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id="toc-Xhosa_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Creation_of_the_Zulu_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creation_of_the_Zulu_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Creation of the Zulu Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creation_of_the_Zulu_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pedi_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pedi_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Pedi Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pedi_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inception_of_apartheid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inception_of_apartheid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Inception of apartheid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inception_of_apartheid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Democratic_dispensation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Democratic_dispensation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Democratic dispensation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Democratic_dispensation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnic_partitioning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_partitioning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ethnic partitioning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_partitioning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language_and_communication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_and_communication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Language and communication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_and_communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ditema_syllabary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ditema_syllabary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Ditema syllabary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ditema_syllabary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_Ndebele_paintings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_Ndebele_paintings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Southern Ndebele paintings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_Ndebele_paintings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_sports_and_martial_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_sports_and_martial_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Traditional sports and martial arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_sports_and_martial_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nguni_stick-fighting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nguni_stick-fighting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Nguni stick-fighting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nguni_stick-fighting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Musangwe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musangwe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Musangwe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musangwe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chiefdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chiefdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Chiefdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chiefdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Time-reliant_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Time-reliant_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Time-reliant traditions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Time-reliant_traditions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Time-reliant traditions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Time-reliant_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Xhosa_calendar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Xhosa_calendar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Xhosa calendar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Xhosa_calendar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sotho_calendar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sotho_calendar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Sotho calendar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sotho_calendar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_holidays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_holidays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Traditional holidays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_holidays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_Fruits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Fruits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>First Fruits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Fruits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Umkhosi_womHlanga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Umkhosi_womHlanga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>Umkhosi womHlanga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Umkhosi_womHlanga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_food_acquisition" 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aria-controls="toc-Ideologies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ideologies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ideologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Umvelinqangi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Umvelinqangi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Umvelinqangi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Umvelinqangi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-King_Shaka's_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#King_Shaka's_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>King Shaka's philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-King_Shaka's_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Black_Consciousness_Movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Black_Consciousness_Movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Black Consciousness Movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Black_Consciousness_Movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ubuntu_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ubuntu_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Ubuntu philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ubuntu_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_African_Bantu-speaking_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_African_Bantu-speaking_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>South African Bantu-speaking people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_African_Bantu-speaking_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diaspora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diaspora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Diaspora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diaspora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Bantu South Africans</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Africa_2011_Black_African_population_proportion_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/South_Africa_2011_Black_African_population_proportion_map.svg/220px-South_Africa_2011_Black_African_population_proportion_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/South_Africa_2011_Black_African_population_proportion_map.svg/330px-South_Africa_2011_Black_African_population_proportion_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/South_Africa_2011_Black_African_population_proportion_map.svg/440px-South_Africa_2011_Black_African_population_proportion_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="809" data-file-height="709" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Proportion of Black South Africans in each municipality according to the census</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> <b>50,486,856</b> (<a href="/wiki/2022_South_African_census" title="2022 South African census">2022 census</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-:5_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 81.45% of South Africa's population</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Sotho_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Sotho language">Northern Sotho</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ndebele_language" title="Southern Ndebele language">Southern Ndebele</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sotho_language" title="Sotho language">Southern Sotho</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Swazi_language" title="Swazi language">Swazi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tsonga_language" title="Tsonga language">Tsonga</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tswana_language" title="Tswana language">Tswana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Venda_language" title="Venda language">Venda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_language" title="Zulu language">Zulu</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Christianity</li><li><a href="/wiki/Irreligious" class="mw-redirect" title="Irreligious">Irreligious</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional African religions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Agnostic" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnostic">Undetermined</a></li><li>Further information: <b><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Africa" title="Religion in South Africa">Religion in South Africa</a></b></li></ul></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Other <a href="/wiki/List_of_indigenous_peoples#Southern_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of indigenous peoples">Indigenous Southern Africans</a></li><li>Relating <a href="/wiki/Coloureds" title="Coloureds">Coloureds</a></li><li>Relating <a href="/wiki/South_African_diaspora" title="South African diaspora">South African diaspora</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>South African Bantu-speaking peoples</b> represent the majority <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Africa" title="Indigenous peoples of Africa">indigenous</a> ethno-racial group of South Africans. Occasionally grouped as <a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples" title="Bantu peoples">Bantu</a>, the term itself is derived from the English word "people", common to many of the <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu languages</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford Dictionary</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">South African English</a> describes "Bantu", when used in a contemporary usage or racial context as "obsolescent and offensive", because of its strong association with the "<a href="/wiki/White_South_Africans" title="White South Africans">white</a> <a href="/wiki/Minoritarianism#Dominant_minority" title="Minoritarianism">minority rule</a>" with their <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a> system. However, Bantu is used without pejorative connotations in other parts of Africa and is still used in South Africa as the group term for the language family. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bantu_peoples_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UP_rhino.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Mapungubwe rhinoceros dated ca. 1250–1290 CE, is part of the Mapungubwe Collection" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/UP_rhino.JPG/227px-UP_rhino.JPG" decoding="async" width="227" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/UP_rhino.JPG/341px-UP_rhino.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/UP_rhino.JPG/454px-UP_rhino.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="571" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Golden_Rhinoceros_of_Mapungubwe" title="Golden Rhinoceros of Mapungubwe">Mapungubwe rhinoceros</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the <a href="/wiki/Mapungubwe_Collection" title="Mapungubwe Collection">Mapungubwe Collection</a> dated c. 1250–1290 CE</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monomotapa_Map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Monomotapa_Map.jpg/227px-Monomotapa_Map.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Monomotapa_Map.jpg/341px-Monomotapa_Map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Monomotapa_Map.jpg/454px-Monomotapa_Map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2038" data-file-height="1582" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mutapa" title="Kingdom of Mutapa">Kingdom of Mutapa</a>'s Dutch version map showing Caffaria (Cafraria's name derivative) in Africa, by <a href="/wiki/Willem_Blaeu" title="Willem Blaeu">Willem Blaeu</a>, published in 1635, <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monomotapa-Coste_des_Caffres-1688.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Monomotapa-Coste_des_Caffres-1688.jpg/227px-Monomotapa-Coste_des_Caffres-1688.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Monomotapa-Coste_des_Caffres-1688.jpg/341px-Monomotapa-Coste_des_Caffres-1688.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Monomotapa-Coste_des_Caffres-1688.jpg/454px-Monomotapa-Coste_des_Caffres-1688.jpg 2x" data-file-width="729" data-file-height="517" /></a><figcaption>French version map depicting Coste Des Caffres, across and south the <a href="/wiki/Limpopo_River" title="Limpopo River">Limpopo River</a> (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: <i lang="pt">Espiritu Santo River</i>) in 1688, present-day South Africa's coast.</figcaption></figure> <p>Archaeological evidence suggests that <i><a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">Homo sapiens</a></i> inhabited the region for over 100,000 years, with sedentary agriculture occurring since at least 100 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 16th century, explorer Leo Africanus described the <i>Cafri</i> (<a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">Kafir</a>'s variant) as <a href="/wiki/Negro" title="Negro">negroes</a>, and one of five principal population groups in Africa. He identified their geographical heartland as being located in remote Southern Africa, an area which he designated as <i>Cafraria</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Leo5153_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leo5153-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> European cartographers in their 16th and 17th centuries versions of southern African maps, likewise called the southern African region Cafreria. In the late 16th century, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hakluyt" title="Richard Hakluyt">Richard Hakluyt</a>, an English writer, in his words describes <i>Cafars</i> and Gawars, translate to infidels and illiterates (not to be confused with slaves called Cafari, the <a href="/wiki/Malagasy_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Malagasy people">Malagasy people</a> called <a href="/wiki/Cafres" title="Cafres">Cafres</a> and certain inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> known as Cafars), as Bantu-speaking peoples of southern Africa in his work.