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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Document in opposition to racial integration in public places</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Educational_separation_in_the_US_prior_to_Brown_Map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Educational_separation_in_the_US_prior_to_Brown_Map.svg/350px-Educational_separation_in_the_US_prior_to_Brown_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Educational_separation_in_the_US_prior_to_Brown_Map.svg/525px-Educational_separation_in_the_US_prior_to_Brown_Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Educational_separation_in_the_US_prior_to_Brown_Map.svg/700px-Educational_separation_in_the_US_prior_to_Brown_Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="361" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/School_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="School segregation in the United States">School segregation in the United States</a> by state prior to <i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a></i> (1954).</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Declaration of Constitutional Principles</b> (known informally as the <b>Southern Manifesto</b>) was a document written in February and March 1956, during the <a href="/wiki/84th_United_States_Congress" title="84th United States Congress">84th United States Congress</a>, in opposition to racial integration of public places.<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_Journal_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_Journal-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The manifesto was signed by 19 US Senators and 82 Representatives from the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a>. The signatories included the entire congressional delegations from <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, most of the members from <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, and several members from <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>. All of them were from the former <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate states</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_Journal_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_Journal-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 97 were <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrats</a>; 4 were <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republicans</a>. </p><p>The Manifesto was drafted to support reversing the landmark Supreme Court 1954 ruling <i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a></i>, which determined that <a href="/wiki/School_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="School segregation in the United States">segregation of public schools</a> was unconstitutional. School segregation laws were some of the most enduring and best-known of the <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Crow law">Jim Crow laws</a> that characterized the South at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"<a href="/wiki/Massive_resistance" title="Massive resistance">Massive resistance</a>" to federal court orders requiring school integration was already being practiced across the South, and was not caused by the Manifesto. Senator <a href="/wiki/J._William_Fulbright" title="J. William Fulbright">J. William Fulbright</a> of Arkansas had worked behind the scenes to tone down the original harsh draft. The final version did not pledge to nullify the <i>Brown</i> decision, nor did it support extralegal resistance to desegregation. Instead, it was mostly a <a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">states' rights</a> attack against the judicial branch for overstepping its role.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Southern Manifesto accused the Supreme Court of "clear abuse of judicial power" and promised to use "all lawful means to bring about a reversal of this decision which is contrary to the Constitution and to prevent the use of force in its implementation."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It suggested that the <a href="/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Tenth Amendment</a> should limit the reach of the Supreme Court on such issues.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Senators in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Caucus" title="Southern Caucus">Southern Caucus</a> led the opposition, with <a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Strom Thurmond</a> writing the initial draft and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Russell_Jr." title="Richard Russell Jr.">Richard Russell</a> the final version.<sup id="cite_ref-Time_Magazine_1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time_Magazine_1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three Democratic Senators from the former Confederate states (all of whom had Presidential ambitions<sup id="cite_ref-CaroSenate34_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CaroSenate34-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) did not sign: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Gore_Sr." title="Albert Gore Sr.">Al Gore Sr.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Estes_Kefauver" title="Estes Kefauver">Estes Kefauver</a> of Tennessee</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">Senate Majority Leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon Johnson</a> of Texas</li></ul> <p>The following Democratic Representatives from the former Confederate states also did not sign: </p> <ul><li>16 of 21 Democrats from Texas, including <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker of the House</a> <a href="/wiki/Sam_Rayburn" title="Sam Rayburn">Sam Rayburn</a> and future Speaker <a href="/wiki/Jim_Wright" title="Jim Wright">Jim Wright</a></li> <li>1 of 7 Democrats from Tennessee</li> <li>3 of 11 Democrats from North Carolina</li> <li>1 of 7 Democrats from Florida (<a href="/wiki/Dante_Fascell" title="Dante Fascell">Dante Fascell</a>)</li></ul> <p>Also, none of the 12 U.S. Senators or 39 U.S. House Representatives from the states of <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> signed the Manifesto despite all requiring segregation in their public school systems prior to the <i>Brown v. Board</i> decision.