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<span>Taxonomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Description</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Description-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Description subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-External_genitalia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_genitalia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>External genitalia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_genitalia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_with_related_carnivorans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_with_related_carnivorans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Comparison with related carnivorans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_with_related_carnivorans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Habitat_and_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Habitat_and_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Habitat and distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Habitat_and_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behavior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behavior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Behavior</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Behavior-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Behavior subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Behavior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Diet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Breeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Breeding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_interactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_interactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Human interactions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_interactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Books cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fossa (animal)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 64 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-64" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">64 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossa" title="Fossa – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Fossa" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7_(%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="فوسا (حيوان) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فوسا (حيوان)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%BE%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="کریپتوپروکتا فروکس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کریپتوپروکتا فروکس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptoprocta_ferox" title="Cryptoprocta ferox – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Cryptoprocta ferox" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Фоса – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фоса" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosa" title="Fosa – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Fosa" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossa_(carn%C3%ADvor)" title="Fossa (carnívor) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fossa (carnívor)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Фосса – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Фосса" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptoprocta_ferox" title="Cryptoprocta ferox – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Cryptoprocta ferox" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosa" title="Fosa – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fosa" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossa" title="Fossa – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fossa" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossa" title="Fossa – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fossa" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dl%C7%AB%CC%81%CA%BCiitsoh_naalzheeh%C3%ADg%C3%AD%C3%AD" title="Dlǫ́ʼiitsoh naalzheehígíí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Dlǫ́ʼiitsoh naalzheehígíí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossa" title="Fossa – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Fossa" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Φόσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φόσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptoprocta_ferox" title="Cryptoprocta ferox – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cryptoprocta ferox" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foso" title="Foso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Foso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptoprocta_ferox" title="Cryptoprocta ferox – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Cryptoprocta ferox" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="فوسا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فوسا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossa_(animal)" title="Fossa (animal) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fossa (animal)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosa" title="Fosa – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fosa" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EC%82%AC_(%EB%8F%99%EB%AC%BC)" title="포사 (동물) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="포사 (동물)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosa" title="Fosa – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Fosa" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosa" title="Fosa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fosa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptoprocta_ferox" title="Cryptoprocta ferox – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cryptoprocta ferox" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%94" title="פוסה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פוסה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90" title="ფოსა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფოსა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Фосса – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Фосса" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratsikisol_(Cryptoprocta_ferox)" title="Ratsikisol (Cryptoprocta ferox) – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Ratsikisol (Cryptoprocta ferox)" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Фосса – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Фосса" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptoprocta_ferox" title="Cryptoprocta ferox – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cryptoprocta ferox" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosa" title="Fosa – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Fosa" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossza" title="Fossza – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fossza" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosa" title="Fosa – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fosa" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8" title="ഫോസ്സ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫോസ്സ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="الفوسا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الفوسا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosa" title="Fosa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Fosa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fretkat" title="Fretkat – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fretkat" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%83%E3%82%B5" title="フォッサ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フォッサ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Фосса – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Фосса" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossa" title="Fossa – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fossa" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossa" title="Fossa – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fossa" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="فوسا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فوسا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossa_madagaskarska" title="Fossa madagaskarska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fossa madagaskarska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossa_(animal)" title="Fossa (animal) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fossa (animal)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptoprocta_ferox" title="Cryptoprocta ferox – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cryptoprocta ferox" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Фосса – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фосса" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossa" title="Fossa – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Fossa" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossa" title="Fossa – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fossa" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosa_dlhochvost%C3%A1" title="Fosa dlhochvostá – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Fosa dlhochvostá" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosa" title="Fosa – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Fosa" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0_(%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B0)" title="Фоса (животиња) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фоса (животиња)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossa" title="Fossa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Fossa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossa" title="Fossa – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fossa" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossa" title="Fossa – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Fossa" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Фосса – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Фосса" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptoprocta_ferox" title="Cryptoprocta ferox – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Cryptoprocta ferox" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Фосса – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Фосса" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Фоса – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фоса" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossa" title="Fossa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Fossa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptoprocta_ferox" title="Cryptoprocta ferox – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Cryptoprocta ferox" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%B2%9B%E9%95%BF%E5%B0%BE%E7%8B%B8%E7%8C%AB" title="马岛长尾狸猫 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="马岛长尾狸猫" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%B3%B6%E7%8B%B8" title="馬島狸 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="馬島狸" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%B3%B6%E9%95%B7%E5%B0%BE%E7%8B%B8%E8%B2%93" title="馬島長尾狸貓 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="馬島長尾狸貓" data-language-autonym="中文" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Cat-like, carnivorous mammal endemic to Madagascar</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the animal with the common name fossa. For the taxonomic genus <i>Fossa</i>, see <a href="/wiki/Malagasy_civet" title="Malagasy civet">Malagasy civet</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Fossa_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Fossa (disambiguation)">Fossa (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Fossa </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Cryptoprocta_Ferox.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Cryptoprocta_Ferox.JPG/220px-Cryptoprocta_Ferox.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Cryptoprocta_Ferox.JPG/330px-Cryptoprocta_Ferox.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Cryptoprocta_Ferox.JPG/440px-Cryptoprocta_Ferox.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1788" data-file-height="1352" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">At the <a href="/wiki/Valencia_Bioparc" title="Valencia Bioparc">Valencia Bioparc</a> </td></tr> <tr style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"> <th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Status_iucn3.1_VU.svg/220px-Status_iucn3.1_VU.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Status_iucn3.1_VU.svg/330px-Status_iucn3.1_VU.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Status_iucn3.1_VU.svg/440px-Status_iucn3.1_VU.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="137" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Vulnerable_species" title="Vulnerable species">Vulnerable</a> <small> (<a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN 3.1</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">CITES</a> Appendix II<small> (<a href="/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">CITES</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Cryptoprocta" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">Carnivora</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Suborder: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Feliformia" title="Feliformia">Feliformia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eupleridae" title="Eupleridae">Eupleridae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cryptoprocta" title="Cryptoprocta"><i>Cryptoprocta</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>C. ferox<sup id="cite_ref-MSW3_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSW3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Cryptoprocta ferox<sup id="cite_ref-MSW3_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSW3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Turner_Bennett" title="Edward Turner Bennett">Bennett</a>, 1833</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Cryptoprocta_ferox_range_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Range map showing the fossa's distribution in Madagascar. Areas in red mark its distribution and run along the outer edge of the island." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Cryptoprocta_ferox_range_map.svg/220px-Cryptoprocta_ferox_range_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Cryptoprocta_ferox_range_map.svg/330px-Cryptoprocta_ferox_range_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Cryptoprocta_ferox_range_map.svg/440px-Cryptoprocta_ferox_range_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Distribution of <i>Cryptoprocta ferox</i> (red-shaded area)<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><i>C. typicus</i> <small><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Smith_(zoologist)" title="Andrew Smith (zoologist)">A. Smith</a>, 1834</small></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p>The <b>fossa</b> (<i><b>Cryptoprocta ferox</b></i>; <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">FOSS</span>-ə</i></a> or <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">FOO</span>-sə</i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-2000Croke_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2000Croke-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Malagasy:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="mg-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malagasy" title="Help:IPA/Malagasy">[ˈfusə̥]</a></span>) is a slender, long-tailed, cat-like <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammal</a> that is <a href="/wiki/Endemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic">endemic</a> to <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>. It is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">carnivoran</a> family <a href="/wiki/Eupleridae" title="Eupleridae">Eupleridae</a>. </p><p>The fossa is the largest mammalian <a href="/wiki/Carnivore" title="Carnivore">carnivore</a> on Madagascar and has been compared to a small <a href="/wiki/Cougar" title="Cougar">cougar</a>, as it has <a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">convergently evolved</a> many <a href="/wiki/Cat" title="Cat">cat</a>-like features. Adults have a head-body length of 70–80 cm (28–31 in) and weigh between 5.5 and 8.6 kg (12 and 19 lb), with the males larger than the females. It has semi-retractable claws (meaning it can extend but not retract its claws fully) and flexible ankles that allow it to climb up and down trees head-first, and also support jumping from tree to tree. A larger relative of the species, <i><a href="/wiki/Cryptoprocta_spelea" title="Cryptoprocta spelea">Cryptoprocta spelea</a></i>, probably became extinct before 1400. </p><p>The species is widespread, although <a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">population densities</a> are usually low. It is found solely in forested habitat, and actively hunts both by day and night. Over 50% of its diet consists of <a href="/wiki/Lemur" title="Lemur">lemurs</a>, the endemic <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">primates</a> found on the island; <a href="/wiki/Tenrec" title="Tenrec">tenrecs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rodent" title="Rodent">rodents</a>, lizards, birds, and other animals are also documented as prey. Mating usually occurs in trees on horizontal limbs and can last for several hours. Litters range from one to six pups, which are born <a href="/wiki/Altricial" class="mw-redirect" title="Altricial">altricial</a> (blind and toothless). Infants wean after 4.5 months and are independent after a year. <a href="/wiki/Sexual_maturity" title="Sexual maturity">Sexual maturity</a> occurs around three to four years of age, and life expectancy in captivity is 20 years. The fossa is listed as a <a href="/wiki/Vulnerable_species" title="Vulnerable species">vulnerable species</a> on the <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List</a>. It is generally feared by the <a href="/wiki/Malagasy_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Malagasy people">Malagasy people</a> and is often protected by their <i><a href="/wiki/Fady_(taboo)" title="Fady (taboo)">fady</a></i> taboo. The greatest threat to the fossa is <a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">habitat destruction</a>. </p><p>Its <a href="/wiki/Biological_classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological classification">taxonomic classification</a> has been controversial because its physical traits resemble those of <a href="/wiki/Felidae" title="Felidae">cats</a>, yet other traits suggest a close relationship with <a href="/wiki/Viverridae" title="Viverridae">viverrids</a>. Its classification, along with that of the other Malagasy carnivores, influenced hypotheses about how many times mammalian carnivores have colonized Madagascar. With genetic studies demonstrating that the fossa and all other Malagasy carnivores are most closely related to each other forming a <a href="/wiki/Cladistics" title="Cladistics">clade</a>, recognized as the family Eupleridae, carnivorans are now thought to have colonized the island once, around 18–20 million years ago. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fossa_(animal)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Name_of_a_biological_genus" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of a biological genus">generic name</a> <i>Cryptoprocta</i> refers to how the animal's <a href="/wiki/Anus" title="Anus">anus</a> is hidden by its anal pouch, from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> words <i>crypto-</i> "hidden", and <i>procta</i> "anus".<sup id="cite_ref-1986Köhncke_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1986Köhncke-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Specific_name_(zoology)" title="Specific name (zoology)">species name</a> <i>ferox</i> is the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> adjective "fierce" or "wild".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorror196039_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorror196039-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its common name comes from the word <i>fosa</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Malagasy pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="mg-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malagasy" title="Help:IPA/Malagasy">[ˈfusə̥]</a></span> in <a href="/wiki/Malagasy_language" title="Malagasy language">Malagasy</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian language</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1986Köhncke_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1986Köhncke-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2009Blench_etal_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2009Blench_etal-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some authors have adopted the Malagasy spelling in English.