaijan Society of America and Azerbaijani-American Council.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 31 December 2010, Governor <a href="/wiki/Jim_Gibbons_(U.S._politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Gibbons (U.S. politician)">Jim Gibbons</a> of the U.S. State of <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a> proclaimed 31 March as Remembrance Day of 1918 <a href="/wiki/Massacre" title="Massacre">massacres</a> of Azerbaijani civilians in what became the first such recognition by the U.S. government institution.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_Days&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Azerbaijan" title="List of massacres in Azerbaijan">List of massacres in Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Democratic Republic">Azerbaijan Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_Days" title="September Days">September Days</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_Days&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Several historians put the total number at 12,000.<sup id="cite_ref-smithmusavat_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smithmusavat-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Armen_Garo" title="Armen Garo">Armen Garo</a> stated the Azerbaijanis suffered over 10,000 military casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-Pas193_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pas193-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bolsheviks put the number of dead after two days at 3,000.<sup id="cite_ref-altstadt86_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-altstadt86-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Here is what Bakinsky Rabochy reports about it:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In the first half of January 1918, on the railway line between Tbilisi and Yelizavetpol, armed bands of Moslems many thousand strong, headed by members of the Yelizavetpol Moslem National Committee and with the support of an armoured train sent by the Transcaucasian Commissariat, forcibly disarmed a number of military units leaving for Russia. Thousands of Russian soldiers were killed or mutilated; the railway line was strewn with their corpses. They were deprived of about 15,000 rifles, some 70 machine guns and a score of artillery pieces.</p></blockquote><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_Stalin1918" class="citation web cs1">Joseph Stalin (26–27 March 1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1918/03/26.htm">"Transcaucasian Counter-revolutionaries Under a Socialist Mask"</a>. Marxists Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Transcaucasian+Counter-revolutionaries+Under+a+Socialist+Mask&rft.pub=Marxists+Internet+Archive&rft.date=1918-03-26%2F1918-03-27&rft.au=Joseph+Stalin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Freference%2Farchive%2Fstalin%2Fworks%2F1918%2F03%2F26.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+Days" class="Z3988"></span></cite></div></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Dear Comrade Shahumyan:<br />Many thanks for the letter. We are delighted by your firm and decisive policy; do unite with it a most cautious diplomacy, which is doubtlessly made necessary by the present most difficult situation, and we shall win.<br />The difficulties are unfathomable; up to now we have been saved by the contradictions and conflicts and the struggle among imperialists. Be able to use these conflicts; now it is necessary to learn diplomacy.<br />Best wishes and greetings to all the friends.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>V. Ulyanov (Lenin), Stepan Shahumyan, Статьи и речи, Bakinskii Rabochii, Articles and speeches of the Bolshevik Extraordinary Commissar for the Caucasus, 1924, p. 224</cite></div></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Peter Hopkirk:<br />alarmed by the growing military strength of the Armenians, to which British support had undoubtedly contributed, the Baku Muslims had secretly sought help from their co-religionists elsewhere. Among those who responded were units of the all-Muslim Savage Division, which had until the Revolution formed part of the Tsarist forces. Flush with their success in overthrowing the Bolshevik garrison at the Caspian port of Lenkoran, some detachments now set sail for Baku. Their arrival, on March 30, caused great consternation among both Bolsheviks and Armenians. When officials were sent down to the dockside to try to discover what their intentions were, they were driven back by gunfire, a number of them being killed. Eventually the newcomers were disarmed by a stronger Bolshevik force, but when more units of the Savage Division arrived on April 1, in MacDonell's words, "the Baku cauldron boiled over". No one really knows who fired the first shot, but very soon it had become a battlefield, with trenches and barricades being hastily prepared everywhere.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Peter Hopkirk, Claims of the Peace Delegation of the Republic of Caucasian Azerbaijan presented to the Peace Conference in Paris, Paris, 1919, pp. 18–19.</cite></div></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The contents of the ultimatum presented by the Bolsheviks and accepted by the Musavat:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We demand the immediate end of the military activity opened against Soviet power in the city of Baku; we demand the immediate surrender of fortified posts and the destruction of trenches. In order to avoid repetition in the future of such acts, the Committee of Revolutionary Defense demands:<br /><br /> </p><p>1. Open and unconditional recognition of the power of the Baku Soviet of Workers, Soldiers, and Sailors Deputies and the complete subordination to all its orders.<br /> 2. The "Savage Division" as a counterrevolutionary military units cannot be tolerated with the bounds of Baku and its districts. Other national Moslem military units, as well as Armenian ones, should be either led out of the city or subordinated completely to the Soviet. Whole armed population must be under the control and check of the Soviet.<br /> </p><p> 3. We demand the acceptance of immediate measures to open the railroads from Baku to Tbilisi and from Baku to Petrovsk.</p></blockquote><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>(<a href="#CITEREFSuny1972">Suny 1972</a>, pp. 217–221)</cite></div></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The leaders of the Tartars at Baku were convinced that they would easily disarm the Armenian soldiers, because they were somewhat shut up in Baku, but they were sadly mistaken in their calculations. After a bloody battle which lasted a whole week the Armenians remained masters of the city and its oil wells. They suffered a loss of nearly 2,500 killed, while Tartars lost more than 10,000. The commander of the military forces of the Armenians was the same General Bagradouni, who, although he lost both of his legs during the fight, continued his duties until September 14, when the Armenians and the small number of Englishmen who came to their assistance, were forced to abandon Baku to the superior forces of the Turco-Tartars, and retreat toward the city of Enzeli in the northern Caucasus</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>(<a href="#CITEREFPasdermadjian1918">Pasdermadjian 1918</a>, pp. 193)</cite></div></blockquote></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_Days&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Hopkirk-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hopkirk_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hopkirk_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hopkirk_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hopkirk_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hopkirk_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hopkirk_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hopkirk_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopkirk1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hopkirk" title="Peter Hopkirk">Hopkirk, Peter</a> (1994). <i>Like hidden fire. The Plot to bring down the British Empire</i>. New York: Kodansha Globe. pp. 281, 283, 287. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56836-127-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-56836-127-0"><bdi>1-56836-127-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Like+hidden+fire.