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were seven Republican Representatives and three Senators from former Confederate states. Only four signed the Manifesto: <a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Jonas" title="Charles R. Jonas">Charles Jonas</a> of North Carolina, <a href="/wiki/William_C._Cramer" title="William C. Cramer">William Cramer</a> of Florida, <a href="/wiki/Joel_Broyhill" title="Joel Broyhill">Joel Broyhill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Harding_Poff" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Harding Poff">Richard Poff</a> of Virginia.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Key_quotes">Key quotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Manifesto&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Key quotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"The unwarranted decision of the Supreme Court in the public school cases is now bearing the fruit always produced when men substitute naked power for established law."</li> <li>"The original Constitution does not mention education. Neither does the 14th Amendment nor any other amendment. The debates preceding the submission of the 14th Amendment clearly show that there was no intent that it should affect the system of education maintained by the States."</li> <li>"This unwarranted exercise of power by the Court, contrary to the Constitution, is creating chaos and confusion in the States principally affected. It is destroying the amicable relations between the white and Negro races that have been created through 90 years of patient effort by the good people of both races. It has planted hatred and suspicion where there has been heretofore friendship and understanding."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signatories_and_non-signatories">Signatories and non-signatories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Manifesto&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Signatories and non-signatories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In many southern States, signing was much more common than not signing, with signatories including the entire delegations from Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Virginia. Those from southern states who refused to sign are noted below.<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_Journal_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_Journal-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_Senate_(in_state_order)"><span id="United_States_Senate_.28in_state_order.29"></span>United States Senate (in state order)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Manifesto&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: United States Senate (in state order)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Signatories </th> <th>Non-signatories </th></tr> <tr> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Sparkman" title="John Sparkman">John Sparkman</a> (D-Alabama)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lister_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Lister Hill">Lister Hill</a> (D-Alabama)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._William_Fulbright" title="J. William Fulbright">J. William Fulbright</a> (D-Arkansas)<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_Journal_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_Journal-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_L._McClellan" title="John L. McClellan">John L. McClellan</a> (D-Arkansas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_A._Smathers" class="mw-redirect" title="George A. Smathers">George A. Smathers</a> (D-Florida)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spessard_Holland" title="Spessard Holland">Spessard Holland</a> (D-Florida)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_F._George" title="Walter F. George">Walter F. George</a> (D-Georgia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Russell_Jr." title="Richard Russell Jr.">Richard B. Russell</a> (D-Georgia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_J._Ellender" title="Allen J. Ellender">Allen J. Ellender</a> (D-Louisiana)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_B._Long" title="Russell B. Long">Russell B. Long</a> (D-Louisiana)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_O._Eastland" class="mw-redirect" title="James O. Eastland">James O. Eastland</a> (D-Mississippi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stennis" class="mw-redirect" title="John Stennis">John Stennis</a> (D-Mississippi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ervin" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Ervin">Samuel Ervin</a> (D-North Carolina)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Kerr_Scott" title="W. Kerr Scott">W. Kerr Scott</a> (D-North Carolina)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Strom Thurmond</a> (D-South Carolina)<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_Journal_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_Journal-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olin_D._Johnston" title="Olin D. Johnston">Olin D. Johnston</a> (D-South Carolina)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price_Daniel" title="Price Daniel">Price Daniel</a> (D-Texas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd" title="Harry F. Byrd">Harry F. Byrd</a> (D-Virginia)<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_Journal_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_Journal-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Willis_Robertson" title="A. Willis Robertson">A. Willis Robertson</a> (D-Virginia)</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._Allen_Frear_Jr." title="J. Allen Frear Jr.">Allen Frear</a> (D-Delaware)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Williams_(politician)" title="John J. Williams (politician)">John J. Williams</a> (R-Delaware)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Alben Barkley</a> (D-Kentucky)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earle_Clements" title="Earle Clements">Earle Clements</a> (D-Kentucky)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Glenn_Beall" class="mw-redirect" title="James Glenn Beall">James Glenn Beall</a> (R-Maryland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Butler" title="John Marshall Butler">John Marshall Butler</a> (R-Maryland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Symington" title="Stuart Symington">Stuart Symington</a> (D-Missouri)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._Hennings_Jr." title="Thomas C. Hennings Jr.">Thomas Hennings</a> (D-Missouri)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Kerr" title="Robert S. Kerr">Robert Kerr</a> (D-Oklahoma)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Monroney" title="Mike Monroney">Mike Monroney</a> (D-Oklahoma)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Gore_Sr." title="Albert Gore Sr.">Albert Gore Sr.