CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="cy" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Ioga - Wicipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )cywikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","Ionawr","Chwefror","Mawrth","Ebrill","Mai","Mehefin","Gorffennaf","Awst","Medi","Hydref","Tachwedd","Rhagfyr"],"wgRequestId":"3636bbf6-eaa6-45c2-8b9e-bbb49dfd3af4","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Ioga","wgTitle":"Ioga","wgCurRevisionId":13520121,"wgRevisionId":13520121,"wgArticleId":64864,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Tudalennau gyda meysydd deublyg yn y Nodion","Nodyn","Tudalennau sy'n defnyddio dolenni hud ISBN","Erthyglau sy'n defnyddio Nodyn Gwybodlen pethau Wicidata","Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers","Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers","Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers","Ioga","Athroniaeth India","Hindŵaeth","Myfyrdod","Ymarfer corff"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"cy","wgPageContentLanguage":"cy","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Ioga","wgRelevantArticleId":64864,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"cy","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"cy"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q9350","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=cy&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=cy&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=cy&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.23"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Bharadwaja.jpg/1200px-Bharadwaja.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1679"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Bharadwaja.jpg/800px-Bharadwaja.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1120"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Bharadwaja.jpg/640px-Bharadwaja.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="896"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Ioga - Wicipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//cy.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioga"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Golygu" href="/w/index.php?title=Ioga&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wicipedia (cy)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//cy.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioga"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.cy"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Ffrwd Atom Wicipedia" href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="auth.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Ioga rootpage-Ioga skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Neidio i'r cynnwys</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Safle"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Prif ddewislen" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prif ddewislen" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Prif ddewislen </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Prif ddewislen</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">symud i'r bar ochr</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">cuddio</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Llywio </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hafan" title="Ymweld â'r Hafan [z]" accesskey="z">Hafan</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wicipedia:Porth_y_Gymuned" title="Pethau i'w gwneud, adnoddau a thudalennau'r gymuned">Porth y Gymuned</a></li><li id="n-cafe" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wicipedia:Y_Caffi">Y Caffi</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Categori:Materion_cyfoes" title="Gwybodaeth yn gysylltiedig â materion cyfoes">Materion cyfoes</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:RecentChanges" title="Rhestr y newidiadau diweddar ar y wici. [r]" accesskey="r">Newidiadau diweddar</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:Random" title="Llwytho tudalen ar hap [x]" accesskey="x">Erthygl ar hap</a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wicipedia:Cymorth" title="Tudalennau cymorth">Cymorth</a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:SpecialPages">Tudalennau arbennig</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Hafan" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wicipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-cy.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-cy.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Chwilio Wicipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Chwilio </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Chwilio Wicipedia" aria-label="Chwilio Wicipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Chwilio Wicipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Arbennig:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Chwilio</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Offer personol"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Gwedd"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Newidiwch ymddangosiad maint ffont, lled a lliw y dudalen" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gwedd" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Gwedd </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=cy.wikipedia.org&uselang=cy" class="">Rhoi</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:CreateAccount&returnto=Ioga" title="Rydym yn argymell eich bod yn creu cyfri ac yn menwgofnodi. Fodd bynnag, dydy hyn ddim yn orfodol" class="">Creu cyfrif</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:UserLogin&returnto=Ioga" title="Fe'ch anogir i fewngofnodi, er nad oes rhaid gwneud. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Mewngofnodi</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Rhagor o opsiynau" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Offer personol" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Offer personol </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal" title="Dewislen defnyddiwr" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=cy.wikipedia.org&uselang=cy">Rhoi</a></li><li id="pt-contribute" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:Contribute"> Cyfrannu</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:CreateAccount&returnto=Ioga" title="Rydym yn argymell eich bod yn creu cyfri ac yn menwgofnodi. Fodd bynnag, dydy hyn ddim yn orfodol"> Creu cyfrif</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:UserLogin&returnto=Ioga" title="Fe'ch anogir i fewngofnodi, er nad oes rhaid gwneud. [o]" accesskey="o"> Mewngofnodi</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tudalennau ar gyfer golygyddion allgofnodedig <a href="/wiki/Cymorth:Cyflwyniad" aria-label="Dysgu mwy am olygu">dysgu mwy</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:MyTalk" title="Sgwrs ynglŷn â golygiadau o'r cyfeiriad IP hwn [n]" accesskey="n">Sgwrs</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Safle"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Cynnwys" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Cynnwys</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">symud i'r bar ochr</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">cuddio</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Y dechrau</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymoleg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymoleg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Etymoleg </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymoleg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diffiniad_mewn_testunau_Indiaidd_clasurol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diffiniad_mewn_testunau_Indiaidd_clasurol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Diffiniad mewn testunau Indiaidd clasurol </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diffiniad_mewn_testunau_Indiaidd_clasurol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nodau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nodau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Nodau </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nodau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hanes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hanes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Hanes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hanes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toglo is-adran Hanes </button> <ul id="toc-Hanes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gwreiddiau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gwreiddiau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Gwreiddiau </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gwreiddiau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Y_cyfeiriadau_cynharaf_(1000–500_CC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Y_cyfeiriadau_cynharaf_(1000–500_CC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Y cyfeiriadau cynharaf (1000–500 CC) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Y_cyfeiriadau_cynharaf_(1000–500_CC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Y_Cyfnod_500-200_CC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Y_Cyfnod_500-200_CC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Y Cyfnod 500-200 CC </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Y_Cyfnod_500-200_CC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Upanishadau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upanishadau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Upanishadau </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upanishadau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Testunau_hanesyddol_Macedonaidd" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Testunau_hanesyddol_Macedonaidd"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2 Testunau hanesyddol Macedonaidd </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Testunau_hanesyddol_Macedonaidd-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oes_glasurol_(200_BCE_-_500_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oes_glasurol_(200_BCE_-_500_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Oes glasurol (200 BCE - 500 CE) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oes_glasurol_(200_BCE_-_500_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Swtrâu_Ioga_Patanjalii" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Swtrâu_Ioga_Patanjalii"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.1 Swtrâu Ioga Patanjalii </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Swtrâu_Ioga_Patanjalii-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adfywiad_modern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adfywiad_modern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Adfywiad modern </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adfywiad_modern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traddodiadau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traddodiadau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Traddodiadau </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Traddodiadau-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toglo is-adran Traddodiadau </button> <ul id="toc-Traddodiadau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ioga_Jain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ioga_Jain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Ioga Jain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ioga_Jain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ioga_Bwdhaidd" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ioga_Bwdhaidd"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Ioga Bwdhaidd </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ioga_Bwdhaidd-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ioga_clasurol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ioga_clasurol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Ioga clasurol </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ioga_clasurol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ioga_tantrig" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ioga_tantrig"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Ioga tantrig </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ioga_tantrig-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ioga_hatha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ioga_hatha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Ioga hatha </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ioga_hatha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yoga_noeth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yoga_noeth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Yoga noeth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yoga_noeth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gweler_hefyd" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gweler_hefyd"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Gweler hefyd </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gweler_hefyd-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cyfeiriadau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cyfeiriadau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Cyfeiriadau </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cyfeiriadau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Llyfryddiaeth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Llyfryddiaeth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Llyfryddiaeth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Llyfryddiaeth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ffynonellau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ffynonellau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Ffynonellau </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ffynonellau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gweler_hefyd_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gweler_hefyd_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Gweler hefyd </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gweler_hefyd_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cynnwys" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Tabl Cynnwys" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toglo'r tabl cynnwys" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toglo'r tabl cynnwys </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Ioga</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ewch i erthygl mewn iaith arall. Ar gael mewn 131 iaith" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-131" aria-hidden="true" > 131 iaith </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joga" title="Joga - Affricaneg" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Joga" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Affricaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga - Almaeneg y Swistir" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Yoga" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Almaeneg y Swistir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga - Aragoneg" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Yoga" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragoneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%A7" title="يوجا - Arabeg" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يوجا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%A7" title="يوجا - Arabeg yr Aifft" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="يوجا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arabeg yr Aifft" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8" title="যোগাসন - Asameg" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="যোগাসন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Asameg" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga - Astwrianeg" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Yoga" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Astwrianeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="योग - Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="योग" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoqa" title="Yoqa - Aserbaijaneg" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yoqa" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Aserbaijaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A7" title="یوقا - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یوقا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Йога - Bashcorteg" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Йога" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashcorteg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga - Balïeg" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Yoga" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balïeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joga" title="Joga - Samogiteg" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Joga" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogiteg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga - Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Yoga" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%81%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Ёга - Belarwseg" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ёга" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarwseg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%81%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Ёга - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ёга" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Йога - Bwlgareg" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Йога" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bwlgareg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="योग - Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="योग" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga - Bambareg" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Yoga" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambareg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="যোগব্যায়াম - Bengaleg" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="যোগব্যায়াম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82" title="ཡོ་ག - Tibeteg" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཡོ་ག" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibeteg" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga - Llydaweg" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yoga" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Llydaweg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joga" title="Joga - Bosnieg" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Joga" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnieg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga - Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Yoga" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Налжор - Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Налжор" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioga" title="Ioga - Catalaneg" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ioga" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Йога - Tsietsieneg" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Йога" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Tsietsieneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%DB%86%DA%AF%D8%A7" title="یۆگا - Cwrdeg Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="یۆگا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Cwrdeg Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3ga" title="Jóga - Tsieceg" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jóga" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsieceg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga - Daneg" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Yoga" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Daneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga - Almaeneg" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Yoga" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Almaeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga - Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Yoga" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B9%CF%8C%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B1" title="Γιόγκα - Groeg" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γιόγκα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Groeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dda"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga - Saesneg" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Yoga" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Saesneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jogo" title="Jogo - Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Jogo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga - Sbaeneg" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Yoga" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sbaeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jooga" title="Jooga - Estoneg" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jooga" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estoneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga - Basgeg" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Yoga" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basgeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%A7" title="یوگا - Perseg" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یوگا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perseg" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jooga" title="Jooga - Ffinneg" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jooga" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Ffinneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jooga" title="Jooga - Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Jooga" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga - Ffrangeg" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Yoga" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Ffrangeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B3ga" title="Ióga - Gwyddeleg" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ióga" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Gwyddeleg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioga" title="Ioga - Galisieg" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ioga" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisieg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="योग - Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="योग" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%97_(%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%95_%E0%AA%9C%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%B6%E0%AB%88%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%80)" title="યોગ (મનોશારીરીક જીવનશૈલી) - Gwjarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="યોગ (મનોશારીરીક જીવનશૈલી)" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gwjarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%92%D7%94" title="יוגה - Hebraeg" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יוגה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebraeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="योग - Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="योग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga - Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Yoga" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joga" title="Joga - Croateg" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Joga" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croateg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga - Creol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Yoga" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Creol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3ga" title="Jóga - Hwngareg" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jóga" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hwngareg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%85%D5%B8%D5%A3%D5%A1" title="Յոգա - Armeneg" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Յոգա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%B8%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Եոկա - Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Եոկա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga - Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Yoga" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga - Indoneseg" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Yoga" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indoneseg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga - Ilocaneg" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Yoga" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Ilocaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3ga" title="Jóga - Islandeg" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Jóga" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga - Eidaleg" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Yoga" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Eidaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A8%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AC" title="ヨーガ - Japaneeg" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヨーガ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japaneeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuoga" title="Yuoga - Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Yuoga" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga - Jafanaeg" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Yoga" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jafanaeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%90" title="იოგა - Georgeg" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იოგა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogaa" title="Yogaa - Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Yogaa" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Йога - Casacheg" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Йога" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Casacheg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%97" title="ಯೋಗ - Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಯೋಗ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%94%EA%B0%80" title="요가 - Coreeg" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="요가" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Coreeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%A7" title="یوگا - Cashmireg" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="یوگا" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Cashmireg" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Йога - Cirgiseg" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Йога" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Cirgiseg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioga" title="Ioga - Lladin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ioga" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Lladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga - Lombardeg" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Yoga" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombardeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joga" title="Joga - Lithwaneg" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Joga" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithwaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joga" title="Joga - Latfieg" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Joga" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latfieg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="योग - Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="योग" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Јога - Macedoneg" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јога" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedoneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%82" title="യോഗം - Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യോഗം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%B3" title="Йог - Mongoleg" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Йог" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongoleg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="योग - Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="योग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga - Maleieg" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Yoga" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleieg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioga" title="Ioga - Mirandeg" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Ioga" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%82%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%84%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%89%E1%80%BA" title="ယောဂကျင့်စဉ် - Byrmaneg" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ယောဂကျင့်စဉ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Byrmaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga - Sacsoneg Isel" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Yoga" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Sacsoneg Isel" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="योग - Nepaleg" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="योग" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="योग - Newaeg" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="योग" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newaeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga - Iseldireg" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Yoga" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Iseldireg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga - Norwyeg Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Yoga" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwyeg Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga - Norwyeg Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Yoga" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwyeg Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B2ga" title="Iòga - Ocsitaneg" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Iòga" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ocsitaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AF%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%97" title="ଯୋଗ - Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଯୋଗ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A3" title="ਯੋਗਾਸਣ - Pwnjabeg" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਯੋਗਾਸਣ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Pwnjabeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="योग - Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="योग" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joga" title="Joga - Pwyleg" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Joga" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pwyleg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B2ga" title="Jòga - Piedmonteg" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Jòga" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmonteg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%A7" title="یوگا - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="یوگا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioga" title="Ioga - Portiwgaleg" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ioga" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portiwgaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuqa" title="Yuqa - Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Yuqa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga - Rwmaneg" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Yoga" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rwmaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Йога - Rwseg" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Йога" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rwseg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D2%91%D0%B0" title="Йоґа - Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Йоґа" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga - Ciniarŵandeg" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Yoga" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Ciniarŵandeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%83" title="योगः - Sansgrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="योगः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sansgrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Йога - Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Йога" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱭᱚᱜᱟ - Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱭᱚᱜᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga - Sgoteg" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Yoga" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Sgoteg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joga" title="Joga - Serbo-Croateg" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Joga" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croateg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%9C" title="යෝග - Sinhaleg" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="යෝග" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Yoga" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joga" title="Joga - Slofaceg" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Joga" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slofaceg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joga" title="Joga - Slofeneg" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Joga" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slofeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joga" title="Joga - Albaneg" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Joga" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joga" title="Joga - Serbeg" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Joga" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga - Swedeg" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Yoga" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga - Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Yoga" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="யோகக் கலை - Tamileg" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="யோகக் கலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamileg" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%97" title="ಯೋಗ - Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಯೋಗ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%BE" title="యోగా - Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="యోగా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Йога - Tajiceg" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Йога" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajiceg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B0" title="โยคะ - Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โยคะ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga - Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Yoga" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga - Tyrceg" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yoga" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Tyrceg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Йога - Tatareg" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Йога" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatareg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Йога - Wcreineg" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Йога" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Wcreineg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%A7" title="یوگا - Wrdw" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یوگا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Wrdw" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga - Wsbeceg" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yoga" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Wsbeceg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga - Fietnameg" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Yoga" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Fietnameg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga - Winarayeg" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Yoga" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Winarayeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%91%9C%E4%BC%BD" title="瑜伽 - Wu Tsieineaidd" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="瑜伽" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tsieineaidd" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%90%D7%92%D7%90" title="יאגא - Iddew-Almaeneg" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="יאגא" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Iddew-Almaeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%91%9C%E4%BC%BD" title="瑜伽 - Tsieinëeg" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="瑜伽" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tsieinëeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga - Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Yoga" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%91%9C%E4%BC%BD" title="瑜伽 - Cantoneeg" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="瑜伽" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantoneeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9350#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Golygu dolenni rhyngwici" class="wbc-editpage">Golygu dolenni</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Parthau"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ioga" title="Gweld y dudalen bwnc [c]" accesskey="c">Erthygl</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sgwrs:Ioga&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Sgwrsio am y dudalen (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli) [t]" accesskey="t">Sgwrs</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Newid amrywiad iaith" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Cymraeg </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Golygon"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ioga">Darllen</a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioga&veaction=edit" title="Golygu'r dudalen hon [v]" accesskey="v">Golygu</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioga&action=edit" title="Golygu cod ffynhonnell y dudalen hon [e]" accesskey="e">Golygu cod</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioga&action=history" title="Fersiynau cynt o'r dudalen hon. [h]" accesskey="h">Gweld hanes</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Offer tudalen"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Blwch offer" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Blwch offer </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Blwch offer</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">symud i'r bar ochr</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">cuddio</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Rhagor o opsiynau" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Gweithredoedd </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ioga">Darllen</a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioga&veaction=edit" title="Golygu'r dudalen hon [v]" accesskey="v">Golygu</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioga&action=edit" title="Golygu cod ffynhonnell y dudalen hon [e]" accesskey="e">Golygu cod</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioga&action=history">Gweld hanes</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cyffredinol </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:WhatLinksHere/Ioga" title="Rhestr o bob tudalen sy'n cysylltu â hon [j]" accesskey="j">Beth sy'n cysylltu yma</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:RecentChangesLinked/Ioga" rel="nofollow" title="Newidiadau diweddar i dudalennau sydd yn cysylltu â hon [k]" accesskey="k">Newidiadau perthnasol</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioga&oldid=13520121" title="Dolen barhaol i'r fersiwn hwn y dudalen hon">Dolen barhaol</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioga&action=info" title="Mwy o wybodaeth am y dudalen hon">Gwybodaeth am y dudalen</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:CiteThisPage&page=Ioga&id=13520121&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Gwybodaeth ar sut i gyfeirio at y dudalen hon">Cyfeirio at y dudalen hon</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIoga">Cael URL byr</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIoga">Lawrlwytho cod QR</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Argraffu / allforio </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Ioga">Llunio llyfr</a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:DownloadAsPdf&page=Ioga&action=show-download-screen">Lawrlwytho fel PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioga&printable=yes" title="Cynhyrchwch fersiwn o'r dudalen yn barod at ei hargraffu [p]" accesskey="p">Fersiwn argraffu</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Mewn prosiectau eraill </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Yoga" hreflang="en">Comin Wikimedia</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9350" title="Cysylltu i eitem ystorfa gysylltiedig [g]" accesskey="g">Eitem Wicidata</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Offer tudalen"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Gwedd"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Gwedd</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">symud i'r bar ochr</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">cuddio</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Oddi ar Wicipedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="cy" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" style="width:22em"><caption>Ioga</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Bharadwaja.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Bharadwaja.jpg/220px-Bharadwaja.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Bharadwaja.jpg/330px-Bharadwaja.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Bharadwaja.jpg/440px-Bharadwaja.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3425" data-file-height="4793" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Math</th><td><a href="/wiki/Ymarfer_corff" title="Ymarfer corff">Ymarfer corff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ymarfer_ysbrydol" title="Ymarfer ysbrydol">Ymarfer ysbrydol</a>, therapi corff-a-meddwl <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9350?uselang=cy#P279" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Gwlad</th><td>India <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9350?uselang=cy#P495" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Rhan o</th><td>etifeddiaeth ddiwylliannol na ellir ei chyffwrdd <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9350?uselang=cy#P361" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Yn cynnwys</th><td><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">asana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pranayama" title="Pranayama">Pranayama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myfyrdod" title="Myfyrdod">myfyrdod</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9350?uselang=cy#P527" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><img alt="Tudalen Comin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Yoga" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Yoga">Ffeiliau perthnasol ar Gomin Wicimedia</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Sivakempfort.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Sivakempfort.jpg/330px-Sivakempfort.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="367" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Sivakempfort.jpg/500px-Sivakempfort.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Sivakempfort.jpg/550px-Sivakempfort.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Cerflun o <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> yn perfformio myfyrdod iogig yn yr ymddaliad <a href="/w/index.php?title=Padmasana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Padmasana (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Padmasana</a>.</figcaption></figure> Disgyblaethau traddodial meddyliol a chorfforol sy'n tarddu o <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> yw ioga<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sansgrit" title="Sansgrit">Sansgrit</a>, <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli">Pāli</a>: योग yóga).<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tattvarthasutra_2007_p._102-3">[3]</a> Mae ioga hefyd yn un o chwe ysgol uniongred (āstika) <a href="/wiki/Athroniaeth" title="Athroniaeth">athroniaeth</a> <a href="/wiki/Hind%C5%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindŵ">Hindŵ</a>, ac at y nod mae'r ygol hwnnw yn anelu ati.