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Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <p>The IP address or range 8.222.128.0/17 has been <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">blocked</a> by <a href="/wiki/User:L235" title="User:L235">‪L235‬</a> for the following reason(s): </p> <div style="padding:10px; background:var(--background-color-base, white); color:inherit; border:1px #666 solid;"> <div class="user-block colocation-webhost" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; background-color: #ffefd5; border: 1px solid #AAA; padding: 0.7em;"> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Server-multiple.svg/40px-Server-multiple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Server-multiple.svg/60px-Server-multiple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Server-multiple.svg/80px-Server-multiple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure><b>The <a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP address</a> that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a <a href="/wiki/Web_hosting_service" title="Web hosting service">web host provider</a> or <a href="/wiki/Colocation_centre" title="Colocation centre">colocation provider</a>.</b> To prevent abuse, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Open_proxies" title="Wikipedia:Open proxies">web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked</a> from editing Wikipedia. <div style="border-top: 1px solid #AAA; clear: both">You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Open_proxies" title="Wikipedia:Open proxies">proxy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Virtual_private_network" title="Virtual private network">VPN</a>. <p><b>We recommend that you attempt to use another connection to edit.</b> For example, if you use a proxy or VPN to connect to the internet, turn it off when editing Wikipedia. If you edit using a mobile connection, try using a Wi-Fi connection, and vice versa. If you are using a corporate internet connection, switch to a different Wi-Fi network. If you have a Wikipedia account, please log in. </p><p>If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IP_block_exemption#Requesting_and_granting_exemption" title="Wikipedia:IP block exemption">request an IP block exemption</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">How to appeal if you are confident that your connection does not use a colocation provider's IP address:</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> If you are confident that you are not using a web host, you may <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Appealing_a_block" title="Wikipedia:Appealing a block">appeal this block</a> by adding the following text on your <a href="/wiki/Help:Talk_pages" title="Help:Talk pages">talk page</a>: <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Unblock" title="Template:Unblock">unblock</a>|reason=Caught by a colocation web host block but this host or IP is not a web host. My IP address is _______. <i>Place any further information here.</i> ~~~~}}</code>. <b>You must fill in the blank with your IP address for this block to be investigated.</b> Your IP address can be determined <span class="plainlinks"><b><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Get_my_IP_address?withJS=MediaWiki:Get-my-ip.js">here</a></b></span>. Alternatively, if you wish to keep your IP address private you can use the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Unblock_Ticket_Request_System" title="Wikipedia:Unblock Ticket Request System">unblock ticket request system</a>. There are several reasons you might be editing using the IP address of a web host or colocation provider (such as if you are using VPN software or a business network); please use this method of appeal only if you think your IP address is in fact not a web host or colocation provider.</div></div> <p><span class="sysop-show" style="font-size: 85%;"><span style="border:#707070 solid 1px;background-color:#ffe0e0;padding:2px"><b>Administrators:</b></span> The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IP_block_exemption" title="Wikipedia:IP block exemption">IP block exemption</a> user right should only be applied to allow users to edit using web host in exceptional circumstances, and requests should usually be directed to the functionaries team via email. If you intend to give the IPBE user right, a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CheckUser" title="Wikipedia:CheckUser">CheckUser</a> needs to take a look at the account. This can be requested most easily at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SPI#Quick_CheckUser_requests" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SPI">SPI Quick Checkuser Requests</a>. <b>Unblocking</b> an IP or IP range with this template <b>is highly discouraged</b> without at least contacting the blocking administrator.</span> </p> </div></div> </div> <p>This block will expire on 18:23, 24 August 2026. Your current IP address is 8.222.208.146. </p> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>Even when blocked, you will <i>usually</i> still be able to edit your <a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Special:MyTalk">user talk page</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Emailing_users" title="Wikipedia:Emailing users">email</a> administrators and other editors. </p> </div> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>For information on how to proceed, please read the <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Appealing_a_block#Common_questions" title="Wikipedia:Appealing a block">FAQ for blocked users</a></b> and the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Appealing_a_block" title="Wikipedia:Appealing a block">guideline on block appeals</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guide_to_appealing_blocks" title="Wikipedia:Guide to appealing blocks">guide to appealing blocks</a> may also be helpful. </p> </div> <p>Other useful links: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">Blocking policy</a> · <a href="/wiki/Help:I_have_been_blocked" title="Help:I have been blocked">Help:I have been blocked</a> </p> </div></li><li class="mw-permissionerror-globalblocking-blockedtext-range"> <div id="mw-blocked-text" style="border: 1px solid #AAA; background-color: var(--background-color-warning-subtle, ivory); color: inherit; padding: 1.5em; width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 26px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stop_hand_nuvola.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/50px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/75px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/100px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="240" /></a></span><b> This IP address range has been <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Global blocks">globally blocked</a>.</b></span><br /><span style="font-size: 18px;">This does not affect your ability to <i>read</i> Wikipedia pages.</span></div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><b>Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong.</b> Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <p>This block affects editing on all Wikimedia wikis. </p><p>The IP address or range 8.222.128.0/17 has been globally <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">blocked</a> by <a href="/wiki/User:Jon_Kolbert" title="User:Jon Kolbert">‪Jon Kolbert‬</a> for the following reason(s): </p> <div style="padding:10px; background:var(--background-color-base, white); color:inherit; border:1px #666 solid;"> <p><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/NOP" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/NOP">Open proxy/Webhost</a>: See the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WM:OP/H" class="extiw" title="m:WM:OP/H">help page</a> if you are affected </p> </div> <p>This block will expire on 15:12, 27 August 2028. Your current IP address is 8.222.208.146. </p> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>Even while globally blocked, you will <i>usually</i> still be able to edit pages on <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="m:">Meta-Wiki</a>. </p> </div> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/No_open_proxies" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/No open proxies">No open proxies</a> global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Steward_requests/Global" class="extiw" title="m:Steward requests/Global">post a request for review on Meta-Wiki</a>. You could also send an email to the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">stewards</a> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a> queue at <kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd> including all above details. </p> </div> <p>Other useful links: <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Global blocks">Global blocks</a> · <a href="/wiki/Help:I_have_been_blocked" title="Help:I have been blocked">Help:I have been blocked</a> </p> </div></li></ul><hr /> <div id="viewsourcetext">You can view and copy the source of this page:</div><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="en" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">{{pp-move}} {{pp-pc}} {{calendar}} {{This date in recent years}} {{Day}} ==Events== ===Pre-1600=== *[[1303]] &ndash; The [[Sapienza University of Rome]] is instituted by a [[papal bull|bull]] of [[Pope Boniface VIII]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Torgil Magnuson|title=Urban Transformation of Medieval Rome, 312-1420|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AutPAAAAMAAJ|year=2004|publisher=Swedish Institute in Rome|isbn=978-91-7042-167-9|page=121}}</ref> ===1601–1900=== *[[1653]] &ndash; [[Oliver Cromwell]] dissolves England's [[Rump Parliament]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=William Robison|author2=Ronald H. Fritze|title=Historical Dictionary of Stuart England, 1603-1689|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=1996|isbn=9780313283918|page=147}}</ref> *[[1657]] &ndash; English Admiral [[Robert Blake (admiral)|Robert Blake]] destroys a Spanish silver fleet, under heavy fire from the shore, at the [[Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (1657)|Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Manganiello |first1=Stephen C |title=The Concise Encyclopedia of the Revolutions and Wars of England, Scotland, and Ireland, 1639-1660 |date=2004 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-5100-9|page=481}}</ref> * 1657 &ndash; [[Freedom of religion]] is granted to the Jews of [[New Amsterdam]] (later New York City). *[[1752]] &ndash; Start of [[Konbaung–Hanthawaddy War]], a new phase in the Burmese Civil War (1740–57). *[[1770]] &ndash; The [[Georgia (country)|Georgian]] king, [[Erekle II]], abandoned by his [[Russian Empire|Russian]] ally [[Gottlieb Heinrich Totleben|Count Totleben]], wins a victory over [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman forces]] at [[Battle of Aspindza|Aspindza]]. *[[1775]] &ndash; [[American Revolutionary War]]: The [[Siege of Boston]] begins, following the battles at [[Battles of Lexington and Concord|Lexington and Concord]]. *[[1789]] &ndash; [[George Washington]] arrives at [[Grays Ferry, Philadelphia]], while en route to Manhattan for his [[first inauguration of George Washington|inauguration]]. *[[1792]] &ndash; France declares war against the "[[Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor|King of Hungary and Bohemia]]", the beginning of the [[French Revolutionary Wars]]. *[[1800]] &ndash; The [[Septinsular Republic]] is established. *[[1809]] &ndash; Two Austrian army corps in Bavaria are defeated by a [[First French Empire]] army led by [[Napoleon]] at the [[Battle of Abensberg]] on the second day of a four-day campaign that ended in a French victory. *[[1828]] &ndash; [[René Caillié]] becomes the second non-Muslim to enter [[Timbuktu]], following [[Alexander Gordon Laing|Major Gordon Laing]]. He would also be the first to return alive.<ref>{{cite book | last=Quella-Villéger | first=Alain | year=2012 | title=René Caillié, l'Africain: une vie d'explorateur, 1799–1838 | publisher=Aubéron | place=Anglet, France | isbn=978-2-84498-137-0 | language=fr|page=95 }}</ref> *[[1836]] &ndash; [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]] passes an act creating the [[Wisconsin Territory]]. *[[1861]] &ndash; [[American Civil War]]: [[Robert E. Lee]] resigns his commission in the [[United States Army]] in order to command the forces of the state of [[Virginia]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Pryor|first=Elizabeth Brown|title=Robert E. Lee's 'Severest Struggle'|journal=American Heritage|date=Winter 2008 |access-date=April 20, 2019|url=https://www.americanheritage.com/robert-e-lees-severest-struggle}}</ref> * 1861 &ndash; [[Thaddeus S. C. Lowe]], attempting to display the value of balloons, makes record journey, flying 900 miles from Cincinnati to South Carolina.<ref>{{cite book|first=Clifton|last=Daniel|title=Chronicle of America|publisher=Chronicle publication|year=1989|page=364|isbn=0-13-133745-9}}</ref> *[[1862]] &ndash; [[Louis Pasteur]] and [[Claude Bernard]] complete the experiment disproving the theory of [[spontaneous generation]]. *[[1865]] &ndash; Astronomer [[Angelo Secchi]] demonstrates the [[Secchi disk]], which measures water clarity, aboard [[Pope Pius IX]]'s yacht, the ''L'Immaculata Concezion''. *[[1876]] &ndash; The [[April Uprising of 1876|April Uprising]] begins. Its suppression shocks European opinion, and Bulgarian independence becomes a condition for ending the [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–78)|Russo-Turkish War]]. *[[1884]] &ndash; Pope Leo XIII publishes the encyclical ''[[Humanum genus]]'', condemning Freemasonry. *[[1898]] &ndash; U.S. President [[William McKinley]] signs a joint resolution to Congress for declaration of war against Spain, beginning the [[Spanish–American War]].<ref>{{cite book|last=McCallum|first=Jack|title=Military Medicine: From Ancient Times to the 21st Century|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|publisher=ABC-CLIO|date=2008|isbn=978-1-85109-693-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5BXB9QtUfFQC|page=306}}</ref> ===1901–present=== *[[1902]] &ndash; [[Pierre Curie|Pierre]] and [[Marie Curie]] refine [[radium chloride]]. *[[1908]] &ndash; Opening day of competition in the [[New South Wales Rugby League]].<ref>{{cite book|title= The best ever Australian Sports Writing|last= Cunneen|first= Chris|year= 2001|publisher= Black Inc.|location= Australia|isbn= 1-86395-266-7|page= 321|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=66OBschGE_YC|access-date= 19 February 2011}}</ref> *[[1914]] &ndash; Nineteen men, women, and children participating in a strike are killed in the [[Ludlow Massacre]] during the [[Colorado Coalfield War]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Rees|first=Jonathan|chapter=Ludlow Massacre|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Business, Labor, and Economic History. Volume 1: Abra to Mutu|editor-last=Dubofsky|editor-first=Melvyn|location=Oxford, UK|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2013|isbn=978-0-19-999304-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D-NMAgAAQBAJ|pages=483–484}}</ref> *[[1918]] &ndash; [[Manfred von Richthofen]], a.k.a. The Red Baron, shoots down his 79th and 80th victims, his final victories before his death the following day. *[[1922]] &ndash; The [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] government creates [[South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast]] within [[Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic|Georgian SSR]]. *[[1945]] &ndash; [[World War II]]: U.S. troops