<sup id="cite_ref-gutenberg-hakluyt_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gutenberg-hakluyt-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically past names of South Africa in records largely relied upon how <a href="/wiki/European_exploration_of_Africa" title="European exploration of Africa">European explorers to Africa</a> referred to the indigenous people, in the 16th century the whole coastal region was known in Portuguese cartography as Cafreria, and in French cartography as <i>Coste Des Caffres</i>, which translates to the Coast of <i>Caffres</i> of the south <a href="/wiki/Limpopo_River" title="Limpopo River">Limpopo River</a> in 1688, "Cafres or Caffres" being a word derived from an <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> word "Kafir" (meaning "non-believer"). It was also known as the Bantu-speaking peoples' <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mutapa" title="Kingdom of Mutapa">Kingdom of Mutapa</a> (1430–1760) at its peak. During the establishment and the time throughout the 18th century <a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a>, South Africa was referred to as <i>The Country of the Hottentots and Caffria</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Hottentot_(racial_term)" title="Hottentot (racial term)"><i>Hottentot</i></a> is a deprecated reference to the Khoisan people of <a href="/wiki/Western_Cape" title="Western Cape">Western Cape</a>, South Africa, while Caffria stemming from Kafir/<a href="/wiki/Kaffir_(racial_term)" title="Kaffir (racial term)">Kaffir</a> which is now an offensive <a href="/wiki/Racial_slur" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial slur">racial slur</a> to <i>South African Bantu language speaking peoples</i>). Other than Portuguese cartographers calling present-day South Africa's coast Cafreria in the 16th century, another Cafraria dub directly related to the present-day South African region covered the landscape as presented by a <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a> cartographer <a href="/wiki/Willem_Blaeu" title="Willem Blaeu">Willem Blaeu</a>'s work, <i><a href="/wiki/Theatrum_Orbis_Terrarum" title="Theatrum Orbis Terrarum">Theatrum Orbis Terrarum</a></i> (1635). The later derivative <a href="/wiki/Kaffraria" title="Kaffraria">Kaffraria</a> (obsolete name) became a reference to only the present day <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Cape" title="Eastern Cape">Eastern Cape</a>. </p><p>Based on prehistorical archaeological evidence of pastoralism and farming in southern Africa, settlements forming part of countless ancient settlements remains related to <i>Bantu language speaking peoples</i> of Africa, specifically those from sites located in the southernmost region inside the borders of what is now <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a> take importance to this article for being the closest, oldest archaeological evidence by distance to the South African border thus far related to South African Bantu–speaking peoples and dated 354–68 <span title="Before Common Era">BCE</span>. Ancient settlements remains found thus far similarly based on pastoralism and farming within South Africa were dated 249–370 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the early <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portuguese</a> sailors <a href="/wiki/Vasco_Da_Gama" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasco Da Gama">Vasco Da Gama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_Dias" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartholomew Dias">Bartholomew Dias</a> reached the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a> in the late 15th century <span title="Common Era">CE</span>, a number of Khoe language speakers were found living there and the indigenous population around the Cape primarily consisted of Khoisan groups. Following the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Cape_Colony" title="Dutch Cape Colony">Dutch Cape Colony</a>, European settlers began arriving in Southern Africa in substantial numbers. Around the 1770s, <a href="/wiki/Trekboer" class="mw-redirect" title="Trekboer">Trekboers</a> from the Cape encountered more Bantu language speakers towards the <a href="/wiki/Great_Fish_River" title="Great Fish River">Great Fish River</a> and frictions eventually arose between the two groups. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, there were two major areas of frictional contact between the white colonialists and the Bantu language speakers in Southern Africa. Firstly, as the Boers moved north inland from the Cape they encountered Xhosa, Basotho, and Tswana peoples. Secondly attempts at coastal settlement was made by the British in two regions now known as the Eastern Cape<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal" title="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Empty_Land"_myth"><span id=".22Empty_Land.22_myth"></span>"Empty Land" myth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bantu_peoples_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: "Empty Land" myth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The history of the Bantu-speaking peoples from South Africa has in the past been misunderstood due to the deliberate spreading of false narratives such as <i>The Empty Land Myth</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> First published by W.A. Holden in the 1860s, this doctrine claims that South Africa had mostly been an unsettled region and that Bantu-speaking peoples had begun to migrate southwards from present day <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> at the same time as the Europeans had begun to move northwards from the Cape settlement, despite there being no historical or archaeological evidence to support this theory. </p><p>This theory originated in Southern Africa during the period of <a href="/wiki/Colonisation_of_Africa" title="Colonisation of Africa">Colonisation of Africa</a>, historians have noted that this theory had already gained currency among Europeans by the mid-1840s. Its later alternative form of note were conformed around the "1830s concept of <a href="/wiki/Mfecane" title="Mfecane">Mfecane</a>", trying to hide and ignore the intrusion of Europeans on Bantu lands, by implying that the territory they colonized was devoid of human habitation (as a result of the <i>Mfecane</i>). Modern research has disputed this historiographical narrative.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1860s, when Holden was propagating his theory, this turbulent period had resulted in large swathes of South African land falling under the control of either the <a href="/wiki/Boer_Republics" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer Republics">Boer Republics</a> or British colonials, there was <a href="/wiki/Denaturalization" title="Denaturalization">denaturalization</a> accompanied with <a href="/wiki/Forced_displacement" title="Forced displacement">forced displacement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Population_transfer" title="Population transfer">population transfer</a> of these indigenous peoples from their land, the myth being used as the justification for the capture and settlement of Bantu-speaking peoples's land. The <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a> established rural reserves in 1913 and 1936, by legislating the reduction and voiding of <i>South African Bantu-speaking peoples's</i> land heritage <a href="/wiki/Holistically" class="mw-redirect" title="Holistically">holistically</a>, thereby land relating to Bantu-speaking peoples of South Africa legislatively became reduced into being those reserves. In this context, the <a href="/wiki/Natives_Land_Act,_1913" title="Natives Land Act, 1913">Natives Land Act, 1913</a>, limited Black South Africans to 7% of the land in the country. In 1936, through the <a href="/wiki/Native_Trust_and_Land_Act,_1936" title="Native Trust and Land Act, 1936">Native Trust and Land Act, 1936</a>, Union of South Africa's government planned to raise this to 13.6% but subsequently would not.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="National Party (South Africa)">National Party (South Africa)</a> government, the <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a> government became the profundity action from the pre-1948 Union of South Africa's government rule, it introduced a series of measures that reshaped the South African society such that Europeans would take themselves as the demographic majority while being a minority group. The creation of false homelands or <a href="/wiki/Bantustan" title="Bantustan">Bantustans</a> (based on dividing <i>South African Bantu language speaking peoples</i> by <a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">ethnicity</a>) was a central element of this strategy, the Bantustans were eventually made nominally independent, in order to limit <i>South African Bantu language speaking peoples</i> citizenship to those Bantustans. The Bantustans were meant to reflect an analogy of the various ethnic "-stans" of <a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">Western</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Kafiristan" title="Kafiristan">Kafiristan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, etc. But in South Africa, the association with Apartheid discredited the term, and the Apartheid government shifted to the politically appealing but historically deceptive term "ethnic homelands". Meanwhile, the <a href="/wiki/Internal_resistance_to_apartheid" title="Internal resistance to apartheid">Anti-Apartheid Movement</a> persisted in calling the areas Bantustans, to actively protest the Apartheid governments' political illegitimacy. The fallacy of <i>The Empty Land Myth</i> also completely omits the existence of the <a href="/wiki/Saan" class="mw-redirect" title="Saan">Saan</a> (hunter-gatherers) and the <a href="/wiki/Khoikhoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoikhoi">Khoikhoi</a> (pastoralists) in southern Africans, who roamed much of the southwestern region of Africa for millenniums before the invasions, colonialism of Europeans.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Particularly <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_nationalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-wing nationalists">right-wing nationalists</a> of European descent maintain that the theory still holds true, despite there being even more historical and archaeological evidence contrary to the myth, for example the <a href="/wiki/Lydenburg_heads" title="Lydenburg heads">Lydenburg heads</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Bantu-speaking peoples' <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe" title="Kingdom of Mapungubwe">Kingdom of Mapungubwe</a> (c.1075–c.1220) and <a href="/wiki/Leo_Africanus" title="Leo Africanus">Leo Africanus</a>'s 1526 <span title="Common Era">CE</span> account of Bantu-speaking peoples of the region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brief_South_African_colonial-era_history_through_Polities">Brief South African colonial-era history through Polities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bantu_peoples_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Brief South African colonial-era history through Polities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b> with: More topics for this section need to be added, regarding the article. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bantu_peoples_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Xhosa_Wars">Xhosa Wars</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bantu_peoples_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Xhosa Wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_Wars" title="Xhosa Wars">Xhosa Wars</a></div> <p>The longest running military action from the period of <a href="/wiki/Colonialism_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonialism in Africa">colonialism in Africa</a>, which saw a series of nine wars during 1779 till 1879. Involving the <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_people" title="Xhosa people">Xhosa Kingdom</a> and the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, mainly in the present day South African region of Eastern Cape. </p><p>(1779–1803): After European invasion of the present day <a href="/wiki/Western_Cape,_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Cape, South Africa">Western Cape, South Africa</a> region, colonialist's frontiersmen in the 18th century started encroaching the land farther inland present-day South African region, encountering more of the indigenous population, conflict of land and cattle grew sparking the <b>first war</b> that set to drive Xhosa people out of <a href="/wiki/Albany,_South_Africa" title="Albany, South Africa">Zuurveld</a> by 1781. The <b>second war</b> involved a larger Xhosa territory between the <a href="/wiki/Great_Fish_River" title="Great Fish River">Great Fish River</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sundays_River" title="Sundays River">Sundays River</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gqunukhwebe" title="Gqunukhwebe">Gqunukhwebe</a> clans of the Xhosa started to penetrate back into the Zuurveld and colonists under Barend Lindeque, allied themselves with Ndlambe, a regent of the Western Xhosas, to repel the Gqunukhwebe. The second war concluded when farms were abandoned due to panic in 1793. In 1799 the <b>third war</b> began with the Xhosa rebellion – discontented <a href="/wiki/Khoekhoe" title="Khoekhoe">Khoekhoe</a> revolted and joined with the Xhosa in the Zuurveld, and started retaking land through farms occupied by colonialist, reaching <a href="/wiki/Oudtshoorn" title="Oudtshoorn">Oudtshoorn</a> by July 1799. The colonial officials made peace with the Xhosa and Khoe in Zuurveld. In 1801, Graaff-Reinet rebellion started forcing more Khoekhoe desertions and farm abandonment. The commandos could not achieve any result, so in February 1803 a peace was arranged with the Xhosas and Khoekhoes.