</a> (D-Tennessee)<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_Journal_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_Journal-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estes_Kefauver" title="Estes Kefauver">Estes Kefauver</a> (D-Tennessee)<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_Journal_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_Journal-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (D-Texas)<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_Journal_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_Journal-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harley_M._Kilgore" title="Harley M. Kilgore">Harley M. Kilgore</a> (D-West Virginia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_M._Neely" title="Matthew M. Neely">Matthew Neely</a> (D-West Virginia)</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_House_of_Representatives">United States House of Representatives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Manifesto&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: United States House of Representatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Signatories </th></tr> <tr> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Andrews" title="George W. Andrews">George W. Andrews</a> (D)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_W._Boykin" title="Frank W. Boykin">Frank W. Boykin</a> (D)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Elliott" title="Carl Elliott">Carl Elliott</a> (D)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Grant" title="George M. Grant">George M. Grant</a> (D)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Huddleston_Jr." title="George Huddleston Jr.">George Huddleston Jr.</a> (D)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Jones_Jr." title="Robert E. Jones Jr.">Robert E. Jones Jr.</a> (D)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Rains" title="Albert Rains">Albert Rains</a> (D)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_A._Roberts" title="Kenneth A. Roberts">Kenneth A. Roberts</a> (D)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistead_Selden" class="mw-redirect" title="Armistead Selden">Armistead Selden</a> (D)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Signatories </th></tr> <tr> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ezekiel_C._Gathings" title="Ezekiel C. Gathings">Ezekiel C. Gathings</a> (D)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oren_Harris" title="Oren Harris">Oren Harris</a> (D)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooks_Hays" title="Brooks Hays">Brooks Hays</a> (D)<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_Journal_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_Journal-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilbur_D._Mills" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilbur D. Mills">Wilbur D. Mills</a> (D)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Norrell" title="William F. Norrell">William F. Norrell</a> (D)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_William_Trimble" title="James William Trimble">James William Trimble</a> (D)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Signatories </th> <th>Non-signatories </th></tr> <tr> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Bennett" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Edward Bennett">Charles Edward Bennett</a> (D)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Cramer" title="William C. Cramer">William C. Cramer</a> (R)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Haley" title="James A. Haley">James A. Haley</a> (D)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syd_Herlong" title="Syd Herlong">Syd Herlong</a> (D)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D.R._%22Billy%22_Matthews" class="mw-redirect" title="D.R. "Billy" Matthews">D.R. "Billy" Matthews</a> (D)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_G._Rogers" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul G. Rogers">Paul G. Rogers</a> (D)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Sikes" title="Bob Sikes">Bob Sikes</a> (D)</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Fascell" title="Dante Fascell">Dante Fascell</a> (D)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Signatories </th></tr> <tr> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iris_F._Blitch" class="mw-redirect" title="Iris F. Blitch">Iris F. Blitch</a> (D)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Brown_(Georgia_politician)" title="Paul Brown (Georgia politician)">Paul Brown</a> (D)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._Davis" title="James C. Davis">James C. Davis</a> (D)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_James_Flynt_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="John James Flynt Jr.">John James Flynt Jr.