capture [[Leipzig]], Germany, only to later cede the city to the [[Soviet Union]]. * 1945 &ndash; World War II: [[Führerbunker]]: On his 56th birthday [[Adolf Hitler]] makes his last trip to the surface to award [[Iron Cross]]es to boy soldiers of the [[Hitler Youth]]. * 1945 &ndash; Twenty Jewish children used in [[Nazi human experimentation|medical experiments]] at [[Neuengamme concentration camp|Neuengamme]] are killed in the basement of the [[Bullenhuser Damm]] school. * [[1949]] &ndash; [[Amethyst incident]]: The [[People's Liberation Army]] attacks the {{HMS|Amethyst|F116}} travelling to the British embassy in [[Nanjing]] during the [[Chinese Civil War]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Murfett |first=Malcolm H. |date=May 1991 |title=A Pyrrhic Victory: HMS Amethyst and the Damage to Anglo-Chinese Relations in 1949 |journal=[[War & Society]] |language=en |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=121–140 |doi=10.1179/072924791791202396 |issn=0729-2473}}</ref> *[[1946]] &ndash; The [[League of Nations]] officially [[dissolution (law)|dissolves]], giving most of its power to the [[United Nations]]. *[[1961]] &ndash; [[Cold War]]: Failure of the [[Bay of Pigs Invasion]] of US-backed Cuban exiles against [[Cuba]]. *[[1968]] &ndash; English politician [[Enoch Powell]] makes his controversial [[Rivers of Blood speech|"Rivers of Blood" speech]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Anthony F Heath|author2=Sin Yi Cheung|author3=Shawna N. Smith|title=Unequal Chances: Ethnic Minorities in Western Labour Markets|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0ahnAAAAMAAJ|date=25 October 2007|publisher=OUP/British Academy|isbn=978-0-19-726386-0|page=512}}</ref> * 1968 &ndash; [[South African Airways Flight 228]] crashes near the [[Hosea Kutako International Airport]] in [[South West Africa]] (now [[Namibia]]), killing 123 people.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ranter |first=Harro |title=ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 707-344C ZS-EUW Windhoek-Strijdom International Airport (WDH) |url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19680420-0 |access-date=2022-04-19 |website=aviation-safety.net |publisher=[[Aviation Safety Network]]}}</ref> *[[1972]] &ndash; [[Apollo program]]: [[Apollo 16]] [[Apollo Lunar Module|Lunar Module]], commanded by [[John Young (astronaut)|John Young]] and piloted by [[Charles Duke]], lands on the Moon. *[[1998]] &ndash; [[Air France Flight 422]] crashes after taking off from [[El Dorado International Airport]] in [[Bogotá]], [[Colombia]], killing all 53 people on board.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ranter |first=Harro |title=ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 727-230 HC-BSU Bogotá-Eldorado Airport (BOG) |url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19980420-0 |access-date=2019-04-17 |website=aviation-safety.net |publisher=Aviation Safety Network}}</ref> *[[1999]] &ndash; [[Columbine High School massacre]]: [[Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold]] kill 13 people and injure 24 others before committing suicide at [[Columbine High School]] in [[Columbine, Colorado]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Toppo |first=Greg |date=April 13, 2009 |title=10 years later, the real story behind Columbine |url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2009-04-13-columbine-myths_N.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806205358/https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/2009-04-13-columbine-myths_N.htm |archive-date=August 6, 2023 |access-date=August 6, 2023 |website=[[USA Today]]}}</ref> *[[2004]] - The [[Nicoll Highway]] in [[Singapore]] [[Nicoll Highway collapse|collapsed]], killing four workers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singapore |first=National Library Board |title=Nicoll Highway collapse |url=https://www.nlb.gov.sg/main/article-detail?cmsuuid=7a60c2bc-c72a-4f4d-b447-a68e7ad7ee00 |access-date=2024-04-20 |website=www.nlb.gov.sg |language=en}}</ref> *[[2007]] &ndash; [[Johnson Space Center shooting]]: William Phillips barricades himself with a [[handgun]] in [[NASA]]'s [[Johnson Space Center]] in [[Houston, Texas]] before killing a male hostage and himself.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=April 20, 2007 |title=Gunman kills hostage, self at NASA center |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna18233965 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806205611/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna18233965 |archive-date=August 6, 2023 |access-date=August 6, 2023 |website=[[NBC News]] |language=en}}</ref> *[[2008]] &ndash; [[Danica Patrick]] wins the [[Indy Japan 300]] becoming the first female driver in history to win an [[American Championship car racing|Indy car]] race.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/sports/danica-patrick-makes-history-with-indy-japan-300-win-1.715905|title=Danica Patrick makes history with Indy Japan 300 win|date=April 21, 2008|publisher=[[CBC News]]|access-date=January 1, 2018|archive-url=https://archive.today/20180106094637/http://www.cbc.ca/sports/danica-patrick-makes-history-with-indy-japan-300-win-1.715905|archive-date=January 6, 2018|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}</ref> *[[2010]] &ndash; The ''[[Deepwater Horizon]]'' drilling rig [[Deepwater Horizon explosion|explodes]] in the Gulf of Mexico, killing eleven workers and beginning an [[Deepwater Horizon oil spill|oil spill that would last six months]]. *[[2012]] &ndash; One hundred twenty-seven people are killed when a [[Bhoja Air Flight 213|plane crashes]] in a residential area near the [[Benazir Bhutto International Airport]] near [[Islamabad]], Pakistan. *[[2013]] &ndash; A 6.6-[[Moment magnitude scale|magnitude]] [[2013 Lushan earthquake|earthquake]] strikes [[Lushan County, Sichuan|Lushan County]], [[Ya'an]], in China's [[Sichuan]] province, killing at least 193 people and injuring thousands. *[[2015]] &ndash; Ten people are killed in a [[2015 Garowe attack|bomb attack]] on a convoy carrying food supplies to a [[United Nations]] compound in [[Garowe]] in the Somali region of [[Puntland]]. *[[2020]] &ndash; For the first time in history, [[Price of oil|oil prices]] drop [[Negative pricing|below zero]], an effect of the [[2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war|2020 Russia-Saudi Arabia oil price war]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/about-150-years-of-oil-price-history-in-one-chart-illustrates-crudes-spectacular-plunge-below-0-a-barrel-2020-04-22 |title=About 150-years of oil-price history in one chart illustrates crude's spectacular plunge below $0 a barrel |author=Mark DeCambre |agency= |work=Market Watch |date=April 22, 2020 }}</ref> *[[2021]] &ndash; [[State of Minnesota v. Derek Michael Chauvin]]: [[Derek Chauvin]] is found guilty of all charges in the [[murder of George Floyd]] by the [[District Court of Minnesota|Fourth Judicial District Court of Minnesota]].<ref>{{cite news|first1=Jonathan|last1=Allen|first2=Nathan|last2=Layne|first3=Gabriella|last3=Borter|date=April 21, 2021|title=Minneapolis jury convicts ex-policeman Derek Chauvin of murdering George Floyd|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/jurors-resume-deliberations-derek-chauvin-murder-trial-2021-04-20/|work=[[Reuters]]|language=en|access-date=April 25, 2022}}</ref> *[[2023]] &ndash; [[SpaceX Starship|SpaceX's Starship]] rocket, the largest and most powerful rocket ever built, launches for the first time. It explodes 4 minutes into flight.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-20 |title=Musk's SpaceX big rocket explodes on test flight |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-65334810 |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> ==Births== ===Pre-1600=== *[[1494]] &ndash; [[Johannes Agricola]], German theologian and reformer (d. 1566)<ref>{{cite book|author=Joseph Whitaker|title=An Almanack for the Year of Our Lord ...