<a href="#cite_note-Jacobsen-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Mae hefyd yn cyfeirio at y swm o'r holl weithgareddau meddyliol, llafar a chorfforol yn <a href="/wiki/Jainiaeth" title="Jainiaeth">Jainiaeth</a>. Gelwir gwahanol safleoedd neu siâp y corff yn <a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">asana</a> a <a href="/wiki/Rhestr_o_safleoedd_ioga" title="Rhestr o safleoedd ioga">cheir rhai cannoedd ohonynt</a>. Mae prif ganghennau ioga yn athroniaeth Hindŵ yn cynnwys <a href="/wiki/Ioga_R%C4%81ja" title="Ioga Rāja">Ioga Rāja</a>, Ioga Karma, Ioga Jnana, Ioga Bhakti, a Ioga Hatha.<a href="#cite_note-yogaTrads1_042007-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-yogaTrads2_042007-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-yogaTrads_3042007-8">[8]</a> Caiff Ioga Raja ei grynhoi yn <a href="/wiki/Swtr%C3%A2u_Ioga_Patanjali" title="Swtrâu Ioga Patanjali">Swtrâu Ioga Patanjali</a>, ac adnabyddir yn syml fel Ioga yng nghyd-destun athroniaeth Hindŵ, ac mae'n ran o draddodiad <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samkhya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samkhya (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Samkhya</a><a href="#cite_note-Jacobsen-4">[4]</a> Mae nifer o destunau Hindŵ yn trafod agweddau o ioga, gan gynnwys <a href="/wiki/Upanishadau" title="Upanishadau">Upanishadau</a>, y <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhagavad_Gita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bhagavad Gita (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Bhagavad Gita</a>, y <a href="/wiki/Ioga_Hatha" title="Ioga Hatha">Pradipika Ioga Hatha</a>, y <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shiva_Samhita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shiva Samhita (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Shiva Samhita</a> ac amryw o <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">dantrâu</a>. Mae gan y gair Sansgrit "ioga" sawl ystyr,<a href="#cite_note-Apte-9">[9]</a> ac mae'n tarddu o'r gwraidd <a href="/wiki/Sansgrit" title="Sansgrit">Sansgrit</a> yuj, sy'n golygu "i reoli", "i ieuo" neu "i uno".<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Mae cyfeiithiadau'n cynnwyr "ymuno", "cyfuno", "undeb", "cysylltair", a "modd".<a href="#cite_note-Apte-9">[9]</a> Yn gyffredinol tu allan i India, mae'r term ioga yn cael ei gysylltu â <a href="/wiki/Ioga_Hatha" title="Ioga Hatha">Ioga Hatha</a> a'i <a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">asanas</a> (ymddaliadau) neu fel ffurf o <a href="/wiki/Ymarfer_corff" title="Ymarfer corff">ymarfer corff</a>. Gelwir un sy'n ymarfer ioga neu'n dilyn athroniaeth ioga yn iogi.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-12">[12]</a> Nid oes consensws ar gronoleg na gwreiddiau ioga heblaw ei fod wedi datblygu yn yr <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> hynafol. Mae dwy ddamcaniaeth eang yn egluro gwreiddiau ioga. Yn gyntaf, mae'r model llinellol yn dadlau bod gan ioga darddiad Aryan, fel yr adlewyrchir yn y corpws testunol Vedig, ac a ddylanwadodd ar Fwdhaeth. Cefnogir y model hwn yn bennaf gan ysgolheigion Hindŵaidd.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrangle19941-2-13">[13]</a> Mae'r model hwn yn cael ei ffafrio gan ysgolheictod dwyreiniol. Yr ail ddamcaniaeth yw bod ioga'n synthesis o arferion cynhenid, nad ydynt yn Aryan gydag elfennau Aryan. Mae'r model hwn yn cael ei ffafrio gan ysgolheictod y gorllewin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrangle19941-2-13">[13]</a> Cyfansoddwyd yr Upanishad, ar ddiwedd y cyfnod Vedic, ac mae nhw'n cynnwys y cyfeiriadau cyntaf at arferion y gellir eu hadnabod fel ioga clasurol.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2009-14">[14]</a> Mae ymddangosiad cyntaf y gair "ioga", gyda'r un ystyr â'r term modern, yn y Katha Upanishad,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingleton2010-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996-16">[16]</a> a gyfansoddwyd yn ôl pob tebyg rhwng y 5g a'r 3g CC,<a href="#cite_note-Stephen_Phillips_2009_28–30-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Olivelle1998p12-18">[18]</a> lle caiff ei ddiffinio fel rheolaeth gyson ar y synhwyrau, ac atal gweithgaredd meddyliol, s'n arwain at gyflwr uwchnaturiol.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Mae'n diffinio lefelau amrywiol o fodolaeth (neu gyflwr). Felly mae yoga yn cael ei ystyried yn broses o fewnoli neu o esgyniad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhicher1998-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen2011-22">[22]</a> Dyma'r gwaith llenyddol cynharaf sy'n tynnu sylw at hanfodion ioga. Mae'r term "yoga" yn y byd Gorllewinol yn aml yn dynodi ffurf fodern o <a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatha yoga">hatha ioga</a> a thechneg ffitrwydd corfforol, lleddfu straen ac ymlacio ar sail osgo'r corff,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurley2000-23">[23]</a> sy'n cynnwys yr <a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">asanas</a> yn bennaf <a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> mewn cyferbyniad ag ioga traddodiadol, sy'n canolbwyntio ar <a href="/wiki/Myfyrdod" title="Myfyrdod">fyfyrio</a> ac ymneilltuo o bethau bydol.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurley2000-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Fe’i cyflwynwyd gan gwrws o <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, yn dilyn llwyddiant <a href="/wiki/Vivekananda" title="Vivekananda">addasiad Vivekananda</a> o ioga heb asanas ar ddiwedd y <a href="/wiki/19g" class="mw-redirect" title="19g">19g</a> a dechrau’r <a href="/wiki/20g" class="mw-redirect" title="20g">20g</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2011-26">[26]</a> a gyflwynodd <a href="/wiki/Ioga_Swtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Ioga Swtra">Ioga Swtra</a> i’r Gorllewin. Enillodd yr Ioga Swtra amlygrwydd yn yr 20g yn dilyn llwyddiant Ioga hatha.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2014-27">[27]</a> Mae dosbarthu asanas i grwpiau cyffredinol yn newid o ysgol i ysgol, ond, yn fras, mae'r canlynol yn eitha cyffredin: <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Asanas_sefyll" title="Asanas sefyll">Asanas sefyll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanas_eistedd" title="Asanas eistedd">Asanas eistedd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanas_penlinio" title="Asanas penlinio">Asanas penlinio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanas_lledorwedd" title="Asanas lledorwedd">Asanas lledorwedd</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asanas_tro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asanas tro (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Asanas tro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanas_gwrthdro" title="Asanas gwrthdro">Asanas gwrthdro</a> (Inverted asanas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanas_ymlaciol" title="Asanas ymlaciol">Asanas ymlaciol</a></li></ol> Rhaid cofio fod ambell asana'n perthyn i fwy nag un grwp. Ceir hefyd grwp o asanas a ddefnyddir i <a href="/wiki/Myfyrio" class="mw-redirect" title="Myfyrio">fyfyrio</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymoleg">Etymoleg</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioga&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Golygu'r adran: Etymoleg" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioga&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Etymoleg">golygu cod</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Patanjali_Statue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Patanjali_Statue.jpg/330px-Patanjali_Statue.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Patanjali_Statue.jpg/500px-Patanjali_Statue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Patanjali_Statue.jpg/550px-Patanjali_Statue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption> Cerflun o Patañjali, awdur y testun craidd <a href="/wiki/Swtr%C3%A2u_Ioga_Patanjali" title="Swtrâu Ioga Patanjali">Swtrâu Ioga Patanjali</a>, yn myfyrio yn Padmasana .</figcaption></figure> Mae'r enw <a href="/wiki/Sansgrit" title="Sansgrit">Sansgrit</a> ioga'n deillio o'r gwreiddyn Sansgrit yuj (युज्) "i atodi, i uno dau beth, cymeryd harnais, neu iau".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESatyananda2008-28">[28]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2011-26">[26]</a> Yn ôl Burley, mae'r defnydd cyntaf o wraidd y gair "yoga" yn emyn 5.81.1 o'r <a href="/wiki/Rig_Veda" title="Rig Veda">Rig Veda</a>, sef cysegriad i dduw'r Haul sy'n codi yn y bore (Savitri), lle mae wedi'i ddehongli fel "iau" neu "yr iau yn ei reoli".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurley2000-23">[23]</a> Efallai y gellir edrych ar iau neu harnais (neu iogai ei hun) fel offer sy'n rheoli, yn angori neu'n tawelu'r person. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Bird_of_Paradise_Pose_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bird_of_Paradise_Pose_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Bird_of_Paradise_Pose_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bird_of_Paradise_Pose_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Bird_of_Paradise_Pose_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Bird_of_Paradise_Pose_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="368" data-file-height="561" /></a><figcaption>Ioga modern: Aderyn Paradwys (Utthita Padangusthasana)</figcaption></figure> Yn ôl Pāṇini yn y <a href="/wiki/4g" class="mw-redirect" title="4g">4g</a> , fodd bynnag, gall y term yoga ddeillio o'r naill neu'r llall o ddau wreiddyn: ioga yujir (i gario'r iau) neu yuj samādhau ("i ganolbwyntio").<a href="#cite_note-Dasgupta_1975_226-29">[29]</a> Yng nghyd-destun y Sutras Ioga, mae'r gwreiddyn yuj samādhau (i ganolbwyntio) yn cael ei ystyried gan sylwebyddion traddodiadol fel yr etymoleg gywir. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2009-14">[14]</a> Yn unol â Pāṇini, nododd <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vyasa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vyasa (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Vyasa</a> a ysgrifennodd y sylwebaeth gyntaf ar yr <a href="/wiki/Ioga_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Ioga Sutras">Ioga Sutras</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2009-14">[14]</a> bod ioga'n golygu samādhi (canolbwyntio).<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Mae gan y term <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kriy%C4%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kriyā (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">kriyāyoga</a> ystyr dechnegol yn y Yoga Sutras (2.1), lle mae'n dynodi agweddau "ymarferol" o athroniaeth o uno'r iogi drwy "undeb â'r goruchaf".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhicher1998-21">[21]</a> Gelwir rhywun sy'n ymarfer ioga neu'n dilyn athroniaeth ioga gyda lefel uchel o ymrwymiad yn iogi (gellir ei gymhwyso i fenyw neu ddyn, neu arall).<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diffiniad_mewn_testunau_Indiaidd_clasurol">Diffiniad mewn testunau Indiaidd clasurol</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioga&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Golygu'r adran: Diffiniad mewn testunau Indiaidd clasurol" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioga&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Diffiniad mewn testunau Indiaidd clasurol">golygu cod</a>]</div> Mae'r term Ioga wedi'i ddiffinio mewn amrywiol ffyrdd yn y nifer o wahanol draddodiadau athronyddol a chrefyddol Indiaidd. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nodau">Nodau</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioga&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Golygu'r adran: Nodau" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioga&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Nodau">golygu cod</a>]</div> Nod eithaf ioga yw <a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">tawelu'r meddwl</a> a chael mewnwelediad, gorffwys gyda'r ymwybyddiaeth ar wahân, rhyddhau <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a> o <a href="/wiki/Samsara" title="Samsara">Samsara</a> a Duḥkha. Mae'n broses neu'n ddisgyblaeth sy'n arwain at undod (Aikyam) gyda'r <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brahman (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Dwyfol (Brahman)</a> neu gyda'ch Hunan (Atman).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimes1996359-31">[31]</a> Mae llunio'r nod hwn yn amrywio yn ôl y system athronyddol neu ddiwinyddol. Yn system glasurol <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashtanga_(wyth_aelod_o_ioga)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ashtanga (wyth aelod o ioga) (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Ashtanga (wyth aelod o ioga)</a>, nod eithaf ymarfer ioga yw cyrraedd y cyflwr a elwir yn <a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a> ac aros yn y cyflwr hwnnw mewn 'ymwybyddiaeth bur'. Yn ôl Jacobsen, mae gan Ioga bum prif ystyr traddodiadol:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen20184-32">[32]</a> <ol><li>Mae'n ddull disgybledig ar gyfer cyrraedd nod.</li> <li>Y technegau i reoli'r corff a'r meddwl.</li> <li>Mae'n ysgol neu'n system o athroniaeth (darśana).</li> <li>Gellir ei rannu i draddodiadau amrwyiol, gyda'r rhagddodiaid "hatha-, mantra-, a laya-", a'u technegau penodol o ioga.</li> <li>Mae ei ymarfer yn nod ynddo'i hun.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen20114-33">[33]</a></li></ol> Yn ôl yr Americanwr David Gordon White (g. 1953), o'r 5g OC ymlaen, roedd egwyddorion craidd "ioga" fwy neu lai yn eu lle, a datblygodd amrywiadau o'r egwyddorion hyn mewn sawl ffurf dros amser:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite20116-34">[34]</a> <ol><li>Ffordd fyfyriol o ddarganfod gwybyddiaeth gamweithredol, ynghyd â’i oresgyn er mwyn rhyddhau'r person o unrhyw ddioddefaint, dod o hyd i heddwch mewnol, ac iachawdwriaeth. Mae darlun o'r egwyddor hon i'w chael mewn testunau <a href="/wiki/Hind%C5%B5aeth" title="Hindŵaeth">Hindŵaidd</a> fel y Bhagavad Gita ac <a href="/wiki/Swtr%C3%A2u_Ioga_Patanjali" title="Swtrâu Ioga Patanjali">Iogaswtras</a>, mewn nifer o weithiau Bwdhaidd Mahāyāna, yn ogystal â thestunau Jain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite20116–8-35">[35]</a></li> <li>Codi ac ehangu ymwybyddiaeth o'r person i fod yn gyd-fodoli â phawb a phopeth. Trafodir y rhain mewn ffynonellau fel Hindŵaeth Vedig a <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahābhārata</a>, Jainism Praśamaratiprakarana, a thestunau Bwdhaidd Nikaya.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite20118–9-36">[36]</a></li> <li>Llwybr i wyddoniaeth-pob-peth (omniscience) ac ymwybyddiaeth oleuedig sy'n galluogi person i amgyffred y realaeth amherffaith (rhithiol, rhithdybiol) a pharhaol (gwir, trosgynnol). Mae enghreifftiau o hyn i'w cael mewn Hindŵaeth Nyaya a Vaisesika yn ogystal â thestunau Bwdhaeth Mādhyamaka, ond mewn gwahanol ffyrdd.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite20119–10-37">[37]</a></li> <li>Techneg ar gyfer ymrwymo i gyrff eraill, bodoli mewn mwy nag un corff, a chyrraedd cyflawniadau goruwchnaturiol eraill. Disgrifir y rhain, meddai White, yn llenyddiaeth Tantrig Hindŵaeth a Bwdhaeth, yn ogystal â'r Sāmaññaphalasutta Bwdhaidd.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite201110–12-38">[38]</a> Fodd bynnag, mae James Mallinson yn anghytuno ac yn awgrymu bod arferion ymylol o'r fath yn bell oddi wrth nod prif ffrwd Ioga, sef rhyddid drwy fyfyrdod.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hanes">Hanes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioga&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Golygu'r adran: Hanes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioga&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Hanes">golygu cod</a>]</div> Dechreuodd ioga ddod i'r amlwg yn hanner cyntaf y mileniwm cyntaf CC., gan ymddangos yn nhestunau Jain, Bwdhaidd a proto-uniongred c. 500 - c. 200 CC. Rhwng 200 CC a 500 CC. roedd "traddodiadau technegol athroniaeth Indiaidd (Hindw, Bwdhaidd, a Jain) yn ymffurfio, yn casglu eu dysgeidiaeth mewn casgliadau a elwir yn 'swtra', a dechreuodd system athronyddol gydlynol o "Patanjaliyogasastra" ddod i'r amlwg.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarson200836-40">[40]</a> Yn yr <a href="/wiki/Oesoedd_Canol" class="mw-redirect" title="Oesoedd Canol">Oesoedd Canol</a> gwelwyd ioga'n gwahanu yn sawl traddodiad lloeren ar wahân. Daeth Ioga i sylw'r gorllewinol yng nghanol y <a href="/wiki/19g" class="mw-redirect" title="19g">19g</a> ynghyd â phynciau eraill o darddiad Indiaidd. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gwreiddiau">Gwreiddiau</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioga&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Golygu'r adran: Gwreiddiau" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioga&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Gwreiddiau">golygu cod</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Y_cyfeiriadau_cynharaf_(1000–500_CC)">Y cyfeiriadau cynharaf (1000–500 CC)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioga&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Golygu'r adran: Y cyfeiriadau cynharaf (1000–500 CC)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioga&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Y cyfeiriadau cynharaf (1000–500 CC)">golygu cod</a>]</div>   Y <a href="/wiki/Veda" title="Veda">Vedas</a>, yr unig destunau a gadwyd o'r cyfnod Vedic cynnar ac a godiwyd rhwng c.1200 a 900 CC, yw'r cyfeiriadau cyntaf at arferion tebyg i ioga. Mae'r rhain yn gysylltiedig yn bennaf ag ymgosbi a diwinyddiaeth asgetig, sydd ar gyrion y drefn Brahmanaidd.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen20186-41">[41]</a> <a href="#cite_note-kwerneryrv289-42">[42]</a> Mae <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nasadiya_Sukta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nasadiya Sukta (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Nasadiya Sukta</a> y Rig Veda yn awgrymu presenoldeb traddodiad myfyriol Brahmanaidd cynnar.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Sonnir am dechnegau rheoli anadl ac egni hanfodol yn yr Atharvaveda ac yn y <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brahmana (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Brahmanas</a> (ail haen y Vedas, a gyfansoddwyd tua 1000–800 CC).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen20186-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamb2011427-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhicher199813-47">[47]</a> Dywed Flood fod "y Samhitas [mantras y Vedas] yn cynnwys rhai cyfeiriadau [...] at yr ascetig, sef y Munis neu'r Keśins a'r Vratyas." <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199694–95-48">[48]</a> Yn ôl Werner (1977), nid yw'r Rigveda'n disgrifio ioga, ac nid oes llawer o dystiolaeth ynghylch beth oedd yr arferion.<a href="#cite_note-kwerneryrv289-42">[42]</a> Mae'r disgrifiad cynharaf o "rywun o'r tu allan nad yw'n perthyn i'r sefydliad Brahminig" i'w gael yn emyn Keśin 10.136 o'r Rigveda, llyfr neu mandala ieuengaf y Rigveda, a godiwyd tua 1000 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-kwerneryrv289-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Y_Cyfnod_500-200_CC">Y Cyfnod 500-200 CC</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioga&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Golygu'r adran: Y Cyfnod 500-200 CC" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioga&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Y Cyfnod 500-200 CC">golygu cod</a>]</div> Mae cysyniadau systematig ioga yn dechrau dod i'r amlwg yn nhestunau c. 500–200 CC fel y testunau Bwdhaidd Cynnar, yr <a href="/wiki/Upanishadau" title="Upanishadau">Upanishads Canol</a>, y Bhagavad Gita a Shanti Parva o'r <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarson200834–35,_53-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Kevalajnana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting of Mahavira meditating under a tree" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Kevalajnana.jpg/250px-Kevalajnana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Kevalajnana.jpg/330px-Kevalajnana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Kevalajnana.jpg/440px-Kevalajnana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="464" data-file-height="422" /></a><figcaption> Yr āsana lle dywedir bod y Jain Mahavira wedi cyrraedd y preseoldeb o'r cyfan</figcaption></figure> Yn ôl Geoffrey Samuel, "mae'r dystiolaeth orau hyd yn hyn" yn awgrymu bod arferion Ioga "a ddatblygwyd yn yr un cylchoedd asgetig â'r symudiadau śramaṇa gynnar (<a href="/wiki/Bwdhaeth" title="Bwdhaeth">Bwdhyddion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jainiaeth" title="Jainiaeth">Jainas</a> ac Ajivikas), tua'r <a href="/wiki/6ed_ganrif_CC" title="6ed ganrif CC">6g</a> a'r <a href="/wiki/5g_CC" class="mw-redirect" title="5g CC">5g CC</a> yn ôl pob tebyg." Digwyddodd hyn yn ystod yr hyn a elwir yn <a href="/wiki/Hanes_India" title="Hanes India">gyfnod 'Ail Drefoli</a> '.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel20088-53">[53]</a> Yn ôl Mallinson a Singleton, y traddodiadau hyn oedd y cyntaf i ddefnyddio technegau seicoffisegol, a elwir yn bennaf yn dhyana a tapas. ond fe'i disgrifiwyd yn ddiweddarach fel ioga, a geisiai gyrraedd at y nod o ryddhau (moksha, <a href="/wiki/Nirfana" title="Nirfana">nirvana</a>) person o'i samsara (yr aileni).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017-54">[54]</a> Dywed Werner, "Y Bwdha oedd sylfaenydd y system [Ioga], er, rhaid cyfaddef, iddo ddefnyddio rhai o'r profiadau a gafodd o'r blaen o dan amryw o athrawon Ioga ei gyfnod." <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWerner1998131-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWerner1998-56">[56]</a> Mae'r testunau Bwdhaidd cynnar yn disgrifio arferion ioga a myfyrio, y benthycodd y Bwdha rai ohonynt o'r traddodiad śramaṇa.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Mae canon Pali'n cynnwys tri darn lle mae'r Bwdha'n disgrifio pwyso'r tafod yn erbyn y daflod at ddibenion rheoli <a href="/wiki/Newyn" title="Newyn">newyn</a> neu'r meddwl.