</a> (D)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tic_Forrester" title="Tic Forrester">Tic Forrester</a> (D)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_M._Landrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Phil M. Landrum">Phil M. Landrum</a> (D)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henderson_Lanham" class="mw-redirect" title="Henderson Lanham">Henderson Lanham</a> (D)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Pilcher" title="J. L. Pilcher">J. L. Pilcher</a> (D)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_H._Preston" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince H. Preston">Prince H. Preston</a> (D)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Vinson" title="Carl Vinson">Carl Vinson</a> (D)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Signatories </th></tr> <tr> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hale_Boggs" title="Hale Boggs">Hale Boggs</a> (D)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton_Brooks" title="Overton Brooks">Overton Brooks</a> (D)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._Edward_Hebert" class="mw-redirect" title="F. Edward Hebert">F. Edward Hebert</a> (D)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Long" title="George S. Long">George S. Long</a> (D)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_H._Morrison" title="James H. Morrison">James H. Morrison</a> (D)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_E._Passman" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto E. Passman">Otto E. Passman</a> (D)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Ashton_Thompson" title="T. Ashton Thompson">T. Ashton Thompson</a> (D)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_E._Willis" title="Edwin E. Willis">Edwin E. Willis</a> (D)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Signatories </th></tr> <tr> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_G._Abernethy" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas G. Abernethy">Thomas G. Abernethy</a> (D)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Colmer" title="William M. Colmer">William M. Colmer</a> (D)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_E._Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank E. Smith">Frank E. Smith</a> (D)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamie_L._Whitten" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamie L. Whitten">Jamie L. Whitten</a> (D)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_Williams" title="John Bell Williams">John Bell Williams</a> (D)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Winstead" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Winstead">Arthur Winstead</a> (D)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Signatories </th> <th>Non-signatories </th></tr> <tr> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Q._Alexander" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh Q. Alexander">Hugh Q. Alexander</a> (D)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_A._Barden" title="Graham A. Barden">Graham A. Barden</a> (D)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_C._Bonner" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert C. Bonner">Herbert C. Bonner</a> (D)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Carlyle" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Carlyle">Frank Carlyle</a> (D)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Durham" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Durham">Carl Durham</a> (D)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Fountain" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence Fountain">Lawrence Fountain</a> (D)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Jonas" title="Charles R. Jonas">Charles R. Jonas</a> (R)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_W._Jones" title="Woodrow W. Jones">Woodrow W. Jones</a> (D)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_A._Shuford" title="George A. Shuford">George A. Shuford</a> (D)</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Chatham" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Chatham">Richard Chatham</a> (D)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_D._Cooley" title="Harold D. Cooley">Harold D. Cooley</a> (D)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_B._Deane" title="Charles B. Deane">Charles Deane</a> (D)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Signatories </th></tr> <tr> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_T._Ashmore" title="Robert T. Ashmore">Robert T. Ashmore</a> (D)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W.J._Bryan_Dorn" class="mw-redirect" title="W.J. Bryan Dorn">W.J. Bryan Dorn</a> (D)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_L._McMillan" title="John L. McMillan">John L. McMillan</a> (D)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_P._Richards" title="James P. Richards">James P. Richards</a> (D)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Riley" title="John J. Riley">John J. Riley</a> (D)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Mendel_Rivers" title="L. Mendel Rivers">L. Mendel Rivers</a> (D)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Signatories </th> <th>Non-signatories </th></tr> <tr> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Bass" title="Ross Bass">Ross Bass</a> (D)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jere_Cooper" title="Jere Cooper">Jere Cooper</a> (D)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifford_Davis_(politician)" title="Clifford Davis (politician)">Clifford Davis</a> (D)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_L._Evins" title="Joe L. Evins">Joe Evins</a> (D)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Frazier_Jr." title="James B. Frazier Jr.">James B. Frazier Jr.</a> (D)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_J._Murray" title="Tom J. Murray">Tom J. Murray</a> (D)</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Baker_Sr." title="Howard Baker Sr.">Howard Baker Sr.</a> (R)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Priest" title="Percy Priest">Percy Priest</a> (D)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._Carroll_Reece" title="B. Carroll Reece">B. Carroll Reece</a> (R)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Signatories </th> <th>Non-signatories </th></tr> <tr> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wright_Patman" title="Wright Patman">Wright Patman</a> (D)<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_Journal_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_Journal-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dowdy" title="John Dowdy">John Dowdy</a> (D)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_E._Rogers" title="Walter E. Rogers">Walter Rogers</a> (D)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/O._C._Fisher" title="O. C. Fisher">O. C. Fisher</a> (D)<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_Journal_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_Journal-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Dies_Jr." title="Martin Dies Jr.">Martin Dies Jr.