+The+Plot+to+bring+down+the+British+Empire&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=281%2C+283%2C+287&rft.pub=Kodansha+Globe&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1-56836-127-0&rft.aulast=Hopkirk&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+Days" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pas193-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pas193_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pas193_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFPasdermadjian1918">Pasdermadjian 1918</a>, pp. 193)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-altstadt86-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-altstadt86_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-altstadt86_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-altstadt86_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-altstadt86_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-altstadt86_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-altstadt86_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFAltstadt1992">Altstadt 1992</a>, pp. 86)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smithmusavat-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-smithmusavat_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smithmusavat_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2001">Smith 2001</a>, p. 228: "The results of the March events were immediate and total for the Musavat. Several hundreds of its members were killed in the fighting; up to 12,000 Muslim civilians perished; thousands of others fled Baku in a mass exodus."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-York_Times_Current_History_1920_p._492-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-York_Times_Current_History_1920_p._492_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-York_Times_Current_History_1920_p._492_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"New Republics in the Caucasus". <i>The New York Times Current History</i>. <b>11</b> (2): 492. March 1920.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times+Current+History&rft.atitle=New+Republics+in+the+Caucasus&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=492&rft.date=1920-03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+Days" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Smith" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Michael Smith. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.sakharov-center.ru/publications/azrus/az_004.htm">"Pamiat' ob utratakh i Azerbaidzhanskoe obshchestvo/Traumatic Loss and Azerbaijani. National Memory"</a>. <i>Azerbaidzhan i Rossiia: obshchestva i gosudarstva (Azerbaijan and Russia: Societies and States)</i> (in Russian). Sakharov Center<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Azerbaidzhan+i+Rossiia%3A+obshchestva+i+gosudarstva+%28Azerbaijan+and+Russia%3A+Societies+and+States%29&rft.atitle=Pamiat%27+ob+utratakh+i+Azerbaidzhanskoe+obshchestvo%2FTraumatic+Loss+and+Azerbaijani.+National+Memory&rft.au=Michael+Smith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fold.sakharov-center.ru%2Fpublications%2Fazrus%2Faz_004.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+Days" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dewaal2010-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dewaal2010_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dewaal2010_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Waal2010" class="citation book cs1">De Waal, Thomas (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6X745rS5Ci8C&pg=PA62"><i>The Caucasus: An Introduction</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539976-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539976-9"><bdi>978-0-19-539976-9</bdi></a>. <q>In the so called March Days of 1918, Baku descended into a mini-civil war, after the Bolsheviks declared war on Musavat Party and then stood by as Dashnak militias rampaged through the city, killing Azerbaijanis indiscriminately</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Caucasus%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-539976-9&rft.aulast=De+Waal&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6X745rS5Ci8C%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+Days" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-suny41-42-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-suny41-42_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuny1993" class="citation book cs1">Suny, Ronald Grigor (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-4efW7SvG0YC&pg=PA41"><i>The revenge of the past:nationalism, revolution, and the collapse of the Soviet Union</i></a>. Stanford University Press. pp. 41–42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-2247-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-2247-1"><bdi>0-8047-2247-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+revenge+of+the+past%3Anationalism%2C+revolution%2C+and+the+collapse+of+the+Soviet+Union&rft.pages=41-42&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-8047-2247-1&rft.aulast=Suny&rft.aufirst=Ronald+Grigor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-4efW7SvG0YC%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+Days" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButtino1993" class="citation book cs1">Buttino, Marco (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t5HKjm6vs3YC&pg=PA176"><i>In a collapsing empire:underdevelopment, ethnic conflicts and nationalisms in the Soviet Union Volume 28</i></a>. Feltrinelli Editor. p. 176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-07-99048-2" title="Special:BookSources/88-07-99048-2"><bdi>88-07-99048-2</bdi></a>. <q>Violence increased during the Civil War, with massacres of Azeri Turks – by the combined forced of Armenian Dashnaktsutiun party and the Bolsheviks</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+a+collapsing+empire%3Aunderdevelopment%2C+ethnic+conflicts+and+nationalisms+in+the+Soviet+Union+Volume+28&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=Feltrinelli+Editor&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=88-07-99048-2&rft.aulast=Buttino&rft.aufirst=Marco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt5HKjm6vs3YC%26pg%3DPA176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+Days" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kazemzadeh-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kazemzadeh_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Firuz Kazemzadeh. Struggle For Transcaucasia (1917—1921), New York Philosophical Library, 1951.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.sakharov-center.ru/publications/azrus/az_004.htm">"Азербайджан и Россия. Общества и государства"</a>. <i>old.sakharov-center.ru</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=old.sakharov-center.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD+%D0%B8+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F.+%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fold.sakharov-center.ru%2Fpublications%2Fazrus%2Faz_004.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+Days" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swietochowski-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Swietochowski_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tadeusz Swietochowski. Russian Azerbaijan, 1905—1920: The Shaping of a National Identity in a Muslim Community. Cambridge University Press, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-52245-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-52245-5">0-521-52245-5</a>, 9780521522458, pp 116—118<blockquote><p>The truly tragic turn of events came after acceptance of the ultimatum, when the Dashnakist allies of the Bolsheviks took to looting, burning, and killing in the Muslim sections of the city</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cavendish-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cavendish_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j894miuOqc4C&pg=PA786"><i>World and Its Peoples: The Middle East, Western Asia, and Northern Africa</i></a>. Marshall Cavendish. 2006. p. 786. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7614-7571-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7614-7571-0"><bdi>0-7614-7571-0</bdi></a>. <q><i>Muslims in Baku revolted in March 1918, but their uprising was suppressed by the city's Armenians</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+and+Its+Peoples%3A+The+Middle+East%2C+Western+Asia%2C+and+Northern+Africa&rft.pages=786&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-7614-7571-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj894miuOqc4C%26pg%3DPA786&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+Days" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-blackgarden100-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-blackgarden100_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Waal2003" class="citation book cs1">De Waal, Thomas (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pletup86PMQC&pg=PA100"><i>Black garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan through peace and war</i></a>. NYU Press. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8147-1945-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8147-1945-7"><bdi>0-8147-1945-7</bdi></a>. <q>When in March 1918, Azerbaijanis revolted against the Baku Commune, Armenian Dashnaks and Bolshevik troops poured into the Azerbaijani quarters of the city and slaughtered thousands</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+garden%3A+Armenia+and+Azerbaijan+through+peace+and+war&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8147-1945-7&rft.aulast=De+Waal&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dpletup86PMQC%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+Days" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-suny42-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-suny42_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuny1993" class="citation book cs1">Suny, Ronald Grigor (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-4efW7SvG0YC&pg=PA42"><i>The revenge of the past:nationalism, revolution, and the collapse of the Soviet Union</i></a>. Stanford University Press. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-2247-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-2247-1"><bdi>0-8047-2247-1</bdi></a>. <q>After crushing a Muslim revolt in the city, the Bolshevik-led government, with its small Red Guard, was forced to rely on Armenian troops led by Dashnak officers</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+revenge+of+the+past%3Anationalism%2C+revolution%2C+and+the+collapse+of+the+Soviet+Union&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-8047-2247-1&rft.aulast=Suny&rft.aufirst=Ronald+Grigor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-4efW7SvG0YC%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+Days" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCronin2004" class="citation book cs1">Cronin, Stephanie (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P2pGzBICVC4C&pg=PA91"><i>Reformers and revolutionaries in modern Iran: new perspectives on the Iranian left</i></a>. Psychology Press. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-33128-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-33128-5"><bdi>0-415-33128-5</bdi></a>. <q><i>After the 'March Days', the Bolsheviks finally came to power and established their famous Baku Commune in April 1918</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reformers+and+revolutionaries+in+modern+Iran%3A+new+perspectives+on+the+Iranian+left&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-415-33128-5&rft.aulast=Cronin&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP2pGzBICVC4C%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+Days" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShahumyan1959" class="citation book cs1">Shahumyan, Stepan (1959). <i>Letters 1896–1918</i>. Yerevan: State Publishing House of Armenia. pp. 63–67. <q>On one side were fighting the Soviet Red Guard; the Red International Army, recently organized by us; the Red Fleet, which we had succeeded in reorganizing in a short time; and Armenian national units. On the other side the Muslim Savage Division in which there were quite a few Russian officers, and bands of armed Muslims, led by the Musavat Party... For us the results of the battle were brilliant. The destruction of the enemy was complete... More than three thousand were killed on both sides</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letters+1896%E2%80%931918&rft.place=Yerevan&rft.pages=63-67&rft.pub=State+Publishing+House+of+Armenia&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Shahumyan&rft.aufirst=Stepan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+Days" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFPasdermadjian1918">Pasdermadjian 1918</a>, p. 193)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rgsunycommune-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rgsunycommune_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rgsunycommune_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rgsunycommune_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rgsunycommune_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rgsunycommune_20-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rgsunycommune_20-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rgsunycommune_20-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rgsunycommune_20-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFSuny1972">Suny 1972</a>, pp. 217–221)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-croissant-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-croissant_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCroissant1998" class="citation book cs1">Croissant, Michael (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZeP7OZZswtcC&pg=PA14"><i>The Armenia-Azerbaijan conflict: causes and implications</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-96241-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-96241-5"><bdi>0-275-96241-5</bdi></a>. <q>The oil-rich city of Baku had emerged as a stronghold of Bolshevism shortly after the October Russian Revolution, and friction between the Bolsheviks and the pan-Turkic Musavat party sparked a brief civil war in March 1918</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armenia-Azerbaijan+conflict%3A+causes+and+implications&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-275-96241-5&rft.aulast=Croissant&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZeP7OZZswtcC%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+Days" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-decree-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-decree_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-decree_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Decree_of_President_of_Republic_of_Azerbaijan_about_genocide_of_Azerbaijani_people" class="extiw" title="s:Decree of President of Republic of Azerbaijan about genocide of Azerbaijani people">Decree of President of Republic of Azerbaijan about genocide of Azerbaijani people, March 1998</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070607184434/http://assembly.coe.int/main.asp?Link=%2Fdocuments%2Fworkingdocs%2Fdoc01%2Fedoc9066.htm">"PACE Written Declaration, "Recognition of the genocide perpetrated against the Azeri population by the Armenians", Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, Doc. 9066 2nd edition, 14 May 2001"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://assembly.coe.int/main.asp?Link=/documents/workingdocs/doc01/edoc9066.htm">the original</a> on 7 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PACE+Written+Declaration%2C+%22Recognition+of+the+genocide+perpetrated+against+the+Azeri+population+by+the+Armenians%22%2C+Parliamentary+Assembly+of+the+Council+of+Europe%2C+Doc.+9066+2nd+edition%2C+14+May+2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fassembly.coe.int%2Fmain.asp%3FLink%3D%2Fdocuments%2Fworkingdocs%2Fdoc01%2Fedoc9066.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+Days" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHovannisian1967" class="citation book cs1">Hovannisian, Richard G. (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/armeniaonroadtoi00hova"><i>Armenia on the Road to Independence, 1918</i></a>. Berkeley: University of California press. p. 227. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-00574-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-00574-0"><bdi>0-520-00574-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armenia+on+the+Road+to+Independence%2C+1918&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=227&rft.pub=University+of+California+press&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=0-520-00574-0&rft.aulast=Hovannisian&rft.aufirst=Richard+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farmeniaonroadtoi00hova&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+Days" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCroissant1998" class="citation book cs1">Croissant, Michael P. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/armeniaazerbaija00croi/page/15"><i>The Armenia-Azerbaijan Conflict: Causes and Implications</i></a>. London: Praeger. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-96241-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-96241-5"><bdi>0-275-96241-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armenia-Azerbaijan+Conflict%3A+Causes+and+Implications&rft.place=London&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-275-96241-5&rft.aulast=Croissant&rft.aufirst=Michael+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farmeniaazerbaija00croi%2Fpage%2F15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+Days" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_SchendelZürcher,_Erik_Jan2001" class="citation book cs1">van Schendel, Willem; <a href="/wiki/Erik-Jan_Z%C3%BCrcher" title="Erik-Jan Zürcher">Zürcher, Erik Jan</a> (2001). <i>Identity Politics in Central Asia and the Muslim World</i>. I.B.Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86064-261-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-86064-261-6"><bdi>1-86064-261-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Identity+Politics+in+Central+Asia+and+the+Muslim+World&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-86064-261-6&rft.aulast=van+Schendel&rft.aufirst=Willem&rft.au=Z%C3%BCrcher%2C+Erik+Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+Days" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-swietochowski-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-swietochowski_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwietochowskiCollins,_Brian_C.1999" class="citation book cs1">Swietochowski, Tadeusz; Collins, Brian C. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yjIZ6ymyNO8C&pg=PA117"><i>Historical dictionary of Azerbaijan</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-3550-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8108-3550-9"><bdi>0-8108-3550-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+dictionary+of+Azerbaijan&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-8108-3550-9&rft.aulast=Swietochowski&rft.aufirst=Tadeusz&rft.au=Collins%2C+Brian+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyjIZ6ymyNO8C%26pg%3DPA117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+Days" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kazemzadeh83-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kazemzadeh83_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kazemzadeh83_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFKazemzadeh1950">Kazemzadeh 1950</a>, pp. 83)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p788-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-p788_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFNorthcote1922">Northcote 1922</a>, pp. 788)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pas192-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pas192_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pas192_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFPasdermadjian1918">Pasdermadjian 1918</a>, pp. 192)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swietochowski113-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Swietochowski113_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFSwietochowski2004">Swietochowski 2004</a>, pp. 113)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hovannisian. "Armenia's Road to Independence", pp. 288–289.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFKazemzadeh1950">Kazemzadeh 1950</a>, pp. 69)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Soviet-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Soviet_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Soviet_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Soviet Russia" published by Russian Soviet Government Bureau, 1920, page 236</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Luigi Villari "Fire and sword in the Caucasus," page 186</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stephan63-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stephan63_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stephan63_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stepan Shahumyan. Letters 1896–1918. State Publishing House of Armenia, Yerevan, 1959; pp. 63–67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFAltstadt1992">Altstadt 1992</a>, pp. 85)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Russian Revolution as National Revolution: Tragic Deaths and Rituals of Remembrance in Muslim Azerbaijan (1907–1920)," Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas, vol. 49 (2001).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dokumenty-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dokumenty_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFМинцГородецкого,_Е.1940" class="citation book cs1">Минц, И.; Городецкого, Е. (1940). <i>Документы по истории гражданской войны в СССР. Т.: Первый этап гражданской войны</i>. Vol. 1. pp. 282–283.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B+%D0%B2+%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0.+%D0%A2.%3A+%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF+%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B&rft.pages=282-283&rft.date=1940&rft.aulast=%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86&rft.aufirst=%D0%98.&rft.au=%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%2C+%D0%95.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+Days" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFSwietochowski2004">Swietochowski 2004</a>, pp. 115)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thchalkhouchian85-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-thchalkhouchian85_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. Tchalkhouchian. <i>Le livre rouge</i>, Paris, Veradzenout, 1919, pp. 85–86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">B. Baikov. <i>Воспоминания о революции в Закавказии</i>, Memoirs of Russian Kadet in Baku 1917 – 1920, p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Achiq Söz</i>, No. 627, 1918, cited in (<a href="#CITEREFRatgauzer1927">Ratgauzer 1927</a>, pp. 143)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marshall-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marshall_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlex2009" class="citation book cs1">Alex, Marshall (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F0mlUS7rlhcC&pg=PA96"><i>The Caucasus Under Soviet Rule</i></a> (Volume 12 of Routledge Studies in the History of Russia and Eastern Europe ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415410120" title="Special:BookSources/9780415410120"><bdi>9780415410120</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Caucasus+Under+Soviet+Rule&rft.pages=89&rft.edition=Volume+12+of+Routledge+Studies+in+the+History+of+Russia+and+Eastern+Europe&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780415410120&rft.aulast=Alex&rft.aufirst=Marshall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF0mlUS7rlhcC%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+Days" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swietochowski116-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Swietochowski116_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFSwietochowski2004">Swietochowski 2004</a>, pp. 116)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Г. Гасанов, Н. Саркисов. Статьи. Советская власть в Баку в 1918 году (Бакинская Коммуна). Историк-марксист, No. 5(069), 1938, 41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F50D11FC3D5A11738DDDA90A94DD405B888DF1D3">"BAKU IN FLAMES AS BATTLE RAGES; 2,000 Killed and 3,000 Wounded in Struggle Between Russians and Mussulmans"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. 20 May 1918. p. 2<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=BAKU+IN+FLAMES+AS+BATTLE+RAGES%3B+2%2C000+Killed+and+3%2C000+Wounded+in+Struggle+Between+Russians+and+Mussulmans&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1918-05-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3DF50D11FC3D5A11738DDDA90A94DD405B888DF1D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+Days" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimes1919-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes1919_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes1919_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1919/10/19/118165800.pdf">"Land of Eternal Fires: So the little Republic of Azerbaidjan is called – Its territorial dispute with Armenia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>New York Times</i>. 19 October 1919<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Land+of+Eternal+Fires%3A+So+the+little+Republic+of+Azerbaidjan+is+called+%E2%80%93+Its+territorial+dispute+with+Armenia&rft.date=1919-10-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1919%2F10%2F19%2F118165800.