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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>European polyphony</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-European_polyphony-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle European polyphony subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-European_polyphony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_context" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_context"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Historical context</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_context-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Europe_and_Roman_Catholicism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Europe_and_Roman_Catholicism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Western Europe and Roman Catholicism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Europe_and_Roman_Catholicism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notable_works_and_artists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_works_and_artists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Notable works and artists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_works_and_artists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protestant_Britain_and_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protestant_Britain_and_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Protestant Britain and the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protestant_Britain_and_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Balkan_region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Balkan_region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Balkan region</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Balkan_region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corsica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corsica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Corsica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corsica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sardinia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sardinia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Sardinia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sardinia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caucasus_region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caucasus_region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Caucasus region</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Caucasus_region-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Caucasus region subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Caucasus_region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Georgia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Georgia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Georgia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Georgia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chechens_and_Ingushes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chechens_and_Ingushes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Chechens and Ingushes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chechens_and_Ingushes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Oceania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Polyphony</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 56 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">56 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="بوليفونية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بوليفونية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Поліфанія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Поліфанія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Полифония – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Полифония" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polifonija" title="Polifonija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Polifonija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polifonia" title="Polifonia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Polifonia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyfonie" title="Polyfonie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Polyfonie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poliffoni" title="Poliffoni – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Poliffoni" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyfoni" title="Polyfoni – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Polyfoni" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphonie" title="Polyphonie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Polyphonie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%BCfoonia" title="Polüfoonia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Polüfoonia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%85%CF%86%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Πολυφωνία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πολυφωνία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polifon%C3%ADa" title="Polifonía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Polifonía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polifonio" title="Polifonio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Polifonio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polifonia" title="Polifonia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Polifonia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="چندصدایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چندصدایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphonie" title="Polyphonie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Polyphonie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polifonie" title="Polifonie – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Polifonie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilfh%C3%B3ine" title="Ilfhóine – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ilfhóine" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polifon%C3%ADa" title="Polifonía – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Polifonía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%EC%84%B1%EC%9D%8C%EC%95%85" title="다성음악 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="다성음악" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%AB%D6%86%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Պոլիֆոնիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պոլիֆոնիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polifonija" title="Polifonija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Polifonija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polifonio" title="Polifonio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Polifonio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polifoni" title="Polifoni – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Polifoni" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polifonia" title="Polifonia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Polifonia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94" title="פוליפוניה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פוליפוניה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="პოლიფონია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პოლიფონია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Полифония – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Полифония" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polifonia" title="Polifonia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Polifonia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Полифония – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Полифония" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphonia" title="Polyphonia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Polyphonia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polifonija" title="Polifonija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Polifonija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyfonie" title="Polyfonie – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Polyfonie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polif%C3%B3nia" title="Polifónia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Polifónia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Полифонија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Полифонија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyfonie" title="Polyfonie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Polyfonie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AA%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%8B%E3%83%BC" title="ポリフォニー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポリフォニー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyfoni" title="Polyfoni – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Polyfoni" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyfoni" title="Polyfoni – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Polyfoni" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polifoniya" title="Polifoniya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Polifoniya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polifonia" title="Polifonia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Polifonia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polifonia" title="Polifonia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Polifonia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polifonie" title="Polifonie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Polifonie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Полифония – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Полифония" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polifonia" title="Polifonia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Polifonia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyf%C3%B3nia" title="Polyfónia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Polyfónia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polifonija" title="Polifonija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Polifonija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Полифонија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Полифонија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polifonija" title="Polifonija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Polifonija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyfonia" title="Polyfonia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Polyfonia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyfoni" title="Polyfoni – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Polyfoni" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Полифония – Tajik" lang="tg" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Simultaneous lines of independent melody</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the musical texture. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Polyphony_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Polyphony (disambiguation)">Polyphony (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Polytonality" title="Polytonality">Polytonality</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="listen-header"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:BachFugueBar.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/BachFugueBar.png/220px-BachFugueBar.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/BachFugueBar.png/330px-BachFugueBar.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/BachFugueBar.png/440px-BachFugueBar.png 2x" data-file-width="719" data-file-height="592" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:BachBWV862Bar.mid" title="File:BachBWV862Bar.mid">Sample of polyphony</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="5" data-mwtitle="BachBWV862Bar.mid" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/BachBWV862Bar.mid" type="audio/midi" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/43/BachBWV862Bar.mid/BachBWV862Bar.mid.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/43/BachBWV862Bar.mid/BachBWV862Bar.mid.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">A bar from <a href="/wiki/J.S._Bach" class="mw-redirect" title="J.S. Bach">J.S. Bach</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Fugue" title="Fugue">Fugue</a> No.17 in A flat," <a href="/wiki/BWV" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV">BWV</a> 862, from <i><a href="/wiki/Well-tempered_Clavier" class="mw-redirect" title="Well-tempered Clavier">Das Wohltemperierte Clavier</a></i> (Part I), a famous example of <b><a href="/wiki/Counterpoint" title="Counterpoint">contrapuntal polyphony</a></b>.</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p><b>Polyphony</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">pə-<span style="font-size:90%">LIF</span>-ə-nee</i></a>) is a type of musical <a href="/wiki/Texture_(music)" title="Texture (music)">texture</a> consisting of two or more simultaneous lines of independent <a href="/wiki/Melody" title="Melody">melody</a>, as opposed to a musical texture with just one voice (<a href="/wiki/Monophony" title="Monophony">monophony</a>) or a texture with one dominant melodic voice accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Chord_(music)" title="Chord (music)">chords</a> (<a href="/wiki/Homophony" title="Homophony">homophony</a>). </p><p>Within the context of the Western musical tradition, the term <i>polyphony</i> is usually used to refer to <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a> of the late <a href="/wiki/Medieval_music" title="Medieval music">Middle Ages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music" title="Renaissance music">Renaissance</a>. <a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque</a> forms such as <a href="/wiki/Fugue" title="Fugue">fugue</a>, which might be called polyphonic, are usually described instead as <a href="/wiki/Counterpoint" title="Counterpoint">contrapuntal</a>. Also, as opposed to the <i>species</i> terminology of counterpoint,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2016)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> polyphony was generally either "pitch-against-pitch" / "point-against-point" or "sustained-pitch" in one part with <a href="/wiki/Melisma" title="Melisma">melismas</a> of varying lengths in another.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In all cases the conception was probably what <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Bent" title="Margaret Bent">Margaret Bent</a> (1999) calls "dyadic counterpoint",<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with each part being written generally against one other part, with all parts modified if needed in the end. This point-against-point conception is opposed to "successive composition", where voices were written in an order with each new voice fitting into the whole so far constructed, which was previously assumed. </p><p>The term <i>polyphony</i> is also sometimes used more broadly, to describe any musical texture that is not monophonic. Such a perspective considers homophony as a sub-type of polyphony.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyphony&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditional (non-professional) polyphony has a wide, if uneven, distribution among the peoples of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most polyphonic regions of the world are in <a href="/wiki/Traditional_sub-Saharan_African_harmony" title="Traditional sub-Saharan African harmony">sub-Saharan Africa</a>, Europe and Oceania. It is believed that the origins of polyphony in traditional music vastly predate the emergence of polyphony in European professional music. Currently there are two contradictory approaches to the problem of the origins of vocal polyphony: the Cultural Model, and the Evolutionary Model.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Cultural Model, the origins of polyphony are connected to the development of human musical culture; polyphony came as the natural development of the primordial monophonic singing; therefore polyphonic traditions are bound to gradually replace monophonic traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Evolutionary Model, the origins of polyphonic singing are much deeper, and are connected to the earlier stages of human evolution; polyphony was an important part of a defence system of the hominids, and traditions of polyphony are gradually disappearing all over the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Jordania_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jordania-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 198–210">: 198–210 </span></sup> </p><p>Although the exact origins of polyphony in the Western church traditions are unknown, the treatises <i><a href="/wiki/Musica_enchiriadis" title="Musica enchiriadis">Musica enchiriadis</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Scolica_enchiriadis" title="Scolica enchiriadis">Scolica enchiriadis</a></i>, both dating from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 900</span>, are usually considered the oldest extant written examples of polyphony. These treatises provided examples of two-voice note-against-note embellishments of chants using parallel octaves, fifths, and fourths. Rather than being fixed works, they indicated ways of improvising polyphony during performance. The <i><a href="/wiki/Winchester_Troper" title="Winchester Troper">Winchester Troper</a></i>, from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1000</span>, is generally considered to be the oldest extant example of notated polyphony for chant performance, although the notation does not indicate precise pitch levels or durations.