|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iw4wAAAAMAAJ|year=1993|publisher=J. Whitaker|page=14}}</ref> *[[1544]] &ndash; [[Renata of Lorraine]], Duchess consort of Bavaria (d. 1602) *[[1586]] &ndash; [[Rose of Lima]], Peruvian mystic and saint (d. 1617) ===1601–1900=== *[[1633]] &ndash; [[Emperor Go-Kōmyō]] of Japan (d. 1654) *[[1646]] &ndash; [[Charles Plumier]], French botanist and author (d. 1704) *[[1650]] &ndash; [[William Bedloe]], English spy (d. 1680) *[[1718]] &ndash; [[David Brainerd]], American missionary (d. 1747) *[[1723]] &ndash; [[Cornelius Harnett]], American merchant, farmer, and politician (d. 1781)<ref>{{cite book|author=John Hill Wheeler|title=Reminiscences and Memoirs of North Carolina and Eminent North Carolinians|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Anm0ZuTZ8EcC&pg=PA46|year=1966|publisher=Genealogical Publishing Com|isbn=978-0-8063-0375-8|pages=46}}</ref> *[[1727]] &ndash; [[Florimond Claude, Comte de Mercy-Argenteau]], Belgian-Austrian minister and diplomat (d. 1794) *[[1745]] &ndash; [[Philippe Pinel]], French physician and psychiatrist (d. 1826) *[[1748]] &ndash; [[Georg Michael Telemann]], German composer and theologian (d. 1831) *[[1808]] &ndash; [[Napoleon III]], French politician, 1st [[President of France]], Emperor of [[Second French Empire|French Second Empire]] (d. 1873) *[[1816]] &ndash; [[Bogoslav Šulek]], Croatian philologist, historian, and lexicographer (d. 1895) *[[1818]] &ndash; [[Heinrich Göbel]], German-American mechanic and engineer (d. 1893) *[[1826]] &ndash; [[Dinah Craik]], English author and poet (d. 1887) *[[1839]] &ndash; [[Carol I of Romania]], King of Romania (d. 1914) *[[1840]] &ndash; [[Odilon Redon]], French painter and illustrator (d. 1916) *[[1850]] &ndash; [[Daniel Chester French]], American sculptor, designed the [[Abraham Lincoln (1920 statue)|Lincoln statue]] (d. 1931) *[[1851]] &ndash; [[Alexander Dianin]], Russian chemist (d. 1918) * 1851 &ndash; [[Siegmund Lubin]], Polish-American businessman, founded the [[Lubin Manufacturing Company]] (d. 1923) *[[1860]] &ndash; [[Justinien de Clary]], French target shooter (d. 1933) *[[1871]] &ndash; [[Sydney Chapman (economist)|Sydney Chapman]], English economist and civil servant (d. 1951) *[[1873]] &ndash; [[James Harcourt]], English character actor (d. 1951) *[[1875]] &ndash; [[Vladimir Vidrić]], Croatian poet and lawyer (d. 1909) *[[1879]] &ndash; [[Paul Poiret]], French fashion designer (d. 1944) *[[1882]] &ndash; [[Holland Smith]], American general (d. 1967) *[[1884]] &ndash; [[Princess Beatrice of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]] (d. 1966) * 1884 &ndash; [[Oliver Kirk]], American boxer (d. 1960) * 1884 &ndash; [[Daniel Varoujan]], Armenian poet and educator (d. 1915) *[[1889]] &ndash; [[Albert Jean Amateau]], Turkish rabbi, lawyer, and activist (d. 1996) * 1889 &ndash; [[Prince Erik, Duke of Västmanland]] (d. 1918) * 1889 &ndash; [[Marie-Antoinette de Geuser]], French mystic (d. 1918) * 1889 &ndash; [[Adolf Hitler]], Austrian-born German politician, [[Führer]] of [[Nazi Germany]] (d. 1945) * 1889 &ndash; [[Tonny Kessler]], Dutch footballer (d. 1960) *[[1890]] &ndash; [[Maurice Duplessis]], Canadian lawyer and politician, 16th [[Premier of Quebec]] (d. 1959) * 1890 &ndash; [[Adolf Schärf]], Austrian soldier and politician, 6th [[President of Austria]] (d. 1965) *[[1891]] &ndash; [[Dave Bancroft]], American baseball player and manager (d. 1972) *[[1893]] &ndash; [[Harold Lloyd]], American actor, comedian, and producer (d. 1971) * 1893 &ndash; [[Joan Miró]], Spanish painter and sculptor (d. 1983) *[[1895]] &ndash; [[Henry de Montherlant]], French essayist, novelist, and dramatist (d. 1972) *[[1899]] &ndash; [[Alan Arnett McLeod]], Canadian lieutenant, [[Victoria Cross]] recipient (d. 1918) ===1901–present=== *[[1904]] &ndash; [[Bruce Cabot]], American actor (d. 1972) *[[1907]] &ndash; [[Miran Bakhsh]], Pakistani cricketer (d. 1991)<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/1/1003/1003.html Miran Bakhsh], CricketArchive. Retrieved 13 April 2020. {{subscription required}}</ref> * 1907 &ndash; [[Augoustinos Kantiotes]], Greek bishop (d. 2010) *[[1908]] &ndash; [[Lionel Hampton]], American vibraphone player, pianist, bandleader, and actor (d. 2002) *[[1910]] &ndash; [[Fatin Rüştü Zorlu]], Turkish diplomat and politician (d. 1961) *[[1913]] &ndash; [[Mimis Fotopoulos]], Greek actor and poet (d. 1986) * 1913 &ndash; [[Willi Hennig]], German biologist and entomologist (d. 1976) *[[1914]] &ndash; [[Betty Lou Gerson]], American actress (d. 1999) *[[1915]] &ndash; [[Joseph Wolpe]], South African psychotherapist and physician (d. 1997) *[[1916]] &ndash; [[Nasiba Zeynalova]], Azerbaijani actress (d. 2004) *[[1918]] &ndash; [[Kai Siegbahn]], Swedish physicist and academic, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. 2007) *[[1919]] &ndash; [[Richard Hillary]], Australian lieutenant and pilot (d. 1943) *[[1920]] &ndash; [[Frances Ames]], South African [[neurologist]], psychiatrist, and human rights activist (d. 2002) * 1920 &ndash; [[Clement Isong]], Nigerian banker and politician, [[List of Governors of Cross River State|Governor of Cross River State]] (d. 2000) * 1920 &ndash; [[John Paul Stevens]], American lawyer and jurist, [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States]] (d. 2019)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/16/us/john-paul-stevens-dead.html|title=Supreme Court Justice John Paul Stevens, Who Led Court's Liberal Wing, Dies at 99|last1=Greenhouse, Linda|date=July 16, 2019|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=July 16, 2019|author1-link=Linda Greenhouse|archive-date=December 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211043554/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/16/us/john-paul-stevens-dead.html|url-status=live}}</ref> *[[1921]] &ndash; [[Katarína Kolníková]], Slovak actress (d. 2006)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-19 |title=Pred 100 rokmi sa narodila nezabudnuteľná herečka Katarína Kolníková |url=https://kultura.pravda.sk/divadlo/clanok/584981-pred-100-rokmi-sa-narodila-nezabudnutelna-herecka-katarina-kolnikova/ |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=Pravda.sk |language=sk-SK}}</ref> *[[1923]] &ndash; [[Mother Angelica]], American nun and broadcaster, founded [[Eternal Word Television Network]] (d. 2016)<ref>{{cite book|title=New Catholic Encyclopedia: Ead-Fre|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fwgKAQAAMAAJ|year=2003|publisher=Thomson/Gale|isbn=978-0-7876-4009-5|page=379}}</ref> * 1923 &ndash; [[Irene Lieblich]], Polish-American painter and illustrator (d. 2008) * 1923 &ndash; [[Tito Puente]], American drummer and producer (d. 2000)<ref>{{cite book|author=Steven Joseph Loza|title=Tito Puente and the Making of Latin Music|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZroTEzIfzncC&pg=PA1|year=1999|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=978-0-252-06778-5|pages=1}}</ref> *[[1924]] &ndash; [[Nina Foch]], Dutch-American actress (d. 2008)<ref>{{cite book|author1=Gerald Gardner|author2=Jim Bellows|title=80: From Ben Bradlee to Lena Horne to Carl Reiner, Our Most Famous Eighty Year Olds Reveal Why They Never Felt So Young|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wUIQaWm4MWoC&pg=PA211|year=2007|publisher=Sourcebooks, Inc.