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Defnyddiodd y Bwdha osgo lle rhoddir pwysau ar y <a href="/wiki/Perinewm" class="mw-redirect" title="Perinewm">perinewm</a> gyda <a href="/wiki/Sawdl" title="Sawdl">sawdl y droed</a>, yn debyg i osgo (asana) modern hyd yn oed a ddefnyddir i ysgogi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kundalini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kundalini (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Kundalini</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Mae rhai o'r prif suttas sy'n trafod ymarfer iogig yn cynnwys y Satipatthana sutta a'r Anapanasati sutta (sutta yr anadlu). Fodd bynnag, mae union gronoleg cwblhau'r Testunau Bwdhaidd Cynnar hyn sy'n gysylltiedig ag ioga ychydig yn aneglur, ac fellyu hefyd y testunau Hindŵaidd hynafol.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel200831–32-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingleton2010Chapter_1-62">[62]</a> Mae ffynonellau Bwdhaidd cynnar fel y Majjhima Nikāya yn sôn am <a href="/wiki/Myfyrdod_Bwdhaidd" title="Myfyrdod Bwdhaidd">fyfyrdod</a>, tra bod yr Anguttara Nikāya yn disgrifio Jhāyins (cyfryngwyr) sy'n debyg i ddisgrifiadau Hindŵaidd cynnar o Muni, Kesins ac ascetics myfyriol, ond ni elwir yr arferion myfyrdod hyn yn ioga, yn y testunau hyn.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite20115–6-63">[63]</a> Daw'r drafodaeth benodol gynharaf y gwyddys amdani o ioga yn y llenyddiaeth Fwdhaidd, fel y deellir mewn cyd-destun modern, o'r ysgolion Bwdhaidd Yogācāra a <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada diweddarach.</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite20115–6-63">[63]</a> System ioga a ragflaenodd <a href="/wiki/Bwdhaeth" title="Bwdhaeth">Bwdhaeth</a> yw <a href="/w/index.php?title=Myfyrdod_Jain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myfyrdod Jain (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Ioga Jain</a>. Ond gan fod ffynonellau Jain yn ôl-ddyddio rhai Bwdhaidd, mae'n anodd gwahaniaethu rhwng natur ysgol gynnar Jain ac elfennau sy'n deillio o ysgolion eraill.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWerner1998-56">[56]</a> Mae'r rhan fwyaf o'r systemau ioga cyfoes eraill a grybwyllir yn yr <a href="/wiki/Upanishadau" title="Upanishadau">Upanishadau</a> a rhai testunau Bwdhaidd yn ddi-amser.<a href="#cite_note-Eating_disorders-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Upanishadau">Upanishadau</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioga&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Golygu'r adran: Upanishadau" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioga&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Upanishadau">golygu cod</a>]</div> <div style="margin-bottom:0.01em; padding: 0.01px; text-align: left; font-size: 100%;"> <dl><dd>Prif: <a href="/wiki/Upanishadau" title="Upanishadau">Upanishadau</a></dd></dl></div> Mae'r emynau yn Llyfr 2 o'r Shvetashvatara Upanishad, testun o ddiwedd mileniwm cyntaf yn nodi gweithdrefn lle mae'r corff yn cael ei ddal mewn safle unionsyth, yr anadl yn cael ei ffrwyno a'r meddwl yn canolbwyntio'n fyfyriol, y tu mewn i ogof neu le syml, plaen, tawel, neu gerllaw dŵr sy'n llifo'n ysgafn, heb synau na gwyntoedd garw o gwmpas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingleton2010-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen2011-22">[22]</a> Mae'r Maitrayaniya Upanishad, a gyfansoddwyd yn ôl pob tebyg yn y ganrif ddilynol (a chyn <a href="/wiki/Swtr%C3%A2u_Ioga_Patanjali" title="Swtrâu Ioga Patanjali">Swtrâu Ioga Patanjali</a>), yn sôn am 'ioga chwe cham': rheoli anadl (pranayama), tynnu'r synhwyrau yn ôl, yn fewnol (pratyahara), myfyrdod (dhyana), canolbwyrntio' meddwl (dharana), ymholiad athronyddol / rhesymu creadigol (tarka), a'r undeb ysbrydol dwys (samadhi).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingleton2010-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen2011-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Testunau_hanesyddol_Macedonaidd">Testunau hanesyddol Macedonaidd</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioga&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Golygu'r adran: Testunau hanesyddol Macedonaidd" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioga&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Testunau hanesyddol Macedonaidd">golygu cod</a>]</div> Cyhaeddodd <a href="/wiki/Alecsander_Fawr" title="Alecsander Fawr">Alecsander Fawr</a> India yn y <a href="/wiki/4g_CC" class="mw-redirect" title="4g CC">4g CC</a>. Ynghyd â’i fyddin, aeth ag academyddion <a href="/wiki/Gwlad_Groeg" title="Gwlad Groeg">Gwlad Groeg</a> gydag ef a gofnododd hanes y daith: y ddaearyddiaeth, y bobl, a'r arferion a welsant. Un o gydymaith Alexander oedd Onesicritus, a ddyfynnwyd yn Llyfr 15, Adrannau 63–65 gan <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, sy'n disgrifio iogis India.<a href="#cite_note-charlesrl-69">[69]</a> Mae Onesicritus yn honni bod y rhain (y Mandanis) yn ymbellhau oddi wrth gymdeithas a'u bod yn ymarfer "gwahanol ystumiau / safleoedd - yn sefyll neu'n eistedd neu'n gorwedd yn noeth - ac yn hollol lonydd".<a href="#cite_note-strabo-70">[70]</a> Yn ddiddorol, dyma'r tri safle pennaf o fewn ioga modern: sefyll, esitedd a lledorwedd. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oes_glasurol_(200_BCE_-_500_CE)">Oes glasurol (200 BCE - 500 CE)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioga&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Golygu'r adran: Oes glasurol (200 BCE - 500 CE)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioga&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Oes glasurol (200 BCE - 500 CE)">golygu cod</a>]</div> Yn ystod y cyfnod rhwng cyfnodau Maurya a <a href="/wiki/Ymerodraeth_y_Gupta" title="Ymerodraeth y Gupta">Gupta</a> (tua 200 CC-500 CC) ymffurfiodd y traddodiadau Indig o <a href="/wiki/Hind%C5%B5aeth" title="Hindŵaeth">Hindŵaeth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bwdhaeth" title="Bwdhaeth">Bwdhaeth</a> a <a href="/wiki/Jainiaeth" title="Jainiaeth">Jainiaeth</a>, a daeth systemau cydlynol, cyffredin o ioga i'r amlwg.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarson200836-40">[40]</a> Gwelodd y cyfnod hwn lawer o destunau newydd o'r traddodiadau hyn a oedd yn trafod ac yn llunio dulliau ac arferion newydd o ioga mewn modd eitha systematig. Mae rhai o weithiau allweddol yr oes hon yn cynnwys Ioga Sūtras o Patañjali, yr Ioga-Yājñavalkya , yr Iogācārabhūmi-Śāstra, a'r Visuddhimagga . <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Swtrâu_Ioga_Patanjalii">Swtrâu Ioga Patanjalii</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioga&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Golygu'r adran: Swtrâu Ioga Patanjalii" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioga&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Swtrâu Ioga Patanjalii">golygu cod</a>]</div> <div style="margin-bottom:0.01em; padding: 0.01px; text-align: left; font-size: 100%;"> <dl><dd>Prif: <a href="/wiki/Swtr%C3%A2u_Ioga_Patanjali" title="Swtrâu Ioga Patanjali">Swtrâu Ioga Patanjali</a></dd></dl></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Patanjali.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Patanjali.jpg/220px-Patanjali.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Patanjali.jpg/330px-Patanjali.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Patanjali.jpg/440px-Patanjali.jpg 2x" data-file-width="476" data-file-height="666" /></a><figcaption>Darlun Hindŵaidd traddodiadol o Patanjali fel avatar o'r sarff ddwyfol Shesha</figcaption></figure> Un o'r ymadroddion cynnar mwyaf adnabyddus o feddwl Ioga Brahmanig yw Swtrâu Ioga Patanjali (canrifoedd cynnar OC<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2009-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesmarais2008-71">[71]</a>) - efallai mai'r enw gwreiddiol oedd y Pātañjalayogaśāstra-sāṃkhya-pravacana (c. 325–425 OC), y mae rhai ysgolheigion bellach yn credu oedd yn cynnwys y swtras a'r sylwebaeth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017-54">[54]</a> Fel y mae'r enw'n awgrymu, y sylfaen fetaffisegol ar gyfer y testun hwn yw'r athroniaeth Indiaidd a elwir yn Sāṃkhya. Cyfeirir at yr ysgol anffyddiol hon yn Arthashastra Kauṭilya fel un o'r tri chategori o anviksikis (athroniaethau) ynghyd ag Ioga a Cārvāka.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Mae gan y ddwy ysgol rai gwahaniaethau hefyd. Derbyniodd Ioga y syniad o "dduw personol", tra datblygodd Samkhya fel system resymegol, an-ddamcaniaethol ac anffyddiol o athroniaeth Hindŵaidd.<a href="#cite_note-lpfl-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurley2012-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadhakrishnanMoore1967-76">[76]</a> Weithiau cyfeirir at system Patanjali fel Seshvara Samkhya yn groes i Nirivara Samkhya Kapila<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadhakrishnan1971-77">[77]</a> Roedd y tebygrwydd rhwng Ioga a Samkhya mor agos nes bod Max Müller yn dweud bod "y ddwy athroniaeth mewn cyd-destun poblogaidd yn wahanol i'w gilydd fel Samkhya gydag Arglwydd a Samkhya heb Arglwydd." <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller1899-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adfywiad_modern">Adfywiad modern</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioga&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Golygu'r adran: Adfywiad modern" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioga&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Adfywiad modern">golygu cod</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:The_Yoga_Guru,_Baba_Ramdev_and_the_Union_Minister_for_Urban_Development,_Housing_and_Urban_Poverty_Alleviation_and_Parliamentary_Affairs,_Shri_M._Venkaiah_Naidu_at_a_yoga_camp_ahead_of_the_International_Day_of_Yoga_-_2016_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/The_Yoga_Guru%2C_Baba_Ramdev_and_the_Union_Minister_for_Urban_Development%2C_Housing_and_Urban_Poverty_Alleviation_and_Parliamentary_Affairs%2C_Shri_M._Venkaiah_Naidu_at_a_yoga_camp_ahead_of_the_International_Day_of_Yoga_-_2016_%281%29.jpg/250px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/The_Yoga_Guru%2C_Baba_Ramdev_and_the_Union_Minister_for_Urban_Development%2C_Housing_and_Urban_Poverty_Alleviation_and_Parliamentary_Affairs%2C_Shri_M._Venkaiah_Naidu_at_a_yoga_camp_ahead_of_the_International_Day_of_Yoga_-_2016_%281%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/The_Yoga_Guru%2C_Baba_Ramdev_and_the_Union_Minister_for_Urban_Development%2C_Housing_and_Urban_Poverty_Alleviation_and_Parliamentary_Affairs%2C_Shri_M._Venkaiah_Naidu_at_a_yoga_camp_ahead_of_the_International_Day_of_Yoga_-_2016_%281%29.jpg/500px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1461" /></a><figcaption>Diwrnod Rhyngwladol Ioga yn New Delhi, 2016</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traddodiadau">Traddodiadau</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioga&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Golygu'r adran: Traddodiadau" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioga&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Traddodiadau">golygu cod</a>]</div> Mae ioga'n cael ei ymarfer gan bob crefydd Indiaidd, ac mewn sawl dull gwahanol. Mewn Hindŵaeth, mae arferion yn cynnwys ioga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioga_Jnana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ioga Jnana (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Jnana</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioga_Bhakti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ioga Bhakti (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Bhakti</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karma_yoga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karma yoga (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Karma</a>, Laya a <a href="/wiki/Ioga_Hatha" title="Ioga Hatha">ioga Hatha</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ioga_Jain">Ioga Jain</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioga&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Golygu'r adran: Ioga Jain" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioga&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Ioga Jain">golygu cod</a>]</div> <div style="margin-bottom:0.01em; padding: 0.01px; text-align: left; font-size: 100%;"> <dl><dd>Prif: <a href="/wiki/Ioga_Jain" title="Ioga Jain">Ioga Jain</a></dd></dl></div> Mae ioga Jain yn ganolog mewn <a href="/wiki/Jainiaeth" title="Jainiaeth">Jainiaeth</a>. Mae ysbrydolrwydd Jain yn seiliedig ar gôd caeth di-drais neu ahimsa (sy'n cynnwys <a href="/wiki/Llysieuaeth" title="Llysieuaeth">llysieuaeth</a>), elusendai (dāna), ffydd gywir yn y tair gem, arfer cyni (tapas) fel ymprydio, ac arferion iogig eraill.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeuerstein2002-80">[80]</a> Nod ioga Jain yw rhyddhau a phuro'r Hunan (yr atma) neu'r Hunan unigol (jiva) oddi wrth rymoedd karma, sy'n cadw pob Hunan yn rhwym i'r cylch trawsfudo. Fel ioga a Sankhya, mae Jainiaeth yn credu mewn llawer o Hunanau unigol sy'n rhwym wrth eu karma unigol.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Dim ond trwy leihau'r karmig ac allyrru'r karma a gesglir y gall yr Hunan gael ei buro a'i ryddhau, ac ar yr adeg honno daw'r person yn fod hollbresennol (omniscient) sydd wedi cyrraedd "gwybodaeth absoliwt" (kevala jnana).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeuerstein2002-80">[80]</a> Mae'n ymddangos bod yr arfer cynnar o ioga Jain wedi'i rannu'n sawl math, gan gynnwys myfyrdod (dhyāna), rhoi'r gorau i'r corff (kāyotsarga), myfyrio (anuprekṣā), a myfyrio (bhāvanā).<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Ymhlith y ffynonellau cynharaf ar gyfer ioga Jain y mae Uttarādhyayana-sūtra, yr Āvaśyaka-sūtra, y Sthananga Sutra (tua 2g CC) ac ymhlith y gweithiau diweddarach mae Vārassa-aṇuvekkhā Kundakunda ("Deuddeg Cyd-destun", tua 1g CC - 1g OC, Yogadṛṣṭisamuccya Haribhadra (8g) ac Yogaśāstra Hemachandra (12g). Mabwysiadodd ffurfiau diweddarach o ioga Jain ddylanwadau Hindŵaidd, megis syniadau o ioga Patanjali ac ioga Tantric yng ngweithiau Haribhadra a Hemachandra, yn y drefn honno. Datblygodd y Jainiaid hefyd lwybr blaengar at ryddhad trwyioga, gan amlinellu sawl lefel o rinwedd o'r enw gunasthanas. Yn yr oes fodern, mae ffurfiau newydd o fyfyrdod Jain hefyd wedi'u datblygu. Un o'r rhai mwyaf dylanwadol yw'r system prekṣā o Ācārya Mahāprajña sy'n ddetholiadol ac sy'n cynnwys defnyddio mantra, rheoli anadl, mudras, bandhas, ac ati. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ioga_Bwdhaidd">Ioga Bwdhaidd</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioga&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Golygu'r adran: Ioga Bwdhaidd" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioga&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Ioga Bwdhaidd">golygu cod</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Gal_Viharaya_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Gal_Viharaya_02.jpg/220px-Gal_Viharaya_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Gal_Viharaya_02.jpg/330px-Gal_Viharaya_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Gal_Viharaya_02.jpg/440px-Gal_Viharaya_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="1825" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Siddhartha_Gotama" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddhartha Gotama">Bwdha Sakyamuni</a> mewn myfyrdod yn eistedd gyda'r dhyāna mudrā (myfyrdod mudra), Gal Vihara, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanca" title="Sri Lanca">Sri Lanka</a>.</figcaption></figure> Mae ioga Bwdhaidd yn cwmpasu amrywiaeth helaeth o ddulliau sy'n anelu at ddatblygu rhinweddau neu rinweddau allweddol a elwir yn 37 cymhorth i ddeffroad. Nod eithaf yoga Bwdhaidd yw bodhi (deffroad) neu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nirvana_(Bwdhaeth)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nirvana (Bwdhaeth) (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">nirfana</a> (rhoi'r gorau iddi), a ystyrir yn draddodiadol fel diwedd parhaol dioddefaint (dukkha) ac aileni.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Mae testunau Bwdhaidd yn defnyddio nifer o dermau ar gyfer praxis ysbrydol ar wahân i ioga, fel bhāvanā ("datblygiad") <a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> a jhāna / dhyāna.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Mewn Bwdhaeth gynnar, dysgwyd amrywiol arferion iogig gan gynnwys: <ul><li>y pedwar dhyānas (pedwar myfyrdod neu absorptions meddyliol),</li> <li>y pedwar satipatthanas (sylfeini neu sefydliadau ymwybyddiaeth ofalgar),</li> <li>anapanasati (ymwybyddiaeth ofalgar o <a href="/wiki/Anadlu" title="Anadlu">anadl</a>),</li> <li>y pedwar annedd ansafonol (cyflwr meddwl uwch-normal),</li> <li>y brahmavihārās (preswylfeydd dwyfol).</li> <li>Anussati (myfyrdodau, atgofion)</li></ul> Gwelwyd bod y myfyrdodau hyn yn cael eu cefnogi gan elfennau eraill y llwybr yr wyth nobl, megis ymarfer moeseg, ymarfer cywir, atal synnwyr a golygfa gywir.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Dywedir bod dau rinwedd feddyliol yn anhepgor ar gyfer ymarfer yogig mewn Bwdhaeth, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samatha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samatha (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">samatha</a> (pwyll, sefydlogrwydd) a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vipassan%C4%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vipassanā (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">vipassanā</a> (mewnwelediad, gweld yn glir).<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Samatha yw ansawdd meddwl sefydlog, hamddenol a digynnwrf. Mae hefyd yn gysylltiedig â <a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">samadhi</a> (uno meddyliol, ffocws) a dhyana (cyflwr amsugno myfyriol).Yn y cyfamser, mae Vipassanā yn fath o fewnwelediad neu ddealltwriaeth dreiddiol i wir natur ffenomenau. Fe'i diffinnir hefyd fel "gweld pethau fel y maent yn wirioneddol" (yathābhūtaṃ darśanam). Mae gwir natur pethau yn cael eu diffinio a'u hegluro mewn gwahanol ffyrdd, ond nodwedd bwysig ac unigryw o Fwdhaeth glasurol yw ei ddealltwriaeth o'r holl ffenomenau (dhammas) fel bod yn wag o'r hunan (atman) neu hanfod cynhenid, athrawiaeth o'r enw Anatta (" nid hunan") ac <a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a> (gwacter).<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Mae hyn mewn gwrthgyferbyniad llwyr â'r mwyafrif o draddodiadau Indiaidd eraill, y mae eu nodau wedi'u seilio naill ai ar y syniad o'r Hunan unigol (atman, jiva, purusha) neu ymwybyddiaeth monistig gyffredinol (Brahman). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vipassan%C4%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vipassanā (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Mae Vipassanā</a> hefyd yn gofyn am ddealltwriaeth o ddioddefaint neu dukkha (ac felly'r pedwar gwirionedd bonheddig), amherffeithrwydd (anicca) a tharddiad rhyngddibynnol. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ioga_clasurol">Ioga clasurol</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioga&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Golygu'r adran: Ioga clasurol" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioga&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Ioga clasurol">golygu cod</a>]</div> Yr hyn y cyfeirir ato'n aml fel Ioga Clasurol, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashtanga_(wyth_aelod_o_ioga)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ashtanga (wyth aelod o ioga) (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Astanga (Ioga wyth rhan)</a>, neu <a href="/wiki/Ioga_R%C4%81ja" title="Ioga Rāja">Ioga Rāja</a> yw'r math o Ioga a amlinellir yn yr <a href="/wiki/Swtr%C3%A2u_Ioga_Patanjali" title="Swtrâu Ioga Patanjali">Swtrâu Ioga Patanjali</a> hynod o ddylanwadol.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2014xvi-90">[90]</a> Mae gwreiddiau'r traddodiad Ioga Clasurol yn aneglur, er bod trafodaethau cynnar y term yn ymddangos yn yr <a href="/wiki/Upanishadau" title="Upanishadau">Upanishadau</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarson2008-91">[91]</a> Yn wreiddiol, dynododd yr enw "Ioga Rāja" (ioga'r brenhinoedd) nod eithaf ioga, sef samadhi,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011770-92">[92]</a> ond cafodd ei boblogeiddio gan <a href="/wiki/Vivekananda" title="Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a> fel enw cyffredin ar Ioga Ashtanga<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> yr wyth aelod sydd i'w hymarfer i gyrraedd samadhi, fel y disgrifir yn yr Ioga Sutras.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHari_Dass1978-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2014xvi-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhicher1999320-95">[95]</a> Mae ioga clasurol yn ymgorffori <a href="/wiki/Epistemoleg" title="Epistemoleg">epistemoleg</a>, metaffiseg, arferion moesegol, ymarferion systematig a thechnegau hunanddatblygiad y corff, y meddwl a'r ysbryd.<a href="#cite_note-edbryant-96">[96]</a> Mae ei epistemoleg (pramana) a metaffiseg yn debyg i ysgol y Sāṅkhya. Mae <a href="/wiki/Metaffiseg" title="Metaffiseg">metaffiseg</a> Ioga Clasurol, fel Sāṅkhya, yn ddeuol yn bennaf, gan nodi bod dwy realaeth amlwg. Y rhain yw prakriti (natur), sef ffynhonnell anymwybodol tragwyddol a gweithredol y byd materol ac mae'n cynnwys y tri gwnas, a'r puruṣas (personau), yr ymwybyddiaeth luosog sef egwyddorion deallus y byd, ac sy'n lluosog ac yn dystion anweithredol, tragwyddol. Mae gan bob person puruṣa unigol, sef eu gwir hunan, y tyst a'r mwynhawr, a'r hyn sy'n cael ei ryddhau. Yn wahanol i ysgol Hindŵaeth Sāṅkhya, sy'n dilyn dull rhesymegol an-ddamcaniaethol / anffyddiol,<a href="#cite_note-lpfl-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurley2012-75">[75]</a> mae ysgol Ioga Hindŵaidd yn derbyn y cysyniad o "dduwdod personol, ond anweithredol yn y bôn" neu "dduw personol" (Ishvara).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurley2012-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ioga_tantrig">Ioga tantrig</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioga&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Golygu'r adran: Ioga tantrig" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioga&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Ioga tantrig">golygu cod</a>]</div> Dywed Samuel fod Tantrism yn gysyniad a ymleddir.