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarbutt2007211–214_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarbutt2007211–214-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word is similar to <i>posa</i> (meaning "cat") in the <a href="/wiki/Iban_language" title="Iban language">Iban language</a> (another Austronesian language) from <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>, and both terms may derive from <a href="/wiki/Trade_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade language">trade languages</a> from the 1600s. However, an alternative <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymology</a> suggests a link to another word that comes from <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>: <i>pusa</i> refers to the <a href="/wiki/Malayan_weasel" title="Malayan weasel">Malayan weasel</a> (<i>Mustela nudipes</i>). The Malay word <i>pusa</i> could have become <i>posa</i> for cats in Borneo, while in Madagascar the word could have become <i>fosa</i> to refer to the fossa.<sup id="cite_ref-2009Blench_etal_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2009Blench_etal-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fossa_(animal)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fossa was formally described by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Turner_Bennett" title="Edward Turner Bennett">Edward Turner Bennett</a> on the basis of a specimen from Madagascar sent by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Telfair" title="Charles Telfair">Charles Telfair</a> in 1833.<sup id="cite_ref-1833Bennett_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1833Bennett-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The common name is the same as the generic name of the <a href="/wiki/Malagasy_civet" title="Malagasy civet">Malagasy civet</a> (<i>Fossa fossana</i>), but they are different species. Because of shared physical traits with <a href="/wiki/Viverrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Viverrid">viverrids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongoose" title="Mongoose">mongooses</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Felidae" title="Felidae">Felidae</a>, its <a href="/wiki/Biological_classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological classification">classification</a> has been controversial. Bennett originally placed the fossa as a type of civet in the family Viverridae, a classification that long remained popular among taxonomists. Its compact <a href="/wiki/Braincase" class="mw-redirect" title="Braincase">braincase</a>, large <a href="/wiki/Orbit_(anatomy)" title="Orbit (anatomy)">eye sockets</a>, retractable claws, and specialized carnivorous <a href="/wiki/Dentition" title="Dentition">dentition</a> have also led some taxonomists to associate it with the felids.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawkins20031360–1363_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkins20031360–1363-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1939, <a href="/wiki/William_King_Gregory" title="William King Gregory">William King Gregory</a> and Milo Hellman placed the fossa in its own subfamily within Felidae, the Cryptoproctinae. <a href="/wiki/George_Gaylord_Simpson" title="George Gaylord Simpson">George Gaylord Simpson</a> placed it back in Viverridae in 1945, still within its own subfamily, yet conceded it had many cat-like characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-1986Köhncke_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1986Köhncke-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoderFlynn20031253–1256_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoderFlynn20031253–1256-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cryptoprocta_ferox.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Cryptoprocta_ferox.jpg/170px-Cryptoprocta_ferox.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Cryptoprocta_ferox.jpg/255px-Cryptoprocta_ferox.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Cryptoprocta_ferox.jpg/340px-Cryptoprocta_ferox.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1584" data-file-height="2064" /></a><figcaption>The fossa has a cat-like appearance, resembling a small cougar.<sup id="cite_ref-1986Köhncke_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1986Köhncke-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1993, Géraldine Veron and François Catzeflis published a <a href="/wiki/DNA_hybridization" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA hybridization">DNA hybridization</a> study suggesting that the fossa was more closely related to mongooses (family <a href="/wiki/Herpestidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Herpestidae">Herpestidae</a>) than to cats or civets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawkins20031360–1363_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkins20031360–1363-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoderFlynn20031253–1256_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoderFlynn20031253–1256-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in 1995, Veron's <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphological</a> study once again grouped it with Felidae.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoderFlynn20031253–1256_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoderFlynn20031253–1256-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2003, <a href="/wiki/Molecular_phylogenetics" title="Molecular phylogenetics">molecular phylogenetic</a> studies using <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_DNA" title="Nuclear DNA">nuclear</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mitochondrial genes</a> by <a href="/wiki/Anne_Yoder" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne Yoder">Anne Yoder</a> and colleagues showed that all native Malagasy carnivorans share a common ancestry that excludes other carnivores (meaning they form a <a href="/wiki/Cladistics" title="Cladistics">clade</a>, making them <a href="/wiki/Monophyly" title="Monophyly">monophyletic</a>) and are most closely related to Asian and African Herpestidae.<sup id="cite_ref-2003Yoder_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2003Yoder-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2004Veron_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2004Veron-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2007Barycka_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2007Barycka-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To reflect these relationships, all Malagasy carnivorans are now placed in a single family, <a href="/wiki/Eupleridae" title="Eupleridae">Eupleridae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MSW3_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSW3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within Eupleridae, the fossa is placed in the subfamily <a href="/wiki/Euplerinae" title="Euplerinae">Euplerinae</a> along with the <a href="/wiki/Falanouc" class="mw-redirect" title="Falanouc">falanouc</a> (<i>Eupleres goudoti</i>) and Malagasy civet, but its exact relationships are poorly resolved.<sup id="cite_ref-MSW3_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSW3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2003Yoder_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2003Yoder-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2007Barycka_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2007Barycka-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An extinct relative of the fossa was described in 1902 from <a href="/wiki/Subfossil" class="mw-redirect" title="Subfossil">subfossil</a> remains and recognized as a separate species, <i><a href="/wiki/Cryptoprocta_spelea" title="Cryptoprocta spelea">Cryptoprocta spelea</a></i>, in 1935. This species was larger than the living fossa (with a body mass estimate roughly twice as great), but otherwise similar.<sup id="cite_ref-1986Köhncke_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1986Köhncke-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2004Goodman_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2004Goodman-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Across Madagascar, people distinguish two kinds of fossa—a large <i>fosa mainty</i> ("black fossa") and the smaller <i>fosa mena</i> ("reddish fossa")—and a white form has been reported in the southwest. It is unclear whether this is purely folklore or individual variation—related to sex, age or instances of <a href="/wiki/Melanism" title="Melanism">melanism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leucism" title="Leucism">leucism</a>—or whether there is indeed more than one species of living fossa.<sup id="cite_ref-1986Köhncke_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1986Köhncke-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2004Goodman_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2004Goodman-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table align="center" width="900px"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table style="border: 1px solid #ccc; vertical-align: middle; width: 248px; margin:0.2em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold; border: 0; padding: 0;">Phylogeny of Eupleridae within Feliformia<sup id="cite_ref-2007Barycka_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2007Barycka-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 5px"> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:85%; line-height:90%; width:32em;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Feliformia" title="Feliformia">Feliformia</a>  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>(other feliforms) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Viverridae" title="Viverridae">Viverridae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Viverra" title="Viverra">civets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genet_(animal)" title="Genet (animal)">genets</a>, and their relatives) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Hyaenidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyaenidae">Hyaenidae</a> (hyenas) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Herpestidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Herpestidae">Herpestidae</a> (mongooses) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b>Eupleridae</b> (Malagasy carnivores) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td> <table style="border: 1px solid #ccc; vertical-align: middle; width: 248px; margin:0.2em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold; border: 0; padding: 0;">Phylogeny of Malagasy carnivorans (Eupleridae)<sup id="cite_ref-2003Yoder_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2003Yoder-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 5px"> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade" style="font-size:85%; line-height:90%; width:41em;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Eupleridae" title="Eupleridae">Eupleridae</a>  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><i><b>Cryptoprocta</b></i> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><b>C. ferox</b></i> (<b>Fossa</b>) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<i>C. spelea</i> (<a href="/wiki/Cryptoprocta_spelea" title="Cryptoprocta spelea">giant fossa</a>) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>Fossa</i> (<a href="/wiki/Malagasy_civet" title="Malagasy civet">Malagasy civet</a>) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label" style="border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px dashed;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Eupleres" title="Eupleres">Eupleres</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel" style="border-right:none;border-left:1px solid;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>Galidia</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ring-tailed_mongoose" class="mw-redirect" title="Ring-tailed mongoose">ring-tailed mongoose</a>) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Galidictis" title="Galidictis">Galidictis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first" style="border-left:none;border-right:none;border-bottom:1px dashed;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Salanoia" title="Salanoia">Salanoia</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel" style="border-right:none;border-left:1px solid;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>Mungotictis</i> (<a href="/wiki/Narrow-striped_mongoose" title="Narrow-striped mongoose">narrow-striped mongoose</a>) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fossa_(animal)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Em_-_Cryptoprocta_ferox_-_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Em_-_Cryptoprocta_ferox_-_2.jpg/220px-Em_-_Cryptoprocta_ferox_-_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Em_-_Cryptoprocta_ferox_-_2.jpg/330px-Em_-_Cryptoprocta_ferox_-_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Em_-_Cryptoprocta_ferox_-_2.jpg/440px-Em_-_Cryptoprocta_ferox_-_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1952" data-file-height="1302" /></a><figcaption>Skull of a fossa</figcaption></figure> <p>The fossa appears as a diminutive form of a large felid, such as a cougar,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but with a slender body and muscular limbs,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawkins20031360–1363_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkins20031360–1363-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a tail nearly as long as the rest of the body.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has a <a href="/wiki/Mongoose" title="Mongoose">mongoose</a>-like head,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawkins20031360–1363_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkins20031360–1363-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> relatively longer than that of a cat,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although with a muzzle that is broad<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawkins20031360–1363_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkins20031360–1363-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and short,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and with large but rounded ears.<sup id="cite_ref-1986Köhncke_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1986Köhncke-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has medium brown eyes set relatively wide apart with pupils that contract to slits. Like many carnivorans that hunt at night, its <a href="/wiki/Tapetum_lucidum" title="Tapetum lucidum">eyes reflect light</a>; the reflected light is orange in hue.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawkins20031360–1363_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkins20031360–1363-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its head-body length is 70–80 cm (28–31 in) and its tail is 65–70 cm (26–28 in) long. There is some <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">sexual dimorphism</a>, with adult males (weighing 6.2–8.6 kg or 14–19 lb) being larger than females (5.5–6.8 kg or 12–15 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smaller individuals are typically found north and east on Madagascar, larger ones to the south and west.<sup id="cite_ref-1986Köhncke_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1986Köhncke-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unusually large individuals weighing up to 20 kg (44 lb) have been reported, but there is some doubt as to the reliability of the measurements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)_15-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fossa can smell, hear, and see well. It is a robust animal and illnesses are rare in captive fossas.<sup id="cite_ref-2003Winkler_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2003Winkler-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fossa_(mammal)_skulls.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Fossa_%28mammal%29_skulls.jpg/170px-Fossa_%28mammal%29_skulls.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="393" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Fossa_%28mammal%29_skulls.jpg/255px-Fossa_%28mammal%29_skulls.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Fossa_%28mammal%29_skulls.jpg/340px-Fossa_%28mammal%29_skulls.jpg 2x" data-file-width="557" data-file-height="1288" /></a><figcaption>Cranium (dorsal, ventral, and lateral views) and mandible (lateral and dorsal views)</figcaption></figure> <p>Both males and females have short, straight fur that is relatively dense and without spots or patterns. Both sexes are generally a reddish-brown dorsally and colored a dirty cream ventrally. When in <a href="/wiki/Rut_(mammalian_reproduction)" title="Rut (mammalian reproduction)">rut</a>, they may have an orange coloration to their <a href="/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">abdomen</a> from a reddish substance secreted by a chest <a href="/wiki/Gland" title="Gland">gland</a>, but this has not been consistently observed by all researchers. The tail tends to be lighter in coloration than the sides. Juveniles are either gray or nearly white.<sup id="cite_ref-1986Köhncke_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1986Köhncke-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)_15-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several of the animal's physical features are adaptions to climbing through trees.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawkins20031360–1363_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkins20031360–1363-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It uses its tail to assist balance and has semi-retractable claws that it uses to climb trees in its search for prey.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)_15-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has <a href="/wiki/Plantigrade" title="Plantigrade">semiplantigrade</a> feet,<sup id="cite_ref-1986Köhncke_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1986Köhncke-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> switching between a plantigrade-like gait (when <a href="/wiki/Arboreal" class="mw-redirect" title="Arboreal">arboreal</a>) and a <a href="/wiki/Digitigrade" title="Digitigrade">digitigrade</a>-like one (when <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_animal" title="Terrestrial animal">terrestrial</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-2007Mueller_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2007Mueller-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The soles of its paws are nearly bare and covered with strong pads.<sup id="cite_ref-1986Köhncke_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1986Köhncke-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fossa has very flexible ankles that allow it to readily grasp tree trunks so as to climb up or down trees head first or to leap to another tree.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawkins20031360–1363_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkins20031360–1363-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Captive juveniles have been known to swing upside down by their hindfeet from knotted ropes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawkins20031360–1363_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkins20031360–1363-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fossa has several <a href="/wiki/Scent_gland" title="Scent gland">scent glands</a>, although the glands are less developed in females. Like herpestids it has a <a href="/wiki/Perianal" class="mw-redirect" title="Perianal">perianal</a> skin gland inside an <a href="/wiki/Anal_sac" class="mw-redirect" title="Anal sac">anal sac</a> which surrounds the anus like a pocket. The pocket opens to the exterior with a horizontal slit below the tail. Other glands are located near the penis or vagina, with the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penile_glands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penile glands (page does not exist)">penile glands</a> emitting a strong odor. Like the herpestids, it has no <a href="/wiki/Prescrotal" class="mw-redirect" title="Prescrotal">prescrotal</a> glands.<sup id="cite_ref-1986Köhncke_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1986Köhncke-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="External_genitalia">External genitalia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fossa_(animal)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: External genitalia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Annals_and_magazine_of_natural_history;_zoology,_botany,_and_geology_(1916)_(14766334785).