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+Days" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-claims18-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-claims18_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Claims of the Peace Delegation of the Republic of Caucasian Azerbaijan presented to the Peace Conference in Paris</i>, Paris, 1919, pp. 18–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFRatgauzer1927">Ratgauzer 1927</a>, pp. 144)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Pipes. The formation of the Soviet Union: communism and nationalism, 1917–1923. p.200</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Russia and a Divided Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition</i>, by Tadeusz Świętochowski, Columbia University Press, 1995, p. 66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pcross-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pcross_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCroissant" class="citation book cs1">Croissant, Michael P. <i>The Armenia-Azerbaijan Conflict: Causes and Implications</i>. p. 14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armenia-Azerbaijan+Conflict%3A+Causes+and+Implications&rft.pages=14&rft.aulast=Croissant&rft.aufirst=Michael+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+Days" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/serge/1930/year-one/ch06.htm">"Victor Serge: Year One of the Russian Revolution (6. 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Russia and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-07068-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-07068-3">0-231-07068-3</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFSwietochowski2004">Swietochowski 2004</a>, pp. 119)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-marshall-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-marshall_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-marshall_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall2009" class="citation book cs1">Marshall, Alex (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F0mlUS7rlhcC&pg=PA96"><i>The Caucasus under Soviet rule</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-41012-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-41012-0"><bdi>978-0-415-41012-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Caucasus+under+Soviet+rule&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-415-41012-0&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF0mlUS7rlhcC%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+Days" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kazemzadeh143-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kazemzadeh143_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kazemzadeh143_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFKazemzadeh1950">Kazemzadeh 1950</a>, pp. 143–144)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">B. Ishkhanian. <i>Великие ужасы в городе Баку</i>, Tbilisi, 1920, pp. 28–30 quoted (<a href="#CITEREFKazemzadeh1950">Kazemzadeh 1950</a>, pp. 143–144)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Azerbaijan" newspaper, 6 December 1919.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Алиев Г.А. Мужественный борец за дело Ленина, за коммунизм. К 100-летию со дня рождения С.Г. Шаумяна. Доклад на торжественном собрании, посвященном 100-летию со дня рождения С.Г. Шаумяна. Баку. 11 октября 1978 года. Баку. 1978. С.16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Shahumyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Stepan Shahumyan">Stepan Shahumyan</a>. Letters 1896–1918 State Publishing House of Armenia, Yerevan, 1959; pp. 63–67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFSwietochowski2004">Swietochowski 2004</a>, pp. 118)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hrono.ru/libris/stalin/4-58.html">"И. Сталин. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=J3784-2011%3A+Memorializing+Governor+Andrew+M.+Cuomo+to+proclaim+Saturday%2C+March+31%2C+2012+as+Azerbaijani+Remembrance+Day+in+the+State+of+New+York&rft.pub=The+New+York+State+Senate&rft.date=2012-03-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopen.nysenate.gov%2Flegislation%2Fbill%2FJ3784-2011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+Days" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azertag.com/en/node/971610">"New York State Senate adopts resolution proclaiming March 31 as remembrance day of Azerbaijanis subjected to genocide"</a>. <i>AzerTAg State News Agency</i>. 24 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AzerTAg+State+News+Agency&rft.atitle=New+York+State+Senate+adopts+resolution+proclaiming+March+31+as+remembrance+day+of+Azerbaijanis+subjected+to+genocide&rft.date=2012-06-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.azertag.com%2Fen%2Fnode%2F971610&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+Days" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news.az/articles/politics/29254">"Nevada governor proclaims 31 March Azerbaijani Remembrance Day"</a>. news.az<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nevada+governor+proclaims+31+March+Azerbaijani+Remembrance+Day&rft.pub=news.az&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.az%2Farticles%2Fpolitics%2F29254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+Days" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_Days&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKazemzadeh1950" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Firuz_Kazemzadeh" title="Firuz Kazemzadeh">Kazemzadeh, Firuz</a> (1950). <i>The Struggle for Transcaucasia (1917–1921)</i>. Anglo Caspian Press Lted. p. 360. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9560004-0-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9560004-0-8"><bdi>978-0-9560004-0-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Struggle+for+Transcaucasia+%281917%E2%80%931921%29&rft.pages=360&rft.pub=Anglo+Caspian+Press+Lted&rft.date=1950&rft.isbn=978-0-9560004-0-8&rft.aulast=Kazemzadeh&rft.aufirst=Firuz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+Days" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAltstadt1992" class="citation book cs1">Alstatdt, Audrey L. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sZVN2MwWZVAC"><i>The Azerbaijani Turks: power and identity under Russian rule</i></a>. Hoover Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-9182-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-9182-1"><bdi>978-0-8179-9182-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Azerbaijani+Turks%3A+power+and+identity+under+Russian+rule.&rft.pub=Hoover+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8179-9182-1&rft.aulast=Alstatdt&rft.aufirst=Audrey+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsZVN2MwWZVAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+Days" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRatgauzer1927" class="citation book cs1">Ratgauzer, Iakov A. (1927). <i>Революция и гражданская война в Баку, 1917–1918</i>. Красный Восток.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B8+%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B2+%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%2C+1917%E2%80%931918&rft.pub=%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Ratgauzer&rft.aufirst=Iakov+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+Days" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwietochowski2004" class="citation book cs1">Swietochowski, Tadeusz (2004). <i>Russian Azerbaijan, 1905–1920: The Shaping of a National Identity in a Muslim Community</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52245-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52245-8"><bdi>978-0-521-52245-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russian+Azerbaijan%2C+1905%E2%80%931920%3A+The+Shaping+of+a+National+Identity+in+a+Muslim+Community&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-52245-8&rft.aulast=Swietochowski&rft.aufirst=Tadeusz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+Days" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuny1972" class="citation book cs1">Suny, Ronald Grigor (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bptnQgAACAAJ"><i>The Baku Commune</i></a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 217–221. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-05193-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-05193-2"><bdi>978-0-691-05193-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Baku+Commune&rft.pages=217-221&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-691-05193-2&rft.aulast=Suny&rft.aufirst=Ronald+Grigor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbptnQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+Days" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorthcote1922" class="citation news cs1">Northcote, Dudley S. (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4LYqAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA788">"Saving Forty Thousand Armenians"</a>. <i>Current History</i>. New York Times Co<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+History&rft.atitle=Saving+Forty+Thousand+Armenians&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Northcote&rft.aufirst=Dudley+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4LYqAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA788&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+Days" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPasdermadjian1918" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karekin_Pastermadjian" class="mw-redirect" title="Karekin Pastermadjian">Pasdermadjian, Garegin</a> (1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-ZQiAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA188"><i>Why Armenia Should be Free: Armenia's Role in the Present War</i></a>. The Armenian National Union of America. pp. 188–199.