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a two-part <a href="/wiki/Antiphon" title="Antiphon">antiphon</a> to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">Saint Boniface</a> recently discovered in the <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a>, is thought to have originated in a monastery in north-west Germany and has been dated to the early tenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="European_polyphony">European polyphony</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyphony&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: European polyphony"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_context">Historical context</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyphony&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Historical context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>European polyphony rose out of <a href="/wiki/Melismatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Melismatic">melismatic</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Organum" title="Organum">organum</a></i>, the earliest harmonization of the chant. During the 12th century, composers such as <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9onin" title="Léonin">Léonin</a> and <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9rotin" title="Pérotin">Pérotin</a> developed the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">organum</i></span> that had been introduced centuries earlier, and also added a third and fourth voice to the now homophonic chant. In the 13th century, the chant-based tenor was becoming altered, fragmented, and hidden beneath secular tunes, obscuring the sacred texts as composers continued to develop polyphonic techniques. The lyrics of love poems might be sung above sacred texts in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Trope_(music)" title="Trope (music)">trope</a>, or the sacred text might be placed within a familiar secular melody. The oldest surviving piece of six-part music is the English <a href="/wiki/Rota_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rota (music)">rota</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Sumer_is_icumen_in" title="Sumer is icumen in">Sumer is icumen in</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1240</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_Europe_and_Roman_Catholicism">Western Europe and Roman Catholicism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyphony&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Western Europe and Roman Catholicism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>European polyphony rose prior to, and during the period of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Avignon" title="Avignon">Avignon</a>, the seat of <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">popes</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Antipope" title="Antipope">antipopes</a>, was a vigorous center of secular music-making, much of which influenced sacred polyphony.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The notion of secular and sacred music merging in the papal court also offended some medieval ears. It gave church music more of a jocular performance quality supplanting the solemnity of worship they were accustomed to. The use of and attitude toward polyphony varied widely in the Avignon court from the beginning to the end of its religious importance in the fourteenth century. </p><p>Harmony was considered frivolous, impious, lascivious, and an obstruction to the audibility of the words. Instruments, as well as certain modes, were actually forbidden in the church because of their association with secular music and pagan rites. After banishing polyphony from the Liturgy in 1322, <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXII" title="Pope John XXII">Pope John XXII</a> warned against the unbecoming elements of this musical innovation in his 1324 <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">bull</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Docta_Sanctorum_Patrum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Docta Sanctorum Patrum (page does not exist)">Docta Sanctorum Patrum</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VI" title="Pope Clement VI">Pope Clement VI</a> indulged in it. </p><p>The oldest extant polyphonic setting of the <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">mass</a> attributable to one composer is <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_de_Machaut" title="Guillaume de Machaut">Guillaume de Machaut</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Messe_de_Nostre_Dame" title="Messe de Nostre Dame">Messe de Nostre Dame</a>, dated to 1364, during the pontificate of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_V" title="Pope Urban V">Pope Urban V</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> said Gregorian chant should be the focus of liturgical services, without excluding other forms of sacred music, including polyphony.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Notable_works_and_artists">Notable works and artists</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyphony&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notable works and artists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Luis_de_Victoria" title="Tomás Luis de Victoria">Tomás Luis de Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Byrd" title="William Byrd">William Byrd</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mass_for_Five_Voices" title="Mass for Five Voices">Mass for Five Voices</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tallis" title="Thomas Tallis">Thomas Tallis</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Spem_in_alium" title="Spem in alium">Spem in alium</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlandus_Lassus" class="mw-redirect" title="Orlandus Lassus">Orlandus Lassus</a>, Missa super Bella'Amfitrit'altera</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_de_Machaut" title="Guillaume de Machaut">Guillaume de Machaut</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Messe_de_Nostre_Dame" title="Messe de Nostre Dame">Messe de Nostre Dame</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer" title="Geoffrey Chaucer">Geoffrey Chaucer</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Obrecht" title="Jacob Obrecht">Jacob Obrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pierluigi_da_Palestrina" title="Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina">Palestrina</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Missa_Papae_Marcelli" title="Missa Papae Marcelli">Missa Papae Marcelli</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josquin_des_Prez" title="Josquin des Prez">Josquin des Prez</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Missa_Pange_Lingua" class="mw-redirect" title="Missa Pange Lingua">Missa Pange Lingua</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Allegri" title="Gregorio Allegri">Gregorio Allegri</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Miserere_(Allegri)" title="Miserere (Allegri)">Miserere</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protestant_Britain_and_the_United_States">Protestant Britain and the United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyphony&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Protestant Britain and the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>English Protestant <a href="/wiki/West_gallery_music" title="West gallery music">west gallery music</a> included polyphonic multi-melodic harmony, including <a href="/wiki/Fuguing_tune" title="Fuguing tune">fuguing tunes</a>, by the mid-18th century. This tradition passed with emigrants to North America, where it was proliferated in tunebooks, including <a href="/wiki/Shape-note" class="mw-redirect" title="Shape-note">shape-note</a> books like <i><a href="/wiki/The_Southern_Harmony" class="mw-redirect" title="The Southern Harmony">The Southern Harmony</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sacred_Harp" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sacred Harp">The Sacred Harp</a></i>. While this style of singing has largely disappeared from British and North American sacred music, it survived in the rural <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a>, until it again began to grow a following throughout the United States and even in places such as the United Kingdom, Germany, Poland, and Australia, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Balkan_region">Balkan region</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyphony&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Balkan region"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_traditional_male_folk_group_from_Skrapar.