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vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Innhold</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skjul</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Til toppen)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Ciceros_liv" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ciceros_liv"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Ciceros liv</span> </div> </a> <ul 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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filosofiske_verk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Filosofiske verk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filosofiske_verk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brev" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brev"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Brev</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brev-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referanser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referanser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Referanser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referanser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Litteratur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Litteratur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Litteratur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Litteratur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_lenker" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_lenker"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Eksterne lenker</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_lenker-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innhold" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Marcus Tullius Cicero</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå til en artikkel på et annet språk. Tilgjengelig på 128 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-128" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">128 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero – norsk nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Cicero" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norsk nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="lovende artikkel"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Tullius_Cicero" title="Marcus Tullius Cicero – dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Marcus Tullius Cicero" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero – svensk" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Cicero" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%ADcer%C3%B3" title="Cíceró – islandsk" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Cíceró" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmerket artikkel-merke"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Cicero" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Tullius_Cicero" title="Marcus Tullius Cicero – sveitsertysk" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Marcus Tullius Cicero" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="sveitsertysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AA%E1%8A%AC%E1%88%AE" title="ኪኬሮ – amharisk" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኪኬሮ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="شيشرون – arabisk" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شيشرون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicer%C3%B3n" title="Cicerón – aragonsk" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cicerón" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Կիկերոն – vestarmensk" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Կիկերոն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="vestarmensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9B_%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9B_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8B" title="মাৰ্কাছ টুলিয়াছ চিচেৰো – assamesisk" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মাৰ্কাছ টুলিয়াছ চিচেৰো" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicer%C3%B3n" title="Cicerón – asturisk" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cicerón" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Цицерон – avarisk" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Цицерон" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="avarisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Tulli_Siseron" title="Mark Tulli Siseron – aserbajdsjansk" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mark Tulli Siseron" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbajdsjansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="سیسرون – søraserbajdsjansk" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سیسرون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="søraserbajdsjansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B" title="সিসারো – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সিসারো" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero – minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Cicero" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Цицерон – basjkirsk" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Цицерон" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="basjkirsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%A6%D1%8B%D1%86%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Марк Тулій Цыцэрон – belarusisk" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Марк Тулій Цыцэрон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8E%D1%81_%D0%A6%D1%8B%D1%86%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Марк Туліюс Цыцэрон – belarusisk (klassisk ortografi)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Марк Туліюс Цыцэрон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="belarusisk (klassisk ortografi)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero – sentralbikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Cicero" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="sentralbikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Цицерон – bulgarsk" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Цицерон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmerket artikkel-merke"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciceron" title="Ciceron – bosnisk" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ciceron" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Tullius_Cicero" title="Marcus Tullius Cicero – bretonsk" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Marcus Tullius Cicero" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicer%C3%B3" title="Ciceró – katalansk" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ciceró" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Марк Туллий Цицерон – tsjuvasjisk" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Марк Туллий Цицерон" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tsjuvasjisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero_(konsul)" title="Cicero (konsul) – cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Cicero (konsul)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Tullius_Cicero" title="Marcus Tullius Cicero – tsjekkisk" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Marcus Tullius Cicero" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tsjekkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcu_Tulliu_Cicerone" title="Marcu Tulliu Cicerone – korsikansk" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Marcu Tulliu Cicerone" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="korsikansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero – walisisk" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cicero" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88" title="كيكيرو – marokkansk-arabisk" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="كيكيرو" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="marokkansk-arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="anbefalt artikkel-merke"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Tullius_Cicero" title="Marcus Tullius Cicero – tysk" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Marcus Tullius Cicero" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero – estisk" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Cicero" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%A4%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%9A%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BD" title="Μάρκος Τύλλιος Κικέρων – gresk" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μάρκος Τύλλιος Κικέρων" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="gresk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero – engelsk" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Cicero" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicer%C3%B3n" title="Cicerón – spansk" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cicerón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicerono" title="Cicerono – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Cicerono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicer%C3%B3n" title="Cicerón – ekstremaduransk" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Cicerón" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="ekstremaduransk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zizeron" title="Zizeron – baskisk" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zizeron" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="سیسرون – persisk" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیسرون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmerket artikkel-merke"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cic%C3%A9ron" title="Cicéron – fransk" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cicéron" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus_Tullius_Sisero" title="Markus Tullius Sisero – vestfrisisk" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Markus Tullius Sisero" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="vestfrisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciceron" title="Ciceron – friuliansk" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Ciceron" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friuliansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicear%C3%B3" title="Cicearó – irsk" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cicearó" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero – mansk" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Cicero" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="mansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicer%C3%B3n" title="Cicerón – galisisk" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cicerón" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B" title="रोमन तत्त्वगिन्यानी सिसेरो – goansk konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="रोमन तत्त्वगिन्यानी सिसेरो" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="goansk konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EB%A5%B4%EC%BF%A0%EC%8A%A4_%ED%88%B4%EB%A6%AC%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4_%ED%82%A4%EC%BC%80%EB%A1%9C" title="마르쿠스 툴리우스 키케로 – koreansk" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마르쿠스 툴리우스 키케로" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero – hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Cicero" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Կիկերոն – armensk" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կիկերոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B" title="सिसरो – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सिसरो" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciceron" title="Ciceron – kroatisk" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ciceron" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Cicero" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="anbefalt artikkel-merke"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero – indonesisk" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Cicero" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciceron" title="Ciceron – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Ciceron" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Tullius_Cicero" title="Marcus Tullius Cicero – interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Marcus Tullius Cicero" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmerket artikkel-merke"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Tullio_Cicerone" title="Marco Tullio Cicerone – italiensk" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Marco Tullio Cicerone" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%95" title="מרקוס טוליוס קיקרו – hebraisk" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מרקוס טוליוס קיקרו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero – javanesisk" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Cicero" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cic%C3%A9ron" title="Cicéron – kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Cicéron" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero – pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Cicero" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ციცერონი – georgisk" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ციცერონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Цицерон – kasakhisk" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Цицерон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kasakhisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero – kornisk" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Cicero" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="kornisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cic%C3%A9ron" title="Cicéron – haitisk" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Cicéron" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero – kurdisk" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Cicero" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Цицерон – kirgisisk" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Цицерон" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Цицерон – vestmarisk" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Цицерон" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="vestmarisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Tullius_Cicero" title="Marcus Tullius Cicero – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Marcus Tullius Cicero" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicerons" title="Cicerons – latvisk" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Cicerons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Tullius_Cicero" title="Marcus Tullius Cicero – luxemburgsk" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Marcus Tullius Cicero" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markas_Tulijus_Ciceronas" title="Markas Tulijus Ciceronas – litauisk" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Markas Tulijus Ciceronas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmerket artikkel-merke"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero – limburgsk" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Cicero" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Tullio_Cicero" title="Marco Tullio Cicero – lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Marco Tullio Cicero" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Tullius_Cicero" title="Marcus Tullius Cicero – ungarsk" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Marcus Tullius Cicero" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Цицерон – makedonsk" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Цицерон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero – gassisk" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Cicero" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="gassisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B" title="സിസറോ – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സിസറോ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B" title="सिसेरो – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सिसेरो" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="شيشرون – egyptisk arabisk" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="شيشرون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="egyptisk arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero – malayisk" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Cicero" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malayisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Марк Туллий Цицерон – mongolsk" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Марк Туллий Цицерон" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF" title="ဆစ်ဆရို – burmesisk" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆစ်ဆရို" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="burmesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciceron" title="Ciceron – nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Ciceron" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Tullius_Cicero" title="Marcus Tullius Cicero – nederlandsk" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Marcus Tullius Cicero" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%88%E3%82%A5%E3%83%83%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AD%E3%82%B1%E3%83%AD" title="マルクス・トゥッリウス・キケロ – japansk" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マルクス・トゥッリウス・キケロ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciceron" title="Ciceron – oksitansk" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ciceron" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitseron_Mark_Tulliy" title="Sitseron Mark Tulliy – usbekisk" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sitseron Mark Tulliy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbekisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B" title="ਸਿਸਰੋ – panjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਿਸਰੋ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88" title="سائیسیرو – vestpunjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سائیسیرو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="vestpunjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88" title="سيسرو – pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سيسرو" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%BC" title="ស៊ីសេរ៉ូ – khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ស៊ីសេរ៉ូ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciceron" title="Ciceron – piemontesisk" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Ciceron" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemontesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="anbefalt artikkel-merke"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyceron" title="Cyceron – polsk" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cyceron" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%ADcero" title="Cícero – portugisisk" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cícero" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Tullius_Cicero" title="Marcus Tullius Cicero – rumensk" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Marcus Tullius Cicero" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Tullius_Cicero" title="Marcus Tullius Cicero – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Marcus Tullius Cicero" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Цицерон – russisk" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Цицерон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero – skotsk" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Cicero" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="skotsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Tullius_Cicero" title="Marcus Tullius Cicero – saterfrisisk" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Marcus Tullius Cicero" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="saterfrisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciceroni" title="Ciceroni – albansk" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ciceroni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciciruni" title="Ciciruni – siciliansk" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ciciruni" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero – enkel engelsk" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cicero" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="enkel engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Tullius_Cicero" title="Marcus Tullius Cicero – slovakisk" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Marcus Tullius Cicero" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Tulij_Cicero" title="Mark Tulij Cicero – slovensk" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mark Tulij Cicero" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%97%D0%BA%D1%94%D1%80%D1%A1%D0%BD%D1%8A" title="Кїкєрѡнъ – kirkeslavisk" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Кїкєрѡнъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="kirkeslavisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%B1%DB%86" title="سیسرۆ – sentralkurdisk" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سیسرۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sentralkurdisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5_%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Марко Тулије Цицерон – serbisk" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Марко Тулије Цицерон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciceron" title="Ciceron – serbokroatisk" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ciceron" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero – finsk" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Cicero" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciceron" title="Ciceron – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ciceron" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B" title="சிசெரோ – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிசெரோ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Цицерон – tatarisk" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Цицерон" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3" title="กิแกโร – thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กิแกโร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero – tyrkisk" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Cicero" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="tyrkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Цицерон – ukrainsk" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Цицерон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88" title="سائیسیرو – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سائیسیرو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciceron" title="Ciceron – venetiansk" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Ciceron" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="venetiansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero – vietnamesisk" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cicero" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Tullius_Cicero" title="Marcus Tullius Cicero – volapyk" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Marcus Tullius Cicero" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%A1%9E%E7%BE%85" title="西塞羅 – klassisk kinesisk" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="西塞羅" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="klassisk kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Tullius_Cicero" title="Marcus Tullius Cicero – vestflamsk" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Marcus Tullius Cicero" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="vestflamsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicer%C3%B3n" title="Cicerón – waray-waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Cicerón" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray-waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%A1%9E%E7%BD%97" title="西塞罗 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="西塞罗" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ADs%E1%BA%B9%CC%81r%C3%B2" title="Kísẹ́rò – joruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Kísẹ́rò" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="joruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%A1%9E%E7%BE%85" title="西塞羅 – kantonesisk" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="西塞羅" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Tullius_Cicero" title="Marcus Tullius Cicero – dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Marcus Tullius Cicero" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%A1%9E%E7%BD%97" title="西塞罗 – kinesisk" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="西塞罗" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1541#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Rediger lenker til artikkelen på andre språk" class="wbc-editpage">Rediger lenker</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Navnerom"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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<div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Flere alternativer" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Handlinger </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Tullius_Cicero"><span>Les</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Tullius_Cicero&veaction=edit" title="Rediger siden [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Rediger</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Tullius_Cicero&action=edit" title="Rediger kildekoden for denne siden [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Rediger kilde</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Tullius_Cicero&action=history"><span>Vis historikk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Generelt </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Lenker_hit/Marcus_Tullius_Cicero" title="Liste over alle wikisider som lenker hit [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Lenker hit</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Relaterte_endringer/Marcus_Tullius_Cicero" rel="nofollow" title="Siste endringer i sider som blir lenket fra denne siden [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Relaterte endringer</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=no" title="Last opp filer [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Last opp fil</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Spesialsider" title="Liste over alle spesialsider [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Spesialsider</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Tullius_Cicero&oldid=24732933" title="Permanent lenke til denne versjonen av siden"><span>Permanent lenke</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Tullius_Cicero&action=info" title="Mer informasjon om denne siden"><span>Sideinformasjon</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Siteringshjelp&page=Marcus_Tullius_Cicero&id=24732933&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informasjon om hvordan denne siden kan siteres"><span>Siter denne siden</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fno.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMarcus_Tullius_Cicero"><span>Hent forkortet URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fno.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMarcus_Tullius_Cicero"><span>Last ned QR-kode</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Skriv ut / eksporter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Marcus_Tullius_Cicero&action=show-download-screen"><span>Last ned som PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Tullius_Cicero&printable=yes" title="Utskriftsvennlig versjon av denne siden [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Utskriftsvennlig versjon</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> På andre prosjekter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Tullius_Cicero" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikiquote.org/wiki/Cicero" hreflang="no"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1541" title="Lenke til koblet dataregisterelement [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-element</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sideverktøy"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Utseende"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Utseende</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">skjul</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Fra Wikipedia, den frie encyklopedi</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nb" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r24553676">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/50px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/75px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/100px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Referansel%C3%B8s" title="Wikipedia:Referanseløs">Referanseløs</a></b>: Denne artikkelen inneholder en <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:K" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:K">liste over kilder, litteratur</a> eller <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:EL" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:EL">eksterne lenker</a>, men enkeltopplysninger lar seg ikke <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:V" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:V">verifisere</a> fordi det mangler konkrete kildehenvisninger i form av fotnotebaserte <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:STIL#Referanser" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:STIL">referanser</a>. Du kan hjelpe til med å sjekke opplysningene mot kildemateriale og legge inn referanser. Opplysninger uten kildehenvisning i form av referanser kan bli fjernet.