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Armenia+Should+be+Free%3A+Armenia%27s+Role+in+the+Present+War&rft.pages=188-199&rft.pub=The+Armenian+National+Union+of+America&rft.date=1918&rft.aulast=Pasdermadjian&rft.aufirst=Garegin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-ZQiAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+Days" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalayev2008" class="citation journal cs1">Balayev, Aydin (October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ada.edu.az/biweekly/issues/157/20090328073208910.html">"A Defining Moment For Azerbaijan"</a>. <i>Azerbaijan in the World</i>. <b>I</b> (18).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Azerbaijan+in+the+World&rft.atitle=A+Defining+Moment+For+Azerbaijan.&rft.volume=I&rft.issue=18&rft.date=2008-10&rft.aulast=Balayev&rft.aufirst=Aydin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ada.edu.az%2Fbiweekly%2Fissues%2F157%2F20090328073208910.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+Days" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2001" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Michael G. (2001). "Anatomy of a Rumour: Murder Scandal, the Musavat Party and Narratives of the Russian Revolution in Baku, 1917-20". <i>Journal of Contemporary History</i>. <b>36</b> (2): 211–240. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002200940103600202">10.1177/002200940103600202</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0094">0022-0094</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159744435">159744435</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=Anatomy+of+a+Rumour%3A+Murder+Scandal%2C+the+Musavat+Party+and+Narratives+of+the+Russian+Revolution+in+Baku%2C+1917-20&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=211-240&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159744435%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0022-0094&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002200940103600202&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Michael+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+Days" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anti-Azerbaijanism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anti-Azerbaijanism" title="Template:Anti-Azerbaijanism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anti-Azerbaijanism" title="Template talk:Anti-Azerbaijanism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anti-Azerbaijanism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anti-Azerbaijanism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anti-Azerbaijanism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Azerbaijanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Azerbaijanism">Anti-Azerbaijanism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Tatar_massacres_of_1905%E2%80%931907" title="Armenian–Tatar massacres of 1905–1907">Armenian–Tatar massacres</a> (1905–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Azerbaijanis_in_Armenia_(1917%E2%80%931921)" title="Massacres of Azerbaijanis in Armenia (1917–1921)">Massacres of Azerbaijanis in Armenia</a> (1917–1921)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">March Days</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_Azerbaijanis_from_Armenia" title="Deportation of Azerbaijanis from Armenia">Deportation of Azerbaijanis from Armenia</a> (1948–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gugark_pogrom" title="Gugark pogrom">Gugark pogrom</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_violence_in_Shusha_and_Stepanakert" title="1988 violence in Shusha and Stepanakert">Violence in Stepanakert</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojaly_massacre" title="Khojaly massacre">Khojaly massacre</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_newspaper_cockroach_cartoon_controversy" title="Iran newspaper cockroach cartoon controversy">Iran cockroach cartoon controversy</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitilieh_programme_protests_in_Iran_(2015)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fitilieh programme protests in Iran (2015)">Fitilieh programme controversy</a> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_of_Azerbaijanis" title="List of massacres of Azerbaijanis">List of massacres of Azerbaijanis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Azerbaijan_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Azerbaijan_topics" title="Template:Azerbaijan topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Azerbaijan_topics" title="Template talk:Azerbaijan topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Azerbaijan_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Azerbaijan topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Azerbaijan_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Azerbaijan-related_articles" title="Index of Azerbaijan-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Azerbaijan" title="History of Azerbaijan">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Age_in_Azerbaijan" title="Stone Age in Azerbaijan">Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_and_Iron_Age_in_Azerbaijan" title="Bronze and Iron Age in Azerbaijan">Bronze and Iron age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture" title="Kura–Araxes culture">Kura–Araxes culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_culture" title="Nakhchivan culture">Nakhchivan culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojaly%E2%80%93Gadabay_culture" title="Khojaly–Gadabay culture">Khojaly–Gadabay culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulaveri%E2%80%93Shomu_culture" title="Shulaveri–Shomu culture">Shulaveri–Shomu culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughan culture">Mughan culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jar-Burial_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Jar-Burial Culture">Jar-Burial Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leyla-Tepe_culture" title="Leyla-Tepe culture">Leyla-Tepe culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albania" title="Caucasian Albania">Caucasian Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arran_(Caucasus)" title="Arran (Caucasus)">Arran (Caucasus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirvan" title="Shirvan">Shirvan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sajid_dynasty" title="Sajid dynasty">Sajid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallarid_dynasty" title="Sallarid dynasty">Sallarid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaddadids" title="Shaddadids">Shaddadids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirvanshah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shirvanshah">Shirvanshahs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldiguzids" title="Eldiguzids">Eldiguzids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Koyunlu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kara Koyunlu">Kara Koyunlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanates_of_the_Caucasus" title="Khanates of the Caucasus">Khanates of the Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1804%E2%80%9313)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Persian War (1804–13)">Russo-Persian War (1804–13)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Gulistan" title="Treaty of Gulistan">Treaty of Gulistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1826%E2%80%931828)" title="Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)">Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Turkmenchay" title="Treaty of Turkmenchay">Treaty of Turkmenchay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Tatar_massacres_of_1905%E2%80%931907" title="Armenian–Tatar massacres of 1905–1907">Armenian–Tatar massacres</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">March Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_war_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)">Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Democratic Republic">Azerbaijan Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic">Soviet Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_January" title="Black