|isbn=978-1-4022-4823-8|pages=211}}</ref> * 1924 &ndash; [[Leslie Phillips]], English actor and producer (d. 2022)<ref>{{cite news|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/08/movies/leslie-phillips-dead.html|title = Leslie Phillips, 98, British Comic Actor And Sagacious Object in 'Harry Potter'|newspaper = [[The New York Times]]|last = Genzlinger|first = Neil|date = 10 November 2022|access-date = 10 November 2022|page = B12|url-access = limited}}</ref> * 1924 &ndash; [[Guy Rocher]], Canadian sociologist and academic *[[1925]] &ndash; [[Ernie Stautner]], German-American football player and coach (d. 2006) * 1925 &ndash; [[Elena Verdugo]], American actress (d. 2017) *[[1927]] &ndash; [[Bud Cullen]], Canadian judge and politician, 1st [[Minister of Employment and Immigration (Canada)|Canadian Minister of Employment and Immigration]] (d. 2005) * 1927 &ndash; [[Phil Hill]], American race car driver (d. 2008) * 1927 &ndash; [[K. Alex Müller]], Swiss physicist and academic, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. 2023)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/18/science/alex-muller-dead.html|title=K. Alex Müller, Innovator in Ceramic Superconductors, Dies at 95|date=January 18, 2023|website=New York Times|author=Dylan Loeb McClain|access-date=April 19, 2023}}</ref> *[[1928]] &ndash; [[Robert Byrne (chess player)|Robert Byrne]], American chess player and author (d. 2013) * 1928 &ndash; [[Johnny Gavin (footballer)|Johnny Gavin]], Irish international footballer (d. 2007)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.11v11.com/players/johnny-gavin-31935/|title=Johnny Gavin|website=11v11.com|access-date=6 April 2020}}</ref> *[[1930]] &ndash; [[Dwight Gustafson]], American composer and conductor (d. 2014) * 1930 &ndash; [[Antony Jay]], English director and screenwriter (d. 2016) *[[1931]] &ndash; [[Michael Allenby, 3rd Viscount Allenby]], English lieutenant and politician (d. 2014) * 1931 &ndash; [[John Eccles, 2nd Viscount Eccles]], English businessman and politician *[[1932]] &ndash; [[Myriam Bru]], French actress *[[1936]] &ndash; [[Lisa Davis (actress)|Lisa Davis]], English-American actress * 1936 &ndash; [[Pauli Ellefsen]], Faroese technician, surveyor, and politician, 6th [[Prime Minister of the Faroe Islands]] (d. 2012)<ref>{{cite book|title=Folketinget|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lyEvAAAAYAAJ|year=1988|publisher=J. H. Schultz bogtr.|isbn=978-87-569-6636-8|page=125}}</ref> * 1936 &ndash; [[Pat Roberts]], American captain, journalist, and politician<ref>{{cite book|title=Who's Who in Congress, 1991-1992|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b0uxduAZtJUC|date=March 1991|publisher=Congressional Quarterly, Incorporated|isbn=978-0-87187-596-9|page=431}}</ref> *[[1937]] &ndash; [[Jiří Dienstbier]], Czech journalist and politician, [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Czechoslovakia)|Czech Minister of Foreign Affairs]] (d. 2011) * 1937 &ndash; [[Harvey Quaytman]], American painter and educator (d. 2002)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/04/15/arts/harvey-quaytman-64-painter-known-for-geometric-works.html|title=Harvey Quaytman Obituary|work=The New York Times|first=Ken|last=Johnson|date=April 15, 2002}}</ref> * 1937 &ndash; [[George Takei]], American actor<ref>{{cite book|author=Guiyou Huang|title=Asian American Autobiographers: A Bio-bibliographical Critical Sourcebook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L11CQ4Uw7MQC&pg=PA351|year=2001|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-31408-7|pages=351}}</ref> *[[1938]] &ndash; [[Betty Cuthbert]], Australian sprinter (d. 2017)<ref>{{cite book|title=Great Athletes: Olympic sports. Vol. 1, Kjetil Andre Aamodt-Laura Flessel-Colovic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2LVZAAAAYAAJ|year=2010|publisher=Salem Press|isbn=978-1-58765-473-2|page=234}}</ref> * 1938 &ndash; [[Manfred Kinder]], German runner<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.olympic.org/manfred-kinder |title=Manfred Kinder |website=Olympic.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422090159/https://www.olympic.org/manfred-kinder |archive-date=2021-04-22}}</ref> * 1938 &ndash; [[Eszter Tamási]], Hungarian actress (d. 1991) *[[1939]] &ndash; [[Peter S. Beagle]], American author and screenwriter * 1939 &ndash; [[Gro Harlem Brundtland]], Norwegian physician and politician, 22nd [[Prime Minister of Norway]] * 1939 &ndash; [[Johnny Tillotson]], American singer-songwriter *[[1940]] &ndash; [[James Gammon]], American actor (d. 2010)<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/20/arts/20gammon.html?_r=1&src=me| title=James Gammon, Character Actor, Dies at 70| first=Bruce| last=Weber | work=The New York Times| date=July 20, 2010}}</ref> *[[1941]] &ndash; [[Ryan O'Neal]], American actor (d. 2023)<ref name = Amatulli>{{cite news|url = https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/dec/08/actor-ryan-oneal-dead-love-story-paper-moon|title = Ryan O'Neal, Hollywood actor and star of Love Story, dies aged 82|last = Amatulli|first = Jenna|date = December 8, 2023|accessdate = December 8, 2023|work = [[The Guardian]]}}</ref> *[[1943]] &ndash; [[Alan Beith]], English academic and politician * 1943 &ndash; [[John Eliot Gardiner]], English conductor and director *[[1944]] &ndash; [[Toivo Aare]], Estonian journalist and author (d. 1999) *[[1945]] &ndash; [[Michael Brandon]], American actor and director * 1945 &ndash; [[Olga Karlatos]], Greek actress and Bermudian lawyer * 1945 &ndash; [[Thein Sein]], Burmese general and politician, 8th [[President of Burma]] * 1945 &ndash; [[Naftali Temu]], Kenyan runner (d. 2003) * 1945 &ndash; [[Steve Spurrier]], American football player and coach<ref>{{cite web |title=Steve Spurrier |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/S/SpurSt00.htm |website=Pro Football Reference |access-date=21 April 2020}}</ref> *[[1946]] &ndash; [[Sandro Chia]], Italian painter and sculptor *[[1947]] &ndash; [[Rita Dionne-Marsolais]], Canadian economist and politician * 1947 &ndash; [[Viktor Suvorov]], Russian intelligence officer, historian, and author *[[1948]] &ndash; [[Matthias Kuhle]], German geographer and academic (d. 2015) *[[1949]] &ndash; [[Veronica Cartwright]], English-American actress<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rubin |first1=Steven Jay |title=The Twilight Zone Encyclopedia |date=2017 |publisher=Chicago Review Press |isbn=9781613738887 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iSLXDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT146}}</ref> * 1949 &ndash; [[Toller Cranston]], Canadian-Mexican figure skater and painter (d. 2015) * 1949 &ndash; [[Massimo D'Alema]], Italian journalist and politician, 76th [[Prime Minister of Italy]] * 1949 &ndash; [[Jessica Lange]], American actress *[[1950]] &ndash; [[Alexander Lebed]], Russian general and politician (d. 2002) * 1950 &ndash; [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]], Indian politician, 13th [[Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh]] *[[1951]] &ndash; [[Luther Vandross]], American singer-songwriter and producer (d. 2005)<ref>{{cite news|title=Luther Vandross, Smooth Crooner of R&B, Is Dead at 54|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/02/arts/music/02vandross.html?_r=1&|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=May 24, 2014|first=Jeff|last=Leeds|date=July 2, 2005}}</ref> *[[1952]] &ndash; [[Louka Katseli]], Greek economist and politician *[[1953]] &ndash; [[Sebastian Faulks]], English journalist and author<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.debretts.com/people/biographies/browse/f/6779/Sebastian+Charles.aspx|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130121104047/http://www.debretts.com/people/biographies/browse/f/6779/Sebastian+Charles.