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="hatnote dablink noexcerpt">«Cicero» omdirigeres hit. For annen bruk, se <a href="/wiki/Cicero_(andre_betydninger)" class="mw-disambig" title="Cicero (andre betydninger)">Cicero (andre betydninger)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r24461009">.mw-parser-output .wb-edithandle{display:none;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .wd-editable-show .wb-edithandle{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .wd-editable-hide .wb-edithandle{display:none}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks{float:right;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:3px;margin:0.5em 0em 1em 1em;background-color:#f9f9f9;vertical-align:top;text-align:left;font-size:88%}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.overskrift th{text-align:center;font-weight:bold;font-size:larger;border:none}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.bilde td{background-color:#fff;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;border:none}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks th{border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;text-align:center;padding-left:3px;padding-right:3px;padding-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks td{background-color:#efefef;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;margin:4px;padding:3px}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.custom td{background:none;border:none}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.rad th{text-align:left;font-weight:bold;border:none;padding-left:3px;padding-right:3px;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.1em}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.rad td{text-align:left;font-weight:normal;border:none;padding-left:3px;padding-right:3px;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.1em;background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.rad td.center{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.rad td.headercenter{text-align:center;font-weight:bold;border:none;padding-left:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.1em;background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.hode th{padding-left:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.1em}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.bilde td{text-align:center;font-weight:normal;border:none;padding-left:3px;padding-right:3px;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.overskrift td{text-align:center;font-weight:bold;background-color:#eee;border:none;padding-left:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.1em}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.geografi tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.biografi tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.transport tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.bygning tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.infrastruktur tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.bred tr.overskrift td{font-size:larger}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.ekstrabred tr.overskrift td{font-size:larger}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.bordered tr.rad th{border-bottom:1px solid #ccc}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.bordered tr.rad td{border-bottom:1px solid #ccc}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r24461009"><table class="infobox infoboks biografi fastbredde"><tbody><tr class="hode overskrift"><th colspan="4">Marcus Tullius Cicero</th></tr> <tr class="bilde" valign="top"><td colspan="4" class="sentrert"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Bust_of_Cicero_(1st-cent._BC)_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Bust_of_Cicero_%281st-cent._BC%29_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016.jpg/250px-Bust_of_Cicero_%281st-cent._BC%29_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="375" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Bust_of_Cicero_%281st-cent._BC%29_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016.jpg/375px-Bust_of_Cicero_%281st-cent._BC%29_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Bust_of_Cicero_%281st-cent._BC%29_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016.jpg/500px-Bust_of_Cicero_%281st-cent._BC%29_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr> <tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><span class="edit-props-marker edit-props-P1477 edit-props-P569 edit-props-P19">Født</span></th><td colspan="2"><span><a href="/wiki/3._januar" title="3. januar">3. jan.</a> <a href="/wiki/106_f.Kr." title="106 f.Kr.">106 f.Kr.</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-hash-71497cf4a757e1e8fc5567f90dcf68c338fdf1bf_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-71497cf4a757e1e8fc5567f90dcf68c338fdf1bf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hash-2efd3bdd85a3a19466eeec61bf6a21995c2b2838_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-2efd3bdd85a3a19466eeec61bf6a21995c2b2838-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hash-b935c939a6684c0272b98adfd7a88ae7d5542d84_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-b935c939a6684c0272b98adfd7a88ae7d5542d84-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hash-1294537bb358c66dabddd8db9311a5249bab0c8f_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-1294537bb358c66dabddd8db9311a5249bab0c8f-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="wb-edithandle" data-bridge-edit-flow="single-best-value"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1541?uselang=nb#P569" title="Rediger på Wikidata"><img alt="Rediger på Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span><br />Arpino (<a href="/wiki/Romerriket" title="Romerriket">Romerriket</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romersk_Italia" title="Romersk Italia">Romersk Italia</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-88df93e3fe4d618fe4b2738f1a3d6bc42e64775f_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-88df93e3fe4d618fe4b2738f1a3d6bc42e64775f-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hash-9d7da5b77263f55ec4dad5f5a8a6069f5504b00e_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-9d7da5b77263f55ec4dad5f5a8a6069f5504b00e-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><span class="edit-props-marker edit-props-P570 edit-props-P20 edit-props-P509">Død</span></th><td colspan="2"><span><a href="/wiki/7._desember" title="7. desember">7. des.</a> <a href="/wiki/43_f.Kr." title="43 f.Kr.">43 f.Kr.</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-hash-2efd3bdd85a3a19466eeec61bf6a21995c2b2838_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-2efd3bdd85a3a19466eeec61bf6a21995c2b2838-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hash-d4a4abe87d943cbc75a5a5f5efed0b8a98247950_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-d4a4abe87d943cbc75a5a5f5efed0b8a98247950-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hash-49a37781a6361cc95acc48a470d45fcdb62eafa0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-49a37781a6361cc95acc48a470d45fcdb62eafa0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="wb-edithandle" data-bridge-edit-flow="single-best-value"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1541?uselang=nb#P570" title="Rediger på Wikidata"><img alt="Rediger på Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> (63 år)<br /><a href="/wiki/Formia" title="Formia">Formia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Romerriket" title="Romerriket">Romerriket</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romersk_Italia" title="Romersk Italia">Romersk Italia</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-88df93e3fe4d618fe4b2738f1a3d6bc42e64775f_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-88df93e3fe4d618fe4b2738f1a3d6bc42e64775f-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Beskjeftigelse</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Filosof" class="mw-redirect" title="Filosof">Filosof</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poet" title="Poet">lyriker</a>, politisk teoretiker, <a href="/wiki/Jurist" title="Jurist">jurist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skribent_(beskjeftigelse)" class="mw-redirect" title="Skribent (beskjeftigelse)">skribent</a>, Ancient Roman priest, romersk oldtidspolitiker, romersk oldtidsmilitær, <a href="/wiki/Sakf%C3%B8rer" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakfører">advokat</a>, orator, <a href="/wiki/Politiker" title="Politiker">politiker</a> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1541?uselang=nb#P106" title="Rediger på Wikidata"><img alt="Rediger på Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Embete</th><td colspan="2"><ul style="list-style:none none; padding:0px; margin:0px"><li><a href="/wiki/Kvestor" title="Kvestor">Kvestor</a> (75 f.Kr. – 75 f.Kr.)</li><li>plebeiisk edil (69 f.Kr. – 69 f.Kr.)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Pretor" title="Pretor">pretor</a> (66 f.Kr. – 66 f.Kr.)</li><li>romersk senator (ukjent – 43 f.Kr.)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Romersk_konsul" title="Romersk konsul">romersk konsul</a> (63 f.Kr. – 63 f.Kr.)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Augur" title="Augur">augur</a> (53 f.Kr. – 43 f.Kr.)</li><li>romersk guvernør (<a href="/wiki/Prokonsul" class="mw-redirect" title="Prokonsul">prokonsul</a>, Cilicia, 51 f.Kr. – 50 f.Kr.) <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1541?uselang=nb#P39" title="Rediger på Wikidata"><img alt="Rediger på Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr class="rad" valign="top"><th colspan="2" class="nowrap">Ektefelle</th><td colspan="2">Terentia (<span title="startdato: 79 f.Kr.">79 f.Kr.</span>–<span title="sluttdato: 46 f.Kr.">46 f.Kr.</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-f79c2e9a85f47c006db6a330b5a3dd8630c6422e_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-f79c2e9a85f47c006db6a330b5a3dd8630c6422e-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hash-1d1ee8ff4f5fd182e00f6d655c40950a68c40d15_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-1d1ee8ff4f5fd182e00f6d655c40950a68c40d15-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hash-e6236bf770e7d1cbcc550e45ef8d4adc5a36be2a_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-e6236bf770e7d1cbcc550e45ef8d4adc5a36be2a-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hash-1294537bb358c66dabddd8db9311a5249bab0c8f_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-1294537bb358c66dabddd8db9311a5249bab0c8f-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Publilia (<span title="startdato: ukjent">ukjent</span>–<span title="sluttdato: 45 f.Kr.">45 f.Kr.