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/The_Annals_and_magazine_of_natural_history%3B_zoology%2C_botany%2C_and_geology_%281916%29_%2814766334785%29.jpg/100px-The_Annals_and_magazine_of_natural_history%3B_zoology%2C_botany%2C_and_geology_%281916%29_%2814766334785%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/The_Annals_and_magazine_of_natural_history%3B_zoology%2C_botany%2C_and_geology_%281916%29_%2814766334785%29.jpg/150px-The_Annals_and_magazine_of_natural_history%3B_zoology%2C_botany%2C_and_geology_%281916%29_%2814766334785%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/The_Annals_and_magazine_of_natural_history%3B_zoology%2C_botany%2C_and_geology_%281916%29_%2814766334785%29.jpg/200px-The_Annals_and_magazine_of_natural_history%3B_zoology%2C_botany%2C_and_geology_%281916%29_%2814766334785%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1770" /></a><figcaption>External genitalia of <i>Cryptoprocta ferox</i></figcaption></figure> <p>One of the more peculiar physical features of this species is its external genitalia. The fossa is unique within its family for the shape of its genitalia, which share traits with <a href="/wiki/Cat_anatomy#Genitalia" title="Cat anatomy">those of cats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hyena" title="Hyena">hyenas</a>. The male fossa has an unusually long penis and <a href="/wiki/Baculum" title="Baculum">baculum</a> (penis bone),<sup id="cite_ref-Ewer1973_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ewer1973-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reaching to between his forelegs when erect, with an average thickness of 20 mm (0.79 in). The <a href="/wiki/Glans_penis" title="Glans penis">glans</a> extends about halfway down the <a href="/wiki/Body_of_penis" title="Body of penis">shaft</a> and <a href="/wiki/Penile_spines" title="Penile spines">is spiny</a> except at the tip. In comparison, the <a href="/wiki/Penis#Felidae" title="Penis">glans of felids</a> is short and spiny, while that of viverrids is smooth and long.<sup id="cite_ref-1986Köhncke_4-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1986Köhncke-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The female fossa exhibits transient <a href="/wiki/Masculinization" class="mw-redirect" title="Masculinization">masculinization</a>, starting at about 1–2 years of age, developing an enlarged, spiny <a href="/wiki/Clitoris" title="Clitoris">clitoris</a> that resembles a male's penis. The enlarged clitoris is supported by an <a href="/wiki/Os_clitoridis" title="Os clitoridis">os clitoridis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)_15-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2002Hawkins_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2002Hawkins-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which decreases in size as the animal grows.<sup id="cite_ref-2007Mueller_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2007Mueller-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The females do not have a pseudo-scrotum,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)_15-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but they do secrete an orange substance that colors their underparts, much like the secretions of males.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacdonald2009668–669_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacdonald2009668–669-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hormone levels (<a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">testosterone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Androstenedione" title="Androstenedione">androstenedione</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dihydrotestosterone" title="Dihydrotestosterone">dihydrotestosterone</a>) do not seem to play a part in this transient masculinization, as those levels are the same in masculinized juveniles and non-masculinized adults. It is speculated that the transient masculinization either reduces sexual harassment of juvenile females by adult males, or reduces aggression from <a href="/wiki/Territory_(animal)" title="Territory (animal)">territorial</a> females.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)_15-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While females of other mammal species (such as the <a href="/wiki/Spotted_hyena" title="Spotted hyena">spotted hyena</a>) have a <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-penis" title="Pseudo-penis">pseudo-penis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2002Drea_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2002Drea-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> no other is known to diminish in size as the animal grows.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacdonald2009668–669_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacdonald2009668–669-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison_with_related_carnivorans">Comparison with related carnivorans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fossa_(animal)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Comparison with related carnivorans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Overall, the fossa has features in common with three different carnivoran families, leading researchers to place it and other members of Eupleridae alternatively in Herpestidae, Viverridae, and Felidae. Felid features are primarily those associated with eating and <a href="/wiki/Digestion" title="Digestion">digestion</a>, including tooth shape and <a href="/wiki/Facial" title="Facial">facial</a> portions of the skull, the tongue, and the <a href="/wiki/Digestive_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Digestive tract">digestive tract</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1986Köhncke_4-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1986Köhncke-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> typical of its exclusively carnivorous diet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawkins20031360–1363_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkins20031360–1363-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remainder of the skull most closely resembles skulls of genus <i><a href="/wiki/Viverra" title="Viverra">Viverra</a></i>, while the general body structure is most similar to that of various members of Herpestidae. The permanent dentition is <span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:-0.5em; font-size:85%; text-align:center;"><span style="display:block; line-height:1em; padding:0 0.1em;" title="upper dentition: Incisors.Canines.Premolars.Molars">3.1.3-4.1</span><span style="display:block; line-height:1em; padding:0 0.1em; border-top:1px solid;" title="lower dentition: Incisors.Canines.Premolars.Molars">3.1.3-4.1</span></span></span> (three <a href="/wiki/Incisor" title="Incisor">incisors</a>, one <a href="/wiki/Canine_tooth" title="Canine tooth">canine</a>, three or four <a href="/wiki/Premolar" title="Premolar">premolars</a>, and one <a href="/wiki/Molar_(tooth)" title="Molar (tooth)">molar</a> on each side of both the upper and lower jaws), with the <a href="/wiki/Deciduous_teeth" title="Deciduous teeth">deciduous</a> formula being similar but lacking the fourth premolar and the molar. </p><p>The fossa has a large, prominent <a href="/wiki/Rhinarium" title="Rhinarium">rhinarium</a> similar to that of viverrids, but has comparatively larger, round ears, almost as large as those of a similarly sized felid. Its facial <a href="/wiki/Vibrissae" class="mw-redirect" title="Vibrissae">vibrissae</a> (whiskers) are long, with the longest being longer than its head. Like some mongoose genera, particularly <i><a href="/wiki/Galidia" class="mw-redirect" title="Galidia">Galidia</a></i> (which is now in the fossa's own family, Eupleridae) and <i><a href="/wiki/Herpestes" title="Herpestes">Herpestes</a></i> (of Herpestidae), it has <a href="/wiki/Carpal" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpal">carpal</a> vibrissae as well. Its claws are retractile, but unlike those of Felidae species, they are not hidden in skin sheaths. It has three pairs of nipples (one inguinal, one ventral, and one pectoral).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)_15-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-1986Köhncke_4-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1986Köhncke-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Habitat_and_distribution">Habitat and distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fossa_(animal)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Habitat and distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fossa has the most widespread geographical range of the Malagasy carnivores, and is generally found in low numbers throughout the island in remaining tracts of forest, preferring pristine undisturbed forest habitat. It is also encountered in some degraded forests, but in lower numbers. Although the fossa is found in all known forest habitats throughout Madagascar, including the western <a href="/wiki/Madagascar_dry_deciduous_forests" title="Madagascar dry deciduous forests">dry deciduous forests</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Madagascar_lowland_forests" title="Madagascar lowland forests">eastern rainforests</a>, and the southern <a href="/wiki/Madagascar_spiny_thickets" class="mw-redirect" title="Madagascar spiny thickets">spiny forests</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDollarGanzhornGoodman200763–76_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDollarGanzhornGoodman200763–76-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is seen more frequently in humid than in dry forests. This may be because the reduced <a href="/wiki/Canopy_(biology)" title="Canopy (biology)">canopy</a> in dry forests provides less shade, and also because the fossa seems to travel more easily in humid forests.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawkins20031360–1363_9-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkins20031360–1363-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is absent from areas with the heaviest habitat disturbance and, like most of Madagascar's fauna, from the central high plateau of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDollarGanzhornGoodman200763–76_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDollarGanzhornGoodman200763–76-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fossa has been found across several different elevational gradients in undisturbed portions of protected areas throughout Madagascar. In the Réserve Naturelle Intégrale d'Andringitra, evidence of the fossa has been reported at four different sites ranging from 810 to 1,625 m (2,657 to 5,331 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-1996Goodman_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1996Goodman-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its highest known occurrence was reported at 2,000 m (6,600 ft);<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbignac19731–206_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbignac19731–206-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> its presence high on the <a href="/wiki/Andringitra_Massif" title="Andringitra Massif">Andringitra Massif</a> was subsequently confirmed in 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-1996Goodman_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1996Goodman-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, evidence has been reported of the fossa at the elevational extremes of 440 m (1,440 ft) and 1,875 m (6,152 ft) in the <a href="/wiki/Andohahela_National_Park" title="Andohahela National Park">Andohahela National Park</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1999Goodman_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1999Goodman-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The presence of the fossa at these locations indicates its ability to adapt to various elevations, consistent with its reported distribution in all Madagascar forest types.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDollarGanzhornGoodman200763–76_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDollarGanzhornGoodman200763–76-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behavior">Behavior</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fossa_(animal)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Behavior"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fossa_on_branch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Fossa_on_branch.jpg/220px-Fossa_on_branch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Fossa_on_branch.jpg/330px-Fossa_on_branch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Fossa_on_branch.jpg/440px-Fossa_on_branch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>Fossa are active both day and night (<a href="/wiki/Cathemeral" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathemeral">cathemeral</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>The fossa is active during both the day and the night and is considered <a href="/wiki/Cathemeral" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathemeral">cathemeral</a>; activity peaks may occur early in the morning, late in the afternoon, and late in the night.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)_15-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The animal generally does not reuse sleeping sites, but females with young do return to the same den.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)_15-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The home ranges of male fossas in <a href="/wiki/Kirindy_Forest" title="Kirindy Forest">Kirindy Forest</a> are up to 26 km<sup>2</sup> (10 sq mi) large, compared to 13 km<sup>2</sup> (5.0 sq mi) for females. These ranges overlap—by about 30 percent according to data from the eastern forests—but females usually have separated ranges. Home ranges grow during the dry season, perhaps because less food and water is available. In general, <a href="/wiki/Tracking_collar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tracking collar">radio-collared</a> fossas travel between 2 and 5 kilometres (1.2 and 3.1 mi) per day,<sup id="cite_ref-1999Dollar_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1999Dollar-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although in one reported case a fossa was observed moving a straight-line distance of 7 km (4.3 mi) in 16 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)_15-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The animal's population density appears to be low: in <a href="/wiki/Madagascar_dry_deciduous_forests#Kirindy_Forest" title="Madagascar dry deciduous forests">Kirindy Forest</a>, where it is thought to be common, its density has been estimated at one animal per 4 km<sup>2</sup> (1.5 sq mi) in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawkins20031360–1363_9-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkins20031360–1363-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another study in the same forest between 1994 and 1996 using the <a href="/wiki/Mark_and_recapture" title="Mark and recapture">mark and recapture</a> method indicated a population density of one animal per 3.8 km<sup>2</sup> (1.5 sq mi) and one adult per 5.6 km<sup>2</sup> (2.2 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-2005Hawkins_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2005Hawkins-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Except for mothers with young and occasional observations of pairs of males, animals are usually found alone, so that the species is considered solitary.<sup id="cite_ref-1986Köhncke_4-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1986Köhncke-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawkins20031360–1363_9-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkins20031360–1363-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2005Hawkins_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2005Hawkins-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2009 publication, however, reported a detailed observation of cooperative hunting, wherein three male fossas hunted a 3 kg (6.6 lb) sifaka (<i><a href="/wiki/Propithecus_verreauxi" class="mw-redirect" title="Propithecus verreauxi">Propithecus verreauxi</a></i>) for 45 minutes, and subsequently shared the prey. This behavior may be a vestige of cooperative hunting that would have been required to take down larger <a href="/wiki/Subfossil_lemur" title="Subfossil lemur">recently extinct lemurs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2009Luhrs_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2009Luhrs-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fossas communicate using sounds, scents, and visual signals. Vocalizations include purring, a threatening call,<sup id="cite_ref-1986Köhncke_4-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1986Köhncke-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a call of fear, consisting of "repeated loud, coarse inhalations and gasps of breath".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawkins20031360–1363_9-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkins20031360–1363-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A long, high yelp may function to attract other fossas. Females mew during mating and males produce a sigh when they have found a female.<sup id="cite_ref-1986Köhncke_4-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1986Köhncke-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawkins20031360–1363_9-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkins20031360–1363-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the year, animals produce long-lasting <a href="/wiki/Scent_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Scent mark">scent marks</a> on rocks, trees, and the ground using glands in the anal region and on the chest.<sup id="cite_ref-1986Köhncke_4-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1986Köhncke-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawkins20031360–1363_9-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkins20031360–1363-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)_15-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also communicate using face and body expression, but the significance of these signals is uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-1986Köhncke_4-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1986Köhncke-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The animal is aggressive only during mating, and males in particular fight boldly. After a short fight, the loser flees and is followed by the winner for a short distance.<sup id="cite_ref-1986Köhncke_4-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1986Köhncke-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In captivity, fossas are usually not aggressive and sometimes even allow themselves to be stroked by a zookeeper, but adult males in particular may try to bite.<sup id="cite_ref-2003Winkler_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2003Winkler-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diet">Diet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fossa_(animal)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Diet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fossa is a <a href="/wiki/Carnivore" title="Carnivore">carnivore</a> that hunts small to medium-sized animals. One of eight carnivorous species endemic to Madagascar, the fossa is the island's largest surviving endemic terrestrial mammal and the only predator capable of preying upon adults of all extant <a href="/wiki/List_of_lemur_species" class="mw-redirect" title="List of lemur species">lemur species</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1999Dollar_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1999Dollar-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2005Patel_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2005Patel-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the largest of which can weigh as much as 90 percent of the weight of the average fossa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawkins20031360–1363_9-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkins20031360–1363-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2005Patel_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2005Patel-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although it is the predominant predator of lemurs,<sup id="cite_ref-2005Patel_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2005Patel-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-1995Wright_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1995Wright-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reports of its dietary habits demonstrate a wide variety of prey selectivity and specialization depending on habitat and season; diet does not vary by sex. While the fossa is thought to be a lemur specialist in <a href="/wiki/Ranomafana_National_Park" title="Ranomafana National Park">Ranomafana National Park</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1997Wright_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1997Wright-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> its diet is more variable in other rain forest habitats. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Microcebus_murinus_-Artis_Zoo,_Amsterdam,_Netherlands-8c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Microcebus_murinus_-Artis_Zoo%2C_Amsterdam%2C_Netherlands-8c.jpg/200px-Microcebus_murinus_-Artis_Zoo%2C_Amsterdam%2C_Netherlands-8c.