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel20089-97">[97]</a> Gellir disgrifio <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">ioga Tantra</a>, yn ôl Samuel, fel arferion mewn testunau Bwdhaidd a Hindŵaidd o'r <a href="/wiki/9g" class="mw-redirect" title="9g">9g</a> i'r <a href="/wiki/10g" class="mw-redirect" title="10g">10g</a> (Saiva, Shakti), a oedd yn cynnwys ymarferion iogig gyda delweddiadau dwyfol a chywrain. Yma, defnyddir llu o luniadau geometregol (<a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">mandala</a>), dynion ffyrnig a duwiau benywaidd, defodau sy'n gysylltiedig â chamau bywyd, defnydd helaeth o chakras a mantras, a thechnegau rhywiol, pob un wedi'i anelu at helpu iechyd, bywyd hir a rhyddhad personol.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel20089-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ioga_hatha">Ioga hatha</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioga&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Golygu'r adran: Ioga hatha" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioga&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Ioga hatha">golygu cod</a>]</div> <div style="margin-bottom:0.01em; padding: 0.01px; text-align: left; font-size: 100%;"> <dl><dd>Prif: <a href="/wiki/Ioga_Hatha" title="Ioga Hatha">Ioga Hatha</a></dd></dl></div> Mae <a href="/wiki/Ioga_Hatha" title="Ioga Hatha">ioga Hatha</a>, a elwir hefyd yn hatha vidyā, yn fath o ioga sy'n canolbwyntio ar ymarferion ac <a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">asanas</a> adeiladu cryfder corfforol a meddyliol a ddisgrifir yn bennaf mewn tri thestun <a href="/wiki/Hind%C5%B5aeth" title="Hindŵaeth">Hindŵiaidd.</a><a href="#cite_note-kriyananda-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-burley73-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-Roden-101">[101]</a> <ol><li>Ioga Hatha Pradipika, Svātmārāma (<a href="/wiki/15g" class="mw-redirect" title="15g">15g</a>)</li> <li>Shiva Samhita, awdur anhysbys (1500 <a href="#cite_note-mallinson-102">[102]</a> neu ddiwedd yr <a href="/wiki/17g" class="mw-redirect" title="17g">17g</a>)</li> <li>Gheranda Samhita gan Gheranda (diwedd yr <a href="/wiki/17g" class="mw-redirect" title="17g">17g</a>)</li></ol> Yn llythrennol, mae'r gair <a href="/wiki/Sansgrit" title="Sansgrit">Sansgrit</a> हठ haṭha yn golygu "grym" ac felly mae'n cyfeirio at system o dechnegau corfforol i symud y grym o amgylch y corff.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011770-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-Birch_2011-103">[103]</a> Yn India, mae ioga haṭha yn draddodiad poblogaidd, fel y mae'r Iogis y Natha Sampradaya trwy ei sylfaenydd traddodiadol Matsyendranath, sy'n cael ei ddathlu fel sant yn ysgolion ioga tantric a haṭha Hindŵaidd a Bwdhaidd. Mae bron pob testun hathayogig yn perthyn i siddhas Nath, ac mae'r rhai pwysig yn cael gwneud yn ddisgyblion Matsyendranath, Gorakhnath neu Gorakshanath.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite201257-104">[104]</a> Yn ôl y Dattatreya Yoga Śastra, mae dau fath o ioga haṭha: mae'r naill yn cael ei ymarfer gan Yajñavalkya sy'n cynnwys wyth aelod o ioga, a'r llall yn cael ei ymarfer gan Kapila sy'n cynnwys wyth mwdras. Yn yr <a href="/wiki/20g" class="mw-redirect" title="20g">20g</a>, addaswyd ioga haṭha, gan ganolbwyntio'n benodol ar <a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">asanas</a> (yr ystumiau corfforol), a daeth yn boblogaidd ledled y byd fel math o <a href="/wiki/Ymarfer_corff" title="Ymarfer corff">ymarfer corff</a> yn ogystal â thawelwch meddwl . Erbyn hyn, y math modern, corfforol hwn o ioga a olygir gyda "ioga" yn y Gorllewin. Mae ymarfer ioga Haṭha yn gymhleth ac yn gofyn am rai o nodweddion yr yogi. Mae Adran 1.16 o'r Pradibika ioga Haṭha, er enghraifft, yn nodi mai'r rhain yw utsaha (brwdfrydedd, gwytnwch), sahasa (dewrder), dhairya (amynedd), jnana tattva (hanfod gwybodaeth), nishcaya (penderfyniad) a tyaga (unigedd, ymwadiad).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESvatmaramaAkers20021–7-105">[105]</a> Yn niwylliant y Gorllewin, mae yoga Haṭha fel arfer yn cael ei ddeall fel <a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">asanas</a> a gellir eu hymarfer er mwyn cadw'n heini.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen20123–4-106">[106]</a> Yn nhraddodiadau <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> a <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Thibet</a>, mae ioga Haṭha yn llawer mwy. Mae'n ymestyn ymhell y tu hwnt i fod yn system ymarfer corff soffistigedig ac yn integreiddio syniadau <a href="/wiki/Moeseg" title="Moeseg">moeseg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diet" title="Diet">diet</a>, glanhau, <a href="/wiki/Pranayama" title="Pranayama">pranayama</a> (ymarferion anadlu), <a href="/wiki/Myfyrdod" title="Myfyrdod">myfyrdod</a> a system ar gyfer datblygiad ysbrydol yr iogi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurley2000ix–x,_6–12-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeshe200597–130-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Yoga_noeth">Yoga noeth</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioga&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Golygu'r adran: Yoga noeth" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioga&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Yoga noeth">golygu cod</a>]</div> Gelwir yoga noeth yn Sansgrit yn nagna yoga neu'n vivastra yoga, sef yr arfer o yoga heb ddillad. Er bod llawer o ymarfer ioga noeth yn y cartref ac y y byd natur, mae nifer gynyddol o gyfranogwyr mewn dosbarthiadau grŵp. Mae'r arfer yn ennill poblogrwydd, yn enwedig mewn cymdeithasau gorllewinol sydd â mwy o gyfarwydd â niethus cymdeithasol. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gweler_hefyd">Gweler hefyd</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioga&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Golygu'r adran: Gweler hefyd" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioga&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Gweler hefyd">golygu cod</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhestr_o_safleoedd_ioga" title="Rhestr o safleoedd ioga">Rhestr o asanas</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cyfeiriadau">Cyfeiriadau</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioga&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Golygu'r adran: Cyfeiriadau" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioga&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Cyfeiriadau">golygu cod</a>]</div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> <a href="/wiki/Geiriadur_yr_Academi" title="Geiriadur yr Academi">Geiriadur yr Academi</a>, [yoga]. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> Stuart Ray Sarbacker, Samadhi: The Numinous and Cessative in Indo-Tibetan Yoga. SUNY Press, 2005, tud. 1-2 </li> <li id="cite_note-Tattvarthasutra_2007_p._102-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Tattvarthasutra_2007_p._102_3-0">↑</a> Tattvarthasutra [6.1], gweler Manu Doshi (2007) Cyfieithiad o'r Tattvarthasutra, Ahmedabad: Shrut Ratnakar tud. 102 </li> <li id="cite_note-Jacobsen-4">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Jacobsen_4-0">4.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jacobsen_4-1">4.1</a> Jacobsen, Knut A. (gol.); Larson, Gerald James (gol.) (2005). Theory And Practice of Yoga: Essays in Honour of Gerald James Larson, Brill Academic Publishers. <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/9004147578" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 90-04-14757-8</a>. (Studies in the History of Religions, 110) </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> Diffiniad Monier-Williams o ioga." </li> <li id="cite_note-yogaTrads1_042007-6"><a href="#cite_ref-yogaTrads1_042007_6-0">↑</a> Pandit Usharbudh Arya (1985). The philosophy of hatha yoga. Himalayan Institute Press; 2il argraffiad </li> <li id="cite_note-yogaTrads2_042007-7"><a href="#cite_ref-yogaTrads2_042007_7-0">↑</a> Sri Swami Rama (2008) The royal path: Practical lessons on yoga. Himalayan Institute Press; Argraffiad newydd </li> <li id="cite_note-yogaTrads_3042007-8"><a href="#cite_ref-yogaTrads_3042007_8-0">↑</a> Swami Prabhavananda (cyfieithydd), Christopher Isherwood (cyfieithydd), Patanjali (awdur). (1996). Vedanta Press; How to know god: The yoga aphorisms of Patanjali. Argraffiad newydd </li> <li id="cite_note-Apte-9">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Apte_9-0">9.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Apte_9-1">9.1</a> Apte, Vaman Shivram (1965). The Practical Sanskrit Dictionary. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/8120805674" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 81-208-0567-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a> Gavin Flood (1996) </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a> Geiriadur yr Academi, [yogi]. </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-12">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_12-0">12.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_12-1">12.1</a> American Heritage Dictionary: "Yogi, One who practices yoga." Websters: "Yogi, A follower of the yoga philosophy; an ascetic." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrangle19941-2-13">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrangle19941-2_13-0">13.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrangle19941-2_13-1">13.1</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrangle1994">Crangle 1994</a>, t. 1-2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2009-14">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2009_14-0">14.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2009_14-1">14.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2009_14-2">14.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2009_14-3">14.3</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryant2009">Bryant 2009</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingleton2010-15">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingleton2010_15-0">15.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingleton2010_15-1">15.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingleton2010_15-2">15.2</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingleton2010">Singleton 2010</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996-16">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996_16-0">16.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996_16-1">16.1</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Stephen_Phillips_2009_28–30-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Stephen_Phillips_2009_28–30_17-0">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFStephen_Phillips2009" class="citation book">Stephen Phillips (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uLqrAgAAQBAJ">Yoga, Karma, and Rebirth: A Brief History and Philosophy</a>. Columbia University Press. tt. 28–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-231-14485-8" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-231-14485-8"><bdi>978-0-231-14485-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yoga%2C+Karma%2C+and+Rebirth%3A+A+Brief+History+and+Philosophy&rft.pages=28-30&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-231-14485-8&rft.au=Stephen+Phillips&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuLqrAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIoga" class="Z3988"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r8312344">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style> </li> <li id="cite_note-Olivelle1998p12-18"><a href="#cite_ref-Olivelle1998p12_18-0">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFPatrick_Olivelle1998" class="citation book">Patrick Olivelle (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d4IRDAAAQBAJ">The Early Upanishads: Annotated Text and Translation</a>. Oxford University Press. tt. 12–13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-19-512435-4" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-19-512435-4"><bdi>978-0-19-512435-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Upanishads%3A+Annotated+Text+and+Translation&rft.pages=12-13&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-512435-4&rft.au=Patrick+Olivelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd4IRDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIoga" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130204142029/http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/vonglasenapp/wheel002.html">"Vedanta and Buddhism, A Comparative Study"</a>. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/vonglasenapp/wheel002.html">gwreiddiol</a> ar 4 Chwefror 2013. Cyrchwyd 29 Awst 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vedanta+and+Buddhism%2C+A+Comparative+Study&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.accesstoinsight.org%2Flib%2Fauthors%2Fvonglasenapp%2Fwheel002.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIoga" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a> For the date of this Upanishad see also Helmuth von Glasenapp, from the 1950 Proceedings of the "Akademie der Wissenschaften und Literatur"<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhicher1998-21">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhicher1998_21-0">21.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhicher1998_21-1">21.1</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhicher1998">Whicher 1998</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen2011-22">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsen2011_22-0">22.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsen2011_22-1">22.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsen2011_22-2">22.2</a> <a href="#CITEREFJacobsen2011">Jacobsen 2011</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurley2000-23">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurley2000_23-0">23.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurley2000_23-1">23.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurley2000_23-2">23.2</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurley2000">Burley 2000</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/news/yoga-vivekananda-america">"Yoga Landed in the U.S. Way Earlier Than You'd Think—And Fitness Was Not the Point"</a>. HISTORY. Cyrchwyd 14 Mehefin 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HISTORY&rft.atitle=Yoga+Landed+in+the+U.S.+Way+Earlier+Than+You%27d+Think%E2%80%94And+Fitness+Was+Not+the+Point&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fnews%2Fyoga-vivekananda-america&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIoga" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a> Marek Jantos (2012), in Oxford Textbook of Spirituality in Healthcare (Editors: Mark Cobb et al.), Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-19-957139-0" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-19-957139-0">978-0-19-957139-0</a>, pages 362–363 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2011-26">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2011_26-0">26.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2011_26-1">26.1</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhite2011">White 2011</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2014-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2014_27-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhite2014">White 2014</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESatyananda2008-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESatyananda2008_28-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFSatyananda2008">Satyananda 2008</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Dasgupta_1975_226-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Dasgupta_1975_226_29-0">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFDasgupta1975" class="citation book">Dasgupta, Surendranath (1975). A History of Indian Philosophy. 1. <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, India: Motilal Banarsidass. t. 226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/81-208-0412-0" title="Arbennig:BookSources/81-208-0412-0"><bdi>81-208-0412-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Indian+Philosophy&rft.place=Delhi%2C+India&rft.pages=226&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=81-208-0412-0&rft.aulast=Dasgupta&rft.aufirst=Surendranath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIoga" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFAranya2000" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swami_Hariharananda_Aranya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swami Hariharananda Aranya (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Aranya, Swami Hariharananda</a> (2000). Yoga Philosophy of Patanjali with Bhasvati. Calcutta, India: <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Calcutta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Calcutta (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">University of Calcutta</a>. t. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/81-87594-00-4" title="Arbennig:BookSources/81-87594-00-4"><bdi>81-87594-00-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yoga+Philosophy+of+Patanjali+with+Bhasvati&rft.place=Calcutta%2C+India&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=University+of+Calcutta&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=81-87594-00-4&rft.aulast=Aranya&rft.aufirst=Swami+Hariharananda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIoga" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimes1996359-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimes1996359_31-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrimes1996">Grimes 1996</a>, t. 359. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen20184-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsen20184_32-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFJacobsen2018">Jacobsen 2018</a>, t. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen20114-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsen20114_33-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFJacobsen2011">Jacobsen 2011</a>, t. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite20116-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite20116_34-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhite2011">White 2011</a>, t. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite20116–8-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite20116–8_35-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhite2011">White 2011</a>, tt. 6–8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite20118–9-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite20118–9_36-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhite2011">White 2011</a>, tt. 8–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite20119–10-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite20119–10_37-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhite2011">White 2011</a>, tt. 9–10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite201110–12-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite201110–12_38-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhite2011">White 2011</a>, tt. 10–12. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a> Mallinson, James (2013). "The Yogīs' Latest Trick". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (Cambridge University Press) 24 (1): 165–180. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2Fs1356186313000734">10.1017/s1356186313000734</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELarson200836-40">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarson200836_40-0">40.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarson200836_40-1">40.1</a> <a href="#CITEREFLarson2008">Larson 2008</a>, t. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen20186-41">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsen20186_41-0">41.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsen20186_41-1">41.1</a> <a href="#CITEREFJacobsen2018">Jacobsen 2018</a>, t. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-kwerneryrv289-42">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-kwerneryrv289_42-0">42.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kwerneryrv289_42-1">42.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kwerneryrv289_42-2">42.2</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karel_Werner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karel Werner (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Karel Werner</a> (1977), Yoga and the Ṛg Veda: An Interpretation of the Keśin Hymn (RV 10, 136), Religious Studies, Vol. 13, No. 3, page 289–302 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWynne200750-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWynne200750_43-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFWynne2007">Wynne 2007</a>, t. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhicher199811-44">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhicher199811_44-0">44.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhicher199811_44-1">44.1</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhicher1998">Whicher 1998</a>, t. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a> * Wynne states that "The Nasadiyasukta, one of the earliest and most important cosmogonic tracts in the early Brahminic literature, contains evidence suggesting it was closely related to a tradition of early Brahminic contemplation. A close reading of this text suggests that it was closely related to a tradition of early Brahminic contemplation. The poem Mai have been composed by contemplatives, but even if not, an argument can be made that it marks the beginning of the contemplative/meditative trend in Indian thought."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWynne200750-43">[43]</a> <ul><li>Miller suggests that the composition of Nasadiya Sukta and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Purusha_Sukta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Purusha Sukta (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Purusha Sukta</a> arises from "the subtlest meditative stage, called absorption in mind and heart" which "involves enheightened experiences" through which seer "explores the mysterious psychic and cosmic forces...".