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 January 2013|title=Sebastian Faulks, Esq, CBE, FRSL|publisher=Debrett's|access-date=20 March 2012}}</ref> * 1953 &ndash; [[James Chance]], American musician (d. 2024)<ref name = Variety>{{Cite web |title=James Chance, No Wave Icon and Saxophonist of The Contortions, Dies at 71 |url=https://variety.com/2024/music/news/james-chance-dead-no-wave-contortions-1236041979/ |access-date=June 18, 2024 |website=Variety |date=June 18, 2024 |archive-date=June 20, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620131935/https://variety.com/2024/music/news/james-chance-dead-no-wave-contortions-1236041979/ |url-status=live }}</ref> *[[1955]] &ndash; [[Donald Pettit]], American engineer and astronaut<ref>{{cite book|author=Lee Ellis|title=Who's who of NASA Astronauts|publisher=Americana Group Pub|year=2004|isbn=9780966796148|page=148}}</ref> * 1955 &ndash; [[Svante Pääbo]], Swedish geneticist and Nobel Laureate <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2022/paabo/facts/ |title=Svante Pääbo Facts |website=nobelprize.org}}</ref> *[[1956]] &ndash; [[Beatrice Ask]], Swedish politician, [[Minister for Justice (Sweden)|Swedish Minister for Justice]]<ref>{{cite book | last = LastName | first = FirstName | title = The international who's who of women 2002 | publisher = Europa | location = London | year = 2001 | isbn = 9781857431223 | page=29}}</ref> * 1956 &ndash; [[Peter Chelsom]], English film director, writer, and actor * 1956 &ndash; [[Kakha Bendukidze]], Georgian economist and politician (d. 2014)<ref>{{cite news|last1=Herszenhorn |first1=David M.|title=Kakha Bendukidze Dies at 58; Pushed Post-Soviet Market Change|work=The New York Times |date=15 November 2014 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/16/world/europe/kakha-bendukidze-dies-at-58-pushed-post-soviet-market-change.html?emc=edit_th_20141116&nl=todaysheadlines&nlid=21209710&_r=0|access-date=19 November 2014}}</ref> *[[1958]] &ndash; [[Viacheslav Fetisov]], Russian ice hockey player and coach *[[1960]] &ndash; [[Debbie Flintoff-King]], Australian hurdler and coach<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.olympic.org/debbie-flintoff-king |title=Debbie Flintoff-King |website=Olympic.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422050725/https://www.olympic.org/debbie-flintoff-king |archive-date=2021-04-22}}</ref> *[[1961]] &ndash; [[Don Mattingly]], American baseball player, coach, and manager * 1961 &ndash; [[Konstantin Lavronenko]], Russian actor *[[1963]] &ndash; [[Rachel Whiteread]], English sculptor *[[1964]] &ndash; [[John Carney (American football)|John Carney]], American football player<ref>{{Cite pro-football-reference|name=John Carney|id=C/carnejoh01 |access-date=November 13, 2022}}</ref> * 1964 &ndash; [[Crispin Glover]], American actor and filmmaker<ref>{{cite web |last1=Zappia |first1=Corina |title=Crispin Hellion Glover: The Interview |url=https://www.villagevoice.com/2006/11/09/crispin-hellion-glover-the-interview/ |publisher=[[The Village Voice]] |access-date=10 April 2023 |date=9 November 2006}}</ref> * 1964 &ndash; [[Andy Serkis]], English actor and director * 1964 &ndash; [[Rosalynn Sumners]], American figure skater<ref>{{cite book|title=Women's Sports|publisher=Women's Sports Publications|year=1983|page=21}}</ref> *[[1965]] &ndash; [[Kostis Chatzidakis]], Greek politician, [[Ministry of Economy, Infrastructure, Shipping and Tourism]] * 1965 &ndash; [[Léa Fazer]], Swiss film director, screenwriter and actress * 1965 &ndash; [[Mark Mallia]], Maltese painter and sculptor (d. 2024)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Borg |first=Neville |date=2024-07-23 |title=Artist Mark Mallia dies aged 59 |url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/artist-mark-mallia-dies-59.1095770 |access-date=2024-07-23 |website=Times of Malta |language=en-gb}}</ref> *[[1966]] &ndash; [[David Chalmers]], Australian philosopher and academic * 1966 &ndash; [[David Filo]], American businessman, co-founded [[Yahoo!]] *[[1967]] &ndash; [[Mike Portnoy]], American drummer and songwriter<ref>{{cite book | last = Lackowski | first = Rich | title = On the beaten path : progressive rock: the drummer's guide to the genre and the legends who defined it | publisher = Alfred | location = Van Nuys, CA | year = 2008 | isbn = 9780739056714 | page=34}}</ref> *[[1968]] &ndash; [[Julia Morris]], Australian entertainer *[[1969]] &ndash; [[Felix Baumgartner]], Austrian daredevil<ref>{{cite web |last1=Spector |first1=Dina |title=Felix Baumgartner's Future Plans Are A Far Cry From Space Jumping |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/felix-baumgartners-future-plans-2012-10 |publisher=[[Business Insider]] |access-date=10 April 2023 |date=15 October 2012}}</ref> * 1969 &ndash; [[Will Hodgman]], Australian politician, 45th [[Premier of Tasmania]]<ref>{{cite Tas Parliament |id=hodgmanwe729 |title=Hodgman William Edward Felix |access-date=24 July 2022}}</ref> *[[1970]] &ndash; [[Shemar Moore]], American actor<ref>{{Cite web|last=Thomas|first=Michael|title=Shemar Moore Celebrates His Birthday - Check Out His Amazing Photos Here!|url=https://www.soapoperanews.net/2021/04/shemar-moore-celebrates-his-birthday.html|access-date=2021-06-15|website=Soap Opera News}}</ref> *[[1971]] &ndash; [[Allan Houston]], American basketball player<ref>{{cite web |title=Allan Houston |url=https://www.nba.com/stats/player/275/career |publisher=[[National Basketball Association]] |access-date=10 April 2023}}</ref> *[[1972]] &ndash; [[Carmen Electra]], American model and actress<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biography.com/people/carmen-electra-10604780|work=Biography.com|title=Carmen Electra|publisher=[[The Biography Channel]]|access-date=April 17, 2017|archive-date=November 15, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115203219/https://www.biography.com/people/carmen-electra-10604780|url-status=dead}}</ref> * 1972 &ndash; [[Stephen Marley (musician)|Stephen Marley]], Jamaican-American musician<ref>{{cite web |last1=Martoccio |first1=Angie |title=Stephen Marley Celebrates Birthday, 4/20 With Livestream Concert |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/stephen-marley-birthday-4-20-livestream-1158245/ |publisher=[[Rolling Stone]] |access-date=10 April 2023 |date=20 April 2021}}</ref> *[[1973]] &ndash; [[Julie Powell]], American food writer and memoirist (d. 2022)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/01/dining/julie-powell-dead.html|title=Julie Powell, Food Writer Known for 'Julie & Julia,' Dies at 49|newspaper=The New York Times|last1=Severson|first1=Kim|last2=Moskin|first2=Julia|date=November 1, 2022|access-date=November 1, 2022}}</ref> *[[1975]] &ndash; [[Killer Mike]], American rapper<ref>{{cite web |last1=Madden |first1=Sidney |title=Happy Birthday, Killer Mike! |url=https://www.xxlmag.com/happy-birthday-killer-mike/ |publisher=[[XXL (magazine)|XXL]] |access-date=10 April 2023 |date=20 April 2015}}</ref> *[[1978]] &ndash; [[Carl Greenidge]], English cricketer<ref>https://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/7/7410/7410.html CricketArchive</ref> *[[1980]] &ndash; [[Emma Husar]], Australian politician<ref name="Husar aph">{{cite Au Parliament |mpid=263328 |name=Ms Emma Husar MP |access-date=2021-11-07}}</ref> *[[1983]] &ndash; [[Miranda Kerr]], Australian model<ref>{{cite web |last1=Christmass |first1=Pip |title=Miranda Kerr fans stunned over key detail in celebration: 'Is it a joke?' |url=https://7news.com.au/entertainment/celebrity/miranda-kerr-fans-stunned-over-key-detail-in-celebration-is-it-a-joke-c-10181632 |publisher=[[Seven News]] |access-date=10 April 2023 |date=29 March 2023}}</ref> *[[1987]] &ndash; [[Jorge Pinto]], Portuguese politician<ref>{{cite web |title=Deputados: Biografia - Jorge Pinto |url=https://www.parlamento.pt/DeputadoGP/Paginas/Biografia.aspx?BID=8869 |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url= |archive-date= |location=Lisbon, Portugal |language=pt}}</ref> *[[1988]] &ndash; [[Brandon Belt]], American baseball player<ref>{{cite web |title=Brandon Belt |url=https://www.mlb.com/player/brandon-belt-474832 |publisher=[[Major League Baseball]] |access-date=10 April 2023}}</ref> *[[1989]] &ndash; [[Vannesa Rosales]], Venezuelan activist and teacher<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 January 2021 |title=Venezuela mantiene privada de libertad a profesora que apoyó aborto tras violación |url=https://www.elpais.cr/2021/01/13/venezuela-mantiene-privada-de-libertad-a-profesora-que-apoyo-aborto-tras-violacion/ |access-date=16 January 2021 |agency=El País}}</ref> *[[1990]] &ndash; [[Jason Behrendorff]], Australian cricketer<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/australia/content/player/272477.html Jason Behrendorff profile] – ESPNCricinfo. Retrieved 9 August 2011.