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Microcebus_murinus_-Artis_Zoo%2C_Amsterdam%2C_Netherlands-8c.jpg/300px-Microcebus_murinus_-Artis_Zoo%2C_Amsterdam%2C_Netherlands-8c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Microcebus_murinus_-Artis_Zoo%2C_Amsterdam%2C_Netherlands-8c.jpg/400px-Microcebus_murinus_-Artis_Zoo%2C_Amsterdam%2C_Netherlands-8c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diademed_ready_to_push_off.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Diademed_ready_to_push_off.jpg/200px-Diademed_ready_to_push_off.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Diademed_ready_to_push_off.jpg/300px-Diademed_ready_to_push_off.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Diademed_ready_to_push_off.jpg/400px-Diademed_ready_to_push_off.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="2096" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The fossa's diet includes small- (<a href="/wiki/Gray_mouse_lemur" title="Gray mouse lemur">gray mouse lemur</a>, above) to medium-sized (<a href="/wiki/Diademed_sifaka" title="Diademed sifaka">diademed sifaka</a>, below) mammals.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The diet of the fossa in the wild has been studied by analyzing their distinctive <a href="/wiki/Feces" title="Feces">scats</a>, which resemble gray cylinders with twisted ends and measure 10–14 cm (3.9–5.5 in) long by 1.5–2.5 cm (0.6–1.0 in) thick.<sup id="cite_ref-2008Hawkins_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2008Hawkins-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scat collected and analyzed from both Andohahela and Andringitra contained lemur matter and rodents. Eastern populations in Andringitra incorporate the widest recorded variety of prey, including both vertebrates and <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrates</a>. Vertebrates consumed ranged from reptiles to a wide variety of birds, including both <a href="/wiki/Understory" title="Understory">understory</a> and ground birds, and mammals, including <a href="/wiki/Insectivore" title="Insectivore">insectivores</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rodent" title="Rodent">rodents</a>, and lemurs. Invertebrates eaten by the fossa in the high mountain zone of Andringitra include insects and crabs.<sup id="cite_ref-1996Goodman_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1996Goodman-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-1999Goodman_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1999Goodman-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One study found that vertebrates comprised 94% of the diet of fossas, with lemurs comprising over 50%, followed by <a href="/wiki/Tenrec" title="Tenrec">tenrecs</a> (9%), lizards (9%), and birds (2%). Seeds, which comprised 5% of the diet, may have been in the stomachs of the lemurs eaten, or may have been consumed with fruit taken for water, as seeds were more common in the stomach in the dry season. The average prey size varies geographically; it is only 40 grams (1.4 oz) in the high mountains of Andringitra, in contrast to 480 grams (17 oz) in humid forests and over 1,000 grams (35 oz) in dry deciduous forests.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)_15-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a study of fossa diet in the dry deciduous forest of western Madagascar, more than 90% of prey items were vertebrates, and more than 50% were lemurs. The primary diet consisted of approximately six lemur species and two or three spiny tenrec species, along with snakes and small mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-2008Hawkins_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2008Hawkins-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generally, the fossa preys upon larger lemurs and rodents in preference to smaller ones.<sup id="cite_ref-1995Rasoloarison_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1995Rasoloarison-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prey is obtained by hunting either on the ground or in the trees. During the non-breeding season the fossa hunts individually, but during the breeding season hunting parties may be seen, and these may be pairs or later on mothers and young. One member of the group scales a tree and chases the lemurs from tree to tree, forcing them down to the ground where the other is easily able to capture them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)_15-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fossa is known to eviscerate its larger lemur prey, a trait that, along with its distinct scat, helps identify its kills.<sup id="cite_ref-2005Patel_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2005Patel-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Long-term observations of the fossa's predation patterns on rainforest <a href="/wiki/Sifaka" title="Sifaka">sifakas</a> suggest that the fossa hunts in a subsection of their range until prey density is decreased, then moves on.<sup id="cite_ref-2009Irwin_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2009Irwin-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fossa has been reported to prey on domestic animals, such as goats and small calves, and especially chickens. Food taken in captivity includes amphibians, birds, insects, reptiles, and small- to medium-sized mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-1986Köhncke_4-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1986Köhncke-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This wide variety of prey items taken in various rainforest habitats is similar to the varied dietary composition noted<sup id="cite_ref-1996Goodman_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1996Goodman-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-1999Goodman_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1999Goodman-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> occurring in the dry forests of western Madagascar, as well. As the largest endemic predator on Madagascar, this dietary flexibility combined with a flexible activity pattern<sup id="cite_ref-1999Dollar_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1999Dollar-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has allowed it to exploit a wide variety of niches available throughout the island,<sup id="cite_ref-1996Goodman_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1996Goodman-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-1999Goodman_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1999Goodman-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making it a potential <a href="/wiki/Keystone_species" title="Keystone species">keystone species</a> for the Madagascar ecosystems.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDollarGanzhornGoodman200763–76_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDollarGanzhornGoodman200763–76-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breeding">Breeding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fossa_(animal)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Breeding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fossa-drawing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Fossa-drawing.jpg/250px-Fossa-drawing.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Fossa-drawing.jpg/375px-Fossa-drawing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Fossa-drawing.jpg/500px-Fossa-drawing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1588" data-file-height="890" /></a><figcaption>Fossa illustration circa 1927</figcaption></figure> <p>Fossas have a <a href="/wiki/Polyandry_in_animals" title="Polyandry in animals">polyandrous</a> mating system.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the details of reproduction in wild populations are from the western dry deciduous forests; determining whether certain of these details are applicable to eastern populations will require further field research.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)_15-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mating typically occurs during September and October,<sup id="cite_ref-1986Köhncke_4-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1986Köhncke-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although there are reports of its occurring as late as December,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)_15-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and can be highly conspicuous.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawkins20031360–1363_9-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkins20031360–1363-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In captivity in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a>, fossas instead mate in the northern spring, from March to July.<sup id="cite_ref-2003Winkler_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2003Winkler-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Copulation_(zoology)" title="Copulation (zoology)">Intromission</a> usually occurs in trees on horizontal limbs about 20 m (66 ft) off the ground. Frequently the same tree is used year after year, with remarkable precision as to the date the season commences. Trees are often near a water source, and have limbs strong enough and wide enough to support the mating pair, about 20 cm (7.9 in) wide. Some mating has been reported on the ground as well.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)_15-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As many as eight males will be at a mating site, staying in close vicinity to the receptive female. The female seems to choose the male she mates with, and the males compete for the attention of the female with a significant amount of <a href="/wiki/Animal_communication" title="Animal communication">vocalization</a> and antagonistic interactions. The female may choose to mate with several of the males, and her choice of mate does not seem to have any correlation to the physical appearance of the males.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)_15-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To stimulate the male to mount her, she gives a series of mewling vocalizations. The male mounts from behind, resting his body on her slightly off-center,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)_15-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a position requiring delicate balance; if the female were to stand, the male would have significant difficulty continuing. He places his paws on her shoulders<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawkins20031360–1363_9-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkins20031360–1363-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or grasps her around the waist and often licks her neck.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)_15-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mating may last for nearly three hours.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacdonald2009668–669_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacdonald2009668–669-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This unusually lengthy mating is due to the physical nature of the male's erect penis, which has backwards-pointing spines along most of its length.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacdonald2009668–669_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacdonald2009668–669-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fossa mating includes a <a href="/wiki/Copulatory_tie" class="mw-redirect" title="Copulatory tie">copulatory tie</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)_15-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which may be enforced by the male's spiny penis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacdonald2009668–669_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacdonald2009668–669-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tie is difficult to break if the mating session is interrupted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)_15-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Copulation with a single male may be repeated several times, with a total mating time of up to fourteen hours, while the male may remain with the female for up to an hour after the mating. A single female may occupy the tree for up to a week, mating with multiple males over that time. Also, other females may take her place, mating with some of the same males as well as others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)_15-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This mating strategy, whereby the females monopolize a site and maximize the available number of mates, seems to be unique among carnivores. Recent research suggests that this system helps the fossa overcome factors which would normally impede mate-finding, such as low population density and lack of den use.<sup id="cite_ref-2009Hawkins_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2009Hawkins-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The birthing of the litter of one to six<sup id="cite_ref-2007Mueller_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2007Mueller-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (typically two to four)<sup id="cite_ref-1986Köhncke_4-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1986Köhncke-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> takes place in a concealed location, such as an underground den, a termite mound, a rock crevice, or in the hollow of a large tree<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)_15-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (particularly those of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Commiphora" title="Commiphora">Commiphora</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawkins20031360–1363_9-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkins20031360–1363-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contrary to older research, litters are of mixed sexes.<sup id="cite_ref-1986Köhncke_4-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1986Köhncke-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)_15-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Young are born in December or January, making the <a href="/wiki/Gestation_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Gestation period">gestation period</a> 90 days,<sup id="cite_ref-1986Köhncke_4-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1986Köhncke-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the late mating reports indicating a gestational period of about six to seven weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)_15-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The newborns are blind and toothless and weigh no more than 100 g (3.5 oz).<sup id="cite_ref-1986Köhncke_4-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1986Köhncke-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)_15-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fur is thin and has been described as gray-brown<sup id="cite_ref-2003Winkler_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2003Winkler-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or nearly white.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)_15-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After about two weeks the cubs' eyes open,<sup id="cite_ref-1986Köhncke_4-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1986Köhncke-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2003Winkler_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2003Winkler-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they become more active, and their fur darkens to a pearl gray.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)_15-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cubs do not take solid food until three months old,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacdonald2009668–669_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacdonald2009668–669-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and do not leave the den until they are 4.5 months old; they are weaned shortly after that.<sup id="cite_ref-1986Köhncke_4-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1986Köhncke-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)_15-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the first year, the juveniles are independent of their mother.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)_15-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Permanent teeth appear at 18 to 20 months.<sup id="cite_ref-1986Köhncke_4-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1986Köhncke-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)_15-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Physical maturity is reached by about two years of age,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacdonald2009668–669_20-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacdonald2009668–669-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but <a href="/wiki/Sexual_maturity" title="Sexual maturity">sexual maturity</a> is not attained for another year or two,<sup id="cite_ref-1986Köhncke_4-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1986Köhncke-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)_15-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the young may stay with their mother until they are fully mature. Lifespan in captivity is up to or past 20 years of age, possibly due to the slow juvenile development.<sup id="cite_ref-2007Mueller_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2007Mueller-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_interactions">Human interactions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fossa_(animal)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Human interactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fossa has been assessed as "<a href="/wiki/Vulnerable_species" title="Vulnerable species">Vulnerable</a>" by the <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List</a> since 2008, as its population size has probably declined by at least 30 percent between 1987 and 2008; previous assessments have included "<a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">Endangered</a>" (2000) and "Insufficiently Known" (1988, 1990, 1994).<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The species is dependent on forest and thus threatened by the widespread destruction of Madagascar's native forest but is also able to persist in disturbed areas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawkins20031360–1363_9-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkins20031360–1363-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)_15-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A suite of <a href="/wiki/Microsatellite_(genetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsatellite (genetics)">microsatellite</a> markers (short segments of DNA that have a repeated <a href="/wiki/DNA_sequence" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA sequence">sequence</a>) have been developed to help aid in studies of genetic health and <a href="/wiki/Population_dynamics" title="Population dynamics">population dynamics</a> of both captive and wild fossas.<sup id="cite_ref-2009Vogler_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2009Vogler-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogens</a> have been isolated from the fossa, some of which, such as <a href="/wiki/Anthrax" title="Anthrax">anthrax</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canine_distemper" title="Canine distemper">canine distemper</a>, are thought to have been transmitted by feral dogs or cats.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)_15-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Toxoplasma_gondii" title="Toxoplasma gondii">Toxoplasma gondii</a></i> was reported in a captive fossa in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-2013Garcia_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2013Garcia-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the species is widely distributed, it is locally rare in all regions, making fossas particularly vulnerable to extinction. The effects of <a href="/wiki/Habitat_fragmentation" title="Habitat fragmentation">habitat fragmentation</a> increase the risk. For its size, the fossa has a lower than predicted population density, which is further threatened by Madagascar's rapidly disappearing forests and dwindling populations of lemurs, which make up a high proportion of its diet. The loss of the fossa, either locally or completely, could significantly impact ecosystem dynamics, possibly leading to over-grazing by some of its prey species. The total population of the fossa living within protected areas is estimated at less than 2,500 adults, but this may be an overestimate. </p><p>Only two protected areas are thought to contain 500 or more adult fossas: <a href="/wiki/Masoala_National_Park" title="Masoala National Park">Masoala National Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Midongy_du_sud_National_Park" title="Midongy du sud National Park">Midongy-Sud National Park</a>, although these are also thought to be overestimated. Too little population information has been collected for a formal <a href="/wiki/Population_viability_analysis" title="Population viability analysis">population viability analysis</a>, but estimates suggest that none of the protected areas support a <a href="/wiki/Small_population_size" title="Small population size">viable population</a>. If this is correct, the extinction of the fossa may take as much as 100 years to occur as the species gradually declines. In order for the species to survive, it is estimated that at least 555 km<sup>2</sup> (214 sq mi) is needed to maintain smaller, short-term viable populations, and at least 2,000 km<sup>2</sup> (770 sq mi) for populations of 500 adults.