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhicher199811-44">[44]</a></li> <li>Jacobsen writes that dhyana (meditation) is derived from the Vedic term dhih which refers to "visionary insight", "thought provoking vision".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhicher199811-44">[44]</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELamb2011427-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamb2011427_46-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFLamb2011">Lamb 2011</a>, t. 427. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhicher199813-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhicher199813_47-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhicher1998">Whicher 1998</a>, t. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199694–95-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood199694–95_48-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, tt. 94–95. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELarson200834–35,_53-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarson200834–35,_53_49-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFLarson2008">Larson 2008</a>, tt. 34–35, 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a> Wynne, Alexander (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/jiabs/article/view/8945/2838">"The Oral Transmission of the Early Buddhist Literature"</a>. Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 27 (1): 97–128. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/jiabs/article/view/8945/2838">http://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/jiabs/article/view/8945/2838</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a> Donald Lopez (2004). Buddhist Scriptures. Penguin Books. pp. xi–xv. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-14-190937-0" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-14-190937-0">978-0-14-190937-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a> Ancient Indian literature was transmitted and preserved through an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oral_tradition&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oral tradition (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">oral tradition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> For example, the earliest written Pali Canon text is dated to the later part of the 1st century BCE, many centuries after the Buddha's death.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel20088-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuel20088_53-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFSamuel2008">Samuel 2008</a>, t. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017-54">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017_54-0">54.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017_54-1">54.1</a> <a href="#CITEREFMallinsonSingleton2017">Mallinson & Singleton 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWerner1998131-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWerner1998131_55-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFWerner1998">Werner 1998</a>, t. 131. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWerner1998-56">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWerner1998_56-0">56.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWerner1998_56-1">56.1</a> <a href="#CITEREFWerner1998">Werner 1998</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Gombrich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Gombrich (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Richard Gombrich</a>, "Theravada Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo." Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1988, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a> Barbara Stoler Miller, "Yoga: Discipline of Freedom: the Yoga Sutra Attributed to Patanjali; a Translation of the Text, with Commentary, Introduction, and Glossary of Keywords." University of California Press, 1996, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a> Mallinson, James. 2007. The Khecarīvidyā of Adinathā. London: Routledge. pp. 17–19. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFMallinson2012">Mallinson 2012</a>, tt. 20–21, "The Buddha himself is said to have tried both pressing his tongue to the back of his mouth, in a manner similar to that of the hathayogic khecarīmudrā, and ukkutikappadhāna, a <a href="/wiki/Cwrcwd" title="Cwrcwd">squatting posture</a> which Mai be related to hathayogic techniques such as mahāmudrā, mahābandha, mahāvedha, mūlabandha, and vajrāsana in which pressure is put on the perineum with the heel, in order to force upwards the breath or Kundalinī." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel200831–32-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuel200831–32_61-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFSamuel2008">Samuel 2008</a>, tt. 31–32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingleton2010Chapter_1-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingleton2010Chapter_1_62-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingleton2010">Singleton 2010</a>, tt. Chapter 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite20115–6-63">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite20115–6_63-0">63.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite20115–6_63-1">63.1</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhite2011">White 2011</a>, tt. 5–6. </li> <li id="cite_note-Eating_disorders-64"><a href="#cite_ref-Eating_disorders_64-0">↑</a> Douglass, Laura (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.ebscohost.com.subzero.lib.uoguelph.ca/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=3&sid=1d8495be-1c1c-4423-ad48-1f6054f42876%40sessionmgr111&hid=103">"Thinking Through The Body: The Conceptualization Of Yoga As Therapy For Individuals With Eating Disorders"</a>. Academic Search Premier: 83. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://web.ebscohost.com.subzero.lib.uoguelph.ca/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=3&sid=1d8495be-1c1c-4423-ad48-1f6054f42876%40sessionmgr111&hid=103">http://web.ebscohost.com.subzero.lib.uoguelph.ca/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=3&sid=1d8495be-1c1c-4423-ad48-1f6054f42876%40sessionmgr111&hid=103</a>. Adalwyd 19 Chwefror 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFDatta1988" class="citation book">Datta, Amaresh (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&pg=PA1809">Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: devraj to jyoti</a>. Sahitya Akademi. t. 1809. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-81-260-1194-0" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-81-260-1194-0"><bdi>978-81-260-1194-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Indian+Literature%3A+devraj+to+jyoti&rft.pages=1809&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-81-260-1194-0&rft.aulast=Datta&rft.aufirst=Amaresh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzB4n3MVozbUC%26pg%3DPA1809&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIoga" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWynne20073–4-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWynne20073–4_66-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFWynne2007">Wynne 2007</a>, tt. 3–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">↑</a> On the dates of the Pali canon, Gregory Schopen writes, "We know, and have known for some time, that the Pali canon as we have it — and it is generally conceded to be our oldest source — cannot be taken back further than the last quarter of the first century BCE, the date of the Alu-vihara redaction, the earliest redaction we can have some knowledge of, and that — for a critical history — it can serve, at the very most, only as a source for the Buddhism of this period. But we also know that even this is problematic... In fact, it is not until the time of the commentaries of Buddhaghosa, Dhammapala, and others — that is to say, the fifth to sixth centuries CE — that we can know anything definite about the actual contents of [the Pali] canon."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWynne20073–4-66">[66]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">↑</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Feuerstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Feuerstein (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Feuerstein, Georg</a> (January–February 1988). "Introducing Yoga's Great Literary Heritage". <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoga_Journal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yoga Journal (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Yoga Journal</a> (78): 70–75. </li> <li id="cite_note-charlesrl-69"><a href="#cite_ref-charlesrl_69-0">↑</a> Charles R Lanman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/jstor-1507563/1507563#page/n3/mode/2up">The Hindu Yoga System</a>, Harvard Theological Review, Volume XI, Number 4, Harvard University Press, pages 355–359 </li> <li id="cite_note-strabo-70"><a href="#cite_ref-strabo_70-0">↑</a> Strabo, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/15A3*.html#ref101">Geography</a> Book XV, Chapter 1, see Sections 63–65, Loeb Classical Library edition, Harvard University Press, Translator: H. L. Jones </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesmarais2008-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesmarais2008_71-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFDesmarais2008">Desmarais 2008</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">↑</a> Original Sanskrit: साङ्ख्यं योगो लोकायतं च इत्यान्वीक्षिकी | English Translation: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/Arthasastra_English_Translation/Arthashastra_of_Chanakya_-_English#page/n9/mode/2up">Arthasastra Book 1, Chapter 2</a> Kautiliya, R Shamasastry (Translator), page 9 </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">↑</a> Olivelle, Patrick (2013), King, Governance, and Law in Ancient India: Kautilya's Arthasastra, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-19-989182-5" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-19-989182-5">978-0-19-989182-5</a>, see Introduction </li> <li id="cite_note-lpfl-74">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-lpfl_74-0">74.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lpfl_74-1">74.1</a> Lloyd Pflueger, Person Purity and Power in Yogasutra, in Theory and Practice of Yoga (Editor: Knut Jacobsen), Motilal Banarsidass, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-8120832329" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-8120832329">978-8120832329</a>, pages 38–39 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurley2012-75">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurley2012_75-0">75.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurley2012_75-1">75.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurley2012_75-2">75.2</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurley2012">Burley 2012</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERadhakrishnanMoore1967-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadhakrishnanMoore1967_76-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFRadhakrishnanMoore1967">Radhakrishnan & Moore 1967</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERadhakrishnan1971-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadhakrishnan1971_77-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFRadhakrishnan1971">Radhakrishnan 1971</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller1899-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller1899_78-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFMüller1899">Müller 1899</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFMahapragya2004" class="citation book">Mahapragya, Acharya (2004). "Foreword". Jain Yog. Aadarsh Saahitya Sangh.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Foreword&rft.btitle=Jain+Yog&rft.pub=Aadarsh+Saahitya+Sangh&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Mahapragya&rft.aufirst=Acharya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIoga" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeuerstein2002-80">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeuerstein2002_80-0">80.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeuerstein2002_80-1">80.1</a> <a href="#CITEREFFeuerstein2002">Feuerstein 2002</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFTulsi2004" class="citation book">Tulsi, Acharya (2004). "Blessings". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305051429/http://www.adarshsahityasangh.com/bookdetail.aspx?id=24">Sambodhi</a>. Aadarsh Saahitya Sangh. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/39811791">39811791</a>. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adarshsahityasangh.com/BookDetail.aspx?Id=24">gwreiddiol</a> ar 2016-03-05. Cyrchwyd 2021-12-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Blessings&rft.btitle=Sambodhi&rft.pub=Aadarsh+Saahitya+Sangh&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F39811791&rft.aulast=Tulsi&rft.aufirst=Acharya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adarshsahityasangh.com%2FBookDetail.aspx%3FId%3D24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIoga" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">↑</a> Pragya, Samani Pratibha (2017), Prekṣā meditation : history and methods. PhD Thesis, SOAS, University of London, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">↑</a> For instance, Kamalashila (2003), p. 4, states that Buddhist meditation "includes any method of meditation that has <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bodhi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bodhi (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Enlightenment</a> as its ultimate aim." Likewise, Bodhi (1999) writes: "To arrive at the experiential realization of the truths it is necessary to take up the practice of meditation.... At the climax of such contemplation the mental eye … shifts its focus to the unconditioned state, <a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nibbana</a>...." A similar although in some ways slightly broader definition is provided by Fischer-Schreiber et al. (1991), p. 142: "Meditation – general term for a multitude of religious practices, often quite different in method, but all having the same goal: to bring the consciousness of the practitioner to a state in which he can come to an experience of 'awakening,' 'liberation,' 'enlightenment.'" Kamalashila (2003) further allows that some Buddhist meditations are "of a more preparatory nature" (p. 4). </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">↑</a> The <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli">Pāli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> word bhāvanā literally means "development" as in "mental development." For the association of this term with "meditation," see Epstein (1995), p. 105; and, Fischer-Schreiber et al. (1991), p. 20. As an example from a well-known discourse of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pali_Canon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pali Canon (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Pali Canon</a>, in "The Greater Exhortation to Rahula" (Maha-Rahulovada Sutta, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Majjhima_Nikaya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Majjhima Nikaya (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">MN</a> 62), Ven. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sariputta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sariputta (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Sariputta</a> tells Ven. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rahula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rahula (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Rahula</a> (in Pali, based on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tipitaka.org/romn/cscd/s0202m.mul1.xml">VRI, n.d.)</a>: ānāpānassatiṃ, rāhula, bhāvanaṃ bhāvehi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.062.than.html">Thanissaro (2006)</a> translates this as: "Rahula, develop the meditation [bhāvana] of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anapanasati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anapanasati (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">mindfulness of in-&-out breathing</a>." (Square-bracketed Pali word included based on Thanissaro, 2006, end note.) </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">↑</a> See, for example, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.1:1:2005.pali">Rhys Davids & Stede (1921–25), entry for "jhāna1"</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/thanissaro/onetool.html">Thanissaro (1997)</a>; as well as, Kapleau (1989), p. 385, for the derivation of the word "zen" from <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> "dhyāna." <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pali_Text_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pali Text Society (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">PTS</a> Secretary Dr. Rupert Gethin, in describing the activities of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sramana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sramana (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">wandering ascetics</a> contemporaneous with the Buddha, wrote: <dl><dd>"...[T]here is the cultivation of meditative and contemplative techniques aimed at producing what might, for the lack of a suitable technical term in English, be referred to as 'altered states of consciousness'. In the technical vocabulary of Indian religious texts such states come to be termed 'meditations' ([Skt.:] dhyāna / [Pali:] jhāna) or 'concentrations' (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sam%C4%81dhi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samādhi (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">samādhi</a>); the attainment of such states of consciousness was generally regarded as bringing the practitioner to deeper knowledge and experience of the nature of the world." (Gethin, 1998, p. 10.)</dd></dl> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">↑</a> Analayo (2017), Early Buddhist Meditation Studies, Barre Center for Buddhist Studies, pp. 69-70, 80 </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">↑</a> Thanissaro Bhikkhu, One Tool Among Many, The Place of Vipassana in Buddhist Practice, 1997. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">↑</a> Buswell, Robert, ed. (2004), Encyclopedia of Buddhism, MacMillan, p. 889. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">↑</a> Paul Williams (2008). Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations. Routledge. pp. 68–69. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-134-25056-1" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-134-25056-1">978-1-134-25056-1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2014xvi-90">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2014xvi_90-0">90.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2014xvi_90-1">90.1</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhite2014">White 2014</a>, t. xvi. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELarson2008-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarson2008_91-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFLarson2008">Larson 2008</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011770-92">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011770_92-0">92.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011770_92-1">92.1</a> <a href="#CITEREFMallinson2011">Mallinson 2011</a>, t. 770. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">↑</a> Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Ashtanga_(wyth_cangen_ioga)" title="Ashtanga (wyth cangen ioga)">Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga</a>, a style of modern yoga using fluid transitions (<a href="/wiki/Vinyasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinyasa">vinyasas</a>) between asanas. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHari_Dass1978-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHari_Dass1978_94-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFHari_Dass1978">Hari Dass 1978</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhicher1999320-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhicher1999320_95-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhicher1999">Whicher 1999</a>, t. 320. </li> <li id="cite_note-edbryant-96"><a href="#cite_ref-edbryant_96-0">↑</a> Edwin Bryant (2011, Rutgers University), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/yoga/">The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a> IEP </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel20089-97">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuel20089_97-0">97.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuel20089_97-1">97.1</a> <a href="#CITEREFSamuel2008">Samuel 2008</a>, t. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">↑</a> Mukunda Stiles, Tantra Yoga Secrets, Weiser, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-57863-503-0" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-57863-503-0">978-1-57863-503-0</a>, pages 3–7 </li> <li id="cite_note-kriyananda-99"><a href="#cite_ref-kriyananda_99-0">↑</a> See Kriyananada, page 112. </li> <li id="cite_note-burley73-100"><a href="#cite_ref-burley73_100-0">↑</a> See Burley, page 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-Roden-101"><a href="#cite_ref-Roden_101-0">↑</a> See Introduction by Rosen, pp 1–2. </li> <li id="cite_note-mallinson-102"><a href="#cite_ref-mallinson_102-0">↑</a> See translation by Mallinson. </li> <li id="cite_note-Birch_2011-103"><a href="#cite_ref-Birch_2011_103-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFBirch2011">Birch 2011</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite201257-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite201257_104-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhite2012">White 2012</a>, t. 