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>(1811–1819): Zuurveld became a buffer zone between the Cape Colony and Xhosa territory, empty of the Boers, the British to the west and the Xhosa to the east. In 1811 the <b>fourth war</b> began when the Xhosa took back the rest of their territory of Zuurveld, conflicts with the settlers followed. Forces under Colonel <a href="/wiki/John_Graham_(British_Army_officer,_born_1778)" title="John Graham (British Army officer, born 1778)">John Graham</a> drove the Xhosa back beyond the Fish River. The <b>fifth war</b>, the war of Nxele, started after the Battle of Amalinde. This happened after a civil war broke out within the Xhosa Nation when the British-allied chief Ngqika of the Right Hand House allegedly tried to overthrow the Government and become the king of the Xhosas but was defeated. Then Ngqika appealed to the British who seized 23,000 head of cattle from a Xhosa chief. The Xhosa prophet, <a href="/wiki/Nxele" class="mw-redirect" title="Nxele">Nxele</a> (Makhanda) emerged, under the command of <a href="/wiki/ImiDushane" title="ImiDushane">Mdushane</a>, Ndlambe's son, led 6,000 Xhosa force attack on 22 April 1819 to <a href="/wiki/Grahamstown" class="mw-redirect" title="Grahamstown">Grahamstown</a>, which was held by 350 troops repulsed Nxele. Nxele was captured and imprisoned on <a href="/wiki/Robben_Island" title="Robben Island">Robben Island</a>. The British pushed the Xhosa further east beyond the Fish River to the <a href="/wiki/Keiskamma_River" title="Keiskamma River">Keiskamma River</a>. The resulting empty territory was designated as a buffer zone for loyal Africans' settlements. It came to be known as the "Ceded Territories". </p><p>(1834–1879): The Xhosa remained expelled from their territory dubbed "Ceded Territories", that was then settled by Europeans and other African peoples. They were also subjected to territorial expansions from other Africans that were themselves under pressure from the expanding Zulu Kingdom. Nevertheless, the frontier region was seeing increasing amounts of multi-racial issues because Africans and Europeans living and trading throughout the frontier region. The indecision by the Cape Government's policy towards the return of the Xhosa territories did not dissipate Xhosa frustration toward the inability to provide for themselves, hence the Xhosa resorted to frontier cattle-raiding. In response on 11 December 1834, a Cape government commando party killed a chief of high rank, incensing the Xhosa army of 10,000 led by <a href="/wiki/Maqoma" title="Maqoma">Maqoma</a>, that swept across the frontier into the Cape Colony. A string of defeats by <a href="/wiki/Sir_Benjamin_d%27Urban" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Benjamin d'Urban">Sir Benjamin d'Urban</a> combining forces under Colonel <a href="/wiki/Sir_Harry_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Harry Smith">Sir Harry Smith</a> stopped the Xhosa, most Xhosa chiefs surrendered but the primary leadership Maqoma and Tyali retreated, a treaty was imposed and hostilities finally died down on 17 September 1836. Aftermath the <b>sixth war</b>, a chief believed to be actually the paramount chief or the King of the Gcaleka Xhosa by the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a>, Chief <a href="/wiki/Hintsa_ka_Khawuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Hintsa ka Khawuta">Hintsa ka Khawuta</a>, was shot and killed by George Southey, brother of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Southey_(colonial_administrator)" title="Richard Southey (colonial administrator)">Richard Southey</a>. The era also saw the rise and fall of <a href="/wiki/Andries_Stockenstr%C3%B6m#Lieutenant-Governor_of_the_Eastern_Province_(1836-1838)" title="Andries Stockenström">Stockenström's treaty system</a>. </p><p>The <b>seventh war</b> became a war between the imperial British troops collaborating with the mixed-race "Burgher forces", which were mainly Khoi, <a href="/wiki/Fengu_people" title="Fengu people">Fengu</a>, British settlers and Boer commandos, against the Ngcika assisted by the Ndlambe and <a href="/wiki/Thembu" title="Thembu">Thembu</a>. Tension had been simmering between colonialist farmers and Xhosa raiders, on both sides of the frontier since the dismantlement of Stockenstrom's treaty system. This began when Governor Maitland imposed a new system of treaties on the chiefs without consulting them, while a severe drought forced desperate Xhosa to engage in cattle raids across the frontier to survive. In addition, politician <a href="/wiki/Robert_Godlonton" title="Robert Godlonton">Robert Godlonton</a> continued to use his newspaper the Graham's Town Journal to agitate for <a href="/wiki/1820_Settlers" title="1820 Settlers">1820 Settlers</a> to annex and settle the land that had been returned to the Xhosa after the previous war. The war concluded after the announcement of the annexation of the country between the Keiskamma and the Kei rivers to the British crown by order of Lord Glenelg. It was not, however, incorporated with the Cape Colony, but made a crown dependency under the name of <a href="/wiki/British_Kaffraria" title="British Kaffraria">British Kaffraria</a> Colony with King William's Town as its capital. </p><p>Large numbers of Xhosa were displaced across the Keiskamma by Governor <a href="/wiki/Sir_Harry_Smith,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Harry Smith, 1st Baronet">Harry Smith</a>, and these refugees supplemented the original inhabitants there, causing overpopulation and hardship. Those Xhosa who remained in the colony were moved to towns and encouraged to adopt European lifestyles. In June 1850 there followed an unusually cold winter, together with an extreme drought. It was at this time that Smith ordered the displacement of large numbers of Xhosa squatters from the Kat River region. The war became known as "Mlanjeni's War", the <b>eighth war</b>, after the prophet Mlanjeni who arose among the homeless Xhosa and preached mobilization, large numbers of Xhosa began leaving the colony's towns and mobilizing in the tribal areas. In February 1852, the British Government decided that Sir Harry Smith's inept rule had been responsible for much of the violence, and ordered him replaced by <a href="/wiki/George_Cathcart" title="George Cathcart">George Cathcart</a>, who took charge in March. In February 1853 Xhosa chiefs surrendered, the 8th frontier war was the most bitter and brutal in the series of Xhosa wars. It lasted over two years and ended in subjugation of the Ciskei Xhosa. </p><p>The cattle-killing movement that began in 1856 to 1858, led Xhosa people to destroy their own means of subsistence in the belief that it would bring about salvation from colonialism through supernatural spirits. First declared by a prophetess <a href="/wiki/Nongqawuse" title="Nongqawuse">Nongqawuse</a> no one believed in the prophecy and it was considered absurdity, but more and more people started believing Nongqawuse. The cult grew and built up momentum, sweeping across the eastern Cape. The return of the ancestors was predicted to occur on 18 February 1857, when the day came, the Xhosa nation waited en masse for the momentous events to occur, only to be bitterly disappointed. Famine set in and disease was also spread from the cattle killings, this forced the remainder of the Xhosa nation to seek relief from colonialists. </p><p>In 1877 the <b>ninth of the Cape frontier war</b> happened, known as the "Fengu-Gcaleka War", and also the "Ngcayechibi's War" — the name stemming from a headman whose feast was where the initial fight occurred that traces from the conflicts of this war. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Creation_of_the_Zulu_Kingdom">Creation of the Zulu Kingdom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bantu_peoples_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Creation of the Zulu Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zulu Kingdom</a></div><p> Before the early 19th century the indigenous population composition in KwaZulu-Natal region was primarily by many different, largely Nguni-speaking clans and influenced by the two powers of the <a href="/wiki/Mthethwa_Paramountcy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mthethwa Paramountcy">Mthethwa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ndwandwe" title="Ndwandwe">Ndwandwe</a>. In 1816, <a href="/wiki/Shaka" title="Shaka">Shaka</a> acceded to the Zulu throne (at that stage the Zulu was merely one of the many clans). Within a relatively short period of time he had conquered his neighbouring clans and had forged the Zulu into the most important ally of the large Mthethwa clan, which was in competition with the Ndwandwe clan for domination of the northern part of modern-day KwaZulu-Natal. </p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zulumustersm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Zulumustersm.jpg/514px-Zulumustersm.jpg" decoding="async" width="514" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Zulumustersm.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="126" /></a><figcaption>Depicted muster and dance performance of Zulu regiments, c. 1827</figcaption></figure><p>After the death of the Mthethwa king <a href="/wiki/Dingiswayo" title="Dingiswayo">Dingiswayo</a> around 1818, at the hands of <a href="/wiki/Zwide_kaLanga" title="Zwide kaLanga">Zwide</a>, the king of the Ndwandwe, Shaka assumed leadership of the entire Mthethwa alliance. The alliance under his leadership survived Zwide's first assault at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gqokli_Hill" title="Battle of Gqokli Hill">Battle of Gqokli Hill</a>. Within two years he had defeated Zwide at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mhlatuze_River" title="Battle of Mhlatuze River">Battle of Mhlatuze River</a> and broken up the Ndwandwe alliance, some of whom in turn began a murderous campaign against other Nguni communities, resulting in a mass migration of communities fleeing those who are regarded now as Zulu people too. Historians have postulated this as the cause of the Mfecane, a period of mass migration and war in the Southern African interior in the 19th, however this hypothesis is no longer accepted by most historians, and the idea itself of <a href="/wiki/Mfecane" title="Mfecane">Mfecane</a>/<i>Difaqane</i> has been thoroughly disputed by many scholars, notably by <a href="/wiki/Julian_Cobbing" title="Julian Cobbing">Julian Cobbing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pedi_Kingdom">Pedi Kingdom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bantu_peoples_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pedi Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Pedi_people" title="Pedi people">Pedi people</a></div> <p>The Pedi <a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">polity</a> under King Thulare (c. 1780–1820) was made up of land that stretched from present-day <a href="/wiki/Rustenburg" title="Rustenburg">Rustenburg</a> to the lowveld in the west and as far south as the <a href="/wiki/Vaal_River" title="Vaal River">Vaal River</a>. Pedi power was undermined during the <a href="/wiki/Mfecane" title="Mfecane">Mfecane</a>, by the <a href="/wiki/Ndwandwe" title="Ndwandwe">Ndwandwe</a>. A period of dislocation followed, after which the polity was re-stabilized under Thulare's son Sekwati.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sekwati" title="Sekwati">Sekwati</a> succeeded King Thulare as paramount chief of the Bapedi in the northern <a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Colony" title="Transvaal Colony">Transvaal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Limpopo" title="Limpopo">Limpopo</a>). He engaged in maintaining his domain from other indigenous polities, mostly in frequent conflict with <a href="/wiki/Mzilikazi" title="Mzilikazi">Mzilikazi</a>'s army who then had established and residing in Mhlahlandlela (present day <a href="/wiki/Centurion,_Gauteng" class="mw-redirect" title="Centurion, Gauteng">Centurion, Gauteng</a>) after retreating King <a href="/wiki/Shaka_Zulu" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaka Zulu">Sigidi kaSenzagakhona</a>'s forces, before they moved on to found the <a href="/wiki/Mthwakazi" title="Mthwakazi">Kingdom of Mthwakazi</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ndebele_people#Hlabezulu_Kingdom/_KoMthwakazi" title="Northern Ndebele people">Northern Ndebele Kingdom</a>. </p><p>Sekwati was also engaged in struggles over land and labour with the invading colonialists. These disputes over land started in 1845 after the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Boers" title="Boers">Boers</a> and their declaring of <a href="/wiki/Ohrigstad" title="Ohrigstad">Ohrigstad</a> in King Sekwati's domain, in 1857 the town was incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Republic" title="South African Republic">Transvaal Republic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lydenburg" title="Lydenburg">Republic of Lydenburg</a> was formed, an agreement was reached that the <a href="/wiki/Steelpoort_River" title="Steelpoort River">Steelpoort River</a> was the border between the Pedi and the Republic. The Pedi were well equipped for waging war though, as Sekwati and his heir, <a href="/wiki/Sekhukhune" title="Sekhukhune">Sekhukhune</a> I were able to procure firearms, mostly through migrant labour from the <a href="/wiki/Kimberley,_Northern_Cape" title="Kimberley, Northern Cape">Kimberley</a> diamond fields and as far as <a href="/wiki/Port_Elizabeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Elizabeth">Port Elizabeth</a>. On 16 May 1876, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fran%C3%A7ois_Burgers" title="Thomas François Burgers">Thomas François Burgers</a>, president of the South African Republic (ZAR), not to be confused with the modern-day Republic of South Africa, caused the First of the Sekhukhune Wars when he declared war against the Bapedi Kingdom, the Burgers' army was defeated on 1 August 1876. The Burgers' government later hired the Lydenburg Volunteer Corps commanded by a German mercenary Conrad von Schlickmann, they were repelled and Conrad was killed in later battles. </p><p>On 16 February 1877, the two parties, mediated by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Merensky" title="Alexander Merensky">Alexander Merensky</a>, signed a peace treaty at Botshabelo. This led to the British annexation of the South African Republic (ZAR) on 12 April 1877 by Sir <a href="/wiki/Theophilus_Shepstone" title="Theophilus Shepstone">Theophilus Shepstone</a>, a secretary for native affairs of Natal at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Second of Sekhukhune Wars commenced in 1878 and 1879 with three British attacks that were successfully repelled but Sekhukhune was defeated in November 1879 by <a href="/wiki/Sir_Garnet_Wolseley" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Garnet Wolseley">Sir Garnet Wolseley</a>'s army of twelve thousand, made up of the 2,000 British, Boers and 10,000 Swazis,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Swazis joined the war in support of <a href="/wiki/Mampuru_II" title="Mampuru II">Mampuru II</a>'s claim to the Bopedi (Pedi Kingdom) throne.