<sup id="cite_ref-2005Hawkins_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2005Hawkins-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Taboo" title="Taboo">Taboo</a>, known in Madagascar as <i>fady</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuud1970101_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuud1970101-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> offers protection for the fossa and other carnivores.<sup id="cite_ref-2007Jones_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2007Jones-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Marolambo District (part of the <a href="/wiki/Atsinanana" title="Atsinanana">Atsinanana</a> region in <a href="/wiki/Toamasina_Province" title="Toamasina Province">Toamasina Province</a>), the fossa has traditionally been hated and feared as a dangerous animal. It has been described as "greedy and aggressive", known for taking fowl and piglets, and believed to "take little children who walk alone into the forest". Some do not eat it for fear that it will transfer its undesirable qualities to anyone who consumes it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuud1970101_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuud1970101-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the animal is also taken for <a href="/wiki/Bushmeat" title="Bushmeat">bushmeat</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)_15-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a study published in 2009 reported that 57 percent of villages (8 of 14 sampled) in the Makira forest consume fossa meat. The animals were typically hunted using slingshots, with dogs, or most commonly, by placing <a href="/wiki/Snare_trap" class="mw-redirect" title="Snare trap">snare traps</a> on animal paths.<sup id="cite_ref-2009Golden_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2009Golden-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Near <a href="/wiki/Ranomafana_National_Park" title="Ranomafana National Park">Ranomafana National Park</a>, the fossa, along with several of its smaller cousins and the introduced <a href="/wiki/Small_Indian_civet" title="Small Indian civet">small Indian civet</a> (<i>Viverricula indica</i>), are known to "scavenge on the bodies of ancestors", which are buried in shallow graves in the forest. For this reason, eating these animals is strictly prohibited by <i>fady</i>. However, if they wander into villages in search of domestic fowl, they may be killed or trapped. Small carnivore traps have been observed near chicken runs in the village of Vohiparara.<sup id="cite_ref-2007Jones_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2007Jones-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Retaliatory killing of fossas in response to their predation on coops is common as well; people with a educational attainment were more likely to dislike fossas, and those that disliked fossas were more likely to report having killed one.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fossas are occasionally held in captivity in <a href="/wiki/Zoo" title="Zoo">zoos</a>. They first bred in captivity in 1974 in the zoo of <a href="/wiki/Montpellier" title="Montpellier">Montpellier</a>, France. The next year, at a time when there were only eight fossas in the world's zoos, the <a href="/wiki/Duisburg_Zoo" title="Duisburg Zoo">Duisburg Zoo</a> in Germany acquired one; this zoo later started a successful breeding program, and most zoo fossas now descend from the Duisburg population. Research on the Duisburg fossas has provided much data about their biology.<sup id="cite_ref-2003Winkler_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2003Winkler-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fossa was depicted as an antagonist in the 2005 <a href="/wiki/DreamWorks_Animation" title="DreamWorks Animation">DreamWorks</a> animated film <a href="/wiki/Madagascar_(2005_film)" title="Madagascar (2005 film)"><i>Madagascar</i></a>, being referred to as the "foosa", and accurately shown as the lemurs' most feared predator.<sup id="cite_ref-2005Independent_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2005Independent-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fossa_(animal)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fossa_(animal)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-MSW3-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MSW3_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MSW3_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MSW3_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWozencraft2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/W._Chris_Wozencraft" title="W. Chris Wozencraft">Wozencraft, W. C.</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=14000446">"Species <i>Cryptoprocta ferox</i>"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Don_E._Wilson" title="Don E. Wilson">Wilson, D. E.</a>; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.google.com/books?id=JgAMbNSt8ikC&pg=PA559–561"><i>Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference</i></a> (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 559–561. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8221-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8221-0"><bdi>978-0-8018-8221-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62265494">62265494</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Species+Cryptoprocta+ferox&rft.btitle=Mammal+Species+of+the+World%3A+A+Taxonomic+and+Geographic+Reference&rft.pages=559-561&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F62265494&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-8221-0&rft.aulast=Wozencraft&rft.aufirst=W.+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.departments.bucknell.edu%2Fbiology%2Fresources%2Fmsw3%2Fbrowse.asp%3Fid%3D14000446&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFossa+%28animal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iucn-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawkins,_F.2016" class="citation journal cs1">Hawkins, F. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/5760/45197189">"<i>Cryptoprocta ferox</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2016</b>: e.T5760A45197189. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T5760A45197189.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T5760A45197189.en</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Cryptoprocta+ferox&rft.volume=2016&rft.pages=e.T5760A45197189&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T5760A45197189.en&rft.au=Hawkins%2C+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F5760%2F45197189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFossa+%28animal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2000Croke-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2000Croke_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrokeToft2000" class="citation web cs1">Croke, Vicki; Toft, Roy (1 April 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovermagazine.com/2000/apr/featdeadliest">"The Deadliest Carnivore"</a>. <i>Discover</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Discover&rft.atitle=The+Deadliest+Carnivore&rft.date=2000-04-01&rft.aulast=Croke&rft.aufirst=Vicki&rft.au=Toft%2C+Roy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiscovermagazine.com%2F2000%2Fapr%2Ffeatdeadliest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFossa+%28animal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1986Köhncke-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1986Köhncke_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1986Köhncke_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1986Köhncke_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1986Köhncke_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1986Köhncke_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1986Köhncke_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1986Köhncke_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1986Köhncke_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1986Köhncke_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1986Köhncke_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1986Köhncke_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1986Köhncke_4-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1986Köhncke_4-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1986Köhncke_4-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1986Köhncke_4-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1986Köhncke_4-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1986Köhncke_4-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1986Köhncke_4-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1986Köhncke_4-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1986Köhncke_4-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1986Köhncke_4-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1986Köhncke_4-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1986Köhncke_4-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1986Köhncke_4-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1986Köhncke_4-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1986Köhncke_4-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1986Köhncke_4-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1986Köhncke_4-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1986Köhncke_4-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1986Köhncke_4-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1986Köhncke_4-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKöhnckeLeonhardt1986" class="citation journal cs1">Köhncke, M.; Leonhardt, K. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/VHAYSSEN/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-254-01-0001.pdf">"<i>Cryptoprocta ferox</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Mammalian_Species" title="Mammalian Species">Mammalian Species</a></i> (254): 1–5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3503919">10.2307/3503919</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3503919">3503919</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mammalian+Species&rft.atitle=Cryptoprocta+ferox&rft.issue=254&rft.pages=1-5&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3503919&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3503919%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=K%C3%B6hncke&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Leonhardt%2C+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.smith.edu%2Fdepartments%2FBiology%2FVHAYSSEN%2Fmsi%2Fpdf%2Fi0076-3519-254-01-0001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFossa+%28animal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorror196039-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorror196039_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBorror1960">Borror 1960</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2009Blench_etal-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2009Blench_etal_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2009Blench_etal_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlenchWalsh2009" class="citation conference cs1">Blench, Roger M.; Walsh, Martin (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Austronesian/Malagasy/Malagasy%20wild%20animal%20names.pdf"><i>Faunal names in Malagasy: their etymologies and implications for the prehistory of the East African coast</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)_15-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)_15-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)_15-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)_15-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)_15-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)_15-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)_15-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodman2009Family_Eupleridae_(Madagascar_Carnivores)_15-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a 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"Encephalomyelitis by <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> in a captive fossa (<i>Cryptoprocta ferox</i>)". <i>Veterinary Parasitology</i>. <b>193</b> (1–3): 281–283. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.vetpar.2012.11.018">10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.11.018</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23200749">23200749</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Veterinary+Parasitology&rft.atitle=Encephalomyelitis+by+Toxoplasma+gondii+in+a+captive+fossa+%28Cryptoprocta+ferox%29&rft.volume=193&rft.issue=1%E2%80%933&rft.pages=281-283&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.vetpar.2012.11.018&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23200749&rft.aulast=Corpa&rft.aufirst=J.M.&rft.au=Garc%C3%ADa-Quir%C3%B3s%2C+M.&rft.au=Casares%2C+M.&rft.au=Gerique%2C+A.C.&rft.au=Carbonell%2C+M.D.&rft.au=G%C3%B3mez-Mu%C3%B1oz%2C+M.T.&rft.au=Uzal%2C+F.A.&rft.au=Ortega%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFossa+%28animal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERuud1970101-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuud1970101_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuud1970101_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRuud1970">Ruud 1970</a>, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2007Jones-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2007Jones_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2007Jones_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesAndriamarovolonaHockley2007" class="citation conference cs1">Jones, Julia P.G.; Andriamarovolona, Mijasoa A.; Hockley, Neal J. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bioecon-network.org/pages/9th_2007/Jones.pdf"><i>Taboos, social norms and conservation in the eastern rainforests of Madagascar</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bioecon-network.org/pages/9th_2007/papers9.html">9th International BIOECON Conference on "Economics and Institutions for Biodiversity Conservation"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Taboos%2C+social+norms+and+conservation+in+the+eastern+rainforests+of+Madagascar&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Julia+P.G.&rft.au=Andriamarovolona%2C+Mijasoa+A.&rft.au=Hockley%2C+Neal+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioecon-network.org%2Fpages%2F9th_2007%2FJones.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFossa+%28animal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2009Golden-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2009Golden_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolden2009" class="citation journal cs1">Golden, C.D. (2009). "Bushmeat hunting and use in the Makira Forest, north-eastern Madagascar: a conservation and livelihoods issue". <i>Oryx</i>. <b>43</b> (3): 386–392. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0030605309000131">10.1017/S0030605309000131</a></span> (inactive 1 November 2024).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oryx&rft.atitle=Bushmeat+hunting+and+use+in+the+Makira+Forest%2C+north-eastern+Madagascar%3A+a+conservation+and+livelihoods+issue&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=386-392&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0030605309000131&rft.aulast=Golden&rft.aufirst=C.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFossa+%28animal%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawkinsRacey,_P.A.2008" class="citation journal cs1">Hawkins, C.E.; Racey, P.A. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ecite.utas.edu.au/55935">"Food habits of an endangered carnivore, <i>Cryptoprocta ferox</i>, in the dry deciduous forests of western Madagascar"</a>. <i>Journal of Mammalogy</i>. <b>89</b> (1): 64–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1644%2F06-mamm-a-366.1">10.1644/06-mamm-a-366.1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Mammalogy&rft.atitle=Food+habits+of+an+endangered+carnivore%2C+Cryptoprocta+ferox%2C+in+the+dry+deciduous+forests+of+western+Madagascar&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=64-74&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1644%2F06-mamm-a-366.1&rft.aulast=Hawkins&rft.aufirst=C.E.&rft.au=Racey%2C+P.A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fecite.utas.edu.au%2F55935&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFossa+%28animal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2005Independent-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2005Independent_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/africa/the-complete-guide-to-madagascar-5346412.html">"The Complete Guide To: Madagascar"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. 9 July 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=The+Complete+Guide+To%3A+Madagascar&rft.date=2005-07-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Ftravel%2Fafrica%2Fthe-complete-guide-to-madagascar-5346412.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFossa+%28animal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books_cited">Books cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fossa_(animal)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Books cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbignac1973" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Albignac, R. (1973). <i>Faune de Madagascar</i> (in French). Vol. 36 Mammifères. Carnivores. pp. 1–206. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000LPMXS6">B000LPMXS6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faune+de+Madagascar&rft.pages=1-206&rft.date=1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB000LPMXS6%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Albignac&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFossa+%28animal%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorror1960" class="citation book cs1">Borror, D. J. (1960). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofword00mayf"><i>Dictionary of Word Roots and Combining Forms</i></a></span>. Mayfield Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87484-053-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87484-053-7"><bdi>978-0-87484-053-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Word+Roots+and+Combining+Forms&rft.pub=Mayfield+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1960&rft.isbn=978-0-87484-053-7&rft.aulast=Borror&rft.aufirst=D.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictionaryofword00mayf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFossa+%28animal%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDollarGanzhornGoodman2007" class="citation book cs1">Dollar, L.; Ganzhorn, J.U.; Goodman, S.M. (2007). "Primates and other prey in the seasonally variable diet of <i>Cryptoprocta ferox</i> in the dry deciduous forest of Western Madagascar". In Gursky, S.L.; Nekaris, K.A.I. (eds.). <i>Primate Anti-Predator Strategies (Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects)</i>. Springer. pp. 63–76. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-0-387-34810-0">10.1007/978-0-387-34810-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-34807-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-34807-0"><bdi>978-0-387-34807-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Primates+and+other+prey+in+the+seasonally+variable+diet+of+Cryptoprocta+ferox+in+the+dry+deciduous+forest+of+Western+Madagascar&rft.btitle=Primate+Anti-Predator+Strategies+%28Developments+in+Primatology%3A+Progress+and+Prospects%29&rft.pages=63-76&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-0-387-34810-0&rft.isbn=978-0-387-34807-0&rft.aulast=Dollar&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.au=Ganzhorn%2C+J.U.&rft.au=Goodman%2C+S.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFossa+%28animal%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarbutt2007" class="citation book cs1">Garbutt, N. (2007). <i>Mammals of Madagascar, A Complete Guide</i>. A&C Black Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12550-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12550-4"><bdi>978-0-300-12550-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mammals+of+Madagascar%2C+A+Complete+Guide&rft.pub=A%26C+Black+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-300-12550-4&rft.aulast=Garbutt&rft.aufirst=N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFossa+%28animal%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodman2009" class="citation book cs1">Goodman, S. (2009). "Family Eupleridae (Madagascar Carnivores)". In Wilson, D.; <a href="/wiki/Russell_Mittermeier" title="Russell Mittermeier">Mittermeier, R.