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESvatmaramaAkers20021–7-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESvatmaramaAkers20021–7_105-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFSvatmaramaAkers2002">Svatmarama & Akers 2002</a>, tt. 1–7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen20123–4-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosen20123–4_106-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFRosen2012">Rosen 2012</a>, tt. 3–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurley2000ix–x,_6–12-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurley2000ix–x,_6–12_107-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurley2000">Burley 2000</a>, tt. ix–x, 6–12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeshe200597–130-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYeshe200597–130_108-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFYeshe2005">Yeshe 2005</a>, tt. 97–130. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Llyfryddiaeth">Llyfryddiaeth</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioga&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Golygu'r adran: Llyfryddiaeth" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioga&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Llyfryddiaeth">golygu cod</a>]</div> <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:30em; -webkit-column-count:30em; column-count:30em;margin-left:1.5em;"> <ul><li>Bronkhorst, Johannes (2007), Greater Magadha: Studies in the Culture of Early India, BRILL</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBryant2009" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Bryant_(author)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edwin Bryant (author) (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Bryant, Edwin</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/yogastrasofpataj0000brya">The Yoga Sutras of Patañjali: A New Edition, Translation, and Commentary</a>. New York, USA: North Point Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-86547-736-0" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-86547-736-0"><bdi>978-0-86547-736-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yoga+Sutras+of+Pata%C3%B1jali%3A+A+New+Edition%2C+Translation%2C+and+Commentary&rft.place=New+York%2C+USA&rft.pub=North+Point+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-86547-736-0&rft.aulast=Bryant&rft.aufirst=Edwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fyogastrasofpataj0000brya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIoga" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBurley2000" class="citation book">Burley, Mikel (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hathayogaitscont0000burl">Hatha Yoga: Its Context, Theory and Practice</a>. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-8120817067" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-8120817067"><bdi>978-8120817067</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hatha+Yoga%3A+Its+Context%2C+Theory+and+Practice&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-8120817067&rft.aulast=Burley&rft.aufirst=Mikel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhathayogaitscont0000burl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIoga" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBurley2012" class="citation book">Burley, Mikel (2012). Classical Samkhya and Yoga – An Indian Metaphysics of Experience. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-415-64887-5" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-415-64887-5"><bdi>978-0-415-64887-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+Samkhya+and+Yoga+%E2%80%93+An+Indian+Metaphysics+of+Experience&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-415-64887-5&rft.aulast=Burley&rft.aufirst=Mikel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIoga" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFChatterjeeDatta1984" class="citation book">Chatterjee, Satischandra; Datta, Dhirendramohan (1984). An Introduction to Indian Philosophy. Calcutta: University of Calcutta.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Indian+Philosophy&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.pub=University+of+Calcutta&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Chatterjee&rft.aufirst=Satischandra&rft.au=Datta%2C+Dhirendramohan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIoga" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFCrangle1994" class="citation book">Crangle, Edward Fitzpatrick (1994). The Origin and Development of Early Indian Contemplative Practices. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origin+and+Development+of+Early+Indian+Contemplative+Practices&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Crangle&rft.aufirst=Edward+Fitzpatrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIoga" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDass1999" class="citation book">Dass, Baba Hari (1999). The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali: A Study Guide for Book I: Samadhi Pada. Santa Cruz, CA: Sri Rama Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/0-918100-20-8" title="Arbennig:BookSources/0-918100-20-8"><bdi>0-918100-20-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yoga+Sutras+of+Patanjali%3A+A+Study+Guide+for+Book+I%3A+Samadhi+Pada&rft.place=Santa+Cruz%2C+CA&rft.pub=Sri+Rama+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-918100-20-8&rft.aulast=Dass&rft.aufirst=Baba+Hari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIoga" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDe_Michelis2004" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_De_Michelis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elizabeth De Michelis (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">De Michelis, Elizabeth</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderny0000demi">A History of Modern Yoga</a>. London: Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/0-8264-8772-6" title="Arbennig:BookSources/0-8264-8772-6"><bdi>0-8264-8772-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Yoga&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8264-8772-6&rft.aulast=De+Michelis&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofmoderny0000demi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIoga" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li>Desmarais, Michele (2008), Changing Minds: Mind, Consciousness and Identity in Patanjali's Yoga Sutra, Motilal Banarsidass, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-8120833364" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-8120833364">978-8120833364</a></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDeussen1997" class="citation book">Deussen, Paul (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8mSpQo9q-tIC">Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Motilal_Banarsidass_Publishers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Motilal Banarsidass Publishers (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Motilal Banarsidass Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-8120814677" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-8120814677"><bdi>978-8120814677</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sixty+Upanishads+of+the+Veda%2C+Volume+1&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publishers&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-8120814677&rft.aulast=Deussen&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8mSpQo9q-tIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIoga" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDumoulinHeisigKnitter2005" class="citation book">Dumoulin, Heinrich; Heisig, James W.; Knitter, Paul F. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9CYeWYtYBS4C">Zen Buddhism: a History: India and China</a>. World Wisdom. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-941532-89-1" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-941532-89-1"><bdi>978-0-941532-89-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zen+Buddhism%3A+a+History%3A+India+and+China&rft.pub=World+Wisdom&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-941532-89-1&rft.aulast=Dumoulin&rft.aufirst=Heinrich&rft.au=Heisig%2C+James+W.&rft.au=Knitter%2C+Paul+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9CYeWYtYBS4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIoga" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFEliade1958" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mircea_Eliade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mircea Eliade (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Eliade, Mircea</a> (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/yogaimmortalityf0000mirc">Yoga: Immortality and Freedom</a>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-691-14203-6" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-691-14203-6"><bdi>978-0-691-14203-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yoga%3A+Immortality+and+Freedom&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1958&rft.isbn=978-0-691-14203-6&rft.aulast=Eliade&rft.aufirst=Mircea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fyogaimmortalityf0000mirc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIoga" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFFeuerstein1996" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Feuerstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Feuerstein (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Feuerstein, Georg</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shambhalaguideto00feue">The Shambhala Guide to Yoga</a> (arg. 1st). Boston & London: Shambhala Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/9781570621420" title="Arbennig:BookSources/9781570621420"><bdi>9781570621420</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shambhala+Guide+to+Yoga&rft.place=Boston+%26+London&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Shambhala+Publications&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9781570621420&rft.aulast=Feuerstein&rft.aufirst=Georg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshambhalaguideto00feue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIoga" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFFeuerstein2001" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Feuerstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Feuerstein (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Feuerstein, Georg</a> (2001). The Yoga Tradition: Its History, Literature, Philosophy and Practice. Hohm Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-890772-18-5" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-890772-18-5"><bdi>978-1-890772-18-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yoga+Tradition%3A+Its+History%2C+Literature%2C+Philosophy+and+Practice&rft.pub=Hohm+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-890772-18-5&rft.aulast=Feuerstein&rft.aufirst=Georg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIoga" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFFeuerstein2002" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Feuerstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Feuerstein (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Feuerstein, Georg</a> (2002). The Yoga Tradition. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yoga+Tradition&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Feuerstein&rft.aufirst=Georg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIoga" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFFeuerstein2012" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Feuerstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Feuerstein (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Feuerstein, Georg</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cI5XDwAAQBAJ">The Yoga Tradition: Its History, Literature, Philosophy and Practice</a>. Hohm Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-935387-39-8" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-935387-39-8"><bdi>978-1-935387-39-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yoga+Tradition%3A+Its+History%2C+Literature%2C+Philosophy+and+Practice&rft.pub=Hohm+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-935387-39-8&rft.aulast=Feuerstein&rft.aufirst=Georg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcI5XDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIoga" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFFlood1996" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gavin_Flood&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gavin Flood (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Flood, Gavin D.</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo_n5j0">An Introduction to Hinduism</a>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Hinduism&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Gavin+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontohi0000floo_n5j0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIoga" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGoldberg2010" class="citation book">Goldberg, Philip (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanvedafrom00gold">American Veda. From Emerson and the Beatles to Yoga and Meditation. How Indian Spirituality Changed the West</a>. New York: Harmony Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-385-52134-5" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-385-52134-5"><bdi>978-0-385-52134-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Veda.+From+Emerson+and+the+Beatles+to+Yoga+and+Meditation.+How+Indian+Spirituality+Changed+the+West&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harmony+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-385-52134-5&rft.aulast=Goldberg&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanvedafrom00gold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIoga" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHari_Dass1978" class="citation book">Hari Dass, Baba (1978). Ashtanga Yoga Primer. Santa Cruz: Sri Ram Publishing. tt. bk. cover. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-918100-04-7" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-918100-04-7"><bdi>978-0-918100-04-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ashtanga+Yoga+Primer&rft.place=Santa+Cruz&rft.pages=bk.+cover&rft.pub=Sri+Ram+Publishing&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-918100-04-7&rft.aulast=Hari+Dass&rft.aufirst=Baba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIoga" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFJacobsen2011" class="citation book">Jacobsen, Knut A., gol. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rHXQsZiz7PoC">Yoga Powers</a>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-9004212145" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-9004212145"><bdi>978-9004212145</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yoga+Powers&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-9004212145&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrHXQsZiz7PoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIoga" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li>Jacobsen, Knut A., ed. (2018), Theory and Practice of Yoga: Essays in Honour of Gerald James Larson, BRILL</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFKundakunda" class="citation book">Kundakunda. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Niyamasara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Niyamasara (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Niyamasara</a>.</cite><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li>Lamb, Ramdas (2011), "Yogic Powers and the Ramananda Sampraday", in Jacobsen, Knut A., Yoga Powers, Leiden: Brill, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-9004212145" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-9004212145">978-9004212145</a></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLarson2008" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerald_James_Larson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerald James Larson (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Larson, Gerald James</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p6pURGdBBmIC">The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Yoga: India's philosophy of meditation</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-81-208-3349-4" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-81-208-3349-4"><bdi>978-81-208-3349-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Indian+Philosophies%3A+Yoga%3A+India%27s+philosophy+of+meditation&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-208-3349-4&rft.aulast=Larson&rft.aufirst=Gerald+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp6pURGdBBmIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIoga" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMallinson2011" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Mallinson_(author)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Mallinson (author) (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Mallinson, James</a> (2011). "Haṭha Yoga". In Jacobsen, Knut A.; Basu, Helene (gol.). Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Volume Three. BRILL.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ha%E1%B9%ADha+Yoga&rft.btitle=Brill%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism.+Volume+Three&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Mallinson&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIoga" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMallinson2012" class="citation web"><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Mallinson_(author)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Mallinson (author) (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Mallinson, James</a> (28 Mehefin 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130616025645/http://www.khecari.com/resources/SaktismHathayoga.pdf">"Sāktism and Hathayoga"</a> (PDF). Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.khecari.com/resources/SaktismHathayoga.pdf">gwreiddiol</a> (PDF) ar 16 Mehefin 2013. Cyrchwyd 2013-09-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=S%C4%81ktism+and+Hathayoga&rft.date=2012-06-28&rft.aulast=Mallinson&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.khecari.com%2Fresources%2FSaktismHathayoga.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIoga" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMallinsonSingleton2017" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Mallinson_(author)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Mallinson (author) (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Mallinson, James</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Singleton_(yoga_scholar)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mark Singleton (yoga scholar) (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Singleton, Mark</a> (2017). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roots_of_Yoga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roots of Yoga (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Roots of Yoga</a>. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-241-25304-5" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-241-25304-5"><bdi>978-0-241-25304-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/928480104">928480104</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roots+of+Yoga&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F928480104&rft.isbn=978-0-241-25304-5&rft.aulast=Mallinson&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Singleton%2C+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIoga" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMehta1990" class="citation book">Mehta, Silva; Mehta, Mira; Mehta, Shyam (1990). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoga:_The_Iyengar_Way&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yoga: The Iyengar Way (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Yoga: The Iyengar Way</a>. Dorling Kindersley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-86318-420-8" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-86318-420-8"><bdi>978-0-86318-420-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yoga%3A+The+Iyengar+Way&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-86318-420-8&rft.aulast=Mehta&rft.aufirst=Silva%3B+Mehta%2C+Mira%3B+Mehta%2C+Shyam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIoga" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMüller1899" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_M%C3%BCller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Max Müller (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Müller, Max</a> (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hiH57a0tGpcC">Six Systems of Indian Philosophy; Samkhya and Yoga, Naya and Vaiseshika</a>. Calcutta: Susil Gupta (India) Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/0-7661-4296-5" title="Arbennig:BookSources/0-7661-4296-5"><bdi>0-7661-4296-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Six+Systems+of+Indian+Philosophy%3B+Samkhya+and+Yoga%2C+Naya+and+Vaiseshika&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.pub=Susil+Gupta+%28India%29+Ltd.&rft.date=1899&rft.isbn=0-7661-4296-5&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhiH57a0tGpcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIoga" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /> Reprint edition; Originally published under the title of "The Six Systems of Indian Philosophy."</li> <li>Olivelle, Patrick (1996), The Early Upanishads: Annotated Text & Translation, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0195124354" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0195124354">978-0195124354</a></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFPossehl2003" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_Possehl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gregory Possehl (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Possehl, G.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pmAuAsi4ePIC">The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowman_%26_Littlefield&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rowman & Littlefield (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Rowman Altamira</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-7591-0172-2" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-7591-0172-2"><bdi>978-0-7591-0172-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indus+Civilization%3A+A+Contemporary+Perspective&rft.pub=Rowman+Altamira&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7591-0172-2&rft.aulast=Possehl&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpmAuAsi4ePIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIoga" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFRadhakrishnan1971" class="citation book">Radhakrishnan, S. (1971). Indian Philosophy. II. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Philosophy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=George+Allen+%26+Unwin+Ltd.&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Radhakrishnan&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIoga" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFRadhakrishnanMoore1967" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Radhakrishnan, S.</a>; Moore, C. A. (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sourcebookinindi00radh">A Sourcebook in Indian Philosophy</a>. Princeton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/0-691-01958-4" title="Arbennig:BookSources/0-691-01958-4"><bdi>0-691-01958-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Sourcebook+in+Indian+Philosophy&rft.pub=Princeton&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=0-691-01958-4&rft.aulast=Radhakrishnan&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Moore%2C+C.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsourcebookinindi00radh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIoga" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFRuff2011" class="citation book">Ruff, Jeffrey Clark (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1ii7D-bR0osC&pg=PA97">"Yoga in the Yoga Upanisads: Disciplines of the Mystical OM Sound"</a>. In White, David Gordon (gol.). Yoga in Practice. Princeton University Press. tt. 97–116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0691140865" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0691140865"><bdi>978-0691140865</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Yoga+in+the+Yoga+Upanisads%3A+Disciplines+of+the+Mystical+OM+Sound&rft.btitle=Yoga+in+Practice&rft.pages=97-116&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0691140865&rft.aulast=Ruff&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+Clark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1ii7D-bR0osC%26pg%3DPA97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIoga" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSamuel2008" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geoffrey_Samuel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geoffrey Samuel (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Samuel, Geoffrey</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JAvrTGrbpf4C">The Origins of Yoga and Tantra</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-521-69534-3" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-521-69534-3"><bdi>978-0-521-69534-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Yoga+and+Tantra&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-69534-3&rft.aulast=Samuel&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJAvrTGrbpf4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIoga" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSatyananda2008" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swami_Satyananda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swami Satyananda (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Satyananda, Swami</a> (2008) [1996]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.znakovi-vremena.net/en/Swami-Satyananda-Saraswati---Asana-Pranayama-Mudra-Bandha.pdf">Asana Pranayama Mudra Bandha</a> (PDF). Munger: Yoga Publications Trust. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-81-86336-14-4" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-81-86336-14-4"><bdi>978-81-86336-14-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asana+Pranayama+Mudra+Bandha&rft.place=Munger&rft.pub=Yoga+Publications+Trust&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-86336-14-4&rft.aulast=Satyananda&rft.aufirst=Swami&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.znakovi-vremena.net%2Fen%2FSwami-Satyananda-Saraswati---Asana-Pranayama-Mudra-Bandha.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIoga" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSingleton2010" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Singleton_(yoga_scholar)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mark Singleton (yoga scholar) (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Singleton, Mark</a> (2010). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoga_Body&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yoga Body (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Yoga Body: the origins of modern posture practice</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-19-539534-1" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-19-539534-1"><bdi>978-0-19-539534-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/318191988">318191988</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yoga+Body%3A+the+origins+of+modern+posture+practice&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F318191988&rft.isbn=978-0-19-539534-1&rft.aulast=Singleton&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIoga" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSjoman1999" class="citation book">Sjoman, Norman E. (1999). <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Yoga_Tradition_of_the_Mysore_Palace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Yoga Tradition of the Mysore Palace (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">The Yoga Tradition of the Mysore Palace</a> (arg. 2nd). New Delhi, India: Abhinav Publications. tt. 11, 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/81-7017-389-2" title="Arbennig:BookSources/81-7017-389-2"><bdi>81-7017-389-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yoga+Tradition+of+the+Mysore+Palace&rft.place=New+Delhi%2C+India&rft.pages=11%2C+35&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=81-7017-389-2&rft.aulast=Sjoman&rft.aufirst=Norman+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIoga" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFStiles2001" class="citation book">Stiles, Mukunda (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ytHC2gJ2CbcC">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali: With Great Respect and Love</a>. Weiser Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-1578632015" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-1578632015"><bdi>978-1578632015</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yoga+Sutras+of+Patanjali%3A+With+Great+Respect+and+Love&rft.pub=Weiser+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1578632015&rft.aulast=Stiles&rft.aufirst=Mukunda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DytHC2gJ2CbcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIoga" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFTaimni1961" class="citation book">Taimni, I. K. (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scienceofyogayog00unse">The Science of Yoga</a>. Adyar, India: The Theosophical Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/81-7059-212-7" title="Arbennig:BookSources/81-7059-212-7"><bdi>81-7059-212-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Science+of+Yoga&rft.place=Adyar%2C+India&rft.pub=The+Theosophical+Publishing+House&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=81-7059-212-7&rft.aulast=Taimni&rft.aufirst=I.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fscienceofyogayog00unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIoga" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFVasudeva" class="citation book">Vasudeva, Somadeva. The Yoga of the Mālinīvijayottara Tantra, Critical edition, translation & notes.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yoga+of+the+M%C4%81lin%C4%ABvijayottara+Tantra%2C+Critical+edition%2C+translation+%26+notes&rft.aulast=Vasudeva&rft.aufirst=Somadeva&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIoga" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFVivekananda" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Vivekananda" title="Vivekananda">Vivekananda, Swami</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lw4gkcQS7cEC">Swami Vivekananda at the Parliament of Religions</a>. Indic Publication. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-301-19120-8" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-301-19120-8"><bdi>978-1-301-19120-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Swami+Vivekananda+at+the+Parliament+of+Religions&rft.pub=Indic+Publication&rft.isbn=978-1-301-19120-8&rft.aulast=Vivekananda&rft.aufirst=Swami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLw4gkcQS7cEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIoga" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWerner1998" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karel_Werner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karel Werner (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Werner, Karel</a> (1998). Yoga And Indian Philosophy (1977, Reprinted in 1998). Motilal Banarsidass Publ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/81-208-1609-9" title="Arbennig:BookSources/81-208-1609-9"><bdi>81-208-1609-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yoga+And+Indian+Philosophy+%281977%2C+Reprinted+in+1998%29&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=81-208-1609-9&rft.aulast=Werner&rft.aufirst=Karel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIoga" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWhicher1998" class="citation book">Whicher, Ian (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_Qo9K9hPvQgC">The Integrity of the Yoga Darśana: A Reconsideration of Classical Yoga</a>. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-7914-3815-2" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-7914-3815-2"><bdi>978-0-7914-3815-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Integrity+of+the+Yoga+Dar%C5%9Bana%3A+A+Reconsideration+of+Classical+Yoga&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-3815-2&rft.aulast=Whicher&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_Qo9K9hPvQgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIoga" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWhite2011" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Gordon_White&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Gordon White (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">White, David Gordon</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/i9565.pdf">"Yoga, Brief History of an Idea"</a> (PDF). Yoga in Practice. Princeton University Press. tt. 1–23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Yoga%2C+Brief+History+of+an+Idea&rft.btitle=Yoga+in+Practice&rft.pages=1-23&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=David+Gordon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress.princeton.edu%2Fchapters%2Fi9565.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIoga" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWhite2014" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Gordon_White&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Gordon White (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">White, David Gordon</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/yogasutraofpatan0000whit">The "Yoga Sutra of Patanjali": A Biography</a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-4008-5005-1" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-4008-5005-1"><bdi>978-1-4008-5005-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+%22Yoga+Sutra+of+Patanjali%22%3A+A+Biography&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-5005-1&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=David+Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fyogasutraofpatan0000whit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIoga" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWorthington1982" class="citation book">Worthington, Vivian (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5aI9AAAAIAAJ">A History of Yoga</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/0-7100-9258-X" title="Arbennig:BookSources/0-7100-9258-X"><bdi>0-7100-9258-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Yoga&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-7100-9258-X&rft.aulast=Worthington&rft.aufirst=Vivian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5aI9AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIoga" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWynne2007" class="citation book">Wynne, Alexander (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ElIupyX_SYAC&pg=PA51">The Origin of Buddhist Meditation</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-134-09741-8" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-134-09741-8"><bdi>978-1-134-09741-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origin+of+Buddhist+Meditation&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-134-09741-8&rft.aulast=Wynne&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DElIupyX_SYAC%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIoga" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFZimmer1951" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Zimmer" title="Heinrich Zimmer">Zimmer, Heinrich</a> (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bRQ5fpTmwoAC">Philosophies of India</a>. New York, New York: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/0-691-01758-1" title="Arbennig:BookSources/0-691-01758-1"><bdi>0-691-01758-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophies+of+India&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1951&rft.isbn=0-691-01758-1&rft.aulast=Zimmer&rft.aufirst=Heinrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbRQ5fpTmwoAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIoga" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /> Bollingen Series XXVI; Edited by Joseph Cambell.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFZydenbos2006" class="citation book">Zydenbos, Robert (2006). Jainism Today and Its Future. Munich: Manya Verlag. t. 66.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jainism+Today+and+Its+Future&rft.place=Munich&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Manya+Verlag&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Zydenbos&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIoga" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGrimes1996" class="citation book">Grimes, John A. (1996). A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English. State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/0791430677" title="Arbennig:BookSources/0791430677"><bdi>0791430677</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+Dictionary+of+Indian+Philosophy%3A+Sanskrit+Terms+Defined+in+English&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0791430677&rft.aulast=Grimes&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIoga" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ffynonellau">Ffynonellau</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioga&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Golygu'r adran: Ffynonellau" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioga&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section's source code: Ffynonellau">golygu cod</a>]</div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gweler_hefyd_2">Gweler hefyd</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioga&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Golygu'r adran: Gweler hefyd" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioga&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section's source code: Gweler hefyd">golygu cod</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhestr_o_safleoedd_ioga" title="Rhestr o safleoedd ioga">Rhestr o safleoedd ioga</a></li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Awdurdod" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Awdurdod" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Awdurdod" class="mw-redirect" title="Awdurdod">Awdurdod</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-sh85-149174">WorldCat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85149174">sh85149174</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4067199-9">4067199-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11933824d">cb11933824d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11933824d">(data)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="National Diet Library">NDL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00574263">00574263</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph114850&CON_LNG=ENG">ph114850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Biblioteca Nacional de España">BNE</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX527235">XX527235</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Wedi dod o "<a dir="ltr" href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ioga&oldid=13520121">https://cy.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ioga&oldid=13520121</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:Categories" title="Arbennig:Categories">Categorïau</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categori:Ioga" title="Categori:Ioga">Ioga</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categori:Athroniaeth_India" title="Categori:Athroniaeth India">Athroniaeth India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categori:Hind%C5%B5aeth" title="Categori:Hindŵaeth">Hindŵaeth</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categori:Myfyrdod" title="Categori:Myfyrdod">Myfyrdod</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categori:Ymarfer_corff" title="Categori:Ymarfer corff">Ymarfer corff</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Categori cudd: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categori:Tudalennau_gyda_meysydd_deublyg_yn_y_Nodion" title="Categori:Tudalennau gyda meysydd deublyg yn y Nodion">Tudalennau gyda meysydd deublyg yn y Nodion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categori:Nodyn" title="Categori:Nodyn">Nodyn</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categori:Tudalennau_sy%27n_defnyddio_dolenni_hud_ISBN" title="Categori:Tudalennau sy'n defnyddio dolenni hud ISBN">Tudalennau sy'n defnyddio dolenni hud ISBN</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categori:Erthyglau_sy%27n_defnyddio_Nodyn_Gwybodlen_pethau_Wicidata" title="Categori:Erthyglau sy'n defnyddio Nodyn Gwybodlen pethau Wicidata">Erthyglau sy'n defnyddio Nodyn Gwybodlen pethau Wicidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categori:Wikipedia_articles_with_LCCN_identifiers" title="Categori:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers">Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categori:Wikipedia_articles_with_GND_identifiers" title="Categori:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers">Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categori:Wikipedia_articles_with_BNF_identifiers" title="Categori:Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers">Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Golygwyd y dudalen hon ddiwethaf ar 3 Ebrill 2025, am 21:49.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Mae'r testun ar gael o dan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a>; gall telerau ychwanegol fod yn berthnasol. Gweler y <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Telerau Gwasanaeth</a> am fanylion.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Polisi preifatrwydd</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wicipedia:Yngl%C5%B7n_%C3%A2_Wicipedia">Ynglŷn â Wicipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wicipedia:Gwadiad_Cyffredinol">Gwadiadau</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Cod Ymddygiad</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Datblygwyr</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/cy.wikipedia.org">Ystadegau</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Datganiad cwcis</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//cy.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ioga&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Golwg symudol</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"> Chwilio </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Chwilio Wicipedia"> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Arbennig:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Chwilio</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Cynnwys" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toglo'r tabl cynnwys" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toglo'r tabl cynnwys </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" >Ioga</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 131 iaith </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Ychwanegu adran </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.canary-c84c6946d-9b42b","wgBackendResponseTime":209,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.705","walltime":"0.885","ppvisitednodes":{"value":21379,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":142594,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":24655,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":173145,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 735.058 1 -total"," 41.82% 307.385 1 Nodyn:Pethau"," 39.91% 293.361 1 Nodyn:Infobox"," 23.92% 175.803 52 Nodyn:Cite_book"," 23.41% 172.056 2 Nodyn:Cyfeiriadau"," 23.32% 171.416 100 Nodyn:If_first_display_both"," 10.10% 74.241 76 Nodyn:Sfn"," 4.85% 35.661 9 Nodyn:Citation/core"," 4.61% 33.877 76 Nodyn:Harvard_citation/core"," 4.26% 31.310 6 Nodyn:ISBN"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.284","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":5761872,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-845f5977-qlnt6","timestamp":"20250403215029","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Ioga","url":"https:\/\/cy.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ioga","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q9350","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q9350","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2009-08-25T09:45:48Z","dateModified":"2025-04-03T21:49:58Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/f7\/Bharadwaja.jpg","headline":"ymarferion corfforol a meddyliol o India"}</script> </body> </html>