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This brought about the <a href="/wiki/Pretoria_Convention" title="Pretoria Convention">Pretoria Convention</a> of 3 August 1881, which stipulated Sekhukhune's release on reasons that his capital was already burned to the ground. Sekhukhune I was murdered by assassination on alleged orders from his half brother Mampuru II due to the existing dispute to the throne, as Mampuru II had been ousted by Sekhukhune before being reinstalled as King of Bopedi by the British after the British invasion of Bopedi. King Mampuru II was then arrested and executed by the treaty restored Boer <a href="/wiki/South_African_Republic" title="South African Republic">South African Republic</a> (ZAR) on charges of public violence, revolt and the murder of his half brother. The arrest was also well claimed by others to be because of Mampuru's opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Hut_tax" title="Hut tax">hut tax</a> imposed on black people by the South African Republic (ZAR) in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-pret_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pret-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mampuru II has been described as one of South Africa's first liberation icons. Potgieter Street in Pretoria and the prison where he was killed was renamed in his honour, in February 2018 a statue of Mampuru was proposed to be erected in Church Square, Pretoria where it will stand opposite one of Paul Kruger who was President of the British's South African Republic (ZAR) at the time of Mampuru's execution. The Pedi paramountcy's power was also cemented by the fact that chiefs of subordinate villages, or kgoro, take their principal wives from the ruling house. This system of <a href="/wiki/Cousin_marriage" title="Cousin marriage">cousin marriage</a> resulted in the perpetuation of marriage links between the ruling house and the subordinate groups, and involved the payment of inflated bohadi or bride wealth, mostly in the form of cattle, to the Maroteng house. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inception_of_apartheid">Inception of apartheid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bantu_peoples_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Inception of apartheid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></div> <p>The Apartheid government retained and continued on from 1948 with even more officiation and policing on racial <a href="/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">oppression</a> of Bantu-speaking peoples of South Africa for 48 years. Decades before the inception of Apartheid there was a <a href="/wiki/Rand_Rebellion" title="Rand Rebellion">Rand Rebellion</a> uprising in 1922 which eventually became an open rebellion against the state, it was against mining companies whose efforts at the time, due to economic situations, were nullifying irrational oppression of natives in the work place. The pogroms and slogans used in the uprising against <i>blacks</i> by whites articulated that irrationally oppressing <i>Bantu-speaking peoples of South Africa</i> was much more a social movement in European communities in the 20th century South Africa, before ever becoming government in 1948 which happened through a discriminatory vote by only white, minority people in South Africa, that formed a racist, well resourced and a <a href="/wiki/Police_state" title="Police state">police state</a> of an illegitimate government for nearly 50 years. In the 1930s, this irrational oppression/discrimination was already well supported by propaganda, <i>e.g.</i> the <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Commission_of_Investigation_on_the_Poor_White_Question_in_South_Africa" title="Carnegie Commission of Investigation on the Poor White Question in South Africa">Carnegie Commission of Investigation on the Poor White Question in South Africa</a>, it served as the blueprint of Apartheid. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Democratic_dispensation">Democratic dispensation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bantu_peoples_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Democratic dispensation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cape_Qualified_Franchise" title="Cape Qualified Franchise">Cape Qualified Franchise</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Africa_(1994%E2%80%93present)" title="History of South Africa (1994–present)">History of South Africa (1994–present)</a></div> <p>A non-racial system franchise known as <a href="/wiki/Cape_Qualified_Franchise" title="Cape Qualified Franchise">Cape Qualified Franchise</a> was adhered to from year 1853 in the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> and the early years of the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Province" title="Cape Province">Cape Province</a> which was later gradually restricted, and eventually abolished, under various <a href="/wiki/National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="National Party (South Africa)">National Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Party_(South_Africa)" title="United Party (South Africa)">United Party</a> governments. It qualified practice of a local system of multi-racial <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">suffrage</a>. The early Cape constitution which later became known as the Cape Liberal tradition. </p><p>When the Cape's political system was severely weakened, the movement survived as an increasingly liberal, local opposition against the Apartheid government of the National Party. In the fight against Apartheid, African majority took the lead in the struggle, as effective allies the remaining Cape liberals against the growing National Party, engaged to a degree in collaboration and exchange of ideas with the growing African liberation movements, especially in the early years of the struggle. This is seen through the non-racial values that were successfully propagated by the political ancestors of the <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">African National Congress</a>, and that came to reside at the centre of <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Africa" title="Constitution of South Africa">South Africa's post-Apartheid Constitution</a>. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nelson_Mandela-2008_horizontal_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Mr Nelson Mandela" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Nelson_Mandela-2008_horizontal_crop.jpg/200px-Nelson_Mandela-2008_horizontal_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="356" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Nelson_Mandela-2008_horizontal_crop.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="223" data-file-height="397" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> (1918–2013), was a former and the first democratically elected president of South Africa, a <a href="/wiki/Thembu" title="Thembu">Thembu</a> (Xhosa ethnicity), one of the Bantu-speaking peoples of South Africa</figcaption></figure> <p>The year 1994 saw the <a href="/wiki/1994_South_African_general_election" title="1994 South African general election">first democratic election in South Africa</a>, the majority of the population, Black South Africans, participating in <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_South_Africa" title="Elections in South Africa">political national elections</a> for the first time in what ceremonially ended the Apartheid era and also being the first time a political party in South Africa getting legitimately elected as government. The day was ideally hailed as <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Day_(South_Africa)" title="Freedom Day (South Africa)">Freedom day</a> and the beginning of progress to the conclusion of Black South Africans existential struggle that began with <a href="/wiki/European_colonization" class="mw-redirect" title="European colonization">European colonization</a> in the South African region. </p><p>As a consequence of Apartheid policies, black Africans are regarded as a race group in South Africa. These groups (blacks, <a href="/wiki/White_South_Africans" title="White South Africans">whites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coloureds" title="Coloureds">Coloureds</a> and Indians) still tend to have a strong racial identities, and to classify themselves, and others, as members of these race groups<sup id="cite_ref-Pillay2019_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pillay2019-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Posel2001_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Posel2001-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the classification continues to persist in government policy, to an extent, as a result of attempts at redress such as <a href="/wiki/Black_Economic_Empowerment" title="Black Economic Empowerment">Black Economic Empowerment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action#South_Africa" title="Affirmative action">Employment Equity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Posel2001_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Posel2001-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethnic_partitioning">Ethnic partitioning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bantu_peoples_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ethnic partitioning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>African</b> – ethnic or racial reference in South Africa is a synonym to <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_South_Africa#Black_South_Africans" title="Ethnic groups in South Africa">Black South Africans</a>. It is also used to refer to <i><a href="/wiki/Expatriate" title="Expatriate">expatriate</a> <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">Black people</a></i> from other African countries who are in South Africa. </p><p>South Africa's Bantu language speaking communities are <i>roughly</i> classified into four main groups: <a href="/wiki/Nguni_people" title="Nguni people">Nguni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sotho%E2%80%93Tswana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sotho–Tswana">Sotho–Tswana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venda" title="Venda">Vhavenda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shangana_Tsonga" class="mw-redirect" title="Shangana Tsonga">Shangana–Tsonga</a>, with the Nguni and Basotho-Tswana being the largest groups, as follows: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nguni_people" title="Nguni people">Nguni people</a> (<i>alphabetical</i>)<b>:</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhaca_people" title="Bhaca people">Bhaca people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hlubi_people" title="Hlubi people">Hlubi people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ndebele_people" title="Southern Ndebele people">Southern Ndebele people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swazi_people" title="Swazi people">Swati people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhosa_people" title="Xhosa people">Xhosa people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_people" title="Zulu people">Zulu people</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsonga_people" title="Tsonga people">Shangana–Tsonga</a> people</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotho%E2%80%93Tswana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sotho–Tswana">Sotho–Tswana</a> people<b>:</b> <ul><li>Southern sotho <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basotho" class="mw-redirect" title="Basotho">Basotho</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Sotho_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Sotho people">Northern Sotho</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BaPedi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="BaPedi people">BaPedi people</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tswana_people" title="Tswana people">Batswana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venda_people" title="Venda people">Venda people</a><b>:</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venda_people" title="Venda people">Vhavenda</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bantu_peoples_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b> with: More topics for this section need to be added, regarding the article. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bantu_peoples_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Black people in South Africa were group-related and their conception of borders based on sufficient land and natural features such as rivers or mountains, which were not by any means fixed. </p><p>Common among the two powerful divisions, the Nguni and the Sotho–Tswana, are patrilineal societies, in which the leaders formed the socio-political units. Similarly, food acquisition was by pastoralism, agriculture, and hunting. The most important differences are the strongly deviating languages, although both are <a href="/wiki/Southern_Bantu_languages" title="Southern Bantu languages">Southern Bantu languages</a>, and the different settlement types and relationships. In the Nguni settlements villages were usually widely scattered, whereas the Sotho–Tswana often settled in towns.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language_and_communication">Language and communication</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bantu_peoples_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Language and communication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Northern_Sotho_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Sotho language">Northern Sotho language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ndebele_language" title="Southern Ndebele language">Southern Ndebele language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sotho_language" title="Sotho language">Sotho language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swazi_language" title="Swazi language">Swazi language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsonga_language" title="Tsonga language">Tsonga language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tswana_language" title="Tswana language">Tswana language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venda_language" title="Venda language">Venda language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa language</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zulu_language" title="Zulu language">Zulu language</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Africa" title="Languages of South Africa">Languages of South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Bantu_languages" title="Southern Bantu languages">Southern Bantu languages</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Guthrie_classification_of_Bantu_languages" title="Guthrie classification of Bantu languages">Guthrie classification of Bantu languages</a></div> <p>The majority of Bantu languages spoken in South Africa are classified as belonging to one of two groups. The <a href="/wiki/Nguni_languages" title="Nguni languages">Nguni languages</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zulu_language" title="Zulu language">Zulu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ndebele_people" title="Southern Ndebele people">Ndebele</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Swazi_language" title="Swazi language">Swazi</a>), whose speakers historically occupied mainly the eastern coastal plains, and the <a href="/wiki/Sotho%E2%80%93Tswana_languages" title="Sotho–Tswana languages">Sotho–Tswana languages</a> (such as the <a href="/wiki/Sotho_language" title="Sotho language">Southern Sotho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tswana_language" title="Tswana language">Tswana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Sotho_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Sotho language">Northern Sotho</a>) and whose speakers historically lived on the interior plateau. The two language groups differ in certain key aspects (especially in the sound systems), with the rest of South African Bantu languages (<a href="/wiki/Venda_language" title="Venda language">Venda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tsonga_language" title="Tsonga language">Tsonga</a>) showing even more unique aspects.