</a> (D)<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_Journal_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_Journal-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Brooks_(American_politician)" title="Jack Brooks (American politician)">Jack Brooks</a> (D)<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_Journal_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_Journal-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brady_Gentry" class="mw-redirect" title="Brady Gentry">Brady Gentry</a> (D)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Rayburn" title="Sam Rayburn">Sam Rayburn</a> (D)<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_Journal_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_Journal-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Alger" title="Bruce Alger">Bruce Alger</a> (R)<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_Journal_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_Journal-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olin_E._Teague" title="Olin E. Teague">Olin E. Teague</a>(D)<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_Journal_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_Journal-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Thomas_(American_politician)" title="Albert Thomas (American politician)">Albert Thomas</a> (D)<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_Journal_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_Journal-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_W._Thompson_(Texas_politician)" title="Clark W. Thompson (Texas politician)">Clark W. Thompson</a> (D)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer_Thornberry" title="Homer Thornberry">Homer Thornberry</a> (D)<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_Journal_1-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_Journal-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Poage" class="mw-redirect" title="William Poage">William Poage</a> (D)<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_Journal_1-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_Journal-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Wright" title="Jim Wright">Jim Wright</a> (D)<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_Journal_1-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_Journal-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Ikard" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Ikard">Frank Ikard</a> (D)<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_Journal_1-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_Journal-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Bell" title="John J. Bell">John J. Bell</a> (D)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Madison_Kilgore" class="mw-redirect" title="Joe Madison Kilgore">Joe Madison Kilgore</a> (D)<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_Journal_1-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_Journal-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._T._Rutherford" title="J. T. Rutherford">J. T. Rutherford</a> (D)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Burleson" title="Omar Burleson">Omar Burleson</a> (D)<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_Journal_1-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_Journal-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Mahon" title="George H. Mahon">George H. Mahon</a> (D)<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_Journal_1-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_Journal-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Kilday" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Kilday">Paul Kilday</a> (D)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Signatories </th></tr> <tr> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Robeson_Jr." title="Edward J. Robeson Jr.">Edward J. Robeson Jr.</a> (D)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porter_Hardy" class="mw-redirect" title="Porter Hardy">Porter Hardy</a> (D)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Vaughan_Gary" title="J. Vaughan Gary">J. Vaughan Gary</a> (D)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watkins_M._Abbitt" class="mw-redirect" title="Watkins M. Abbitt">Watkins M. Abbitt</a> (D)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Tuck" title="William M. Tuck">William M. Tuck</a> (D)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Harding_Poff" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Harding Poff">Richard Harding Poff</a> (R)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burr_Harrison" title="Burr Harrison">Burr Harrison</a> (D)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_W._Smith" title="Howard W. Smith">Howard W. Smith</a> (D)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pat_Jennings" class="mw-redirect" title="William Pat Jennings">William Pat Jennings</a> (D)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_T._Broyhill" class="mw-redirect" title="Joel T. Broyhill">Joel T. Broyhill</a> (R)</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Manifesto&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Rights_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="American Civil Rights Movement">American Civil Rights Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_Georgia_Memorial_to_Congress" title="1957 Georgia Memorial to Congress">1957 Georgia Memorial to Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massive_resistance" title="Massive resistance">Massive resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">Racial segregation in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrats" title="Southern Democrats">Southern Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Democrat" title="Conservative Democrat">Conservative Democrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/84th_United_States_Congress" title="84th United States Congress">84th United States