</ref> *[[1991]] &ndash; [[Luke Kuechly]], American football player<ref>{{cite web |title=Luke Kuechly |url=https://www.espn.com/nfl/player/_/id/14938/luke-kuechly |publisher=[[ESPN]] |access-date=10 April 2023}}</ref> *[[1997]] &ndash; [[Alexander Zverev]], German tennis player<ref>{{cite web |title=Alexander Zverev |url=https://www.espn.com/tennis/player/_/id/2375/alexander-zverev |publisher=[[ESPN]] |access-date=10 April 2023}}</ref>  ==Deaths== ===Pre-1600=== * [[689]] &ndash; [[Cædwalla of Wessex|Cædwalla]], king of [[Wessex]] (b. 659)<ref>{{cite book|author=Richard Barber|title=Arthurian Literature VI|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jzxaeqQg0LQC&pg=PA44|date=December 1992|publisher=Boydell & Brewer Ltd|isbn=978-0-85991-226-6|pages=44}}</ref> *[[AD 888|888]] &ndash; [[Emperor Xizong of Tang|Xi Zong]], Chinese emperor (b. 862) *[[1099]] &ndash; [[Peter Bartholomew]] (b. 1061)<ref>{{cite book|author=Raimond (d'Aguilers.)|title=Historia Francorum qui ceperunt Iherusalem|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=POxEAAAAIAAJ|year=1968|publisher=American Philosophical Society|page=108|isbn=978-1-4223-8011-6 }}</ref> *[[1164]] &ndash; [[Antipope Victor IV (1159–1164)|Antipope Victor IV]] *[[1176]] &ndash; [[Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke]], English-Irish politician, [[Lord Chief Justice of Ireland]] (b. 1130) *[[1248]] &ndash; [[Güyük Khan]], Mongol ruler, 3rd [[Great Khan|Great Khan of the Mongol Empire]] (b. 1206) *[[1284]] &ndash; [[Hōjō Tokimune]], regent of Japan (b. 1251) *[[1314]] &ndash; [[Pope Clement V]] (b. 1264) *[[1322]] &ndash; [[Simon Rinalducci]], Italian Augustinian friar *[[1502]] &ndash; [[Mary of Looz-Heinsberg]], Dutch noble (b. 1424)<ref>{{cite book |last=Lück |first=Alfred |title=Siegerland und Nederland |language=de |location=Siegen |publisher=Siegerländer Heimatverein e.V. |date=1981 |orig-date=1967 |edition=2nd |page=25 }}</ref><ref>{{aut|Schutte, O.}} (1979). "Genealogische gegevens". In: {{aut|Tamse, C.A.}} (red.), ''Nassau en Oranje in de Nederlandse geschiedenis'' (in Dutch). Alphen aan den Rijn: A.W.&nbsp;Sijthoff. p.&nbsp;41. {{ISBN|90-218-2447-7}}.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Dek |first=A.W.E. |title=Genealogie van het Vorstenhuis Nassau |language=nl |location=Zaltbommel |publisher=Europese Bibliotheek |date=1970 |page=69 }}</ref><ref>{{aut|Blok, P.J.}} (1911). "Johan&nbsp;IV". In: {{aut|Molhuysen, P.C.}} en {{aut|Blok, P.J.}} (redactie), ''Nieuw Nederlandsch Biografisch Woordenboek'' (in Dutch). Vol. Eerste deel. Leiden: A.W.&nbsp;Sijthoff. p.&nbsp;1219.</ref><ref>{{aut|Vorsterman van Oyen, A.A.}} (1882). ''Het vorstenhuis Oranje-Nassau. Van de vroegste tijden tot heden'' (in Dutch). Leiden: A.W.&nbsp;Sijthoff/Utrecht: J.L.&nbsp;Beijers. p.&nbsp;93.</ref> *[[1521]] &ndash; [[Zhengde Emperor|Zhengde]], Chinese emperor (b. 1491) *[[1534]] &ndash; [[Elizabeth Barton]], English nun and martyr (b. 1506) *[[1558]] &ndash; [[Johannes Bugenhagen]], German priest and theologian (b. 1485) ===1601–1900=== *[[1643]] &ndash; [[Christoph Demantius]], German composer and poet (b. 1567) *[[1703]] &ndash; [[Lancelot Addison]], English clergyman and educator (b. 1632) *[[1769]] &ndash; [[Chief Pontiac]], American tribal leader (b. 1720) *[[1831]] &ndash; [[John Abernethy (surgeon)|John Abernethy]], English surgeon and anatomist (b. 1764) *[[1873]] &ndash; [[William Tite]], English architect, designed the [[Royal Exchange, London|Royal Exchange]] (b. 1798) *[[1874]] &ndash; [[Alexander H. Bailey]], American lawyer, judge, and politician (b. 1817) *[[1881]] &ndash; [[William Burges]], English architect and designer (b. 1827) *[[1886]] &ndash; [[Charles-François-Frédéric, marquis de Montholon-Sémonville]], French general and diplomat, [[List of French ambassadors to the United States|French ambassador to the United States]] (b. 1814) *[[1887]] &ndash; [[Muhammad Sharif Pasha]], Greek-Egyptian politician, 2nd [[Prime Minister of Egypt]] (b. 1826) *[[1899]] &ndash; [[Joseph Wolf]], German ornithologist and illustrator (b. 1820) ===1901–present=== *[[1902]] &ndash; [[Joaquim de Sousa Andrade]], Brazilian poet and educator (b. 1833) *[[1912]] &ndash; [[Bram Stoker]], Anglo-Irish novelist and critic, created [[Count Dracula]] (b. 1847) *[[1918]] &ndash; [[Jussi Merinen]], Finnish politician (b. 1873)<ref>{{cite web |title=Person: Merinen, Juho Rikard |url=https://sotasurmat.narc.fi/en/victims/page/p_15762/table |website=[[War Victims of Finland 1914–1922]] |publisher=[[National Archives of Finland]] |access-date=23 July 2023 |location=Helsinki, Finland}}</ref> *1918 &ndash; [[Karl Ferdinand Braun]], German-American physicist and academic, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. 1850) *[[1927]] &ndash; [[Enrique Simonet]], Spanish painter and educator (b. 1866) *[[1929]] &ndash; [[Prince Henry of Prussia (1862–1929)|Prince Henry of Prussia]] (b. 1862) *[[1931]] &ndash; [[Sir Cosmo Duff-Gordon, 5th Baronet]], Scottish-English fencer and businessman (b. 1862) *[[1932]] &ndash; [[Giuseppe Peano]], Italian mathematician and philosopher (b. 1858) *[[1935]] &ndash; [[John Cameron (footballer, born 1872)|John Cameron]], Scottish footballer and manager (b. 1872) * 1935 &ndash; [[Lucy, Lady Duff-Gordon]], English fashion designer (b. 1863) *[[1942]] &ndash; [[Jüri Jaakson]], Estonian businessman and politician, 6th [[Head of State of Estonia|State Elder of Estonia]] (b. 1870) *[[1944]] &ndash; [[Elmer Gedeon]], American baseball player and pilot (b. 1917) *[[1945]] &ndash; [[Erwin Bumke]], Polish-German jurist and politician (b. 1874) *[[1946]] &ndash; [[Mae Busch]], Australian actress (b. 1891) *[[1947]] &ndash; [[Christian X of Denmark]] (b. 1870) *[[1951]] &ndash; [[Ivanoe Bonomi]], Italian politician, 25th [[Prime Minister of Italy]] (b. 1873) *[[1967]] &ndash; [[Léo-Paul Desrosiers]], Canadian journalist and author (b. 1896) *[[1968]] &ndash; [[Rudolph Dirks]], German-American illustrator (b. 1877) *[[1969]] &ndash; [[Vjekoslav Luburić]], Croatian [[Ustaše]] official and concentration camp administrator (b. 1914) *[[1980]] &ndash; [[M. Canagaratnam]], Sri Lankan politician (b. 1924) *[[1982]] &ndash; [[Archibald MacLeish]], American poet, playwright, and lawyer (b. 1892) *[[1986]] &ndash; [[Sibte Hassan]], Pakistani journalist, scholar, and activist (b. 1916) *[[1991]] &ndash; [[Steve Marriott]], English singer-songwriter and producer (b. 1947) * 1991 &ndash; [[Don Siegel]], American director and producer (b. 1912) *[[1992]] &ndash; [[Marjorie Gestring]], American springboard diver (b. 1922) * 1992 &ndash; [[Benny Hill]], English comedian, actor, and screenwriter (b. 1924) *[[1993]] &ndash; [[Cantinflas]], Mexican actor, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1911) *[[1995]] &ndash; [[Milovan Đilas]], Yugoslav communist, politician, theorist and author (b. 1911) *[[1996]] &ndash; [[Trần Văn Trà]], Vietnamese general and politician (b. 1918) *[[1999]] &ndash; [[Rick Rude]], American professional wrestler (b. 1958)<ref>{{Cite web|date=1999-04-21|title=Rick Rude dies|url=https://slamwrestling.net/index.php/1999/04/21/rick-rude-dies/|access-date=2021-06-15|website=Slam Wrestling|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-03-06|title=Rick Rude announced as sixth inductee into WWE Hall of Fame's 2017 class|url=https://www.cbssports.com/general/news/rick-rude-announced-as-sixth-inductee-into-wwe-hall-of-fames-2017-class/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-15|website=[[CBS Sports]]|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307233418/http://www.cbssports.com:80/general/news/rick-rude-announced-as-sixth-inductee-into-wwe-hall-of-fames-2017-class/ |archive-date=2017-03-07 }}</ref> *1999 &ndash; [[Rachel Scott]], American victim of [[Columbine High School massacre]] (b. 1981)<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Denver Post Online - Columbine - Tragedy and Recovery |url=https://extras.denverpost.com/news/shot0808c.htm |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=extras.denverpost.com}}</ref> *1999 &ndash; [[Cassie Bernall]], American victim of [[Columbine High School massacre]] (b. 1981)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Post |first=Claire Martin {{!