</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110725081653/http://www.lynxeds.com/hmw/species-accounts/hmw-1-species-accounts-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens"><i>Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Volume 1: Carnivores</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Lynx_Edicions" class="mw-redirect" title="Lynx Edicions">Lynx Edicions</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-96553-49-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-96553-49-1"><bdi>978-84-96553-49-1</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lynxeds.com/hmw/species-accounts/hmw-1-species-accounts-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens">the original</a> on 2011-07-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-05-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Family+Eupleridae+%28Madagascar+Carnivores%29&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+Mammals+of+the+World.+Volume+1%3A+Carnivores&rft.pub=Lynx+Edicions&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-84-96553-49-1&rft.aulast=Goodman&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lynxeds.com%2Fhmw%2Fspecies-accounts%2Fhmw-1-species-accounts-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFossa+%28animal%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawkins2003" class="citation book cs1">Hawkins, C. E. (2003). "<i>Cryptoprocta ferox</i>, Fossa, <i>Fosa</i>". In Goodman, S. M.; Benstead, J. P. (eds.). <i>The Natural History of Madagascar</i>. University of Chicago Press. pp. 1360–1363. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-30306-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-30306-2"><bdi>978-0-226-30306-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cryptoprocta+ferox%2C+Fossa%2C+Fosa&rft.btitle=The+Natural+History+of+Madagascar&rft.pages=1360-1363&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-226-30306-2&rft.aulast=Hawkins&rft.aufirst=C.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFossa+%28animal%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacdonald2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Macdonald_(biologist)" title="David Macdonald (biologist)">Macdonald, D. W.</a>, ed. (2009). <i>The Princeton Encyclopedia of Mammals</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14069-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14069-8"><bdi>978-0-691-14069-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Princeton+Encyclopedia+of+Mammals&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-691-14069-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFossa+%28animal%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuud1970" class="citation book cs1">Ruud, J. (1970). <i>Taboo: A Study of Malagasy Customs and Beliefs</i> (2nd ed.). Oslo University Press. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0006FE92Y">B0006FE92Y</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taboo%3A+A+Study+of+Malagasy+Customs+and+Beliefs&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oslo+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0006FE92Y%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Ruud&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFossa+%28animal%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoderFlynn2003" class="citation book cs1">Yoder, A. D.; Flynn, J. J. (2003). "Origin of Malagasy Carnivora". In Goodman, S. M.; Benstead, J. P. (eds.). <i>The Natural History of Madagascar</i>. University of Chicago Press. pp. 1253–1256. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-30306-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-30306-2"><bdi>978-0-226-30306-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Origin+of+Malagasy+Carnivora&rft.btitle=The+Natural+History+of+Madagascar&rft.pages=1253-1256&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-226-30306-2&rft.aulast=Yoder&rft.aufirst=A.+D.&rft.au=Flynn%2C+J.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFossa+%28animal%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fossa_(animal)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cryptoprocta_ferox" class="extiw" title="commons:Cryptoprocta ferox"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Cryptoprocta ferox</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <i><b><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cryptoprocta_ferox" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Cryptoprocta ferox">Cryptoprocta ferox</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110205082426/http://www.arkive.org/fossa/cryptoprocta-ferox/">ARKive</a> – images and movies of the Fossa <i>(Cryptoprocta ferox)</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101021024709/http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/species/Fossa_(animal)">Watch more fossa (Cryptoprocta ferox) video clips from the BBC archive on Wildlife Finder</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Fossa"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Fossa">"Fossa" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fossa&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFossa+%28animal%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Carnivora" title="Template:Carnivora"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Carnivora" title="Template talk:Carnivora"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Carnivora" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Carnivora"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extant_Carnivora_species" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extant <a href="/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">Carnivora</a> species</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li>Class: <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a></li> <li>Infraclass: <a href="/wiki/Eutheria" title="Eutheria">Eutheria</a></li> <li>Superorder: <a href="/wiki/Laurasiatheria" title="Laurasiatheria">Laurasiatheria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Feliformia_(&quot;cat-like&quot;_carnivorans)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Feliformia" title="Feliformia">Feliformia <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">("cat-like" carnivorans)</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Feliformia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Feliformia" title="Feliformia">Feliformia</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_palm_civet" title="African palm civet">African palm civet (<i>Nandinia binotata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Feloidea" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Feliformia" title="Feliformia">Feloidea</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Prionodon_(Asiatic_linsangs)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Asiatic_linsang" title="Asiatic linsang">Prionodon</a></i> <small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(Asiatic linsangs)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banded_linsang" title="Banded linsang">Banded linsang (<i>P. linsang</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotted_linsang" title="Spotted linsang">Spotted linsang (<i>P. pardicolor</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Felidae_(cats)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Felidae" title="Felidae">Felidae</a> <small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(cats)</span></small></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pantherinae" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pantherinae" title="Pantherinae">Pantherinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Neofelis" title="Neofelis">Neofelis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_clouded_leopard" title="Sunda clouded leopard">Sunda clouded leopard (<i>N. diardi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clouded_leopard" title="Clouded leopard">Clouded leopard (<i>N. nebulosa</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Panthera" title="Panthera">Panthera</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Snow_leopard" title="Snow leopard">Snow leopard (<i>P. uncia</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger" title="Tiger">Tiger (<i>P. tigris</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaguar" title="Jaguar">Jaguar (<i>P. onca</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">Lion (<i>P. leo</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopard" title="Leopard">Leopard (<i>P. pardus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Felinae" title="Felinae">Felinae</a> <span style="font-weight:normal"><i>sensu stricto</i></span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;">Bay cat<br />lineage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Pardofelis" title="Pardofelis">Pardofelis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marbled_cat" title="Marbled cat">Marbled cat (<i>P. marmorata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Catopuma" title="Catopuma">Catopuma</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_cat" title="Bay cat">Bay cat (<i>C. badia</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_golden_cat" title="Asian golden cat">Asian golden cat (<i>C. temminckii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;">Caracal<br />lineage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serval" title="Serval">Serval (<i>Leptailurus serval</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Caracal_(genus)" title="Caracal (genus)">Caracal</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_golden_cat" title="African golden cat">African golden cat (<i>C. aurata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracal" title="Caracal">Caracal (<i>C. caracal</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Leopardus" title="Leopardus">Leopardus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pampas_cat" title="Pampas cat">Pampas cat (<i>L. colocola</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffroy%27s_cat" title="Geoffroy's cat">Geoffroy's cat (<i>L. geoffroyi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodkod" title="Kodkod">Kodkod (<i>L. guigna</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopardus_guttulus" title="Leopardus guttulus">Southern tiger cat (<i>L. guttulus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andean_mountain_cat" title="Andean mountain cat">Andean mountain cat (<i>L. jacobita</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocelot" title="Ocelot">Ocelot (<i>L. pardalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oncilla" title="Oncilla">Oncilla (<i>L. tigrinus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margay" title="Margay">Margay (<i>L. wiedii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Lynx" title="Lynx">Lynx</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada_lynx" title="Canada lynx">Canada lynx (<i>L. canadensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_lynx" title="Eurasian lynx">Eurasian lynx (<i>L. lynx</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_lynx" title="Iberian lynx">Iberian lynx (<i>L. pardinus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobcat" title="Bobcat">Bobcat (<i>L. rufus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;">Puma<br />lineage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Acinonyx" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Acinonyx" title="Acinonyx">Acinonyx</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheetah" title="Cheetah">Cheetah (<i>A. jubatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jaguarundi" title="Jaguarundi">Jaguarundi (<i>Herpailurus yagouaroundi</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Puma_(genus)" title="Puma (genus)">Puma</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cougar" title="Cougar">Cougar (<i>P. concolor</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;">Leopard cat<br />lineage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallas%27s_cat" title="Pallas's cat">Pallas's cat (<i>Otocolobus manul</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Prionailurus" title="Prionailurus">Prionailurus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leopard_cat" title="Leopard cat">Leopard cat (<i>P. bengalensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_leopard_cat" title="Sunda leopard cat">Sunda leopard cat (<i>P. javanensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat-headed_cat" title="Flat-headed cat">Flat-headed cat (<i>P. planiceps</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusty-spotted_cat" title="Rusty-spotted cat">Rusty-spotted cat (<i>P. rubiginosus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_cat" title="Fishing cat">Fishing cat (<i>P. viverrinus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Felis" title="Felis">Felis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_mountain_cat" title="Chinese mountain cat">Chinese mountain cat (<i>F. bieti</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat" title="Cat">Domestic cat (<i>F. catus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_cat" title="Jungle cat">Jungle cat (<i>F. chaus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_wildcat" title="African wildcat">African wildcat (<i>F. lybica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_cat" title="Sand cat">Sand cat (<i>F. margarita</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-footed_cat" title="Black-footed cat">Black-footed cat (<i>F. nigripes</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wildcat" title="European wildcat">European wildcat (<i>F. silvestris</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Viverroidea" title="Viverroidea">Viverroidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Viverroidea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Viverroidea" title="Viverroidea">Viverroidea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Viverridae" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Viverridae" title="Viverridae">Viverridae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hemigalinae" title="Hemigalinae">Hemigalinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Owston%27s_palm_civet" title="Owston's palm civet">Owston's palm civet (<i>Chrotogale owstoni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otter_civet" title="Otter civet">Otter civet (<i>Cynogale bennettii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hose%27s_palm_civet" title="Hose's palm civet">Hose's palm civet (<i>Diplogale hosei</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banded_palm_civet" title="Banded palm civet">Banded palm civet (<i>Hemigalus derbyanus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paradoxurinae" title="Paradoxurinae">Paradoxurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binturong" title="Binturong">Binturong (<i>Arctictis binturong</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-toothed_palm_civet" title="Small-toothed palm civet">Small-toothed palm civet (<i>Arctogalidia trivirgata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulawesi_palm_civet" title="Sulawesi palm civet">Sulawesi palm civet (<i>Macrogalidia musschenbroekii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masked_palm_civet" title="Masked palm civet">Masked palm civet (<i>Paguma larvata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Paradoxurus" title="Paradoxurus">Paradoxurus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_palm_civet" title="Asian palm civet">Asian palm civet (<i>P. hermaphroditus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_palm_civet" title="Brown palm civet">Brown palm civet (<i>P. jerdoni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_palm_civet" title="Golden palm civet">Golden palm civet (<i>P. zeylonensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Viverrinae_sensu_lato" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;;line-height:1.0em;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><br /><a href="/wiki/Viverrinae" title="Viverrinae">Viverrinae</a> <br /><span style="font-weight:normal"><i>sensu lato</i></span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Viverrinae" title="Viverrinae">Viverrinae</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal"><i>sensu stricto</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_Indian_civet" title="Small Indian civet">Small Indian civet (<i>Viverricula indica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_civet" title="African civet">African civet (<i>Civettictis civetta</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Viverra" title="Viverra">Viverra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_large-spotted_civet" title="Malabar large-spotted civet">Malabar large-spotted civet (<i>V. civettina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large-spotted_civet" title="Large-spotted civet">Large-spotted civet (<i>V. megaspila</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_civet" title="Malayan civet">Malayan civet (<i>V. tangalunga</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_Indian_civet" title="Large Indian civet">Large Indian civet (<i>V. zibetha</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Genettinae" title="Genettinae">Genettinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Poiana_(genus)" title="Poiana (genus)">Poiana</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(African linsangs)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_oyan" title="Central African oyan">Central African oyan (<i>P. richardsonii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_African_oyan" title="West African oyan">West African oyan (<i>P. leightoni</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Genet_(animal)" title="Genet (animal)">Genetta</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(genets)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abyssinian_genet" title="Abyssinian genet">Abyssinian genet (<i>G. abyssinica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_genet" title="Angolan genet">Angolan genet (<i>G. angolensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourlon%27s_genet" title="Bourlon's genet">Bourlon's genet (<i>G. bourloni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crested_servaline_genet" title="Crested servaline genet">Crested servaline genet (<i>G. cristata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_genet" title="Common genet">Common genet (<i>G. genetta</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnston%27s_genet" title="Johnston's genet">Johnston's genet (<i>G. johnstoni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letaba_genet" title="Letaba genet">Letaba genet (<i>G. letabae</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusty-spotted_genet" title="Rusty-spotted genet">Rusty-spotted genet (<i>G. maculata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardine_genet" title="Pardine genet">Pardine genet (<i>G. pardina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_genet" title="Aquatic genet">Aquatic genet (<i>G. piscivora</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_genet" title="King genet">King genet (<i>G. poensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servaline_genet" title="Servaline genet">Servaline genet (<i>G. servalina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_genet" title="Hausa genet">Hausa genet (<i>G. thierryi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_genet" title="Cape genet">Cape genet (<i>G. tigrina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_forest_genet" title="Giant forest genet">Giant forest genet (<i>G. victoriae</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_small-spotted_genet" title="South African small-spotted genet">South African small-spotted genet (<i>G. felina</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Herpestoidea" title="Herpestoidea">Herpestoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Herpestoidea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Herpestoidea" title="Herpestoidea">Herpestoidea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Hyaenidae(hyenas)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Hyena" title="Hyena">Hyaenidae</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(hyenas)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Proteles" title="Proteles">Proteles</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aardwolf" title="Aardwolf">Aardwolf (<i>P. cristata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Hyaeninae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyaeninae">Hyaeninae</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(bone-crushing hyenas)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Striped_hyena" title="Striped hyena">Striped hyena (<i>Hyaena hyaena</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_hyena" title="Brown hyena">Brown hyena (<i>Parahyaena brunnea</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Crocuta" title="Crocuta">Crocuta</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spotted_hyena" title="Spotted hyena">Spotted hyena (<i>C. crocuta</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Mongoose" title="Mongoose">Herpestidae</a> <span