</span>) (avslutningsårsak: <a href="/wiki/Skilsmisse" title="Skilsmisse">skilsmisse</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-fa050d850e0fab62b68729340c9e71f93caec48c_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-fa050d850e0fab62b68729340c9e71f93caec48c-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hash-331cfc0fa44f8346440e886d4a0792a3846edd30_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-331cfc0fa44f8346440e886d4a0792a3846edd30-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hash-1d1ee8ff4f5fd182e00f6d655c40950a68c40d15_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-1d1ee8ff4f5fd182e00f6d655c40950a68c40d15-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hash-605df34b3101935026b51e83d749784e152211d9_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-605df34b3101935026b51e83d749784e152211d9-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="rad" valign="top"><th colspan="2" class="nowrap">Far</th><td colspan="2">Marcus Tullius Cicero<sup id="cite_ref-hash-fa050d850e0fab62b68729340c9e71f93caec48c_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-fa050d850e0fab62b68729340c9e71f93caec48c-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hash-abf0480959555ec721bdfa6242ad51577b3673f9_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-abf0480959555ec721bdfa6242ad51577b3673f9-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hash-1d1ee8ff4f5fd182e00f6d655c40950a68c40d15_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-1d1ee8ff4f5fd182e00f6d655c40950a68c40d15-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="rad" valign="top"><th colspan="2" class="nowrap">Mor</th><td colspan="2">Helvia<sup id="cite_ref-hash-fa050d850e0fab62b68729340c9e71f93caec48c_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-fa050d850e0fab62b68729340c9e71f93caec48c-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hash-e04d1f6881f7ebd24245e03bf3fbfdb5d79fb389_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-e04d1f6881f7ebd24245e03bf3fbfdb5d79fb389-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hash-1d1ee8ff4f5fd182e00f6d655c40950a68c40d15_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-1d1ee8ff4f5fd182e00f6d655c40950a68c40d15-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="rad" valign="top"><th colspan="2" class="nowrap">Søsken</th><td colspan="2">Quintus Tullius Cicero<sup id="cite_ref-hash-fa050d850e0fab62b68729340c9e71f93caec48c_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-fa050d850e0fab62b68729340c9e71f93caec48c-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hash-4cb1301fb3d820acae27d2583629abde6b198f27_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-4cb1301fb3d820acae27d2583629abde6b198f27-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hash-1d1ee8ff4f5fd182e00f6d655c40950a68c40d15_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-1d1ee8ff4f5fd182e00f6d655c40950a68c40d15-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="rad" valign="top"><th colspan="2" class="nowrap">Barn</th><td colspan="2">Cicero Minor (mor: Terentia)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-d705ba621b6d58401c5db681b3d47e92cec77fe7_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-d705ba621b6d58401c5db681b3d47e92cec77fe7-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hash-1d1ee8ff4f5fd182e00f6d655c40950a68c40d15_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-1d1ee8ff4f5fd182e00f6d655c40950a68c40d15-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hash-1294537bb358c66dabddd8db9311a5249bab0c8f_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-1294537bb358c66dabddd8db9311a5249bab0c8f-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Tullia (mor: Terentia)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-2225d751fbd57b8af80199a47f95533a1a707ae6_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-2225d751fbd57b8af80199a47f95533a1a707ae6-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hash-1d1ee8ff4f5fd182e00f6d655c40950a68c40d15_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-1d1ee8ff4f5fd182e00f6d655c40950a68c40d15-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hash-1294537bb358c66dabddd8db9311a5249bab0c8f_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-1294537bb358c66dabddd8db9311a5249bab0c8f-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hash-ba22da5243a93df4c1dc702fd7a073f1967cb565_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-ba22da5243a93df4c1dc702fd7a073f1967cb565-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="rad" valign="top"><th colspan="2" class="nowrap">Nasjonalitet</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Romerriket" title="Romerriket">Romerriket</a><sup id="cite_ref-hash-2efd3bdd85a3a19466eeec61bf6a21995c2b2838_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-2efd3bdd85a3a19466eeec61bf6a21995c2b2838-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="rad" valign="top"><th colspan="2" class="nowrap">Utmerkelser</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Landsfader" title="Landsfader">Landsfader</a></td></tr><tr class="rad"><td colspan="4"><hr /><div class="sentrert"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cicero" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Cicero">Marcus Tullius Cicero på Commons</a></div></td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Marcus Tullius Cicero</b> (ble sannsynligvis uttalt /ˈkikeroː/ på <a href="/wiki/Klassisk_latin" title="Klassisk latin">klassisk latin</a>; født <a href="/wiki/3._januar" title="3. januar">3. januar</a> <a href="/wiki/106_f.Kr." title="106 f.Kr.">106 f.Kr.</a>, død <a href="/wiki/7._desember" title="7. desember">7. desember</a> <a href="/wiki/43_f.Kr." title="43 f.Kr.">43 f.Kr.</a>) var en <a href="/wiki/Romer" class="mw-disambig" title="Romer">romersk</a> <a href="/wiki/Politiker" title="Politiker">politiker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jurist" title="Jurist">jurist</a>, taler og <a href="/wiki/Skribent" title="Skribent">skribent</a>, alminnelig ansett som den største latinske prosaist. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ciceros_liv">Ciceros liv</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Tullius_Cicero&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Rediger avsnitt: Ciceros liv" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Tullius_Cicero&action=edit&section=1" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Ciceros liv"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cicero vokste opp i en velstående familie, skjønt ingen i familien hans var adelige. Datidens politiske embeter var nesten utelukkende kontrollert av en gruppe aristokratiske familier som hadde holdt disse stillingene i generasjoner. Til tross for en utmerket utdannelse i <a href="/wiki/Roma" title="Roma">Roma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aten" class="mw-redirect" title="Aten">Aten</a> og på <a href="/wiki/Rhodos" title="Rhodos">Rhodos</a> hadde han derfor i utgangspunktet bare to mulige karrierevalg. Det ene alternativet var en militær løpebane, da suksess innen hæren ble ansett å stamme fra vedkommendes enestående personlige evner og derfor gjerne medførte popularitet og politiske muligheter. Cicero, derimot, hadde ikke noe til overs for militæret, og valgte derfor det andre alternativet, som var en karriere innen jusen. </p><p>Etter å ha studert rettsvitenskap, retorikk og filosofi, begynte han sin karriere som advokat. En karriere som jurist kunne føre til politisk suksess og innflytelse av flere grunner. For det første fikk jurister mye erfaring i retorikk og det å holde taler. For det andre skapte høy-profilerte saker mye oppmerksomhet og popularitet for vordende politikere. Og sist, men ikke minst, kunne vellykkete jurister bygge et nettverk av politiske kontakter. Dette siste punktet var helt avgjørende på Ciceros tid, da politisk motsetninger ikke bygde på partitilhørighet eller politisk ideologi, men i stedet var basert på løse, skiftende nettverk av personlige vennskap og forpliktelser. </p><p>Cicero viste seg å være en utmerket taler og advokat, og en skarpsindig politiker. Han ble valgt til samtlige av de viktigste romerske embetene (<a href="/wiki/Kvestor" title="Kvestor">kvestor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edil" title="Edil">edil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pretor" title="Pretor">pretor</a>, og <a href="/wiki/Romersk_konsul" title="Romersk konsul">konsul</a>) på første forsøk og ved yngste alder tillatt ved lov. Høydepunktet i karrieren hans var da han ble konsul i <a href="/wiki/63_f.Kr." title="63 f.Kr.">63 f.Kr.</a> I denne egenskapen avslørte og avverget han den <a href="/wiki/Catilinske_sammensvergelse" class="mw-redirect" title="Catilinske sammensvergelse">catilinske sammensvergelsen</a>, der en gruppe medsammensvorne planla å ta over den romerske staten med makt. Ved denne anledningen holdt han sine berømte <a href="/wiki/De_fire_taler_mot_Catilina" title="De fire taler mot Catilina">fire taler mot Catilina</a>. </p><p>De neste årene ble svært turbulente, og i 60 f.Kr. tok <a href="/wiki/Julius_C%C3%A6sar" title="Julius Cæsar">Julius Cæsar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pompeius" title="Pompeius">Pompeius</a> og <a href="/wiki/Crassus" class="mw-redirect" title="Crassus">Crassus</a> (også kjent som det første triumviratet) kontroll over romersk politikk. Triumviratet prøvde gjentatte ganger å få Cicero på sin side på grunn av hans popularitet og personlige egenskaper, men Cicero forble lojal til senatet og republikken. I 58 f.Kr. innførte derfor domstolen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clodius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clodius (ikke skrevet ennå)">Clodius</a> (en av Cæsars tilhengere) en retroaktiv lov som fratok det romerske statsborgerskapet fra enhver som drepte en romersk innbygger uten lov og dom. I forbindelse med den catilinske sammensvergelsen hadde Cicero fått henrettet fem av de medsammensvorne uten lov og dom.