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Significant number of Black South Africans are native <a href="/wiki/Multilingualism" title="Multilingualism">multilingual</a>, speaking two or more languages as their <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">first language</a>, mainly from languages of South Africa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ditema_syllabary">Ditema syllabary</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bantu_peoples_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ditema syllabary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xilo_Vhathu_Ho_tl%C3%AAtse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Xilo_Vhathu_Ho_tl%C3%AAtse.jpg/227px-Xilo_Vhathu_Ho_tl%C3%AAtse.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Xilo_Vhathu_Ho_tl%C3%AAtse.jpg/341px-Xilo_Vhathu_Ho_tl%C3%AAtse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Xilo_Vhathu_Ho_tl%C3%AAtse.jpg/454px-Xilo_Vhathu_Ho_tl%C3%AAtse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1775" data-file-height="649" /></a><figcaption>The composition of the syllables of the words "Xilo" [ʃiːlɔ] "thing" in Xitsonga, "Vhathu" [βaːtʰu] "people" in Tshivenḓa and "Ho tlêtse" [hʊt͜ɬ’ɛːt͜s’ɪ] "It is full" in Sesotho, using <i>Ditema syllabary</i></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ditema_tsa_Dinoko" title="Ditema tsa Dinoko">Ditema tsa Dinoko</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Litema" title="Litema">Litema</a></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Constructed_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Constructed script">constructed script</a> of <a href="/wiki/Featural_writing_system" title="Featural writing system">featural writing system</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">syllabary</a>, whose developments in 2010 was inspired by ancient ideographic traditions of the Southern African region, and its parent systems being <i>Amabheqe</i> ideographs and <a href="/wiki/Litema" title="Litema">Litema</a>. It was developed for <a href="/wiki/Southern_Bantu_languages" title="Southern Bantu languages"><i>siNtu</i></a>. The origins of <i>Litema</i> <a href="/wiki/Ornament_(art)" title="Ornament (art)">ornamental</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mural" title="Mural">mural</a> art of Southern Africa stretches centuries back in time, while excavations at Sotho-Tswana archaeological sites have revealed hut floors that have survived the elements for 1500 years, the earliest intact evidence of this art stretches back from the c. 1400s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Southern_Ndebele_paintings">Southern Ndebele paintings</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bantu_peoples_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Southern Ndebele paintings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ndebele_house_painting" title="Ndebele house painting">Ndebele house painting</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_African_Ndebele_art.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/South_African_Ndebele_art.jpg/227px-South_African_Ndebele_art.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/South_African_Ndebele_art.jpg/341px-South_African_Ndebele_art.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/South_African_Ndebele_art.jpg/454px-South_African_Ndebele_art.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="888" /></a><figcaption>A Southern Ndebele artist signs her work on a finished wall.</figcaption></figure> <p>Southern Ndebele prior and during the 18th century primarily used their expressive symbols for communication, it is believed that these paintings are a synthesis of historical Nguni design traditions and Northern Sotho <i>ditema</i> or <i>litema</i> tradition(s). They also began to stand for their continuity and cultural resistance to their circumstances during the colonization in the 19th century. These wall paintings done by the women was their secret code to their people, disguised to anyone but the Southern Ndebele. The vibrant symbols and expressions portray communications of personal prayers, self-identification, values, emotions, and marriage, sometimes the male initiation but the ritual was not expressed. Religions have never been a part of the Southern Ndebele's house paintings. The women of the Southern Ndebele are often the tradition carriers and the main developer of the wall art of their home. The tradition and style of house painting is passed down in the families from generation to generation by the mothers. A well-painted home shows the female of the household is a good wife and mother. She is responsible for the painting of the outside gates, front walls, side walls, and usually the interior of her home. One thing that has changed since the beginning of the paintings and the present-day wall art is their styles. In the late 1960s, the new style was evident, what was once a finger-painted creation was now created using bundled twigs with feathers as brushes. The walls are still originally whitewashed, but the outlines and colours have significantly changed. </p><p>The patterns and symbols can be seen today with a rich black outline and a vivid colour inside. There are five main colours represented: red and dark red, yellow to gold, a sky blue, green, and sometimes pink, white is always used as the background because it makes the bright patterns stand out more. The geometric patterns and shape are first drawn with the black outline and later filled in with colour. The patterns are grouped together throughout the walls in terms of their basic design structure. Creating the right tools to allow accuracy and freedom becomes a difficult task. The tools can't restrict the painter from creating her art. They have to have tools for the large geometric shapes of flat colour and small brushes for the very small areas, outlines, and sacks. The advancement of tools has allowed faster and more complex designs throughout the Southern Ndebele's homes. Every generation passes it down and little changes become apparent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_sports_and_martial_arts">Traditional sports and martial arts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bantu_peoples_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Traditional sports and martial arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_South_African_Fan_Plays_His_Vuvuzela_(4706247384).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/A_South_African_Fan_Plays_His_Vuvuzela_%284706247384%29.jpg/155px-A_South_African_Fan_Plays_His_Vuvuzela_%284706247384%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/A_South_African_Fan_Plays_His_Vuvuzela_%284706247384%29.jpg/233px-A_South_African_Fan_Plays_His_Vuvuzela_%284706247384%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/A_South_African_Fan_Plays_His_Vuvuzela_%284706247384%29.jpg/310px-A_South_African_Fan_Plays_His_Vuvuzela_%284706247384%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Bafana_Bafana" class="mw-redirect" title="Bafana Bafana">Bafana Bafana</a> fan with the famous South African Association football supporter's accessories, the <a href="/wiki/Makarapa" title="Makarapa">Makarapa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vuvuzela" title="Vuvuzela">Vuvuzela</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The most popular sporting code in South Africa and among Black South Africans is Association football with the most notable event having been hosted being the <a href="/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2010 FIFA World Cup">2010 FIFA World Cup</a>, but before such advent there are historical sports that were popular to the indigenous. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nguni_stick-fighting">Nguni stick-fighting</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bantu_peoples_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Nguni stick-fighting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nguni_stick-fighting" title="Nguni stick-fighting">Nguni stick-fighting</a></div> <p>It is a <a href="/wiki/Martial_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Martial art">martial art</a> historically practiced by teenage Nguni herdboys in South Africa. Each combatant is armed with two long, hard sticks, one of which is used for defense and the other for offense with little or no armor used. Although Xhosa styles of fighting may use only two sticks, variations of Nguni stick-fighting throughout Southern Africa incorporate <a href="/wiki/Shield" title="Shield">shields</a> as part of the stick-fighting weaponry. Zulu stick-fighting uses an <i>isikhwili</i>, an attacking stick, and <i>ubhoko</i>, a defending stick or an <i>ihawu</i>, a defending shield. The objective is for two opposing warriors to fight each other to establish which of them is the strongest or the "Bull" (Inkunzi). An "induna" or War Captain becomes a referee for each group of warriors, keeps his crew in check and keeps order between fighters. Warriors of similar affiliation did this when engaging in combat with one another. In modern times this usually occurs as a friendly symbolic practice part of the wedding ceremony, where warriors (participants) from the bridegroom's household welcome warriors from the bride's household. Other groups of participants may also be welcomed to join in. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Musangwe">Musangwe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bantu_peoples_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Musangwe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A traditional, bare-knuckle, <a href="/wiki/Combat_sport" title="Combat sport">combat sport</a> of Venda people. It resembles <a href="/wiki/Bare-knuckle_boxing" title="Bare-knuckle boxing">bare-knuckle boxing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chiefdom">Chiefdom</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bantu_peoples_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Chiefdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tribal_chief" title="Tribal chief">Tribal chief</a></div> <p>It is well documented in the <a href="/wiki/Apartheid_legislation" title="Apartheid legislation">Apartheid legislation</a>, that the white minority, government regime – recreated and used the "traditional" Chiefdom-ships system to be the <a href="/wiki/National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="National Party (South Africa)">National Party</a>'s power reach, and even increased the Chiefdom-ships' powers over the <i>Bantu-speaking peoples of South Africa</i> for the Apartheid government's interests. This was after colonial regimes and subsequent South African governments before formal <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a>, had initiated the taking of most of South African land from the indigenous peoples. Most of South African land began being made an exclusive possession of only white minority Europeans in South Africa legislatively by <a href="/wiki/Natives_Land_Act,_1913" title="Natives Land Act, 1913">1913</a>. </p><p>Until very recently, South African Bantu-speaking communities were often divided into different <a href="/wiki/Clan" title="Clan">clans</a>, not around national federations, but independent groups from some hundreds to thousands of individuals. The smallest unit of the political organizational structure was the household, or <a href="/wiki/Kraal" title="Kraal">kraal</a>, consisting of a man, woman or women, and their children, as well as other relatives living in the same household. The man was the head of the household and often had many wives, and was the family's primary representative. The household and close relations generally played an important role. Households which lived in the same valley or on the same hill in a village were also an organizational unit, managed by a sub-chief. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Chiefdom" title="Chiefdom">Chiefdom</a>-ship was largely <a href="/wiki/Hereditary" class="mw-redirect" title="Hereditary">hereditary</a>, although chiefs were often replaced when not effective. In most clans the eldest son inherited the office of his father. In some clans the office was left to the oldest brother of the deceased chief, and after his death again the next oldest brother. This repeated until the last brother died. Next was the eldest son of the original chieftain; then the oldest one of the brothers as the leader. </p><p>The chief was surrounded with a number of trusted friends or advisors, usually relatives like uncles and brothers, rather than influential headmen or personal friends. The degree of the democracy depended on the strength of the <a href="/wiki/Chieftain" class="mw-redirect" title="Chieftain">chieftain</a>. The more powerful and more influential a chieftain was, the less the influence of his people. Although the leader had much power, he was not above the law. He could be criticized both by advisors as well as by his people, and compensation could be demanded. The people were divided into different clans or tribes which had their own functions, laws, and language.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Time-reliant_traditions">Time-reliant traditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bantu_peoples_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Time-reliant traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b> with: More topics for this section need to be added, regarding the article. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bantu_peoples_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bob_Star_-_M45_Carranza_Field_(by).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Bob_Star_-_M45_Carranza_Field_%28by%29.jpg/225px-Bob_Star_-_M45_Carranza_Field_%28by%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Bob_Star_-_M45_Carranza_Field_%28by%29.jpg/338px-Bob_Star_-_M45_Carranza_Field_%28by%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Bob_Star_-_M45_Carranza_Field_%28by%29.jpg/450px-Bob_Star_-_M45_Carranza_Field_%28by%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Traditionally <a href="/wiki/Pleiades" title="Pleiades">Pleiades</a> star cluster, in the Xhosa calendar symbolizes the beginning of the year called in Xhosa.