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They were published in the form of pamphlets. The letters formed part of Ruskin's interest in moral intervention in the social issues of the day on the model of his mentor [[Thomas Carlyle]]. ==Title== The phrase "Fors Clavigera" was intended to designate three great powers which form human destiny. These were: ''Force'', symbolised by the club (''clava'') of [[Hercules]]; ''For''titude, symbolised by the key (''clavis'') of [[Odysseus|Ulysses]]; and ''For''tune, symbolised by the nail (''clavus'') of [[Lycomedes|Lycurgus]]. These three powers (the "fors") together represent the human talent and ability to choose the right moment and then to strike with energy. The concept is derived from [[Shakespeare]]'s phrase "There is a tide in the affairs of men / Which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune". Ruskin believed that the letters were inspired by the Third Fors: that he was striking out at the right moment to influence social change.<ref>{{Cite Nuttall|title=Fors Clavigera}}</ref> ==Content== The letters of ''Fors Clavigera'' were written on a variety of topics that Ruskin believed would help to communicate his moral and social vision as expressed in his 1860 book ''[[Unto This Last]]''. He was principally concerned to develop a vision of moral value in sincere labour. Phillip Mallett called them "in effect the resumption of the concerns of Carlyle's [[Past and Present (book)|''Past and Present'']] in another form."<ref>Mallett, Phillip (2004). "Ruskin, John". In Cumming, Mark (ed.). ''The Carlyle Encyclopedia''. Madison and Teaneck, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. p. 404. {{ISBN|978-1-61147-172-4}}.</ref> Ruskin himself wrote in one letter that his work was done with Carlyle as the only man in England "to whom I can look for steady guidance."<ref>Ruskin, John (1 January 1874). [https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/media/lancaster-university/content-assets/documents/ruskin/27-29ForsClavigera.pdf#page=850 "Letter 37: The City Which Is Our Own"]. In [[Edward Tyas Cook|Cook, E. T.]]; Wedderburn, Alexander (eds.). ''Fors Clavigera, Letters 37–72 (1874, 1875, 1876)''. The Works of John Ruskin. Vol. XXVII. London: [[George Allen (publisher)|George Allen]] (published 1907). p. 22.</ref> ==Libel case== It was in ''Fors Clavigera'' that Ruskin published his attack on the paintings of [[James McNeill Whistler]] exhibited at the [[Grosvenor Gallery]] in 1877. He attacked them as the epitome of capitalist production in art, created with minimum effort for maximum output.<ref>David Craven, "Ruskin vs. Whistler: The Case against Capitalist Art", ''Art Journal'', Vol. 37, No. 2 (Winter, 1977-1978), pp. 139-143</ref> One of the most powerful sentences was "I have seen, and heard, much of Cockney impudence before now; but never expected to hear a coxcomb ask two hundred guineas for flinging a pot of paint in the public's face."<ref> [https://archive.org/stream/forsclavigera04ruskiala#page/73/mode/1up Bottom of page 73] in this version of the text</ref> Ruskin's abusive language led Whistler to sue for libel. Whistler won the case, but only got one [[farthing (British coin)|farthing]] in damages. Ruskin withdrew from art criticism for a period following the case. ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== ===Electronic editions=== {{Gutenberg | no=59456| name=Fors Clavigera (Volume 1 of 8)}} {{John Ruskin}} [[Category:Pamphlets]] [[Category:Books by John Ruskin]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span class="posteditwindowhelplinks"> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">help</a>)</span>:</span> </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Both" title="Template:Both">Template:Both</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Both&action=edit" title="Template:Both">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Catalog_lookup_link" title="Template:Catalog lookup link">Template:Catalog lookup link</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Catalog_lookup_link&action=edit" title="Template:Catalog lookup 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