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Objektivitet" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Objektivitet"><span title="Foregående påstand kan inneholde faktafeil eller dens objektivitet er omstridt og bør omskrives.">omstridt</span></a> <span class="metadata"> – <a href="/wiki/Diskusjon:Marcus_Tullius_Cicero#Tvilsomt" title="Diskusjon:Marcus Tullius Cicero">diskuter</a></span></i>]</sup> Den nye loven førte derfor til opptøyer og fysiske angrep på Cicero, som måtte gå i eksil samt at alt han eide ble konfiskert. I eksilperioden kunne ikke Cicero lenger ta del i romersk politikk, og dette var derfor første gang han som voksen kunne studere filosofi over tid. </p><p>Etter ca. halvannet år endret de politiske forholdene seg, slik at Cicero fikk eiendeler og eiendommer tilbake, samt at han kunne reise tilbake til Roma. Derimot kunne han fortsatt ikke inneha verv som politiker, og han arbeidet derfor videre med sine filosofiske studier. Mellom 55 og 51 f.Kr. skrev han om taleren (<i>De Oratore</i>), staten (<i>De Re Publica</i>) og lovene (<i>De Legibus</i>). Triumviratet kollapset etter Crassus' død, og i 49 f.Kr. krysset Cæsar elven <a href="/wiki/Rubicon" title="Rubicon">Rubicon</a> med opprørerhæren sin fra <a href="/wiki/Gallia" title="Gallia">Gallia</a> og inn i <a href="/wiki/Italia" title="Italia">Italia</a>. Dette utløste en borgerkrig mellom ham selv og Pompeius. Cicero var på Pompeius' side, men bare halvhjertet. Han mente på dette tidspunktet at spørsmålet ikke var om Roma ville bli en republikk eller et diktatur (ev. kongedømme), men hvorvidt Pompeius eller Cæsar ville ende opp som ubestridt leder. Hvem av dem som ble konsul eller diktator spilte liten rolle for Cicero, som anså et kongedømme som en katastrofe for Roma uansett. Cæsar og hæren hans vant i 48 f.Kr., og Cæsar ble da utnevnt til diktator, først for 6 måneder, og senere utnevnte han seg selv som diktator på livstid. Cicero fikk da et offentlig amnesti, men ble tvunget til å holde seg unna politikken. Han konsentrerte seg derfor i stedet om å studere og skrive om filosofi, og han utga resten av de filosofiske tekstene sine i årene som fulgte. </p><p>Cæsar ble myrdet av en gruppe senatorer i mars 44 f.Kr. Cicero var vitne til mordet, men var ikke selv del av sammensvergelsen. I stedet tok han etter mordet på Cæsar parti mot <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Antonius" title="Marcus Antonius">Marcus Antonius</a> i maktkampen som oppsto mellom Antonius, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Lepidus" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Lepidus">Marcus Lepidus</a> og Octavian (senere kalt <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>). Cicero håpet fortsatt på gjeninnførelsen av den romerske republikken, og med Cæsar død kunne senatet igjen gjøre seg gjeldende, og det var i senatet at Cicero nå fremførte en serie berømte taler der han gjorde Antonius til «statens fiende» og iherdig forsvarte Roms republikanske forfatning. </p><p>Antonius, Lepidus og Octavian klarte imidlertid å enes om å dele makten. De opprettet en liste over hvem de ønsket å få drept, og som del av maktfordelingen fikk hver enkelt lov til å eliminere disse fiendene. Antonius satte ikke bare Cicero, men også sønnen, broren og nevøen hans på dødslisten sin, noe Octavian valgte å godta til tross for at Cicero hadde vært delaktig i Octavians suksess. Cicero, broren og nevøen hans flyktet derfor fra Italia. Broren og nevøen stoppet underveis for å skaffe mer penger til turen, og ble da drept, mens Cicero selv fortsatte flukten. <a href="/wiki/Plutark" title="Plutark">Plutark</a> beskriver scenen der Cicero blir tatt igjen og myrdet av forfølgerne sine i år 43 f.Kr., 63 år gammel. Antonius naglet deretter Ciceros hode og hender til talerstolen i senatet til skrekk og advarsel. Ciceros sønn, også kalt Marcus, var i Hellas på dette tidspunktet og unngikk å bli drept. Han ble konsul i år 30 f.Kr. under Octavian, som hadde beseiret Antonius etterat det andre triumviratet kollapset. Som konsul fikk Marcus den yngre for øvrig anledning til å annonsere Antonius' selvmord til senatet, men det fins dessverre ingen opptegnelser av denne talen. </p><p>Ciceros veltalenhet kan sees bevart i mer enn 50 politiske og juridiske taler og skrifter: <i>Om taleren</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Brutus" class="mw-redirect" title="Brutus">Brutus</a></i>, <i>Om staten</i>, <i>Om gudenes vesen</i> med flere. Det finnes dessuten over 600 brev. Cicero, som var <a href="/wiki/Stoikerne" class="mw-redirect" title="Stoikerne">stoiker</a>, anses som far til den klassiske latinske prosa. </p><p>Hva angår filosofi, regnes Cicero i våre dager ikke som noen eksepsjonell filosof, fordi mange av tekstene hans anses som avledninger og ikke originale ideer. Hans tekster forble ikke desto mindre populære og allment lest langt inn i det 19. århundre. Et eksempel på denne innflytelsen er St. Augustins påstand om at det var Ciceros «Hortensius» (en tekst som er gått tapt i ettertid) som vendte ham bort fra et syndig liv mot filosofien og til sist mot Gud. </p><p>En rekke av Ciceros brev, taler og filosofiske verker er oversatt til norsk. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sentrale_verk">Sentrale verk</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Tullius_Cicero&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Rediger avsnitt: Sentrale verk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Tullius_Cicero&action=edit&section=2" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Sentrale verk"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taler">Taler</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Tullius_Cicero&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Rediger avsnitt: Taler" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Tullius_Cicero&action=edit&section=3" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Taler"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Marci_Tullii_Ciceronis_Opera_Omnia.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Marci_Tullii_Ciceronis_Opera_Omnia.tif/lossy-page1-250px-Marci_Tullii_Ciceronis_Opera_Omnia.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="375" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Marci_Tullii_Ciceronis_Opera_Omnia.tif/lossy-page1-375px-Marci_Tullii_Ciceronis_Opera_Omnia.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Marci_Tullii_Ciceronis_Opera_Omnia.tif/lossy-page1-500px-Marci_Tullii_Ciceronis_Opera_Omnia.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5032" data-file-height="7544" /></a><figcaption><i>Opera omnia</i>, 1566</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r24577446">.mw-parser-output .kolonner+ul,.mw-parser-output .kolonner+ol,.mw-parser-output ul.kolonner,.mw-parser-output ol.kolonner{column-width:18rem}.mw-parser-output .kolonner+ul li,.mw-parser-output .kolonner+ol li,.mw-parser-output ul.kolonner li,.mw-parser-output ol.kolonner li{break-inside:avoid}.mw-parser-output .kolonner.following-list-style-type-lower-alpha+ol{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .kolonner.following-list-style-type-upper-alpha+ol{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .kolonner.following-list-style-type-lower-roman+ol{list-style-type:lower-roman}.mw-parser-output .kolonner.following-list-style-type-upper-roman+ol{list-style-type:upper-roman}</style><div class="kolonner multicol ve-conditional-display-block"></div> <ul><li>Pro Quinctio</li> <li>Pro Roscio Amerino</li> <li>Pro Roscio Comodeo</li> <li>de Lege Agraria Contra Rullum</li> <li>In Verrem</li> <li>de Imperio Cn. Pompei</li> <li>Pro Caecina</li> <li>Pro Cluentio</li> <li>Pro Rabirio Perduellionis Reo</li> <li>In Catilinam I-IV</li> <li>Pro Murena</li> <li>Pro Sulla</li> <li>Pro Flacco</li> <li>Pro Archia</li> <li>Post Reditum in Senatu</li> <li>Post Reditum in Quirites</li> <li>de Domo Sua</li> <li>de Haruspicum Responsis</li> <li>Pro Cn. Plancio</li> <li>Pro Sestio</li> <li>In Vatinium</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pro_Caelio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pro Caelio (ikke skrevet ennå)">Pro Caelio</a></li> <li>de Provinciis Consularibus</li> <li>Pro Balbo</li> <li>Pro Milone</li> <li>In Pisonem</li> <li>Pro Scauro</li> <li>Pro Fonteio</li> <li>Pro Rabirio Postumo</li> <li>Pro Marcello</li> <li>Pro Ligario</li> <li>Pro Deiotaro</li> <li>Filippiske taler</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Filosofiske_verk">Filosofiske verk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Tullius_Cicero&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Rediger avsnitt: Filosofiske verk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Tullius_Cicero&action=edit&section=4" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Filosofiske verk"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>De Inventione</i> (Om oppfinnelser) – Cicero skrev denne håndboken om retorikk og taler mens han fortsatt var tenåring. Han avskrev den senere i livet med at hans andre retoriske verk overgikk dette.</li> <li><i>De Optimo Genere Oratorum</i></li> <li><i>Topica</i></li> <li><i>De Oratore</i> (Om taleren) – Dette er en lengre dialog om den ideelle taler, med diskusjoner om legningen og forholdet mellom lov, filosofi og retorikk. Cicero setter retorikk høyere enn både lov og filosofi, da han argumenterer for at den ideelle taler vil ha mestret både jus og filosofi for så å tilføre veltalenhet i tillegg. Han påpeker at i gamle dager foregikk undervisningen i filosofi og retorikk samlet, og at det er uheldig at disse nå har blitt skilt. Cicero mener for øvrig at den beste taleren også vil være det beste mennesket. Vedkommende vil ifølge ham forstå hvilket levesett er riktig og ta en ledende rolle innen politikken for å instruere andre om det samme ved å holde taler, innføre gode lover, og sette et eksempel med sin egen livsførsel.</li> <li><i>De Fato</i> (Om skjebnen)</li> <li><i>Paradoxa Stoicorum</i> (Stoiske paradokser) – Cicero gjør her rede for 6 stoiske prinsipper: moralsk verdi er det eneste gode; dyd er tilstrekkelig for å skape lykke; alle synder og dyder er likestilte; enhver tåpe er gal; kun den vise mann er virkelig fri; og kun den vise mann er virkelig rik. Disse emnene tas opp igjen i Tusculanæ Disputationes (Samtaler på Tusculum).</li> <li><i>De Partitione Oratoria</i> (Om talekunstens bestanddeler)</li> <li><i>Brutus</i> – Dette er en historisk oversikt over retorikk i Hellas og Roma der Cicero ramser opp hundrevis av talere og deres kjennetegn, styrker og svakheter. Det er også en del abstrakte diskusjoner av talekunst. Cicero sier at taleren må veilede lytteren, gi ham glede, og bevege følelsene hans. I likhet med <i>Om taleren</i>, påpeker Cicero her at en ekte taler må være skolert innen filosofi, historie og juss for å få de egenskapene som kreves av en leder for samfunnet.</li> <li><i>Orator</i> (Taler) – Dette er et brev om emnet «den perfekte taler», og inneholder bl.a. et forsvar av Ciceros egen retoriske stil (Cicero var aldri kjent for sin beskjedenhet). Teksten fremhever at taleren må være i stand til å bevise ting til publikummet, behage dem, og påvirke følelsene deres.