}} The Denver |date=1999-04-23 |title=Columbine shooting victim: Cassie Bernall |url=https://www.denverpost.com/1999/04/23/columbine-shooting-victims-cassie-bernall/ |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=The Denver Post |language=en-US}}</ref> *[[2001]] &ndash; [[Giuseppe Sinopoli]], Italian conductor and composer (b. 1946) *[[2002]] &ndash; [[Alan Dale (singer)|Alan Dale]], American singer (b. 1925) *[[2003]] &ndash; [[Bernard Katz]], German-English biophysicist and academic, [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. 1911) *[[2004]] &ndash; [[Lizzy Mercier Descloux]], French musician, singer-songwriter, composer, actress, writer and painter (b. 1956) *[[2005]] &ndash; [[Fumio Niwa]], Japanese journalist and author (b. 1904) *[[2007]] &ndash; [[Andrew Hill (jazz musician)|Andrew Hill]], American pianist, composer, and bandleader (b. 1931) * 2007 &ndash; [[Michael Fu Tieshan]], Chinese bishop (b. 1931) *[[2008]] &ndash; [[Monica Lovinescu]], Romanian journalist and author (b. 1923) *[[2010]] &ndash; [[Dorothy Height]], American educator and activist (b. 1912) *[[2011]] &ndash; [[Tim Hetherington]], English photographer and journalist (b. 1970) *[[2012]] &ndash; [[Bert Weedon]], English guitarist and songwriter (b. 1920)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2012/apr/20/bert-weedon|title=Bert Weedon obituary|website=The Guardian|date=20 April 2012|access-date=21 August 2020}}</ref> *[[2014]] &ndash; [[Neville Wran]], Australian politician, 35th [[Premier of New South Wales]] (b. 1926)<ref name=death>{{cite news|title=Neville Wran dead aged 87|url=http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/neville-wran-dead-aged-87-20140420-36ywh.html|access-date=20 April 2014|newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=20 April 2014}}</ref> *[[2016]] &ndash; [[Victoria Wood]], British comedian, actress and writer (b. 1953) *[[2018]] &ndash; [[Avicii]], Swedish DJ and musician (b. 1989)<ref>{{Cite web|last=Aswad|first=Jem|date=2018-04-20|title=Avicii Dies at 28|url=https://variety.com/2018/music/news/avicii-dead-at-28-1202772767/|access-date=2021-04-20|website=Variety|language=en-US}}</ref> *[[2021]] &ndash; [[Idriss Déby]], Chadian politician and military officer (b. 1952)<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 April 2021|title=Chad President Idriss Deby dies on front lines, says army spokesman|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/chad-president-idriss-deby-has-died-says-army-spokesman-2021-04-20/|access-date=20 April 2021|website=Reuters}}</ref> * 2021 &ndash; [[Monte Hellman]], American film director (b. 1929)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stars we've lost in 2021|url=https://ew.com/celebrity/stars-we-lost-in-2021/|access-date=2021-04-22|website=EW.com|language=en}}</ref> * 2021 &ndash; [[Les McKeown]], Scottish pop singer (b. 1955)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-23|title=Les McKeown obituary|url=http://www.theguardian.com/music/2021/apr/23/les-mckeown-obituary|access-date=2021-04-26|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> *[[2022]] &ndash; [[Gavin Millar]], Scottish film director (b. 1938)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-28 |title=Gavin Millar obituary |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2022/apr/28/gavin-millar-obituary |access-date=2022-05-01 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> *[[2024]] &ndash; [[Antonio Cantafora]], Italian film and television actor (b. 1944)<ref>{{cite news |title=Si è spento a Roma Antonio Cantafora, attore e pittore crotonese |url=https://www.ilcrotonese.it/2024/04/20/si-e-spento-a-roma-antonio-cantafora-attore-e-pittore-crotonese/1701660/ |access-date=20 April 2024 |publisher=il Crotonese |date=20 April 2024}}</ref> *2024 &ndash; [[Andrew Davis (conductor)|Andrew Davis]], English conductor (b. 1944)<ref name="Millington">{{cite news |last=Millington |first=Barry |title=Sir Andrew Davis obituary |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2024/apr/22/sir-andrew-davis-obituary |access-date=23 April 2024 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=22 April 2024 }}</ref> *2024 &ndash; [[Roman Gabriel]], Filipino-American NBA American footballer<ref>{{cite web |title=Roman Gabriel dies at 83. The first Filipino-American quarterback in NFL was MVP in 1969|url=https://apnews.com/article/roman-gabriel-obituary-nc-state-nfl-qb-da8608646fe7e576c32e5e05abf5d635 |access-date=20 April 2024 |website=APnews |date=20 April 2024 |language=en}}</ref> *2024 &ndash; [[Lourdes Portillo]], Mexican film director, producer, and writer (b. 1943)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Haring |first=Bruce |date=2024-04-21 |title=Lourdes Portillo Dies: Oscar-Nominated Filmmaker And Activist Was 80 |url=https://deadline.com/2024/04/lourdes-portillo-dead-oscar-nominated-filmmakeractivist-was-80-obituary-1235891168/ |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref>  ==Holidays and observances== * Christian [[Calendar of saints|feast day]]: **[[Agnes of Montepulciano]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cooper |first1=J. C. |title=Dictionary of Christianity |date=2013 |location=Abingdon, Oxon |isbn=9781315074047 |page=4}}</ref> **[[Beuno]] **[[Johannes Bugenhagen]] ([[Lutheran]]) **[[Theotimos]] **[[April 20 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)]] * [[420 (cannabis culture)]]<ref name=UCSC>{{cite web |url=http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/archive/2007/April/24/local/stories/08local.htm |title=Thousands at UCSC burn one to mark cannabis holiday |first=Matt |last=King |date=April 24, 2007 |work=[[Santa Cruz Sentinel]] |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070426081319/http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/archive/2007/April/24/local/stories/08local.htm |archive-date = April 26, 2007}}</ref><ref name="McCoy 2014">{{cite news | last=McCoy | first=Terrence | title=The strange story of how the pot holiday '4/20' got its name | newspaper=The Washington Post | date=2014-04-18 | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2014/04/18/the-strange-story-of-how-the-pot-holiday-420-got-its-name/ | access-date=2020-04-18}}</ref> *[[UN Chinese Language Day]] ([[United Nations]])<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/sections/observances/international-days/ |title=International Days |publisher=United Nations |location=New York |date=6 January 2015 |access-date=2 January 2021}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== {{commons}} * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/20 BBC: On This Day] * {{NYT On this day|month=4|day=20}} * [https://www.onthisday.com/events/april/20 Historical Events on April 20] {{months}} [[Category:Days of the year]] [[Category:April]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span class="posteditwindowhelplinks"> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">help</a>)</span>:</span> </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Amethyst_(F116)" title="HMS Amethyst (F116)">HMS Amethyst (F116)</a> (<a 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