Congress</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Historical_Journal-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Historical_Journal_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historical_Journal_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historical_Journal_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historical_Journal_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historical_Journal_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historical_Journal_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historical_Journal_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historical_Journal_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historical_Journal_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historical_Journal_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historical_Journal_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historical_Journal_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historical_Journal_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historical_Journal_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historical_Journal_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historical_Journal_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historical_Journal_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historical_Journal_1-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historical_Journal_1-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historical_Journal_1-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historical_Journal_1-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historical_Journal_1-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historical_Journal_1-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historical_Journal_1-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historical_Journal_1-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBadger1999" class="citation journal cs1">Badger, Tony (June 1999). "Southerners Who Refused to Sign the Southern Manifesto". <i>The Historical Journal</i>. <b>42</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">517–</span>534. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X98008346">10.1017/S0018246X98008346</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3020998">3020998</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145083004">145083004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=Southerners+Who+Refused+to+Sign+the+Southern+Manifesto&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E517-%3C%2Fspan%3E534&rft.date=1999-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145083004%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3020998%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0018246X98008346&rft.aulast=Badger&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Manifesto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Kyle Day, <i>The Southern Manifesto: Massive Resistance and the Fight to Preserve Segregation</i> (Univ. Press of Mississippi, 2014).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brent J. Aucoin, "The Southern Manifesto and Southern Opposition to Desegregation". <i>Arkansas Historical Quarterly</i> 55#2 (1996): 173-193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James T. Patterson,<i>Grand Expectations: The United States, 1945-1974</i> (1996), p. 398</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zornick, George. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/republican-race-to-turn-on-tentherism/">"Republican race to turn on 'Tentherism?<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"</a> CBS News, 20 May 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Time_Magazine_1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Time_Magazine_1_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930095317/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,824106,00.html">"The Southern Manifesto"</a>. <i>Time</i>. March 26, 1956. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,824106,00.html">the original</a> on September 30, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 10,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+Southern+Manifesto&rft.date=1956-03-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C824106%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Manifesto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CaroSenate34-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CaroSenate34_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaro2002" class="citation book cs1">Caro, Robert (2002). "34. Finesses". <a href="/wiki/Master_of_the_Senate" title="Master of the Senate"><i>Master of the Senate: The Years of Lyndon Johnson</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_A._Knopf" title="Alfred A. Knopf">Alfred A. Knopf</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-52836-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-52836-0"><bdi>0-394-52836-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=34.+Finesses&rft.btitle=Master+of+the+Senate%3A+The+Years+of+Lyndon+Johnson&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-394-52836-0&rft.aulast=Caro&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Manifesto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1956-pt4/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1956-pt4-3-1.pdf">"Senate – March 12, 1956"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Record" title="Congressional Record">Congressional Record</a></i>. <b>102</b> (4). <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">U.S. Government Printing Office</a>: <span class="nowrap">4459–</span>4461<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 12,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Congressional+Record&rft.atitle=Senate+%E2%80%93+March+12%2C+1956&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4459-%3C%2Fspan%3E4461&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Fcontent%2Fpkg%2FGPO-CRECB-1956-pt4%2Fpdf%2FGPO-CRECB-1956-pt4-3-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Manifesto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.cqpress.com/cqalmanac/document.php?id=cqal56-1349188">"Southern Congressmen Present Segregation Manifesto"</a>. <i>CQ Almanac</i>. 