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_re_publica" class="mw-redirect" title="De re publica">De re publica</a></i> (Norsk tittel: <a href="/wiki/Om_staten" title="Om staten">Om staten</a>) – Denne teksten beskriver det ideelle samfunnet, slik det kan skapes av taleren beskrevet i «Om taleren». Cicero prøver med denne teksten å gi den filosofiske begrunnelsen for de romerske institusjonene og å demonstrere at inntil nylig (dialogen finner sted i 129 f.Kr.) har romersk historie gradvis perfeksjonert republikken, som nå er overlegen alle andre styringsformer fordi det er et blandet styre. Med dette mener Cicero at republikken kombinerer elementer av monarki, aristokrati, og demokrati i akkurat den rette blandingen. Men selv denne styringsformen kan ødelegges, noe som ifølge Cicero holder på å skje på grunn av aristokratiets moralske forfall. Cicero bruker dette til å forklare viktigheten av et aktivt, ærbart liv; samfunnets byggestener, inkludert samspillet mellom alle mennesker; politikerens rolle; og konseptet «naturlig lov».</li> <li><i>De Consulatu Suo</i> (Trøst) – Denne teksten har gått tapt bortsett fra utdrag gjengitt av andre forfattere. Cicero skrev den for å bearbeide sorgen over datteren Tullias død ved å bruke filosofi, men ut ifra brevene hans vet vi at han ikke lyktes helt.</li> <li><i>De Legibus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Om_lovene" title="Om lovene">Om lovene</a>) – I denne boken forklarer Cicero hvilke lover som ville bli fulgt i det ideelle samfunnet. Basert på <a href="/wiki/Naturrett" title="Naturrett">naturretten</a> argumenterer Cicero for at enhver gyldig lov har sitt opphav i naturen, og at lover der dette ikke er tilfelle (for eksempel lover vedtatt av en tyrann) dermed ikke er sanne lover. Gudene tar del i fornuften, og på grunn av dette kan de sies å ta del i menneskenes samfunn. Mye av den resterende dialogen er derfor fokusert på religiøs lov.</li> <li><i>De Finibus bonorum et malorum</i> (Om det høyeste mål for godt og ondt). Denne teksten er grunnlaget for den opprinnelige <i><a href="/wiki/Lorem_ipsum" title="Lorem ipsum">Lorem ipsum</a></i> (Meningsløs pseudolatin-tekst til å illustrere typografisk utseende i grafisk design).</li> <li><i>Tusculanæ Disputationes</i> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Samtaler_p%C3%A5_Tusculum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samtaler på Tusculum (ikke skrevet ennå)">Samtaler på Tusculum</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Om_gudenes_natur" title="Om gudenes natur">Om gudenes natur</a></i></li> <li><i>Academica</i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Om_alderdommen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Om alderdommen (ikke skrevet ennå)">Om alderdommen</a>,</i> eller <i>Cato Maior de Senectute</i>. Om <a href="/wiki/Cato_den_eldre" title="Cato den eldre">Cato den eldre</a></li> <li><i>Laelius de Amicitia</i></li> <li><i>De Divinatione</i> (norsk <a href="/wiki/Om_tegntyding" title="Om tegntyding">Om tegntyding</a>)</li> <li><i>De Officiis</i> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Om_pliktene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Om pliktene (ikke skrevet ennå)">Om pliktene</a>)</li> <li><i>Commentariolum Petitionis</i> (Liten håndbok om valgkamp), usikkert forfatterskap</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brev">Brev</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Tullius_Cicero&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Rediger avsnitt: Brev" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Tullius_Cicero&action=edit&section=5" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Brev"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ad Atticum</li> <li>Ad Familiares</li> <li>Ad Quintum</li> <li>Ad Brutum</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referanser">Referanser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Tullius_Cicero&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Rediger avsnitt: Referanser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Tullius_Cicero&action=edit&section=6" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Referanser"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-hash-71497cf4a757e1e8fc5567f90dcf68c338fdf1bf-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-71497cf4a757e1e8fc5567f90dcf68c338fdf1bf_1-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <span><span>Merkedager : fødselsdager, stiftelsesdatoer, begivenheter</span></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_digibok_2008060900023#3">urn.nb.no</a><sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-2efd3bdd85a3a19466eeec61bf6a21995c2b2838-2"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-2efd3bdd85a3a19466eeec61bf6a21995c2b2838_2-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-2efd3bdd85a3a19466eeec61bf6a21995c2b2838_2-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-2efd3bdd85a3a19466eeec61bf6a21995c2b2838_2-2"><sup>c</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"> <span><span>Hrvatska enciklopedija</span></span>, Hrvatska enciklopedija-ID <span><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enciklopedija.hr/Natuknica.aspx?ID=11771">11771</a></span></span>, besøkt 23. mai 2023<sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-b935c939a6684c0272b98adfd7a88ae7d5542d84-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-b935c939a6684c0272b98adfd7a88ae7d5542d84_3-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <span><span><a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a></span></span>, JSTOR artikkel-ID <span><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/j.ctt1xp3tcd">10.2307/j.ctt1xp3tcd</a></span></span><sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-1294537bb358c66dabddd8db9311a5249bab0c8f-4"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-1294537bb358c66dabddd8db9311a5249bab0c8f_4-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-1294537bb358c66dabddd8db9311a5249bab0c8f_4-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-1294537bb358c66dabddd8db9311a5249bab0c8f_4-2"><sup>c</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-1294537bb358c66dabddd8db9311a5249bab0c8f_4-3"><sup>d</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"> <span><span>Tulii</span></span><sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-88df93e3fe4d618fe4b2738f1a3d6bc42e64775f-5"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-88df93e3fe4d618fe4b2738f1a3d6bc42e64775f_5-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-88df93e3fe4d618fe4b2738f1a3d6bc42e64775f_5-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"> <span><span><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">Gemeinsame Normdatei</a></span></span>, GND-ID <span><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118520814">118520814</a></span></span>, besøkt 14. august 2015<sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-9d7da5b77263f55ec4dad5f5a8a6069f5504b00e-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-9d7da5b77263f55ec4dad5f5a8a6069f5504b00e_6-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <span><span>Cicero, Mark Tullius</span></span><sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-d4a4abe87d943cbc75a5a5f5efed0b8a98247950-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-d4a4abe87d943cbc75a5a5f5efed0b8a98247950_7-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <span><span>Tulii</span></span>, «<span><span><span lang="ru">Ц., завидев погоню, высунул голову из носилок и в этом положении был убит центурионом Гереннием 7 дек. 43 г.</span></span></span>»<sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-49a37781a6361cc95acc48a470d45fcdb62eafa0-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-49a37781a6361cc95acc48a470d45fcdb62eafa0_8-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <span><span>Treccani-leksikonet online</span></span>, Treccani-ID <span><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/marco-tullio-cicerone">marco-tullio-cicerone</a></span></span><sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-f79c2e9a85f47c006db6a330b5a3dd8630c6422e-9"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-f79c2e9a85f47c006db6a330b5a3dd8630c6422e_9-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <span><span>Digital Prosopography of the Roman Republic</span></span>, Digital Prosopography of the Roman Republic ID <span><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://romanrepublic.ac.uk/person/3940/">3940</a></span></span>, besøkt 10. juni 2021<sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-1d1ee8ff4f5fd182e00f6d655c40950a68c40d15-10"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-1d1ee8ff4f5fd182e00f6d655c40950a68c40d15_10-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-1d1ee8ff4f5fd182e00f6d655c40950a68c40d15_10-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-1d1ee8ff4f5fd182e00f6d655c40950a68c40d15_10-2"><sup>c</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-1d1ee8ff4f5fd182e00f6d655c40950a68c40d15_10-3"><sup>d</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-1d1ee8ff4f5fd182e00f6d655c40950a68c40d15_10-4"><sup>e</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-1d1ee8ff4f5fd182e00f6d655c40950a68c40d15_10-5"><sup>f</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-1d1ee8ff4f5fd182e00f6d655c40950a68c40d15_10-6"><sup>g</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"> <span><span>Digital Prosopography of the Roman Republic</span></span>, oppført som <span><span>M. Tullius (29) M. f. M. n. Cor. Cicero</span></span>, Digital Prosopography of the Roman Republic ID <span><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://romanrepublic.ac.uk/person/2072/">2072</a></span></span>, besøkt 10. juni 2021<sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-e6236bf770e7d1cbcc550e45ef8d4adc5a36be2a-11"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-e6236bf770e7d1cbcc550e45ef8d4adc5a36be2a_11-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <span><span>Terentii</span></span><sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-fa050d850e0fab62b68729340c9e71f93caec48c-12"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-fa050d850e0fab62b68729340c9e71f93caec48c_12-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-fa050d850e0fab62b68729340c9e71f93caec48c_12-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-fa050d850e0fab62b68729340c9e71f93caec48c_12-2"><sup>c</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-fa050d850e0fab62b68729340c9e71f93caec48c_12-3"><sup>d</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.strachan.dk/family/tullius.htm">www.strachan.dk</a><sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-331cfc0fa44f8346440e886d4a0792a3846edd30-13"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-331cfc0fa44f8346440e886d4a0792a3846edd30_13-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <span><span>Digital