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/A_traditional_male_folk_group_from_Skrapar.JPG/220px-A_traditional_male_folk_group_from_Skrapar.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/A_traditional_male_folk_group_from_Skrapar.JPG/330px-A_traditional_male_folk_group_from_Skrapar.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/A_traditional_male_folk_group_from_Skrapar.JPG/440px-A_traditional_male_folk_group_from_Skrapar.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Albanian polyphonic folk group wearing <a href="/wiki/Qeleshe" title="Qeleshe">qeleshe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fustanella" title="Fustanella">fustanella</a> in <a href="/wiki/Skrapar" title="Skrapar">Skrapar</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Polyphonic singing is traditional folk singing of this part of southern Europe. It is also called <i>ancient</i>, <i>archaic</i> or <i>old-style</i> singing.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ison_(music)" title="Ison (music)">Byzantine chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojkanje_singing" class="mw-redirect" title="Ojkanje singing">Ojkanje singing</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganga_(music)" title="Ganga (music)">Ganga singing</a>, in Croatia, <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_root_music" title="Bosnian root music">Bosnian root music</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Podrinje" title="Podrinje">Podrinje</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyphonic_song_of_Epirus" title="Polyphonic song of Epirus">Epirote singing</a>, in northern <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> and southern Albania (see below)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_iso-polyphony" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian iso-polyphony">Iso-polyphony</a>, in southern Albania (see below)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gusle" title="Gusle">Gusle</a> singing, in <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Albania</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izvika" title="Izvika">Izvika</a> singing, in Serbia</li> <li><i>Dvuglas</i> singing in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Bulgaria" title="Southern Bulgaria">Southern Bulgaria</a>: woman choirs in <a href="/wiki/Shopluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Shopluk">Shopluk</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bistritsa_Babi" title="Bistritsa Babi">Bistritsa Babi</a>) and in <a href="/wiki/Rhodope_Mountains" title="Rhodope Mountains">Rhodopes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nedelino" title="Nedelino">Nedelino</a>), as well as men choirs in <a href="/wiki/Bansko" title="Bansko">Bansko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pirin_Macedonia" title="Pirin Macedonia">Pirin Macedonia</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Incipient polyphony (previously primitive polyphony) includes <a href="/wiki/Antiphony" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiphony">antiphony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Call_and_response_(music)" title="Call and response (music)">call and response</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drone_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drone (music)">drones</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Parallel_interval" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallel interval">parallel intervals</a>. </p><p>Balkan drone music is described as polyphonic due to Balkan musicians using a literal translation of the Greek <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><i>polyphōnos</i></i></span> ('many voices'). In terms of Western classical music, it is not strictly polyphonic, due to the drone parts having no melodic role, and can better be described as <i>multipart</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Koço2015_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koço2015-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Polyphonic_song_of_Epirus" title="Polyphonic song of Epirus">polyphonic singing tradition of Epirus</a> is a form of traditional folk polyphony practiced among <a href="/wiki/Aromanians" title="Aromanians">Aromanians</a>, Albanians, Greeks, and <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Macedonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic Macedonians">ethnic Macedonians</a> in southern Albania and northwestern Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This type of folk vocal tradition is also found in <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>. </p><p>Albanian polyphonic singing can be divided into two major stylistic groups as performed by the Tosks and Labs of southern Albania. The drone is performed in two ways: among the Tosks, it is always continuous and sung on the syllable 'e', using staggered breathing; while among the Labs, the drone is sometimes sung as a rhythmic tone, performed to the text of the song. It can be differentiated between two-, three- and four-voice polyphony. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Aromanian_music" title="Aromanian music">Aromanian music</a>, polyphony is common, and polyphonic music follows a set of common rules.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The phenomenon of Albanian folk iso-polyphony (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_iso-polyphony" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian iso-polyphony">Albanian iso-polyphony</a>) has been proclaimed by UNESCO a "<a href="/wiki/Masterpiece_of_the_Oral_and_Intangible_Heritage_of_Humanity" class="mw-redirect" title="Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity">Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity</a>". The term <i>iso</i> refers to the drone, which accompanies the iso-polyphonic singing and is related to the ison of <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> church music, where the drone group accompanies the song.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corsica">Corsica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyphony&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Corsica"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The French island of <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a> has a unique style of music called <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paghjella" class="extiw" title="fr:Paghjella">Paghjella</a> that is known for its polyphony. Traditionally, Paghjella contains a staggered entrance and continues with the three singers carrying independent melodies. This music tends to contain much <a href="/wiki/Melisma" title="Melisma">melisma</a> and is sung in a nasal temperament. Additionally, many paghjella songs contain a <a href="/wiki/Picardy_third" title="Picardy third">picardy third</a>. After paghjella's revival in the 1970s, it mutated. In the 1980s it had moved away from some of its more traditional features as it became much more heavily produced and tailored towards western tastes. There were now four singers, significantly less melisma, it was much more structured, and it exemplified more homophony. To the people of Corsica, the polyphony of paghjella represented freedom; it had been a source of cultural pride in Corsica and many felt that this movement away from the polyphonic style meant a movement away from paghjella's cultural ties. This resulted in a transition in the 1990s. Paghjella again had a strong polyphonic style and a less structured meter.