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Xhosa_calendar">Xhosa calendar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bantu_peoples_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Xhosa calendar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_calendar" title="Xhosa calendar">Xhosa calendar</a></div> <p>Xhosa people historically and traditionally based their agricultural time on reliable star systems. When these traditions are aligned with the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a> system the Xhosa year begins in June and ends in May when the <a href="/wiki/Canopus" title="Canopus">Canopus</a> star (in <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa</a>: <i lang="xh">UCanzibe</i>) becomes visible in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_hemisphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern hemisphere">Southern hemisphere</a>, this signaled their time for harvesting. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sotho_calendar">Sotho calendar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bantu_peoples_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sotho calendar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sotho_calendar" title="Sotho calendar">Sotho calendar</a></div> <p>Sesotho months (in <a href="/wiki/Sotho_language" title="Sotho language">Sotho</a>: <i lang="st">Likhoeli</i>) indicate special natural and agricultural events of Southern Africa. Traditionally and historically, being cattle breeders who lived in the semi-arid regions of Southern Africa, a deep understanding of agriculture and the natural world was essential for their survival. Sesotho speaking people generally recognise only two seasons called <i>Dihla</i>. However, names do exist aligned to all four of the traditional Western seasons. The Sotho year begins approximately in August or September, a time when their crops were planted. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_holidays">Traditional holidays</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bantu_peoples_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Traditional holidays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_Fruits">First Fruits</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bantu_peoples_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: First Fruits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/First_Fruits_(Southern_Africa)" title="First Fruits (Southern Africa)">First Fruits (Southern Africa)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Umkhosi_Wokweshwama" title="Umkhosi Wokweshwama">Umkhosi Wokweshwama</a></div> <p>A ceremony of giving the first fruits in a harvest to God, or the gods who are believed to be responsible for the abundance of food in Southern Africa. Traditionally it marked a time of prosperity, in the good harvests experienced after the seasonal agricultural period. It also brought people together, unifying them at a time of merry making and quashing fears of famine. In South Africa the tradition is practiced by Zulu people of KwaZulu-Natal as <i>Umkhosi Wokweshwama</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Umkhosi_womHlanga">Umkhosi womHlanga</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bantu_peoples_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Umkhosi womHlanga"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Umhlanga_(ceremony)" title="Umhlanga (ceremony)">Umhlanga (ceremony)</a></div> <p><i>Umhlanga</i> is an annual event that originates from <a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a> in the 1940s from the rule of King <a href="/wiki/Sobhuza_II" title="Sobhuza II">Sobhuza II</a>, it is an adaptation of a much older ceremony of <a href="/wiki/Umchwasho" title="Umchwasho">Umchwasho</a>. In South Africa it was introduced by the Zulu King <a href="/wiki/Goodwill_Zwelithini_kaBhekuzulu" class="mw-redirect" title="Goodwill Zwelithini kaBhekuzulu">Goodwill Zwelithini kaBhekuzulu</a> in 1991 to be later known as <i>Umkhosi womHlanga</i>, as a means to encourage young Zulu girls to delay sexual activity until marriage. All girls are required to undergo a <a href="/wiki/Virginity_test" title="Virginity test">virginity test</a> before they are allowed to participate in a royal dance, they wear a traditional attire, including beadwork, and izigege, izinculuba and imintsha, with anklets, bracelets, necklaces, and colourful sashes. Each sash has appendages of a different colour, which denote whether or not the girl is <a href="/wiki/Betrothed" class="mw-redirect" title="Betrothed">betrothed</a>. These young women then participate in a traditional dance bare-breasted, while each maiden carries a long reed – the girls take care to choose only the longest and strongest reeds – and then carry them towering above their heads in a slow procession up the hill to the royal Enyokeni Palace. The procession is led by the chief Zulu princess. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_food_acquisition">Historical food acquisition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bantu_peoples_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Historical food acquisition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Food acquisition was primarily limited to types of <a href="/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture" title="Subsistence agriculture">subsistence agriculture</a> (<a href="/wiki/Slash_and_burn_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Slash and burn agriculture">slash and burn</a> and Intensive subsistence farming), <a href="/wiki/Pastoral_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastoral farming">pastoral farming</a> and engaging in <a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">hunting</a>. Generally women were responsible for Crop agriculture and men went to <a href="/wiki/Herding" title="Herding">herd</a> and hunt except for the Tsonga (and partially the Mpondo). Fishing was relatively of little importance. All Bantu-speaking communities commonly had clear separation between women's and men's tasks. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qolora-beach-cows.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Qolora-beach-cows.jpg/227px-Qolora-beach-cows.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Qolora-beach-cows.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>Nguni cattle roaming and resting on a beach, South Africa.</figcaption></figure> <p>Essentially they consumed meat (primarily from <a href="/wiki/Nguni_cattle" title="Nguni cattle">Nguni cattle</a>, Nguni sheep (<a href="/wiki/Zulu_sheep" title="Zulu sheep">Zulu sheep</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pedi_sheep" title="Pedi sheep">Pedi sheep</a>, Swazi sheep), pigs/boars and wild game hunts), vegetables, fruits, cattle and sheep milk, water, and grain beer on occasion. They began to eat the staple product of maize mid-18th century (introduced from <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">the Americas</a> by Portuguese in the late 17th century via the East African coast), it became favoured for its productiveness which was more than the grains of South African native grasses.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were a number of <a href="/wiki/Taboo" title="Taboo">taboos</a> regarding the consumption of meat. The well known, no meat of dogs, apes, crocodiles or snakes could be eaten. Likewise taboo was the meat of some birds, like owls, <a href="/wiki/Crow" title="Crow">crows</a> and vultures, as well as the flesh of certain <a href="/wiki/Totem" title="Totem">totem</a> animals. The <a href="/wiki/Gonimbrasia_belina" title="Gonimbrasia belina">mopane worms</a> are traditionally popular amongst the Tswana, Venda, Southern Ndebele, Northern Sotho and Tsonga people, though they have been successfully commercialized. </p><p>South African Bantu language speaking peoples' modern diet is largely still similar to that of their ancestors, but significant difference being in the systems of production and consumption of their food. They do take interest to innovations in foods that come their way while still practicing their very own unique food cuisine popular amongst themselves and those curious alike. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pre-colonial_and_traditional_house_types">Pre-colonial and traditional house types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bantu_peoples_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Pre-colonial and traditional house types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rondavel" title="Rondavel">Rondavel</a></div> <p>Historically, communities lived in two different types of houses before this tradition was dominated by one, the <a href="/wiki/Rondavel" title="Rondavel">Rondavel</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Nguni_people" title="Nguni people">Nguni people</a> usually used the <a href="/wiki/Beehive_house" title="Beehive house">beehive house</a>, a circular structure made of long poles covered with grass. The huts of the <a href="/wiki/Sotho%E2%80%93Tswana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sotho–Tswana">Sotho–Tswana</a> people, <a href="/wiki/Venda_people" title="Venda people">Venda people</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shangana_Tsonga" class="mw-redirect" title="Shangana Tsonga">Shangana–Tsonga</a> people, used the cone and cylinder house type. A cylindrical wall is formed out of vertical posts, which is sealed with mud and cow dung. The roof built from poles tied-together, covered with grass. The floor of both types is compressed earth.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Rondavel itself developed from the general, grass domed African-style hut nearly 3 000 years ago, its first variety, the <i>veranda Rondavel</i>, emerged about 1 000 years ago in southern Africa. Colonial housing styles inspired the rectangular shaping of the Rondavel from the 1870s, this is regarded as the beginning of the Rondavel's <a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">westernization</a> that sees this African indigenous invention even today being popularly known as the <i>Rondavel</i>, (a derivative of <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaans language">Afrikaans</a>: <i lang="af">Rondawel</i>), instead of its indigenous name(s). Constraints caused by urbanisation produced a <a href="/wiki/Highveld" title="Highveld">highveld</a> type of style housing, <a href="/wiki/Shack" title="Shack">shack</a>-like, structures coalesced with <a href="/wiki/Corrugated_galvanised_iron" title="Corrugated galvanised iron">corrugated metal sheeting</a> (introduced during the British colonization), this marked a significant visible change in the southern African region, it attested to the contemporary pressures of <i>South African Bantu-speaking peoples's</i> realities, especially that of resources.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Venda_people%27s_Mbilwe_village_on_a_rising_slope_as_photographed_in_1920s.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Venda people's village of Mbilwe, Rondavels as its structures on a rising slope as photographed in 1923, a decade after the Natives Land Act, 1913[36]"><img alt="Venda people's village of Mbilwe, Rondavels as its structures on a rising slope as photographed in 1923, a decade after the Natives Land Act, 1913[36]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/The_Venda_people%27s_Mbilwe_village_on_a_rising_slope_as_photographed_in_1920s.png/126px-The_Venda_people%27s_Mbilwe_village_on_a_rising_slope_as_photographed_in_1920s.png" decoding="async" width="126" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/The_Venda_people%27s_Mbilwe_village_on_a_rising_slope_as_photographed_in_1920s.png/189px-The_Venda_people%27s_Mbilwe_village_on_a_rising_slope_as_photographed_in_1920s.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/The_Venda_people%27s_Mbilwe_village_on_a_rising_slope_as_photographed_in_1920s.png/252px-The_Venda_people%27s_Mbilwe_village_on_a_rising_slope_as_photographed_in_1920s.png 2x" data-file-width="665" data-file-height="790" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Venda people's village of Mbilwe, Rondavels as its structures on a rising slope as photographed in 1923, a decade after the <a href="/wiki/Natives_Land_Act,_1913" title="Natives Land Act, 1913">Natives Land Act, 1913</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Herboude_iQhugwane_naby_Dingaanstat-grootingang,_a.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A reconstruction in a heritage site of KwaZulu-Natal of the Zulu people's variation of a hut called iQhugwane, which dominated as an indigenous abode during Dingane kaSenzangakhona's reign."><img alt="A reconstruction in a heritage site of KwaZulu-Natal of the Zulu people's variation of a hut called iQhugwane, which dominated as an indigenous abode during Dingane kaSenzangakhona's reign." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Herboude_iQhugwane_naby_Dingaanstat-grootingang%2C_a.jpg/150px-Herboude_iQhugwane_naby_Dingaanstat-grootingang%2C_a.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Herboude_iQhugwane_naby_Dingaanstat-grootingang%2C_a.jpg/225px-Herboude_iQhugwane_naby_Dingaanstat-grootingang%2C_a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Herboude_iQhugwane_naby_Dingaanstat-grootingang%2C_a.jpg/300px-Herboude_iQhugwane_naby_Dingaanstat-grootingang%2C_a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A reconstruction in a heritage site of KwaZulu-Natal of the Zulu people's variation of a hut called <i>iQhugwane</i>, which dominated as an indigenous abode during <a href="/wiki/Dingane_kaSenzangakhona" class="mw-redirect" title="Dingane kaSenzangakhona">Dingane kaSenzangakhona</a>'s reign.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pre-colonial_indigenous_South_African_rondavel.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Bahurutshe people's homestead of veranda Rondavels pre-1822 from the ancient city of Kaditshwene (c.1400s–c.1820s)."><img alt="Bahurutshe people's homestead of veranda Rondavels pre-1822 from the ancient city of Kaditshwene (c.1400s–c.1820s)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Pre-colonial_indigenous_South_African_rondavel.png/150px-Pre-colonial_indigenous_South_African_rondavel.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Pre-colonial_indigenous_South_African_rondavel.png/225px-Pre-colonial_indigenous_South_African_rondavel.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Pre-colonial_indigenous_South_African_rondavel.png/300px-Pre-colonial_indigenous_South_African_rondavel.png 2x" data-file-width="708" data-file-height="345" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tswana_people" title="Tswana people">Bahurutshe people's</a> homestead of veranda Rondavels pre-1822 from the ancient city of <a href="/wiki/Kaditshwene" title="Kaditshwene">Kaditshwene</a> (c.1400s–c.1820s).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bell_-_Difaqane_hutte.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Early 19th century, South Africa. Bantu-speaking peoples of South Africa's variation of a hut, built on stilts, to protect themselves from lions and other predatory animals."