1956<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 3,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CQ+Almanac&rft.atitle=Southern+Congressmen+Present+Segregation+Manifesto&rft.date=1956&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.cqpress.com%2Fcqalmanac%2Fdocument.php%3Fid%3Dcqal56-1349188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Manifesto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/supremecourt/rights/sources_document2.html">"Southern Manifesto on Integration (March 12, 1956)"</a>. <i>Thirteen.org</i>. June 25, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200528221814/https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/supremecourt/rights/sources_document2.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 28, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 25,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Thirteen.org&rft.atitle=Southern+Manifesto+on+Integration+%28March+12%2C+1956%29&rft.date=2020-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thirteen.org%2Fwnet%2Fsupremecourt%2Frights%2Fsources_document2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Manifesto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Manifesto&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAucoin1996" class="citation journal cs1">Aucoin, Brent J. (1996). "The Southern Manifesto and Southern Opposition to Desegregation". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Arkansas_Historical_Quarterly" title="The Arkansas Historical Quarterly">The Arkansas Historical Quarterly</a></i>. <b>55</b> (2). Arkansas Historical Association: <span class="nowrap">173–</span>193. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F40030963">10.2307/40030963</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40030963">40030963</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Arkansas+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Southern+Manifesto+and+Southern+Opposition+to+Desegregation&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E173-%3C%2Fspan%3E193&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F40030963&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40030963%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Aucoin&rft.aufirst=Brent+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Manifesto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBadger1999" class="citation journal cs1">Badger, Tony (1999). "Southerners Who Refused to Sign the Southern Manifesto". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Historical_Journal" title="The Historical Journal">The Historical Journal</a></i>. <b>42</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>: <span class="nowrap">517–</span>534. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X98008346">10.1017/S0018246X98008346</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3020998">3020998</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145083004">145083004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=Southerners+Who+Refused+to+Sign+the+Southern+Manifesto&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E517-%3C%2Fspan%3E534&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145083004%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3020998%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0018246X98008346&rft.aulast=Badger&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Manifesto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHendersonBrown2016" class="citation journal cs1">Henderson, Cheryl Brown; Brown, Steven M. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311248609">"The Southern Manifesto: A Doctrine of Resistance 60 Years Later"</a>. <i>Journal of School Choice</i>. <b>10</b> (4). <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>: <span class="nowrap">412–</span>419. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15582159.2016.1238732">10.1080/15582159.2016.1238732</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151491215">151491215</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+School+Choice&rft.atitle=The+Southern+Manifesto%3A+A+Doctrine+of+Resistance+60+Years+Later&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E412-%3C%2Fspan%3E419&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F15582159.2016.1238732&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A151491215%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=Cheryl+Brown&rft.au=Brown%2C+Steven+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F311248609&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Manifesto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDay2015" class="citation book cs1">Day, John Kyle (2015) [2014]. <i>The Southern Manifesto: Massive Resistance and the Fight to Preserve Segregation</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Mississippi" title="University Press of Mississippi">University Press of Mississippi</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1496804501" title="Special:BookSources/978-1496804501"><bdi>978-1496804501</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Southern+Manifesto%3A+Massive+Resistance+and+the+Fight+to+Preserve+Segregation&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1496804501&rft.aulast=Day&rft.aufirst=John+Kyle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Manifesto" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Manifesto&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150926013722/http://sti.clemson.edu/component/content/article/192-general-info/790-1956-qsouthern-manifestoq">Manifesto text and signers from the Congressional Record</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1956-pt4/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1956-pt4-3-1.pdf">102 Congressional Record (Bound) - Volume 102, Part 4 (March 12, 1956)</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Record" title="Congressional Record">Congressional Record</a></i> Senate March 12 statement pp. 4459–4461</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.cqpress.com/cqalmanac/document.php?id=cqal56-1349188">Southern Congressmen Present Segregation Manifesto</a> An article from CQ Almanac 1956 which includes the Representatives that signed on after the Manifesto was read into the Congressional Record.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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