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sardinia">Sardinia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyphony&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sardinia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cantu_a_tenore" title="Cantu a tenore">Cantu a tenore</a> is a traditional style of polyphonic singing in <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Caucasus_region">Caucasus region</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyphony&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Caucasus region"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Georgia">Georgia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyphony&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Georgia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Polyphony in the <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Republic of Georgia</a> is arguably the oldest polyphony in the Christian world. Georgian polyphony is traditionally sung in three parts with strong dissonances, parallel fifths, and a unique tuning system based on perfect fifths.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Georgia_(country)#Traditional_vocal_polyphony" title="Music of Georgia (country)">Georgian polyphonic singing</a> has been proclaimed by UNESCO an Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. Popular singing has a highly valued place in Georgian culture. There are three types of polyphony in Georgia: complex polyphony, which is common in Svaneti; polyphonic dialogue over a bass background, prevalent in the Kakheti region in Eastern Georgia; and contrasted polyphony with three partially improvised sung parts, characteristic of western Georgia. The Chakrulo song, which is sung at ceremonies and festivals and belongs to the first category, is distinguished by its use of metaphor and its yodel, the krimanchuli and a "cockerel’s crow", performed by a male falsetto singer. Some of these songs are linked to the cult of the grapevine and many date back to the eighth century. The songs traditionally pervaded all areas of everyday life, ranging from work in the fields (the Naduri, which incorporates the sounds of physical effort into the music) to songs to curing of illnesses and to Christmas Carols (Alilo). Byzantine liturgical hymns also incorporated the Georgian polyphonic tradition to such an extent that they became a significant expression of it.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chechens_and_Ingushes">Chechens and Ingushes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyphony&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Chechens and Ingushes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chechen and Ingush traditional music can be defined by their tradition of vocal polyphony. Chechen and Ingush polyphony is based on a drone and is mostly three-part, unlike most other north Caucasian traditions' two-part polyphony. The middle part carries the main melody accompanied by a double drone, holding the interval of a fifth around the melody. Intervals and chords are often dissonances (sevenths, seconds, fourths), and traditional Chechen and Ingush songs use sharper dissonances than other North Caucasian traditions. The specific cadence of a final, dissonant three-part chord, consisting of fourth and the second on top (c-f-g), is almost unique. (Only in western Georgia do a few songs finish on the same dissonant c-f-g chord.)<sup id="cite_ref-Jordania_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jordania-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 60–61">: 60–61 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oceania">Oceania</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyphony&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Oceania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Parts of <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> maintain rich polyphonic traditions. The peoples of <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_Highlands" title="New Guinea Highlands">New Guinea Highlands</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Moni_people" title="Moni people">Moni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dani_people" title="Dani people">Dani</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yali_people" title="Yali people">Yali</a> use vocal polyphony, as do the people of <a href="/wiki/Manus_Island" title="Manus Island">Manus Island</a>. Many of these styles are <a href="/wiki/Drone_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drone (music)">drone</a>-based or feature close, secondal harmonies dissonant to western ears. <a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal" title="Guadalcanal">Guadalcanal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> are host to instrumental polyphony, in the form of bamboo <a href="/wiki/Panpipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Panpipe">panpipe</a> ensembles.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Europeans were surprised to find drone-based and <a href="/wiki/Consonance_and_dissonance" title="Consonance and dissonance">dissonant</a> polyphonic singing in Polynesia. Polynesian traditions were then influenced by Western choral church music, which brought <a href="/wiki/Counterpoint" title="Counterpoint">counterpoint</a> into Polynesian musical practice.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Africa">Africa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyphony&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Traditional_sub-Saharan_African_harmony" title="Traditional sub-Saharan African harmony">Traditional sub-Saharan African harmony</a></div> <p>Numerous <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_African_music_traditions" title="Sub-Saharan African music traditions">Sub-Saharan African music traditions</a> host polyphonic singing, typically moving in <a href="/wiki/Contrapuntal_motion#parallel_motion" title="Contrapuntal motion">parallel motion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Polyphonic_regions,_p20_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polyphonic_regions,_p20-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the <a href="/wiki/Maasai_people" title="Maasai people">Maasai people</a> traditionally sing with drone polyphony, other East African groups use more elaborate techniques. The <a href="/wiki/Dorze_people" title="Dorze people">Dorze people</a>, for example, sing with as many as six parts, and the <a href="/wiki/Wagogo" class="mw-redirect" title="Wagogo">Wagogo</a> use counterpoint.<sup id="cite_ref-Polyphonic_regions,_p20_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polyphonic_regions,_p20-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The music of <a href="/wiki/African_Pygmies" title="African Pygmies">African Pygmies</a> (e.g. that of the <a href="/wiki/Aka_people" title="Aka people">Aka people</a>) is typically <a href="/wiki/Ostinato" title="Ostinato">ostinato</a> and contrapuntal, featuring <a href="/wiki/Yodeling" title="Yodeling">yodeling</a>. Other Central African peoples tend to sing with parallel lines rather than counterpoint.<sup id="cite_ref-Polyphonic_regions,_p21_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polyphonic_regions,_p21-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a>, rural women greet each other with <a href="/wiki/Akazehe" title="Akazehe">akazehe</a>, a two-part interlocking vocal rhythm.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The singing of the <a href="/wiki/San_people" title="San people">San people</a>, like that of the pygmies, features melodic repetition, yodeling, and counterpoint. The singing of neighboring <a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples" title="Bantu peoples">Bantu peoples</a>, like the <a href="/wiki/Zulus" class="mw-redirect" title="Zulus">Zulu</a>, is more typically parallel.<sup id="cite_ref-Polyphonic_regions,_p21_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polyphonic_regions,_p21-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The peoples of tropical <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a> traditionally use parallel harmonies rather than counterpoint.