><img alt="Early 19th century, South Africa. Bantu-speaking peoples of South Africa's variation of a hut, built on stilts, to protect themselves from lions and other predatory animals." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Bell_-_Difaqane_hutte.png/150px-Bell_-_Difaqane_hutte.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Bell_-_Difaqane_hutte.png/225px-Bell_-_Difaqane_hutte.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Bell_-_Difaqane_hutte.png/300px-Bell_-_Difaqane_hutte.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="854" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Early 19th century, South Africa. Bantu-speaking peoples of South Africa's variation of a hut, built on stilts, to protect themselves from lions and other predatory animals.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Town_of_hole_in_the_wall.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Modern usage of the Rondavel, residency near the coastline of Eastern Cape, South Africa."><img alt="Modern usage of the Rondavel, residency near the coastline of Eastern Cape, South Africa." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Town_of_hole_in_the_wall.jpg/150px-Town_of_hole_in_the_wall.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Town_of_hole_in_the_wall.jpg/225px-Town_of_hole_in_the_wall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Town_of_hole_in_the_wall.jpg/300px-Town_of_hole_in_the_wall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Modern usage of the Rondavel, residency near the coastline of Eastern Cape, South Africa.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideologies">Ideologies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bantu_peoples_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Ideologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b> with: More topics for this section need to be added, regarding the article. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bantu_peoples_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Umvelinqangi">Umvelinqangi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bantu_peoples_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Umvelinqangi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Umvelinqangi" title="Umvelinqangi">Umvelinqangi</a> according to mainly Xhosa and Zulu people's culture is the <i>Most High</i> or <i>Divine Consciousness</i>, is the source of all that has been, that is and all that ever will be. It's the inner light of creation. <i>Ukukhothama</i> (similar to meditation) prior to Colonization/Westernization was a widespread practice in South Africa noticeably by those considered Zulu people now, it was seen as a way of attaining <i>oneness</i> (in <a href="/wiki/Zulu_language" title="Zulu language">Zulu</a>: <i lang="zu">Ubunye</i>), with the divine conscious. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="King_Shaka's_philosophy"><span id="King_Shaka.27s_philosophy"></span>King Shaka's philosophy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bantu_peoples_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: King Shaka's philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shaka_of_Zululand_statue_2015_London_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Shaka_of_Zululand_statue_2015_London_%283%29.jpg/214px-Shaka_of_Zululand_statue_2015_London_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Shaka_of_Zululand_statue_2015_London_%283%29.jpg/322px-Shaka_of_Zululand_statue_2015_London_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Shaka_of_Zululand_statue_2015_London_%283%29.jpg/429px-Shaka_of_Zululand_statue_2015_London_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="924" /></a><figcaption>Statue portraying King Shaka kaSenzangakhona, London, UK.</figcaption></figure> <p>King <a href="/wiki/Shaka" title="Shaka">Shaka</a> is well known for the many military, social, cultural and political reforms he used to create his highly organized and centralized <a href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zulu state</a>. The most important of these were the transformation of the <a href="/wiki/Zulu_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Zulu army">army</a>, thanks to innovative tactics and weapons he conceived, and a showdown with the spiritual leadership, limiting the power of traditional healers, and effectively ensuring the subservience of the Zulu church to the state. King Shaka integrated defeated <a href="/wiki/Zulu_language" title="Zulu language">Zulu-speaking</a> tribes into the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Zulu_people" title="Zulu people">Zulu ethnic group</a>, on a basis of full equality, with promotions in the army and civil service being a matter of merit rather than circumstance of birth.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Black_Consciousness_Movement">Black Consciousness Movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bantu_peoples_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Black Consciousness Movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Black_Consciousness_Movement" title="Black Consciousness Movement">Black Consciousness Movement</a></div> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Internal_resistance_to_apartheid" title="Internal resistance to apartheid">anti-Apartheid movement</a> that emerged in South Africa in the mid-1960s. BCM attacked what they saw as traditional white values, especially the "condescending" values of <a href="/wiki/White_South_Africans" title="White South Africans">white people</a> of <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_South_Africa" title="Liberalism in South Africa">liberal</a> opinion and emphasised the rejection of white monopoly on truth as a central tenet of their movement. The BCM's policy of perpetually challenging the dialectic of Apartheid South Africa as a means of transforming Black thought into rejecting prevailing opinion or mythology to attain a larger comprehension brought it into direct conflict with the full force of the security apparatus of the Apartheid regime. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ubuntu_philosophy">Ubuntu philosophy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bantu_peoples_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Ubuntu philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_philosophy" title="Ubuntu philosophy">Ubuntu philosophy</a></div> <p>A concept that began to be popularised in the 1950s and became propagated by political thinkers specifically in Southern Africa during the 1960s. Ubuntu asserts that society, not a transcendent being, gives human beings their humanity. An "extroverted communities" aspect is the most visible part of this ideology. There is sincere warmth with which people treat both strangers and members of the community. This overt display of warmth is not merely aesthetic but enables formation of spontaneous communities. The resultant collaborative work within these spontaneous communities transcends the aesthetic and gives functional significance to the value of warmth. It is also implied that Ubuntu is in the ideal of that everyone has different skills and strengths; people are not isolated, and through mutual support they can help each other to complete themselves. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="South_African_Bantu-speaking_people">South African Bantu-speaking people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bantu_peoples_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: South African Bantu-speaking people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b> with: Information regarding this section needs to be added. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bantu_peoples_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See also the categories <a href="/wiki/Category:South_African_people" title="Category:South African people">South African people</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Monarchies_of_South_Africa" title="Category:Monarchies of South Africa">Monarchies of South Africa</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_South_Africans" title="List of South Africans">List of South Africans</a></div> <p>Notation of notable people from Black South African hosts renowned, contributors, scholars and professionals from a range of diverse and broad fields, also those who are laureates of national and international recognition and certain individuals from South African monarchs. </p><p>The list of notable Black South Africans includes a diverse range of individuals who have made significant contributions in various fields, including academia, politics, sports, and the arts. Here are some examples of notable Black South Africans who have achieved recognition nationally and internationally: </p><p><b>Academics and Scholars:</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mojuta_Steven_Mothlamme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mojuta Steven Mothlamme (page does not exist)">Mojuta Steven Mothlamme</a>: A prominent scholar who has made significant contributions to the field of epistemology and the study of black academics under apartheid. <a href="/wiki/Z._K._Matthews" title="Z. K. Matthews">Z. K. Matthews</a>: A renowned academic and anti-apartheid activist who was the first black vice-chancellor of the University of Fort Hare. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nomalanga_Mkhize&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nomalanga Mkhize (page does not exist)">Nomalanga Mkhize</a>: A prominent academic and humanitarian who has made significant contributions to the field of African studies and humanitarianism. <a href="/wiki/Njabulo_Ndebele" title="Njabulo Ndebele">Njabulo Ndebele</a>: The Principal of the University of Cape Town and a prominent figure in South African academia. </p><p><b>Politicians and Activists:</b> <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a>: The first democratically elected president of South Africa and a Nobel Peace Prize laureate for his role in the fight against apartheid. F.W. de Klerk: The last State President of South Africa under apartheid and a Nobel Peace Prize laureate for his role in the country's transition to democracy. Anwar Sadat: The President of Egypt who was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1978 for his efforts to reach a peace agreement between Egypt and Israel. </p><p><b>Sports:</b> Black and coloured athletes who have made significant contributions to sports in South Africa, particularly during the apartheid era, despite facing numerous challenges and obstacles. </p><p><b>Arts and Culture:</b> <a href="/wiki/Shulamith_Behr" title="Shulamith Behr">Shulamith Behr</a>: A renowned art historian who made significant contributions to the field of art history in South Africa. <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Wallet_Vilakazi" title="Benedict Wallet Vilakazi">Benedict Wallet Vilakazi</a>: A prominent author, educator, and the first black South African to receive a PhD. </p><p><b>Monarchs:</b> The list of notable Black South Africans includes individuals from various monarchies, such as the Zulu Kingdom, the Xhosa Kingdom, and the Sotho Kingdom, who have played significant roles in shaping the country's history and culture. </p><p>These individuals, among many others, have made significant contributions to various fields, breaking barriers and paving the way for future generations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bantu_peoples_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bantu-speaking_peoples_of_South_Africa" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Bantu-speaking peoples of South Africa">Bantu-speaking peoples of South Africa</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_South_Africa" title="Demographics of South Africa">Demographics of South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoekhoe" title="Khoekhoe">Khoi</a>—<a href="/wiki/San_people" title="San people">San</a> peoples</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coloureds" title="Coloureds">Coloureds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_South_African" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian South African">Asian South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_South_African" class="mw-redirect" title="White South African">White South African</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diaspora">Diaspora</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bantu_peoples_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Diaspora"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ndebele_people" title="Northern Ndebele people">Northern Ndebele people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngoni_people" title="Ngoni people">Ngoni people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kololo_people" title="Kololo people">Kololo people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makololo_Chiefs_(Malawi)" title="Makololo Chiefs (Malawi)">Makololo Chiefs (Malawi)</a> <ul><li>(Their modern descendants have little connection with the Kololo people apart from their name.)</li></ul></li> <li>Relating <a href="/wiki/South_African_diaspora" title="South African diaspora">South African diaspora</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bantu_peoples_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://census.statssa.gov.za/assets/documents/2022/P03014_Census_2022_Statistical_Release.pdf">"Census 2022: Statistical Release"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>statssa.gov.za</i>. 10 October 2023. p. 6<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Abingdon, Oxon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-12444-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-12444-8"><bdi>978-1-138-12444-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/883649263">883649263</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Africa+%3A+the+rise+and+fall+of+apartheid&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+Oxon&rft.edition=3&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F883649263&rft.isbn=978-1-138-12444-8&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Nancy+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F883649263&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABantu+peoples+of+South+Africa" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leo5153-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Leo5153_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAfricanus1526" class="citation book cs1">Africanus, Leo (1526). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyanddescr03porygoog#page/n180/mode/2up"><i>The History and Description of Africa</i></a>. 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Boydell & Brewer. p. 324. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58046-514-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58046-514-4"><bdi>978-1-58046-514-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kingdoms+and+Chiefdoms+of+Southeastern+Africa%3A+Oral+Traditions+and+History%2C+1400%E2%80%931830&rft.pages=324&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-58046-514-4&rft.aulast=Eldredge&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq43sCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA324&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABantu+peoples+of+South+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarkWilliam_H._Worger2016" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Nancy L.; William H. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=southafrica.co.za&rft.atitle=History+of+the+Pedi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsouthafrica.co.za%2Fhistory-of-the-pedi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABantu+peoples+of+South+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alan F. Hattersley, "The Annexation of the Transvaal, 1877." <i>History</i> 21.81 (1936): 41–47. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24401269">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collection.nam.ac.uk/detail.php?acc=1989-10-2-33">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Sekukuni [sic] & Family' | Online Collection | National Army Museum, London"</a>. <i>collection.nam.ac.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=collection.nam.ac.uk&rft.atitle=%27Sekukuni+%5Bsic%5D+%26+Family%27+%7C+Online+Collection+%7C+National+Army+Museum%2C+London&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollection.nam.ac.uk%2Fdetail.php%3Facc%3D1989-10-2-33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABantu+peoples+of+South+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://samilitaryhistory.org/vol026nk.html">"THE SEKUKUNI WARS PART II – South African Military History Society – Journal"</a>. <i>samilitaryhistory.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Military+History+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Sekukuni+wars&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=5&rft.date=1973-06&rft.aulast=Kinsey&rft.aufirst=H.+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsamilitaryhistory.org%2Fvol025hk.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABantu+peoples+of+South+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pret-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pret_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPretorius2016" class="citation news cs1">Pretorius, Wim (23 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/laying-the-gallows-ghosts-to-rest-20160323">"Laying the gallows' ghosts to rest"</a>. <i>News24</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=News24&rft.atitle=Laying+the+gallows%27+ghosts+to+rest&rft.date=2016-03-23&rft.aulast=Pretorius&rft.aufirst=Wim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news24.com%2FSouthAfrica%2FNews%2Flaying-the-gallows-ghosts-to-rest-20160323&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABantu+peoples+of+South+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pillay2019-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pillay2019_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPillay2019" class="citation book cs1">Pillay, Kathryn (2019). 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Racial categorisations under apartheid and their afterlife"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Transformation</i>: 50–74. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0258-7696">0258-7696</a>. 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Farnboroiugh Vols. 1–4.</i>, Gregg International Publishers Ltd. 1967</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guthrie M., <i>Comparative Bantu. Farnboroiugh Vols. 1–4.</i>, Gregg International Publishers Ltd. 1967</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWende2011" class="citation news cs1">Wende, Hamilton (5 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/9387520.stm">"South African boxing that 'makes the heart strong'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=South+African+boxing+that+%27makes+the+heart+strong%27&rft.date=2011-02-05&rft.aulast=Wende&rft.aufirst=Hamilton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fprogrammes%2Ffrom_our_own_correspondent%2F9387520.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABantu+peoples+of+South+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShalati_Nkhwashu2011" class="citation web cs1">Shalati Nkhwashu (21 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141015132004/http://www.thenewage.co.za/mobi/Detail.aspx?NewsID=11039&CatID=1013">"It's jaw-breaking time as musangwe hits Soweto"</a>. 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Architecture, Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+indigenous+rondavel+%E2%80%93+a+case+for+conservation&rft.pub=Architecture%2C+Tshwane+University+of+Technology%2C+South+Africa&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Gerald+Steyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABantu+peoples+of+South+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMICHAEL_GODBY2009" class="citation book cs1">MICHAEL GODBY (2009). <i>Alfred Martin Duggan-Cronin's Photographs for The Bantu Tribes of South Africa (1928–1954): The Construction of an Ambiguous Idyll 1</i>. Department of Historical Studies, UCT. p. 57.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alfred+Martin+Duggan-Cronin%27s+Photographs+for+The+Bantu+Tribes+of+South+Africa+%281928%E2%80%931954%29%3A+The+Construction+of+an+Ambiguous+Idyll+1&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Department+of+Historical+Studies%2C+UCT&rft.date=2009&rft.au=MICHAEL+GODBY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABantu+peoples+of+South+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guthrie M., <i>Comparative Bantu. Farnboroiugh Vols. 1–4.</i>, Gregg International Publishers Ltd. 1967</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bantu_peoples_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leroy_Vail" title="Leroy Vail">Vail, Leroy, editor</a>. <i>The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa</i>. London Berkeley: Currey University of California Press, 1989.</li> <li>B. Khoza (PHD), Makhosi, author. <i>Uzalo Isizulu Grammar Textbook</i>. Cambridge University Press, 2017.</li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_South_Africa" title="Template:Ethnic groups in South Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_South_Africa" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in South Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_South_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in South Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_South_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_South_Africa" title="Ethnic groups in South Africa">Ethnic groups in South Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu peoples in South Africa">Bantu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nguni_people" title="Nguni people">Nguni</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhaca_people" title="Bhaca people">Bhaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpondomise_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mpondomise people">Mpondomise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fengu_people" title="Fengu people">Fengu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hlubi_people" title="Hlubi people">Hlubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ndebele_people" class="mw-redirect" title="South Ndebele people">Ndebele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pondo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pondo people">Pondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swazi_people" title="Swazi people">Swazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndwandwe" title="Ndwandwe">Ndwandwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thembu_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Thembu people">Thembu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhosa_people" title="Xhosa people">Xhosa</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Gcaleka" title="Gcaleka">Gcaleka</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Gqunukhwebe" title="Gqunukhwebe">Gqunukhwebe</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Gaika_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaika people">Gaika</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Xesibe" class="mw-redirect" title="Xesibe">Xesibe</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_people" title="Zulu people">Zulu</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fingo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Fingo people">Fingo</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Khumalo_clan" title="Khumalo clan">Khumalo</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sotho-Tswana_peoples" title="Sotho-Tswana peoples">Sotho-Tswana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sotho_people" title="Sotho people">Basotho/S. Sotho</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Koena_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Koena tribe">Bakoena</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Taung_tribe" title="Taung tribe">Bataung</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Tlokwa_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Tlokwa tribe">Batlokwa</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedi_people" title="Pedi people">Pedi/N. Sotho</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lobedu_people" title="Lobedu people">Balobedu</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mabelane_tribe" title="Mabelane tribe">Mabelane</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tswana_people" title="Tswana people">Tswana</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Balete_people" title="Balete people">Balete</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tsonga_people" title="Tsonga people">Tsonga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Hlengwe</li> <li>Xika</li> <li>N'walungu</li> <li>Gwamba</li> <li>Tswha</li> <li>Rhonga</li> <li>Hlanganu</li> <li>Nhlave</li> <li>Bila</li> <li>Dzonga</li> <li>Copi</li> <li>Ndzawu</li> <li>Thonga</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Venda_people" title="Venda people">Venda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ngona</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khoisan" title="Khoisan">Khoisan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khoekhoe" title="Khoekhoe">Khoekhoe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nama_people" title="Nama people">Nama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strandloper_peoples" title="Strandloper peoples">Strandloper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_people" title="San people">San</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C7%83Kung_people" title="ǃKung people">ǃKung</a></li> <li>ǀXam</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_South_Africans" title="White South Africans">Whites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_diaspora_in_Africa#South_Africa" title="British diaspora in Africa">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaners" title="Afrikaners">Afrikaners</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Boers" title="Boers">Boers</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Dutch" title="Cape Dutch">Cape Dutch</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Huguenots_in_South_Africa" title="Huguenots in South Africa">Huguenots</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_South_Africans#Migrations" title="White South Africans">Angolans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_South_Africa" title="Germans in South Africa">Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_South_Africa" title="Greeks in South Africa">Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora#South_Africa" title="Irish diaspora">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_South_Africans" title="Italian South Africans">Italians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Africa" title="History of the Jews in South Africa">Jews</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner-Jews" title="Afrikaner-Jews">Afrikaner-Jews</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_people_in_South_Africa" title="Lebanese people in South Africa">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_South_Africans#Migrations" title="White South Africans">Mozambicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_South_Africans" title="Norwegian South Africans">Norwegians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Poles in South Africa">Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_South_African" title="Portuguese South African">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_in_South_Africa" title="Serbs in South Africa">Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_South_Africa" title="Turks in South Africa">Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_South_Africans#Migrations" title="White South Africans">Zimbabweans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coloureds" title="Coloureds">Coloureds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Coloureds" title="Cape Coloureds">Cape Coloureds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Malays" title="Cape Malays">Cape Malays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griqua_people" title="Griqua people">Griquas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oorlam_people" title="Oorlam people">Oorlams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_South_Africans" title="Indian South Africans">Indians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_South_Africans" title="Tamil South Africans">Tamils</a></li> <li>Telegu/Andhras</li> <li>Hindi</li> <li>Urdu</li> <li>Gujaratis <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Memons_in_South_Africa" title="Memons in South Africa">Memons</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">Surtis</span></li></ul></li> <li>Koknis</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabweans_in_South_Africa" title="Zimbabweans in South Africa">Zimbabweans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_South_Africans" title="Chinese South Africans">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalis_in_South_Africa" title="Somalis in South Africa">Somalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerians_in_South_Africa" title="Nigerians in South Africa">Nigerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_South_Africa" title="Japanese people in South Africa">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_South_Africa" title="Koreans in South Africa">Koreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis_in_South_Africa" title="Pakistanis in South Africa">Pakistanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Roma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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