January">Black January</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Azerbaijan#Independent_Azerbaijan" title="History of Azerbaijan">Independent Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Second Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_name_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the name Azerbaijan">History of the name Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Land_of_Fire" title="The Land of Fire">The Land of Fire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Azerbaijan" title="Coat of arms of Azerbaijan"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Emblem_of_Azerbaijan.svg/80px-Emblem_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Emblem_of_Azerbaijan.svg/120px-Emblem_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Emblem_of_Azerbaijan.svg/160px-Emblem_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="403" data-file-height="444" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Azerbaijan" title="Geography of Azerbaijan">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodies_of_water_of_Azerbaijan" title="Bodies of water of Azerbaijan">Bodies of water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Azerbaijan" title="Climate of Azerbaijan">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Azerbaijan" title="Climate change in Azerbaijan">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Azerbaijan" title="List of earthquakes in Azerbaijan">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Azerbaijan" title="Environment of Azerbaijan">Environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Azerbaijan" title="Environmental issues in Azerbaijan">issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Azerbaijan" title="Extreme points of Azerbaijan">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Azerbaijan" title="Fauna of Azerbaijan">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Azerbaijan" title="Flora of Azerbaijan">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Azerbaijan" title="Geology of Azerbaijan">Geology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caves_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Caves of Azerbaijan">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountains_of_Azerbaijan" title="Mountains of Azerbaijan">Mountains</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Azerbaijan" title="List of lakes of Azerbaijan">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Azerbaijan" title="National parks of Azerbaijan">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orography_of_Azerbaijan" title="Orography of Azerbaijan">Orography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Azerbaijan" title="List of protected areas of Azerbaijan">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_reserves_of_Azerbaijan" title="State reserves of Azerbaijan">State reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Azerbaijan" title="Wildlife of Azerbaijan">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Azerbaijan" title="Administrative divisions of Azerbaijan">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Azerbaijan" title="Administrative divisions of Azerbaijan">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_Azerbaijan" title="Borders of Azerbaijan">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Azerbaijan" title="List of cities in Azerbaijan">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Azerbaijan" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Azerbaijan">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Azerbaijan" title="Politics of Azerbaijan">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Azerbaijan">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Azerbaijan" title="Cabinet of Azerbaijan">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Azerbaijan" title="Constitution of Azerbaijan">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Azerbaijan" title="Elections in Azerbaijan">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Azerbaijan" title="Foreign relations of Azerbaijan">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Azerbaijan" title="Human rights in Azerbaijan">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Azerbaijan">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_rights_in_Azerbaijan" title="Children's rights in Azerbaijan">Children's rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Azerbaijan" title="Law enforcement in Azerbaijan">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Armed_Forces" title="Azerbaijani Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Azerbaijan)" title="National Assembly (Azerbaijan)">National Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Azerbaijan" title="List of political parties in Azerbaijan">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Azerbaijan" title="Politics of Azerbaijan">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Azerbaijan" title="President of Azerbaijan">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Azerbaijan" title="Prime Minister of Azerbaijan">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_policy_of_Azerbaijan" title="Migration policy of Azerbaijan">Migration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Azerbaijan" title="Economy of Azerbaijan">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Azerbaijan" title="Agriculture in Azerbaijan">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Azerbaijan" title="Central Bank of Azerbaijan">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Azerbaijan" title="List of companies of Azerbaijan">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Azerbaijan" title="Energy in Azerbaijan">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_manat" title="Azerbaijani manat">Manat (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy_in_Azerbaijan" title="Metallurgy in Azerbaijan">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_industry_of_Azerbaijan" title="Mineral industry of Azerbaijan">Mineral industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resources_of_Azerbaijan" title="Natural resources of Azerbaijan">Natural resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Azerbaijan" title="Petroleum industry in Azerbaijan">Petroleum industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Azerbaijan" title="Telecommunications in Azerbaijan">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Azerbaijan" title="Tourism in Azerbaijan">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Azerbaijan" title="Transport in Azerbaijan">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Azerbaijan" title="Culture of Azerbaijan">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Azerbaijani_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Azerbaijani animation">Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Azerbaijan" title="Architecture of Azerbaijan">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_art" title="Azerbaijani art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Azerbaijan" title="Cinema of Azerbaijan">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_cuisine" title="Azerbaijani cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_wine" title="Azerbaijani wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_dances" title="Azerbaijani dances">Dances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_traditional_clothing" title="Azerbaijani traditional clothing">Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_folklore" title="Azerbaijani folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Azerbaijan" title="Public holidays in Azerbaijan">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_national_identity" title="Azerbaijani national identity">National identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_literature" title="Azerbaijani literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Azerbaijan">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Azerbaijan" title="Music of Azerbaijan">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_mythology" title="Azerbaijani mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novruz_in_Azerbaijan" title="Novruz in Azerbaijan">Novruz (New Year)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Azerbaijan" title="Public holidays in Azerbaijan">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Religion in Azerbaijan">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_rug" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijani rug">Rug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Azerbaijan" title="Sport in Azerbaijan">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_tea_culture" title="Azerbaijani tea culture">Tea culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre in Azerbaijan">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_tradition_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wedding tradition in Azerbaijan">Wedding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Azerbaijan" title="Demographics of Azerbaijan">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Azerbaijan" title="Education in Azerbaijan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Azerbaijan" title="Ethnic minorities in Azerbaijan">Ethnic minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality_in_Azerbaijan" title="Gender equality in Azerbaijan">Gender equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_Azerbaijan" title="Medicine in Azerbaijan">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Azerbaijan" title="Healthcare in Azerbaijan">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Azerbaijan" title="Languages of Azerbaijan">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Azerbaijan">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Azerbaijanis" title="List of Azerbaijanis">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Azerbaijan" title="Women in Azerbaijan">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Azerbaijan" title="National symbols of Azerbaijan">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Azerbaijan" title="Flag of Azerbaijan">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Az%C9%99rbaycan_mar%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Azərbaycan marşı">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_emblem_of_Azerbaijan" title="National emblem of Azerbaijan">National emblem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Azerbaijan" title="Outline of Azerbaijan">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Azerbaijan-related_articles" title="Index of Azerbaijan-related articles">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_history_of_the_Caucasus#Azerbaijan" title="Bibliography of the history of the Caucasus">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Azerbaijan" title="Category:Azerbaijan">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Azerbaijan" title="Portal:Azerbaijan">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic" title="Template:Azerbaijan Democratic Republic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic" title="Template talk:Azerbaijan Democratic Republic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Azerbaijan Democratic Republic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Democratic Republic">Azerbaijan Democratic Republic</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leadership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alimardan_bey_Topchubashov" title="Alimardan bey Topchubashov">Alimardan bey Topchubashov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatali_Khan_Khoyski" title="Fatali Khan Khoyski">Fatali Khan Khoyski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammad_Hasan_Hajinski" title="Mammad Hasan Hajinski">Mammad Hasan Hajinski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammad_Amin_Rasulzade" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammad Amin Rasulzade">Mammad Amin Rasulzade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nariman_bey_Narimanbeyov" title="Nariman bey Narimanbeyov">Nariman bey Narimanbeyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasib_bey_Yusifbeyli" title="Nasib bey Yusifbeyli">Nasib Yusifbeyli</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Azerbaijan_1918.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Azerbaijan_1918.svg/80px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan_1918.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Azerbaijan_1918.svg/120px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan_1918.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Azerbaijan_1918.svg/160px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan_1918.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Goychay#Shamakhi,_Aghsu_and_Ismailly" title="Battle of Goychay">Battle of Aghsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Binagadi" title="Battle of Binagadi">Battle of Binagadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baku" title="Battle of Baku">Battle of Baku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughan_clashes" title="Mughan clashes">Mughan clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yalama" title="Battle of Yalama">Battle of Yalama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarvan" title="Battle of Sarvan">Battle of Sarvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Goychay" title="Battle of Goychay">Battle of Goychay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kurdamir" title="Battle of Kurdamir">Battle of Kurdamir</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">March Days</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Infantry_Division_(Azerbaijan,_1918)" title="1st Infantry Division (Azerbaijan, 1918)">First Infantry Division</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ganja_Military_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ganja Military School (page does not exist)">Ganja Military School</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=General-Quartermaster_Department_(Azerbaijan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General-Quartermaster Department (Azerbaijan) (page does not exist)">General-Quartermaster Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Army_of_the_Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="National Army of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic">National Army</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_school_of_the_Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military school of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (page does not exist)">National Military School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Special_Corps" title="Azerbaijani Special Corps">Special Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_(Azerbaijan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration of Independence (Azerbaijan)">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Azerbaijan" title="Flag of Azerbaijan">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_National_Council" title="Azerbaijani National Council">National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parliament of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (page does not exist)">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azerbaijan_Treasury_Chamber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Azerbaijan Treasury Chamber (page does not exist)">Treasury Chamber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Aras" title="Republic of Aras">Republic of Aras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Military_Dictatorship_of_Mughan" title="Provisional Military Dictatorship of Mughan">Provisional Military Dictatorship of Mughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughan_Soviet_Republic" title="Mughan Soviet Republic">Mughan Soviet Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Demographics of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (page does not exist)">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Army_of_the_Caucasus" title="Islamic Army of the Caucasus">Islamic Army of the Caucasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Army_of_the_Caucasus_in_Azerbaijani_media&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islamic Army of the Caucasus in Azerbaijani media (page does not exist)">in Azerbaijani media</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_of_Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic_abroad" title="Students of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic abroad">Students abroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="metadata coord-missing"></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=March_Days&oldid=1259212377">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=March_Days&oldid=1259212377</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:April_1918_events" title="Category:April 1918 events">April 1918 events</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Baku_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Category:Baku in the Russian Civil War">Baku in the Russian Civil War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1918_in_Azerbaijan" title="Category:1918 in Azerbaijan">1918 in Azerbaijan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:March_1918_events" title="Category:March 1918 events">March 1918 events</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mass_murder_in_1918" title="Category:Mass murder in 1918">Mass murder in 1918</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Massacres_in_Azerbaijan" 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