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyphony&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Micropolyphony" title="Micropolyphony">Micropolyphony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyphonic_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyphonic Era">Polyphonic Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_polychoral_style" title="Venetian polychoral style">Venetian polychoral style</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyphony&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hendrik van der Werf (1997). "Early Western polyphony", Companion to Medieval & Renaissance Music. Oxford University Press. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-816540-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-816540-4">0-19-816540-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Bent" title="Margaret Bent">Margaret Bent</a> (1999). "The Grammar of Early Music: Preconditions for Analysis", <i>Tonal Structures of Early Music</i>. New York: Garland Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8153-2388-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8153-2388-3">0-8153-2388-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeVoto2015" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">DeVoto, Mark (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/art/polyphony-music">"Polyphony"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica Online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Polyphony&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=DeVoto&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fart%2Fpolyphony-music&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyphony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordania2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Jordania" title="Joseph Jordania">Jordania, Joseph</a> (2011). <i><a href="/wiki/Why_do_People_Sing%3F_Music_in_Human_Evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Why do People Sing? Music in Human Evolution">Why do People Sing? Music in Human Evolution</a></i>. Logos. pp. <span class="nowrap">13–</span>37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9941-401-86-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-9941-401-86-2"><bdi>978-9941-401-86-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+do+People+Sing%3F+Music+in+Human+Evolution&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13-%3C%2Fspan%3E37&rft.pub=Logos&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-9941-401-86-2&rft.aulast=Jordania&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyphony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordania2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Jordania" title="Joseph Jordania">Jordania, Joseph</a> (2011). <i><a href="/wiki/Why_do_People_Sing%3F_Music_in_Human_Evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Why do People Sing? Music in Human Evolution">Why do People Sing? Music in Human Evolution</a></i>. Logos. pp. 6o–70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9941-401-86-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-9941-401-86-2"><bdi>978-9941-401-86-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+do+People+Sing%3F+Music+in+Human+Evolution&rft.pages=6o-70&rft.pub=Logos&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-9941-401-86-2&rft.aulast=Jordania&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyphony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Nettl" title="Bruno Nettl">Bruno Nettl</a>. Polyphony in North American Indian music. Musical Quarterly, 1961, 47:354–62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jordania-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jordania_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jordania_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_Jordania2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Jordania" title="Joseph Jordania">Joseph Jordania</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120307121744/http://www.polyphony.ge/uploads/whoaskthefirst.pdf"><i>Who Asked the First Question? The Origins of Human Choral Singing, Intelligence, Language and Speech</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Tbilisi: Logos. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/99940-31-81-3" title="Special:BookSources/99940-31-81-3"><bdi>99940-31-81-3</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polyphony.ge/uploads/whoaskthefirst.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 7 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+Asked+the+First+Question%3F+The+Origins+of+Human+Choral+Singing%2C+Intelligence%2C+Language+and+Speech&rft.place=Tbilisi&rft.pub=Logos&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=99940-31-81-3&rft.au=Joseph+Jordania&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.polyphony.ge%2Fuploads%2Fwhoaskthefirst.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyphony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Riemann" title="Hugo Riemann">Riemann, Hugo</a>. History of music theory, books I and II: polyphonic theory to the sixteenth century, Book 1. Da Capo Press. June 1974.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/earliest-known-piece-of-polyphonic-music-discovered">"Earliest known piece of polyphonic music discovered"</a>. <i>www.cam.ac.uk</i>. University of Cambridge. 17 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cam.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Earliest+known+piece+of+polyphonic+music+discovered&rft.date=2014-12-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cam.ac.uk%2Fresearch%2Fnews%2Fearliest-known-piece-of-polyphonic-music-discovered&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyphony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Albright" title="Daniel Albright">Albright, Daniel</a> (2004). <i>Modernism and Music: An Anthology of Sources</i>. University of Chicago Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-01267-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-01267-0">0-226-01267-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Riemann" title="Hugo Riemann">Riemann, Hugo</a>. History of music theory, books I and II: polyphonic theory to the sixteenth century, Book 2. Da Capo Press. June 1974.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope_John_XXII1879" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXII" title="Pope John XXII">Pope John XXII</a> (1879). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cengage.com/music/book_content/049557273X_wrightSimms/assets/ITOW/7273X_10b_ITOW_John_XXII.pdf">"Translated from the original Latin of the bull <i>Docta sanctorum patrum</i> as given in <i>Corpus iuris canonici, ed. a. 1582</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. pp. <span class="nowrap">1256–</span>57.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Translated+from+the+original+Latin+of+the+bull+Docta+sanctorum+patrum+as+given+in+Corpus+iuris+canonici%2C+ed.+a.+1582&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1256-%3C%2Fspan%3E57&rft.date=1879&rft.au=Pope+John+XXII&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cengage.com%2Fmusic%2Fbook_content%2F049557273X_wrightSimms%2Fassets%2FITOW%2F7273X_10b_ITOW_John_XXII.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyphony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vatican II, Constitution on the Liturgy, 112–18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Fruoco" title="Jonathan Fruoco">Jonathan Fruoco</a>'s work on <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer" title="Geoffrey Chaucer">Chaucer</a>'s polyphony: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781501514364/html">Chaucer's Polyphony</a></i> and <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.routledge.com/Polyphony-and-the-Modern/Fruoco/p/book/9780367655150">Polyphony and the Modern</a></i>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTemperleyManns1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Temperley" title="Nicholas Temperley">Temperley, Nicholas</a>; Manns, Charles G. (1983). <i>Fuging Tunes in the Eighteenth Century</i>. Detroit, MI: Information Coordinators. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89990-017-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-89990-017-8"><bdi>0-89990-017-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fuging+Tunes+in+the+Eighteenth+Century&rft.place=Detroit%2C+MI&rft.pub=Information+Coordinators&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-89990-017-8&rft.aulast=Temperley&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft.au=Manns%2C+Charles+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyphony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCobb1989" class="citation book cs1">Cobb, Buell E. (1989). <i>The Sacred Harp: A Tradition and Its Music</i>. Athens: University of Georgia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-2371-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-2371-8"><bdi>978-0-8203-2371-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sacred+Harp%3A+A+Tradition+and+Its+Music&rft.place=Athens&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-8203-2371-8&rft.aulast=Cobb&rft.aufirst=Buell+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyphony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLueck2017" class="citation thesis cs1">Lueck, Ellen (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14418/wes01.3.69"><i>Sacred Harp Singing in Europe: Its Pathways, Spaces, and Meanings</i></a> (PhD). Wesleyan University. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14418%2Fwes01.3.69">10.14418/wes01.3.69</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Sacred+Harp+Singing+in+Europe%3A+Its+Pathways%2C+Spaces%2C+and+Meanings&rft.inst=Wesleyan+University&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14418%2Fwes01.3.69&rft.aulast=Lueck&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.14418%2Fwes01.3.69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyphony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarlsberg2021" class="citation book cs1">Karlsberg, Jesse P. (2021). "The Folk Scholarship Roots and Geopolitical Boundaries of Sacred Harp's Global Twenty-first Century". In Shenton, Andrew; Smolko, Joanna (eds.). <i>Christian Sacred Music in the Americas</i>. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. <span class="nowrap">221–</span>240. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-4873-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-4873-0"><bdi>978-1-5381-4873-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Folk+Scholarship+Roots+and+Geopolitical+Boundaries+of+Sacred+Harp%E2%80%99s+Global+Twenty-first+Century&rft.btitle=Christian+Sacred+Music+in+the+Americas&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E221-%3C%2Fspan%3E240&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-5381-4873-0&rft.aulast=Karlsberg&rft.aufirst=Jesse+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyphony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180109121855/http://www.mdw.ac.at/ive/emm/index.php?id=238">"Startseite - Forschungszentrum für Europäische Mehrstimmigkeit"</a>. <i>www.mdw.ac.at</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mdw.ac.at/ive/emm/index.php?id=238">the original</a> on 9 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mdw.ac.at&rft.atitle=Startseite+-+Forschungszentrum+f%C3%BCr+Europ%C3%A4ische+Mehrstimmigkeit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdw.ac.at%2Five%2Femm%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyphony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKartomiBlum1994" class="citation book cs1">Kartomi, Margaret J.; Blum, Stephen (9 January 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V9zpAAAAIAAJ"><i>Music-cultures in contact: convergences and collisions</i></a>. Currency Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780868193656" title="Special:BookSources/9780868193656"><bdi>9780868193656</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music-cultures+in+contact%3A+convergences+and+collisions&rft.pub=Currency+Press&rft.date=1994-01-09&rft.isbn=9780868193656&rft.aulast=Kartomi&rft.aufirst=Margaret+J.&rft.au=Blum%2C+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV9zpAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyphony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Александър Заралиев, Двугласът в българския фолклор, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.istorici.com/публикации/2013/03/08/двугласът-в-българския-фолклор/">Младежка историческа общност, 08.03.2013.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koço2015-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Koço2015_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoço2015" class="citation book cs1">Koço, Eno (27 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d5_zBgAAQBAJ"><i>A Journey of the Vocal Iso(n)</i></a>. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. xx. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-7578-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-7578-3"><bdi>978-1-4438-7578-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Journey+of+the+Vocal+Iso%28n%29&rft.pages=xx&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2015-02-27&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-7578-3&rft.aulast=Ko%C3%A7o&rft.aufirst=Eno&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd5_zBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyphony" class="Z3988"></span> A free, unpublished version of this passage is available on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zoPI3exolloC&pg=PR22">Google Books</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bart Plantenga. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=el&id=3BzBBq48O6AC&q=polyphonic"><i>Yodel-ay-ee-oooo</i></a>. Routledge, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93990-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93990-4">978-0-415-93990-4</a>, p. 87 Albania: "Singers in Pogoni region perform a style of polyphony that is also practised by locals in Vlach and Slav communities [in Albania]."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Engendering Song: Singing and Subjectivity at Prespa by Jane C. Sugarman, 1997, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-77972-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-77972-6">0-226-77972-6</a>, p. 356, "Neither of the polyphonic textures characteristic of south Albanian singing is unique to Albanians. The style is shared with Greeks in the Northwestern district of Epirus (see Fakiou and Romanos 1984) while the Tosk style is common among Aromanian communities from the Kolonje region of Albania the so-called Farsherotii (see Lortat-Jacob and Bouet 1983) and among Slavs of the <a href="/wiki/Kastoria" title="Kastoria">Kastoria</a> region of Northern Greece (see N.Kaufamann 1959 ). Macedonians in the lower villages of the Prespa district also formerly sang this style "</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahl2008" class="citation book cs1">Kahl, Thede (2008). "Multipart singing among the Aromanians (Vlachs)". In Ahmedaja, Ardian; Haid, Gerlinde (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Iga91qAoeDYC"><i>European Voices I: Multipart singing in the Balkans and the Mediterranean</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6hlau_Verlag" title="Böhlau Verlag">Böhlau Verlag</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">267–</span>280. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783205780908" title="Special:BookSources/9783205780908"><bdi>9783205780908</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Multipart+singing+among+the+Aromanians+%28Vlachs%29&rft.btitle=European+Voices+I%3A+Multipart+singing+in+the+Balkans+and+the+Mediterranean&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E267-%3C%2Fspan%3E280&rft.pub=B%C3%B6hlau+Verlag&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9783205780908&rft.aulast=Kahl&rft.aufirst=Thede&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIga91qAoeDYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyphony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">European voices: Multipart singing in the Balkans and the ..., Volume 1 By Ardian Ahmedaja, <a href="/wiki/Gerlinde_Haid" title="Gerlinde Haid">Gerlinde Haid</a> p. 241 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Iga91qAoeDYC&dq=festivali+i+folklorit+gjirokaster+5+years&pg=PA241">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&pg=00011&RL=00155">"Albanian Folk Iso-polyphony"</a>. UNESCO<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Albanian+Folk+Iso-polyphony&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fculture%2Fich%2Findex.php%3Flg%3Den%26pg%3D00011%26RL%3D00155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyphony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeyser" class="citation web cs1">Keyser, William. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.corsica-isula.com/music.htm">"Learn about Corsican traditional music, groups and recordings"</a>. <i>www.corsica-isula.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.corsica-isula.com&rft.atitle=Learn+about+Corsican+traditional+music%2C+groups+and+recordings.&rft.aulast=Keyser&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.corsica-isula.com%2Fmusic.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyphony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBithell1996" class="citation book cs1">Bithell, Caroline (1996). <i>Polyphonic Voices: National Identity, World Music and the Recording of Traditional Music in Corsica</i>. British Forum of Ethnomusicology.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polyphonic+Voices%3A+National+Identity%2C+World+Music+and+the+Recording+of+Traditional+Music+in+Corsica&rft.pub=British+Forum+of+Ethnomusicology&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Bithell&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyphony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurcumia,_R._Jordania,_Joseph,_1954-2009" class="citation book cs1">Curcumia, R. Jordania, Joseph, 1954- (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/432991038"><i>Echoes from Georgia : seventeen arguments on Georgian polyphony</i></a>. Nova Science Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60876-477-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60876-477-8"><bdi>978-1-60876-477-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/432991038">432991038</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Echoes+from+Georgia+%3A+seventeen+arguments+on+Georgian+polyphony&rft.pub=Nova+Science+Publishers&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F432991038&rft.isbn=978-1-60876-477-8&rft.au=Curcumia%2C+R.+Jordania%2C+Joseph%2C+1954-&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F432991038&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyphony" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&pg=00011&RL=00008">"Georgian Polyphonic Singing"</a>. UNESCO.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Georgian+Polyphonic+Singing&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fculture%2Fich%2Findex.php%3Flg%3Den%26pg%3D00011%26RL%3D00008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyphony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordania2011" class="citation book cs1">Jordania, Joseph (2011). <i><span></span>'Polyphonic regions of the world' in 'Why do People Sing? Music in Human Evolution'<span></span></i>. Logos. p. 36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27Polyphonic+regions+of+the+world%27+in+%27Why+do+People+Sing%3F+Music+in+Human+Evolution%27&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Logos&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Jordania&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyphony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaepplerChristensen" class="citation web cs1">Kaeppler, Adrienne L.; Christensen, Dieter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/Oceanic-music#ref14334">"Oceanic Music and Dance"</a>. <i>Britannica</i>. Encyclopaedia Britannica<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=Oceanic+Music+and+Dance&rft.aulast=Kaeppler&rft.aufirst=Adrienne+L.&rft.au=Christensen%2C+Dieter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fart%2FOceanic-music%23ref14334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyphony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordania2011" class="citation book cs1">Jordania, Joseph (2011). <i><span></span>'Polyphonic regions of the world' in 'Why do People Sing? Music in Human Evolution'<span></span></i>. Logos. p. 35.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27Polyphonic+regions+of+the+world%27+in+%27Why+do+People+Sing%3F+Music+in+Human+Evolution%27&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Logos&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Jordania&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyphony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaepplerChristensen" class="citation web cs1">Kaeppler, Adrienne L.; Christensen, Dieter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/Oceanic-music#ref14339">"Oceanic Music and Dance"</a>. <i>Britannica</i>. Encyclopaedia Britannica<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=Oceanic+Music+and+Dance&rft.aulast=Kaeppler&rft.aufirst=Adrienne+L.&rft.au=Christensen%2C+Dieter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fart%2FOceanic-music%23ref14339&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyphony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Polyphonic_regions,_p20-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Polyphonic_regions,_p20_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Polyphonic_regions,_p20_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordania2011" class="citation book cs1">Jordania, Joseph (2011). "Polyphonic regions of the world". <i>Why do People Sing? Music in Human Evolution</i>. Logos. p. 20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Polyphonic+regions+of+the+world&rft.btitle=Why+do+People+Sing%3F+Music+in+Human+Evolution&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Logos&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Jordania&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyphony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Polyphonic_regions,_p21-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Polyphonic_regions,_p21_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Polyphonic_regions,_p21_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordania2011" class="citation book cs1">Jordania, Joseph (2011). "Polyphonic regions of the world". <i>Why do People Sing? Music in Human Evolution</i>. Logos. p. 21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Polyphonic+regions+of+the+world&rft.btitle=Why+do+People+Sing%3F+Music+in+Human+Evolution&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Logos&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Jordania&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyphony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFacciCiucci2020" class="citation journal cs1">Facci, Serena; Ciucci, Alessandra (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/emt/article/view/30278">"The Akazehe of Burundi: Polyphonic Interlocking Greetings and the Female Ceremonial"</a>. <i>Ethnomusicology Translations</i> (10): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14434%2Femt.v0i10.30278">10.14434/emt.v0i10.30278</a></span> – via IUScholarWorks Journals.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnomusicology+Translations&rft.atitle=The+Akazehe+of+Burundi%3A+Polyphonic+Interlocking+Greetings+and+the+Female+Ceremonial.&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E37&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14434%2Femt.v0i10.30278&rft.aulast=Facci&rft.aufirst=Serena&rft.au=Ciucci%2C+Alessandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarworks.iu.edu%2Fjournals%2Findex.php%2Femt%2Farticle%2Fview%2F30278&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyphony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordania2011" class="citation book cs1">Jordania, Joseph (2011). "Polyphonic regions of the world". <i>Why do People Sing? Music in Human Evolution</i>. Logos. pp. <span class="nowrap">21–</span>22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Polyphonic+regions+of+the+world&rft.btitle=Why+do+People+Sing%3F+Music+in+Human+Evolution&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft.pub=Logos&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Jordania&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyphony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyphony&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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Southern Albania</a> on <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_3" title="BBC Radio 3">BBC Radio 3</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio3/worldmusic/onlocation/georgia.shtml">World Routes in Georgia – Ancient polyphony from the Caucasus region</a> on BBC Radio 3</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131214074340/http://www.pygmies.org/aka/music-dance.asp">Aka Pygmy Polyphony</a> African Pygmy music, with photos and soundscapes</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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