style="font-weight:normal"><i>sensu lato</i></span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;;line-height:1.0em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Eupleridae" title="Eupleridae">Eupleridae</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(Malagasy<br />carnivorans)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.7em"><a href="/wiki/Euplerinae" title="Euplerinae">Euplerinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fossa (<i>Cryptoprocta ferox</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_civet" title="Malagasy civet">Malagasy civet (<i>Fossa fossana</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Eupleres" title="Eupleres">Eupleres</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_falanouc" title="Eastern falanouc">Eastern falanouc (<i>E. goudotii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_falanouc" title="Western falanouc">Western falanouc (<i>E. major</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.7em"><a href="/wiki/Galidiinae" title="Galidiinae">Galidiinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ring-tailed_vontsira" title="Ring-tailed vontsira">Ring-tailed vontsira (<i>Galidia elegans</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Galidictis" title="Galidictis">Galidictis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broad-striped_Malagasy_mongoose" title="Broad-striped Malagasy mongoose">Broad-striped Malagasy mongoose (<i>G. fasciata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandidier%27s_mongoose" title="Grandidier's mongoose">Grandidier's mongoose (<i>G. grandidieri</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narrow-striped_mongoose" title="Narrow-striped mongoose">Narrow-striped mongoose (<i>Mungotictis decemlineata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Salanoia" title="Salanoia">Salanoia</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown-tailed_mongoose" title="Brown-tailed mongoose">Brown-tailed mongoose (<i>S. concolor</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrell%27s_vontsira" title="Durrell's vontsira">Durrell's vontsira (<i>S. durrelli</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;;line-height:1.0em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mongoose" title="Mongoose">Herpestidae</a> <span style="font-weight:normal"><br /><i>sensu stricto</i></span><br /><small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(mongooses)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongoose#Taxonomy" title="Mongoose">Mungotinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Suricata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Suricata" title="Suricata">Suricata</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meerkat" title="Meerkat">Meerkat (<i>S. suricatta</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_mongoose" title="Liberian mongoose">Liberian mongoose (<i>Liberiictus kuhni</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Mungos" title="Mungos">Mungos</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_mongoose" title="Gambian mongoose">Gambian mongoose (<i>M. gambianus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banded_mongoose" title="Banded mongoose">Banded mongoose (<i>M. mungo</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pousargues%27s_mongoose" title="Pousargues's mongoose">Pousargues's mongoose (<i>Dologale dybowskii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Helogale" title="Helogale">Helogale</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_dwarf_mongoose" title="Ethiopian dwarf mongoose">Ethiopian dwarf mongoose (<i>H. hirtula</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_dwarf_mongoose" title="Common dwarf mongoose">Common dwarf mongoose (<i>H. parvula</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Crossarchus" title="Crossarchus">Crossarchus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander%27s_kusimanse" title="Alexander's kusimanse">Alexander's kusimanse (<i>C. alexandri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_kusimanse" title="Angolan kusimanse">Angolan kusimanse (<i>C. ansorgei</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_kusimanse" title="Common kusimanse">Common kusimanse (<i>C. obscurus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat-headed_kusimanse" title="Flat-headed kusimanse">Flat-headed kusimanse (<i>C. platycephalus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongoose#Taxonomy" title="Mongoose">Herpestinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marsh_mongoose" title="Marsh mongoose">Marsh mongoose (<i>Atilax paludinosus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-nosed_mongoose" title="Long-nosed mongoose">Long-nosed mongoose (<i>Xenogale naso</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Urva_(genus)" title="Urva (genus)">Urva</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_Indian_mongoose" title="Small Indian mongoose">Small Indian mongoose (<i>U. auropunctata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short-tailed_mongoose" title="Short-tailed mongoose">Short-tailed mongoose (<i>U. brachyura</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_grey_mongoose" title="Indian grey mongoose">Indian grey mongoose (<i>U. edwardsii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_brown_mongoose" title="Indian brown mongoose">Indian brown mongoose (<i>U. fusca</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javan_mongoose" title="Javan mongoose">Javan mongoose (<i>U. javanica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collared_mongoose" title="Collared mongoose">Collared mongoose (<i>U. semitorquata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruddy_mongoose" title="Ruddy mongoose">Ruddy mongoose (<i>U. smithii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab-eating_mongoose" title="Crab-eating mongoose">Crab-eating mongoose (<i>U. urva</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stripe-necked_mongoose" title="Stripe-necked mongoose">Stripe-necked mongoose (<i>U. vitticolla</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White-tailed_mongoose" title="White-tailed mongoose">White-tailed mongoose (<i>Ichneumia albicauda</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_mongoose" title="Yellow mongoose">Yellow mongoose (<i>Cynictis penicillata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selous%27s_mongoose" title="Selous's mongoose">Selous's mongoose (<i>Paracynictis selousi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meller%27s_mongoose" title="Meller's mongoose">Meller's mongoose (<i>Rhynchogale melleri</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Bdeogale" title="Bdeogale">Bdeogale</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bushy-tailed_mongoose" title="Bushy-tailed mongoose">Bushy-tailed mongoose (<i>B. crassicauda</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson%27s_mongoose" title="Jackson's mongoose">Jackson's mongoose (<i>B. jacksoni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-footed_mongoose" title="Black-footed mongoose">Black-footed mongoose (<i>B. nigripes</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Herpestes" title="Herpestes">Herpestes</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_slender_mongoose" title="Angolan slender mongoose">Angolan slender mongoose (<i>H. flavescens</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_mongoose" title="Egyptian mongoose">Egyptian mongoose (<i>H. ichneumon</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalian_slender_mongoose" title="Somalian slender mongoose">Somalian slender mongoose (<i>H. ochracea</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_gray_mongoose" title="Cape gray mongoose">Cape gray mongoose (<i>H. pulverulenta</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_slender_mongoose" title="Common slender mongoose">Common slender mongoose (<i>H. sanguinea</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Caniformia_(&quot;dog-like&quot;_carnivorans)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Caniformia" title="Caniformia">Caniformia <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">("dog-like" carnivorans)</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Canidae_(dogs)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Canidae" title="Canidae">Canidae</a> <small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(dogs)</span></small></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.63em;line-height:1em"><i><a href="/wiki/Urocyon" title="Urocyon">Urocyon</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gray_fox" title="Gray fox">Gray fox (<i>U. cinereoargenteus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_fox" title="Island fox">Island fox (<i>U. littoralis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.63em;line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Vulpini" title="Vulpini">Vulpini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bat-eared_fox" title="Bat-eared fox">Bat-eared fox (<i>Otocyon megalotis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.66em;line-height:1em"><i><a href="/wiki/Nyctereutes" title="Nyctereutes">Nyctereutes</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_raccoon_dog" title="Common raccoon dog">Common raccoon dog (<i>N. procyonoides</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_raccoon_dog" title="Japanese raccoon dog">Japanese raccoon dog (<i>N. viverrinus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.66em;line-height:1em"><i><a href="/wiki/Vulpes" title="Vulpes">Vulpes</a></i><br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Fox" title="Fox">foxes</a>)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_fox" title="Bengal fox">Bengal fox (<i>V. bengalensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanford%27s_fox" title="Blanford's fox">Blanford's fox (<i>V. cana</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_fox" title="Cape fox">Cape fox (<i>V. chama</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsac_fox" title="Corsac fox">Corsac fox (<i>V. corsac</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_fox" title="Tibetan fox">Tibetan fox (<i>V. ferrilata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_fox" title="Arctic fox">Arctic fox (<i>V. lagopus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kit_fox" title="Kit fox">Kit fox (<i>V. macrotis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pale_fox" title="Pale fox">Pale fox (<i>V. pallida</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCppell%27s_fox" title="Rüppell's fox">Rüppell's fox (<i>V. rueppelli</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swift_fox" title="Swift fox">Swift fox (<i>V. velox</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_fox" title="Red fox">Red fox (<i>V. vulpes</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fennec_fox" title="Fennec fox">Fennec fox (<i>V. zerda</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.63em;line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Canini_(tribe)" title="Canini (tribe)">Canini</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(true dogs)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Cerdocyonina" title="Cerdocyonina">Cerdocyonina</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(zorro)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maned_wolf" title="Maned wolf">Maned wolf (<i>Chrysocyon brachyurus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Speothos" title="Speothos">Speothos</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bush_dog" title="Bush dog">Bush dog (<i>S. venaticus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Short-eared_dog" title="Short-eared dog">Short-eared dog (<i>Atelocynus microtis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab-eating_fox" title="Crab-eating fox">Crab-eating fox (<i>Cerdocyon thous</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/South_American_fox" title="South American fox">Lycalopex</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culpeo" title="Culpeo">Culpeo (<i>L. culpaeus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin%27s_fox" title="Darwin's fox">Darwin's fox (<i>L. fulvipes</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American_gray_fox" title="South American gray fox">South American gray fox (<i>L. griseus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampas_fox" title="Pampas fox">Pampas fox (<i>L. gymnocercus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sechuran_fox" title="Sechuran fox">Sechuran fox (<i>L. sechurae</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoary_fox" title="Hoary fox">Hoary fox (<i>L. vetulus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Canina_(subtribe)" title="Canina (subtribe)">Canina</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(wolf-like canids)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Lupulella" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Lupulella" title="Lupulella">Lupulella</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Side-striped_jackal" title="Side-striped jackal">Side-striped jackal (<i>L. adustus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-backed_jackal" title="Black-backed jackal">Black-backed jackal (<i>L. mesomelas</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_wild_dog" title="African wild dog">African wild dog (<i>Lycaon pictus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhole" title="Dhole">Dhole (<i>Cuon alpinus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Canis" title="Canis">Canis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_jackal" title="Golden jackal">Golden jackal (<i>C. aureus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">Domestic dog (<i>C. familiaris</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coyote" title="Coyote">Coyote (<i>C. latrans</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_wolf" title="African wolf">African wolf (<i>C. lupaster</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">Wolf (<i>C. lupus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_wolf" title="Eastern wolf">Eastern wolf (<i>C. lycaon</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_wolf" title="Red wolf">Red wolf (<i>C. rufus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_wolf" title="Ethiopian wolf">Ethiopian wolf (<i>C. simensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Arctoidea" title="Arctoidea">Arctoidea</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Bear" title="Bear">Ursidae</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(bears)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.66em"><i><a href="/wiki/Ailuropoda" title="Ailuropoda">Ailuropoda</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giant_panda" title="Giant panda">Giant panda (<i>A. melanoleuca</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.66em"><i><a href="/wiki/Tremarctos" title="Tremarctos">Tremarctos</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spectacled_bear" title="Spectacled bear">Spectacled bear (<i>T. ornatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.66em"><a href="/wiki/Ursinae" title="Ursinae">Ursinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sloth_bear" title="Sloth bear">Sloth bear (<i>Melursus ursinus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_bear" title="Sun bear">Sun bear (<i>Helarctos malayanus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ursus_(mammal)" title="Ursus (mammal)">Ursus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_black_bear" title="American black bear">American black bear (<i>U. americanus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_black_bear" title="Asian black bear">Asian black bear (<i>U. thibetanus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">Brown bear (<i>U. arctos</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_bear" title="Polar bear">Polar bear (<i>U. maritimus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Arctoidea" title="Arctoidea">Mustelida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">Pinnipedia</a> <small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(seals)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Musteloidea" title="Musteloidea">Musteloidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Pinnipedia_(seals)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">Pinnipedia <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(seals)</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Odobenidae" title="Odobenidae">Odobenidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walrus" title="Walrus">Walrus (<i>Odobenus rosmarus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;;line-height:1.0em;"><br /><a href="/wiki/Eared_seal" title="Eared seal">Otariidae</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(eared seals:<br /><a href="/wiki/Fur_seal" title="Fur seal">fur seals</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Sea_lion" title="Sea lion">sea lions</a>)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Callorhinus" title="Callorhinus">Callorhinus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_fur_seal" title="Northern fur seal">Northern fur seal (<i>C. ursinus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Otariinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Otariinae">Otariinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steller_sea_lion" title="Steller sea lion">Steller sea lion (<i>Eumetopias jubatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Zalophus" title="Zalophus">Zalophus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_sea_lion" title="California sea lion">California sea lion (<i>Z. californianus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_sea_lion" title="Galápagos sea lion">Galápagos sea lion (<i>Z. wollebaeki</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_American_sea_lion" title="South American sea lion">South American sea lion (<i>Otaria flavescens</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Neophoca" title="Neophoca">Neophoca</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_sea_lion" title="Australian sea lion">Australian sea lion (<i>N. cinerea</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_sea_lion" title="New Zealand sea lion">New Zealand sea lion (<i>Phocarctos hookeri</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Arctocephalus" title="Arctocephalus">Arctocephalus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_American_fur_seal" title="South American fur seal">South American fur seal (<i>A. australis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctocephalus_forsteri" title="Arctocephalus forsteri">Australasian fur seal (<i>A. forsteri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_fur_seal" title="Galápagos fur seal">Galápagos fur seal (<i>A. galapagoensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_fur_seal" title="Antarctic fur seal">Antarctic fur seal (<i>A. gazella</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_fur_seal" title="Juan Fernández fur seal">Juan Fernández fur seal (<i>A. philippii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_fur_seal" title="Brown fur seal">Brown fur seal (<i>A. pusillus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalupe_fur_seal" title="Guadalupe fur seal">Guadalupe fur seal (<i>A. townsendi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subantarctic_fur_seal" title="Subantarctic fur seal">Subantarctic fur seal (<i>A. tropicalis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Earless_seal" title="Earless seal">Phocidae</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(earless seals<br />or true seals)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Phocinae" title="Phocinae">Phocinae</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">("northern seals")</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bearded_seal" title="Bearded seal">Bearded seal (<i>Erignathus barbatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooded_seal" title="Hooded seal">Hooded seal (<i>Cystophora cristata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phocini" class="mw-redirect" title="Phocini">Phocini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harp_seal" title="Harp seal">Harp seal (<i>Pagophilus groenlandicus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribbon_seal" title="Ribbon seal">Ribbon seal (<i>Histriophoca fasciata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_seal" title="Grey seal">Grey seal (<i>Halichoerus grypus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Phoca" title="Phoca">Phoca</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spotted_seal" title="Spotted seal">Spotted seal (<i>P. largha</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbor_seal" title="Harbor seal">Harbor seal (<i>P. vitulina</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Pusa" title="Pusa">Pusa</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_seal" title="Caspian seal">Caspian seal (<i>P. caspica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringed_seal" title="Ringed seal">Ringed seal (<i>P. hispida</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baikal_seal" title="Baikal seal">Baikal seal (<i>P. sibirica</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Monachinae" title="Monachinae">Monachinae</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">("southern seals")</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Monachini(monk_seals)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Monk_seal" title="Monk seal">Monachini</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(monk seals)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_monk_seal" title="Mediterranean monk seal">Mediterranean monk seal (<i>Monachus monachus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Neomonachus" title="Neomonachus">Neomonachus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_monk_seal" title="Hawaiian monk seal">Hawaiian monk seal (<i>N. schauinslandi</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Elephant_seal" title="Elephant seal">Mirounga</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(elephant seals)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_elephant_seal" title="Northern elephant seal">Northern elephant seal (<i>M. angustirostris</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_elephant_seal" title="Southern elephant seal">Southern elephant seal (<i>M. leonina</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Lobodontini" title="Lobodontini">Lobodontini</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(Antarctic seals)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leopard_seal" title="Leopard seal">Leopard seal (<i>Hydrurga leptonyx</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weddell_seal" title="Weddell seal">Weddell seal (<i>Leptonychotes weddellii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crabeater_seal" title="Crabeater seal">Crabeater seal (<i>Lobodon carcinophagus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_seal" title="Ross seal">Ross seal (<i>Ommatophoca rossi</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Musteloidea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Musteloidea" title="Musteloidea">Musteloidea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Ailuridae" title="Ailuridae">Ailuridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_panda" title="Red panda">Red panda (<i>Ailurus fulgens</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Mephitidae" title="Mephitidae">Mephitidae</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Skunk" title="Skunk">skunks</a>)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Hog-nosed_skunk" title="Hog-nosed skunk">Conepatus</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(hog-nosed skunks)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molina%27s_hog-nosed_skunk" title="Molina's hog-nosed skunk">Molina's hog-nosed skunk (<i>C. chinga</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humboldt%27s_hog-nosed_skunk" title="Humboldt's hog-nosed skunk">Humboldt's hog-nosed skunk (<i>C. humboldtii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_hog-nosed_skunk" title="American hog-nosed skunk">American hog-nosed skunk (<i>C. leuconotus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striped_hog-nosed_skunk" title="Striped hog-nosed skunk">Striped hog-nosed skunk (<i>C. semistriatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Mephitis_(genus)" title="Mephitis (genus)">Mephitis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hooded_skunk" title="Hooded skunk">Hooded skunk (<i>M. macroura</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striped_skunk" title="Striped skunk">Striped skunk (<i>M. mephitis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Stink_badger" title="Stink badger">Mydaus</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(stink badgers)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_stink_badger" title="Sunda stink badger">Sunda stink badger (<i>M. javanensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palawan_stink_badger" title="Palawan stink badger">Palawan stink badger (<i>M. marchei</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Spotted_skunk" title="Spotted skunk">Spilogale</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(spotted skunks)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_spotted_skunk" title="Southern spotted skunk">Southern spotted skunk (<i>S. angustifrons</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_spotted_skunk" title="Western spotted skunk">Western spotted skunk (<i>S. gracilis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_spotted_skunk" title="Eastern spotted skunk">Eastern spotted skunk (<i>S. putorius</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_spotted_skunk" title="Pygmy spotted skunk">Pygmy spotted skunk (<i>S. pygmaea</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Procyonidae" title="Procyonidae">Procyonidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinkajou" title="Kinkajou">Kinkajou (<i>Potos flavus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Bassariscus" title="Bassariscus">Bassariscus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ringtail" title="Ringtail">Ringtail (<i>B. astutus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cacomistle" title="Cacomistle">Cacomistle (<i>B. sumichrasti</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Procyon_(genus)" title="Procyon (genus)">Procyon</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(raccoons)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crab-eating_raccoon" title="Crab-eating raccoon">Crab-eating raccoon (<i>P. cancrivorus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raccoon" title="Raccoon">Raccoon (<i>P. lotor</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cozumel_raccoon" title="Cozumel raccoon">Cozumel raccoon (<i>P. pygmaeus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Bassaricyon" title="Bassaricyon">Bassaricyon</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(olingos)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_lowland_olingo" title="Eastern lowland olingo">Eastern lowland olingo (<i>B. alleni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_olingo" title="Northern olingo">Northern olingo (<i>B. gabbii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_lowland_olingo" title="Western lowland olingo">Western lowland olingo (<i>B. medius</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olinguito" title="Olinguito">Olinguito (<i>B. neblina</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Coati" title="Coati">Nasuina</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(coatis)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Nasua" title="Nasua">Nasua</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_American_coati" title="South American coati">South American coati (<i>N. nasua</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-nosed_coati" title="White-nosed coati">White-nosed coati (<i>N. narica</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Nasuella" title="Nasuella">Nasuella</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasuella_meridensis" title="Nasuella meridensis">Eastern mountain coati (<i>N. meridensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasuella_olivacea" title="Nasuella olivacea">Western mountain coati (<i>N. olivacea</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Mustelidae" title="Mustelidae">Mustelidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Mustelidae" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mustelidae" title="Mustelidae">Mustelidae</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Mustelidae" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Mustelidae" title="Mustelidae">Mustelidae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_badger" title="American badger">American badger (<i>Taxidea taxus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Mellivora" title="Mellivora">Mellivora</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honey_badger" title="Honey badger">Honey badger (<i>M. capensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Badger" title="Badger">Melinae</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(Eurasian badgers)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Hog_badger" title="Hog badger">Arctonyx</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_hog_badger" title="Northern hog badger">Northern hog badger (<i>A. albogularis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_hog_badger" title="Greater hog badger">Greater hog badger (<i>A. collaris</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumatran_hog_badger" title="Sumatran hog badger">Sumatran hog badger (<i>A. hoevenii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Meles_(genus)" title="Meles (genus)">Meles</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_badger" title="Japanese badger">Japanese badger (<i>M. anakuma</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_badger" title="Caucasian badger">Caucasian badger (<i>M. canescens</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_badger" title="Asian badger">Asian badger (<i>M. leucurus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_badger" title="European badger">European badger (<i>M. meles</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Ferret-badger" title="Ferret-badger">Melogale</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(ferret-badgers)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_ferret-badger" title="Vietnam ferret-badger">Vietnam ferret-badger (<i>M. cucphuongensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bornean_ferret_badger" title="Bornean ferret badger">Bornean ferret badger (<i>M. everetti</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ferret-badger" title="Chinese ferret-badger">Chinese ferret-badger (<i>M. moschata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javan_ferret-badger" title="Javan ferret-badger">Javan ferret-badger (<i>M. orientalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_ferret-badger" title="Burmese ferret-badger">Burmese ferret-badger (<i>M. personata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formosan_ferret-badger" title="Formosan ferret-badger">Formosan ferret-badger (<i>M. subaurantiaca</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Guloninae" title="Guloninae">Guloninae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tayra" title="Tayra">Tayra (<i>Eira barbara</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Pekania" title="Pekania">Pekania</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fisher_(animal)" title="Fisher (animal)">Fisher (<i>P. pennanti</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Gulo" title="Gulo">Gulo</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wolverine" title="Wolverine">Wolverine (<i>G. gulo</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Marten" title="Marten">Martes</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(martens)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_marten" title="American marten">American marten (<i>M. americana</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_marten" title="Pacific marten">Pacific marten (<i>M. caurina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow-throated_marten" title="Yellow-throated marten">Yellow-throated marten (<i>M. flavigula</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beech_marten" title="Beech marten">Beech marten (<i>M. foina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_marten" title="Nilgiri marten">Nilgiri marten (<i>M. gwatkinsii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_pine_marten" title="European pine marten">European pine marten (<i>M. martes</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_marten" title="Japanese marten">Japanese marten (<i>M. melampus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sable" title="Sable">Sable (<i>M. zibellina</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Ictonychinae" title="Ictonychinae">Ictonychinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyncodontini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lyncodontini (page does not exist)">Lyncodontini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patagonian_weasel" title="Patagonian weasel">Patagonian weasel (<i>Lyncodon patagonicus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Galictis" title="Galictis">Galictis</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(grisons)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_grison" title="Lesser grison">Lesser grison (<i>G. cuja</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_grison" title="Greater grison">Greater grison (<i>G. vittata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ictonychini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ictonychini (page does not exist)">Ictonychini</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(African polecats)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Vormela" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Marbled_polecat" title="Marbled polecat">Vormela</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marbled_polecat" title="Marbled polecat">Marbled polecat (<i>V. peregusna</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_striped_weasel" title="African striped weasel">African striped weasel (<i>Poecilogale albinucha</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ictonyx" title="Ictonyx">Ictonyx</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saharan_striped_polecat" title="Saharan striped polecat">Saharan striped polecat (<i>I. libycus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striped_polecat" title="Striped polecat">Striped polecat (<i>I. striatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Otter" title="Otter">Lutrinae</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(otters)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giant_otter" title="Giant otter">Giant otter (<i>Pteronura brasiliensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Lontra" title="Lontra">Lontra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_river_otter" title="North American river otter">North American river otter (<i>L. canadensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_otter" title="Marine otter">Marine otter (<i>L. felina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neotropical_otter" title="Neotropical otter">Neotropical otter (<i>L. longicaudis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_river_otter" title="Southern river otter">Southern river otter (<i>L. provocax</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Enhydra" title="Enhydra">Enhydra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sea_otter" title="Sea otter">Sea otter (<i>E. lutris</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spotted-necked_otter" title="Spotted-necked otter">Spotted-necked otter (<i>Hydrictis maculicollis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Lutra" title="Lutra">Lutra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_otter" title="Eurasian otter">Eurasian otter (<i>L. lutra</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hairy-nosed_otter" title="Hairy-nosed otter">Hairy-nosed otter (<i>L. sumatrana</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Lutrogale" title="Lutrogale">Lutrogale</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smooth-coated_otter" title="Smooth-coated otter">Smooth-coated otter (<i>L. perspicillata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Aonyx" title="Aonyx">Aonyx</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_clawless_otter" title="African clawless otter">African clawless otter (<i>A. capensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_small-clawed_otter" title="Asian small-clawed otter">Asian small-clawed otter (<i>A. cinereus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_clawless_otter" title="Congo clawless otter">Congo clawless otter (<i>A. congicus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Mustelinae" title="Mustelinae">Mustelinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Neogale" title="Neogale">Neogale</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_weasel" title="Amazon weasel">Amazon weasel (<i>N. africana</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_weasel" title="Colombian weasel">Colombian weasel (<i>N. felipei</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-tailed_weasel" title="Long-tailed weasel">Long-tailed weasel (<i>N. frenata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_mink" title="American mink">American mink (<i>N. vison</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Weasel" title="Weasel">Mustela</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(weasels)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mustela_aistoodonnivalis" title="Mustela aistoodonnivalis">Sichuan weasel (<i>M. aistoodonnivalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_weasel" title="Mountain weasel">Mountain weasel (<i>M. altaica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoat" title="Stoat">Stoat/Beringian ermine (<i>M. erminea</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steppe_polecat" title="Steppe polecat">Steppe polecat (<i>M. eversmannii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferret" title="Ferret">Ferret (<i>M. furo</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_ermine" title="Haida ermine">Haida ermine (<i>M. haidarum</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_weasel" title="Japanese weasel">Japanese weasel (<i>M. itatsi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow-bellied_weasel" title="Yellow-bellied weasel">Yellow-bellied weasel (<i>M. kathiah</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_mink" title="European mink">European mink (<i>M. lutreola</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mountain_weasel" title="Indonesian mountain weasel">Indonesian mountain weasel (<i>M. lutreolina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-footed_ferret" title="Black-footed ferret">Black-footed ferret (<i>M. nigripes</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Least_weasel" title="Least weasel">Least weasel (<i>M. nivalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_weasel" title="Malayan weasel">Malayan weasel (<i>M. nudipes</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_polecat" title="European polecat">European polecat (<i>M. putorius</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_ermine" title="American ermine">American ermine (<i>M. richardsonii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_weasel" title="Siberian weasel">Siberian weasel (<i>M. sibirica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back-striped_weasel" title="Back-striped weasel">Back-striped weasel (<i>M. strigidorsa</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Cryptoprocta ferox</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183330" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q183330">Q183330</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cryptoprocta_ferox" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Cryptoprocta ferox">Cryptoprocta ferox</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Cryptoprocta_ferox/">Cryptoprocta_ferox</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/ARKive" title="ARKive">ARKive</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.arkive.org/wd/cryptoprocta-ferox/">cryptoprocta-ferox</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/ZZ3R">ZZ3R</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/347438">347438</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2433516">2433516</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/41578">41578</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11188015">11188015</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=621973">621973</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/5760">5760</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Mammalogists#Mammal_Diversity_Database" title="American Society of Mammalogists">MDD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1006028">1006028</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Mammal_Species_of_the_World" title="Mammal Species of the World">MSW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?s=y&id=14000446">14000446</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=94188">94188</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/82917/">82917</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=768514">768514</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=232151">232151</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">Species+</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://speciesplus.net/#/taxon_concepts/9088">9088</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4121294-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85051021">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Foussa"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13557422k">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Foussa"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13557422k">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007548101205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output 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