Prosopography of the Roman Republic</span></span>, Digital Prosopography of the Roman Republic ID <span><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://romanrepublic.ac.uk/person/4004/">4004</a></span></span>, besøkt 10. juni 2021<sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-605df34b3101935026b51e83d749784e152211d9-14"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-605df34b3101935026b51e83d749784e152211d9_14-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <span><span>Publilii</span></span><sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-abf0480959555ec721bdfa6242ad51577b3673f9-15"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-abf0480959555ec721bdfa6242ad51577b3673f9_15-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <span><span>Digital Prosopography of the Roman Republic</span></span>, Digital Prosopography of the Roman Republic ID <span><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://romanrepublic.ac.uk/person/4093/">4093</a></span></span>, besøkt 10. juni 2021<sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-e04d1f6881f7ebd24245e03bf3fbfdb5d79fb389-16"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-e04d1f6881f7ebd24245e03bf3fbfdb5d79fb389_16-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <span><span>Digital Prosopography of the Roman Republic</span></span>, Digital Prosopography of the Roman Republic ID <span><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://romanrepublic.ac.uk/person/4078/">4078</a></span></span>, besøkt 10. juni 2021<sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-4cb1301fb3d820acae27d2583629abde6b198f27-17"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-4cb1301fb3d820acae27d2583629abde6b198f27_17-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <span><span>Digital Prosopography of the Roman Republic</span></span>, Digital Prosopography of the Roman Republic ID <span><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://romanrepublic.ac.uk/person/2216/">2216</a></span></span>, besøkt 10. juni 2021<sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-d705ba621b6d58401c5db681b3d47e92cec77fe7-18"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-d705ba621b6d58401c5db681b3d47e92cec77fe7_18-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <span><span>Digital Prosopography of the Roman Republic</span></span>, Digital Prosopography of the Roman Republic ID <span><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://romanrepublic.ac.uk/person/2563/">2563</a></span></span>, besøkt 10. juni 2021<sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-2225d751fbd57b8af80199a47f95533a1a707ae6-19"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-2225d751fbd57b8af80199a47f95533a1a707ae6_19-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <span><span>Digital Prosopography of the Roman Republic</span></span>, Digital Prosopography of the Roman Republic ID <span><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://romanrepublic.ac.uk/person/3928/">3928</a></span></span>, besøkt 10. juni 2021<sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-ba22da5243a93df4c1dc702fd7a073f1967cb565-20"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-ba22da5243a93df4c1dc702fd7a073f1967cb565_20-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <span><span>Tullia</span></span><sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Litteratur">Litteratur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Tullius_Cicero&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Rediger avsnitt: Litteratur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Tullius_Cicero&action=edit&section=7" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Litteratur"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Cicero i norsk oversettelse</dt></dl> <ul><li><i>Udvalgte Taler af Cicero</i>. Oversatte og oplyste af R. Monrad. F. Beyers forlag, 1889 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bibsys-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/BIBSYS:BIBSYS_ILS093217390"><span class="bjeller" style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d); cursor:help;" title="norsk">(no)</span> ebok</a>)</li> <li><i>Somnium Scipionis</i>. Innledning og anmerkninger av Gunnar Rudberg ; oversatt efter professor Rudbergs manuskript ved Hans Holst. Some forlag, 1923</li> <li><i>Brev fra en revolusjonstid. År 63 til Caesars død år 44</i>. Oversatt av Jørgen Fredrik Ording. Dreyer forlag, 1969. (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dreyers_kulturbibliotek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dreyers kulturbibliotek (ikke skrevet ennå)">Dreyers kulturbibliotek</a> ; 21)</li> <li><i>Taler</i>. Oversatt av Henning Mørland. Aschehoug, 1971. (<a href="/wiki/Thorleif_Dahls_kulturbibliotek" title="Thorleif Dahls kulturbibliotek">Thorleif Dahls kulturbibliotek</a>)</li> <li><i>Om pliktene. Om alderdommen</i>. Oversatt av Henning Mørland. Aschehoug, 1971. <ul><li><i>Om pliktene</i>. Bokklubben, 2004. (<a href="/wiki/Bokklubbens_kulturbibliotek" class="mw-redirect" title="Bokklubbens kulturbibliotek">Bokklubbens kulturbibliotek</a>) <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/8252552005" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 82-525-5200-5</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Brev</i> (fra 44-43 f.Kr). Oversatt av Henning Mørland. Aschehoug, 1973/1997. (<a href="/wiki/Thorleif_Dahls_kulturbibliotek" title="Thorleif Dahls kulturbibliotek">Thorleif Dahls kulturbibliotek</a>) <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/8203178383" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 82-03-17838-3</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bibsys-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/BIBSYS:BIBSYS_ILS100736009"><span class="bjeller" style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d); cursor:help;" title="norsk">(no)</span> ebok</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Om_staten" title="Om staten">Om staten</a></i>. Oversatt, med innledning og noter av Oskar Fjeld ; etterord ved Egil Kraggerud. Aschehoug, 1990. (<a href="/wiki/Thorleif_Dahls_kulturbibliotek" title="Thorleif Dahls kulturbibliotek">Thorleif Dahls kulturbibliotek</a>) <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/8203164927" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 82-03-16492-7</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bibsys-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/BIBSYS:BIBSYS_ILS10071353x"><span class="bjeller" style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d); cursor:help;" title="norsk">(no)</span> ebok</a>)</li> <li>«De oratore» I: <i>Romersk retorikk</i>. Cicero, Quintilian, Tacitus ; innleiing og omsetjing av Hermund Slaattelid. Samlaget, 1993/2009 <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/9788252174786" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-82-521-7478-6</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bibsys-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/BIBSYS:BIBSYS_ILS092402615"><span class="bjeller" style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d); cursor:help;" title="norsk">(no)</span> ebok</a>)</li> <li><i>Retorikk og filosofi : eit brev til Brutus : samtalar om filosofi</i>. Omsetjing og merknader ved Hermund Slaattelid. Samlaget, 1995. <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/8252142478" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 82-521-4247-8</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bibsys-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/BIBSYS:BIBSYS_ILS100974430"><span class="bjeller" style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d); cursor:help;" title="norsk">(no)</span> ebok</a>)</li> <li><i>Samtaler på Tusculum</i> Oversatt av Oscar Fjeld. Aschehoug, 2000. (<a href="/wiki/Thorleif_Dahls_kulturbibliotek" title="Thorleif Dahls kulturbibliotek">Thorleif Dahls kulturbibliotek</a>) <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/8203178316" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 82-03-17831-6</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Om_gudenes_natur" title="Om gudenes natur">Om gudenes natur</a> ; og Om vennskapet</i>. Oversettelse, forord og noter ved Oskar Fjeld ; etterord ved <a href="/wiki/Egil_Kraggerud" title="Egil Kraggerud">Egil Kraggerud</a>. Aschehoug, 2004. (<a href="/wiki/Thorleif_Dahls_kulturbibliotek" title="Thorleif Dahls kulturbibliotek">Thorleif Dahls kulturbibliotek</a>) <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/8203178324" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 82-03-17832-4</a></li> <li>«<a href="/wiki/Om_lovene" title="Om lovene">Om lovene</a>», «<a href="/wiki/Om_gudenes_natur" title="Om gudenes natur">Om gudenes natur</a>» og «<a href="/wiki/Om_tegntyding" title="Om tegntyding">Om tegntyding</a>» I: <i><a href="/wiki/Romersk_religion_(bok)" title="Romersk religion (bok)">Romersk religion</a></i>, 2010</li></ul> <dl><dt>Sekundærlitteratur om Cicero</dt></dl> <ul><li>Everitt, Anthony: <i>Cicero: the life and times of Rome's greatest politician</i>, Random House. USA, 2001.</li> <li>Haskell, H.J.: <i>This was Cicero</i>, Fawcett publications. Greenwich, Conn. USA, 1946.</li> <li>Rawson, Elizabeth: <i>Cicero, A portrait</i>, Allen Lane, London, 1975.</li> <li>Taylor, H.: <i>Cicero: A sketch of his life and works.</i> A. C. McClurg & Co. Chicago, 1918.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_lenker">Eksterne lenker</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Tullius_Cicero&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Rediger avsnitt: Eksterne lenker" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Tullius_Cicero&action=edit&section=8" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Eksterne lenker"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070102142349/http://wikisource.org/wiki/Scriptor%3ACicero">Wikisource</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/c/cicero.htm#H1">The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/ROME/CICERO.HTM">Richard Hooker: Roman Philosophy – Cicero</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23230704">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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