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<div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Karakteristik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karakteristik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Karakteristik </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Karakteristik-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Gulingkan subbagian Karakteristik </button> <ul id="toc-Karakteristik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bentuk_wujud_padat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bentuk_wujud_padat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Bentuk wujud padat </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bentuk_wujud_padat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sifat_Kimia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sifat_Kimia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Sifat Kimia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sifat_Kimia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Senyawa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senyawa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.1 Senyawa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senyawa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isotop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isotop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Isotop </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isotop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Sejarah </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Keterjadian_dan_produksi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keterjadian_dan_produksi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Keterjadian dan produksi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Keterjadian_dan_produksi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aplikasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aplikasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Aplikasi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aplikasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biologi_dan_toksisitas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biologi_dan_toksisitas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Biologi dan toksisitas </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biologi_dan_toksisitas-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Gulingkan subbagian Biologi dan toksisitas </button> <ul id="toc-Biologi_dan_toksisitas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ikhtisar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ikhtisar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Ikhtisar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ikhtisar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Efek_akut" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Efek_akut"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Efek akut </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Efek_akut-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Efek_jangka_panjang_(kronis)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Efek_jangka_panjang_(kronis)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Efek jangka panjang (kronis) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Efek_jangka_panjang_(kronis)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Batas_paparan_dan_penanganan_regulasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Batas_paparan_dan_penanganan_regulasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Batas paparan dan penanganan regulasi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Batas_paparan_dan_penanganan_regulasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kasus_keracunan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kasus_keracunan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Kasus keracunan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kasus_keracunan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Abad_ke-20" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abad_ke-20"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5.1 Abad ke-20 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abad_ke-20-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abad_ke-21" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abad_ke-21"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5.2 Abad ke-21 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abad_ke-21-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pengobatan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pengobatan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Pengobatan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pengobatan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deteksi_dalam_spesimen_biologis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deteksi_dalam_spesimen_biologis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Deteksi dalam spesimen biologis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deteksi_dalam_spesimen_biologis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Keterjadian_pada_manusia_dan_biosfer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keterjadian_pada_manusia_dan_biosfer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 Keterjadian pada manusia dan biosfer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Keterjadian_pada_manusia_dan_biosfer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tembakau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tembakau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.9 Tembakau </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tembakau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Makanan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Makanan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.10 Makanan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Makanan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_pula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_pula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Lihat pula </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_pula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Referensi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Bibliografi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pranala_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pranala_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Pranala luar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pranala_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Gulingkan daftar isi </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Polonium</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 143 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-143" aria-hidden="true" > 143 bahasa </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Polonium" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%96%E1%88%8E%E1%8A%92%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%9D" title="ፖሎኒየም – Amharik" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፖሎኒየም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharik" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonio" title="Polonio – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Polonio" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="पोलोनियम – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="पोलोनियम" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="بولونيوم – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بولونيوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="پولونيوم – Arab Maroko" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="پولونيوم" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Arab Maroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="بولونيوم – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بولونيوم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poloniu" title="Poloniu – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Poloniu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Polonium" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Полоний – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Полоний" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium – Bali" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Polonium" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Bali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonyo_(elemento)" title="Polonyo (elemento) – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Polonyo (elemento)" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Палоній – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Палоній" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%BD" title="Палён – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Палён" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Полоний – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Полоний" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="पोलोनियम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पोलोनियम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="পোলোনিয়াম – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পোলোনিয়াম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8D" title="བོ་ལོ་ནིམ། – Tibet" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="བོ་ལོ་ནིམ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibet" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poloniom" title="Poloniom – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Poloniom" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonij" title="Polonij – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Polonij" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poloni" title="Poloni – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Poloni" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Polonium" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonyo" title="Polonyo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Polonyo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%86%D9%84%DB%86%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%85" title="پۆلۆنیۆم – Kurdi Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پۆلۆنیۆم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poloniu" title="Poloniu – Korsika" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Poloniu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Korsika" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium – Cheska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Polonium" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cheska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Полоний – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Полоний" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poloniwm" title="Poloniwm – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Poloniwm" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Polonium" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Polonium" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Πολώνιο – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πολώνιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Polonium" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonio" title="Polonio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Polonio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonio" title="Polonio – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Polonio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poloonium" title="Poloonium – Esti" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Poloonium" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Esti" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonio" title="Polonio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Polonio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85" title="پولونیم – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پولونیم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Polonium" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium – Faroe" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Polonium" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Polonium" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poloonium" title="Poloonium – Frisia Utara" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Poloonium" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poloni" title="Poloni – Friuli" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Poloni" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friuli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%B3iniam" title="Polóiniam – Irlandia" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Polóiniam" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium – Gaelik Skotlandia" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Polonium" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Gaelik Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonio" title="Polonio – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Polonio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%AE" title="પોલોનીયમ – Gujarat" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પોલોનીયમ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarat" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Polonium" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Polonium" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="פולוניום – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פולוניום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="पोलोनियम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पोलोनियम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium – Hindi Fiji" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Polonium" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Hindi Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonij" title="Polonij – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Polonij" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polony%C3%B2m" title="Polonyòm – Kreol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Polonyòm" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Kreol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%B3nium" title="Polónium – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Polónium" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Պոլոնիում – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պոլոնիում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Polonium" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonio" title="Polonio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Polonio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3lon" title="Pólon – Islandia" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Pólon" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonio" title="Polonio – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Polonio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AD%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A0" title="ポロニウム – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポロニウム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/jicmrpoloni" title="jicmrpoloni – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="jicmrpoloni" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="პოლონიუმი – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პოლონიუმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C9%94l%C9%94n%C9%A9y%C9%94m" title="Pɔlɔnɩyɔm – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Pɔlɔnɩyɔm" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Полоний – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Полоний" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D" title="ಪೊಲೊನಿಯಮ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪೊಲೊನಿಯಮ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%B4%EB%A1%9C%EB%8A%84" title="폴로늄 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="폴로늄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polony%C3%BBm" title="Polonyûm – Kurdi" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Polonyûm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Полоний – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Полоний" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poloniom" title="Poloniom – Kornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Poloniom" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Kornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Полоний – Kirgiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Полоний" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Polonium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium – Luksemburg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Polonium" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luksemburg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium – Limburgia" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Polonium" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonnio" title="Polonnio – Liguria" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Polonnio" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Liguria" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonio" title="Polonio – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Polonio" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonis" title="Polonis – Lituavi" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Polonis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituavi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonijs" title="Polonijs – Latvi" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Polonijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Полониум – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Полониум" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="പൊളോണിയം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പൊളോണിയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Полони – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Полони" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%9D" title="ꯄꯣꯂꯣꯅꯤꯌꯝ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯄꯣꯂꯣꯅꯤꯌꯝ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="पोलोनियम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पोलोनियम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Полоний – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Полоний" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Polonium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="ပိုလိုနီယမ် – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပိုလိုနီယမ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium – Jerman Rendah" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Polonium" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="पोलोनियम – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="पोलोनियम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Polonium" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium – Nynorsk Norwegia" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Polonium" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Polonium" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%B2ni" title="Polòni – Ositania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Polòni" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ositania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonii" title="Polonii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Polonii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%AE" title="ପୋଲୋନିଅମ – Oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପୋଲୋନିଅମ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Полоний – Ossetia" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Полоний" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AE" title="ਪੋਲੋਨੀਅਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੋਲੋਨੀਅਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="पोलोनियम – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="पोलोनियम" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polon" title="Polon – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Polon" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%B2ni" title="Polòni – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Polòni" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85" title="پولونیم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پولونیم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%85" title="پولونيم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پولونيم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%B4nio" title="Polônio – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Polônio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulunyu" title="Pulunyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Pulunyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poloniu" title="Poloniu – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Poloniu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poloniu" title="Poloniu – Aromania" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Poloniu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Полоний – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Полоний" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="पोलोनियम – Sanskerta" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="पोलोनियम" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskerta" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%B2niu" title="Polòniu – Sardinia" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Polòniu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poloniu" title="Poloniu – Sisilia" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Poloniu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisilia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium – Skotlandia" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Polonium" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonijum" title="Polonijum – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Polonijum" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A" title="පොලෝනියම් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පොලෝනියම්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Polonium" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%B3nium" title="Polónium – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Polónium" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonij" title="Polonij – Sloven" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Polonij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloven" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boloniyaam" title="Boloniyaam – Somalia" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Boloniyaam" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poloniumi" title="Poloniumi – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Poloniumi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Полонијум – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Полонијум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Polonium" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Polonium" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poloni" title="Poloni – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Poloni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பொலோனியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பொலோனியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="పొలోనియం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పొలోనియం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Полоний – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Полоний" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="พอโลเนียม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พอโลเนียม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonyo_(elemento)" title="Polonyo (elemento) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Polonyo (elemento)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonyum" title="Polonyum – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Polonyum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Полоний – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Полоний" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D9%89%D9%8A" title="پولونىي – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="پولونىي" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Полоній – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Полоній" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A6%D9%85" title="پولونیئم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پولونیئم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poloniy" title="Poloniy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Poloniy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonii" title="Polonii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Polonii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poloni" title="Poloni – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Poloni" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonyo" title="Polonyo – Warai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Polonyo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Warai" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%92%8B" title="钋 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="钋" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Полон – Kalmuk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Полон" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmuk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="פאלאניום – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פאלאניום" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Polonium" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%92%8B" title="钋 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="钋" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%99" title="釙 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="釙" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Polonium" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%99" title="釙 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="釙" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ImPosumu" title="ImPosumu – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="ImPosumu" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q979#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Lihat halaman isi [c]" accesskey="c">Halaman</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan:Polonium" rel="discussion" title="Pembicaraan halaman isi [t]" accesskey="t">Pembicaraan</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" 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mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Polonium">Baca</a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium&veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v">Sunting</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium&action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e">Sunting sumber</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium&action=history" title="Revisi sebelumnya dari halaman ini. 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class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terkait/Polonium" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terbaru halaman-halaman yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [k]" accesskey="k">Perubahan terkait</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_istimewa" title="Daftar semua halaman istimewa [q]" accesskey="q">Halaman istimewa</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium&oldid=26483648" title="Pranala permanen untuk revisi halaman ini">Pranala permanen</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium&action=info" title="Informasi lanjut tentang halaman ini">Informasi halaman</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Kutip&page=Polonium&id=26483648&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informasi tentang bagaimana mengutip halaman ini">Kutip halaman ini</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPolonium">Lihat URL pendek</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPolonium">Unduh kode QR</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/ekspor </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Polonium">Buat buku</a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:DownloadAsPdf&page=Polonium&action=show-download-screen">Unduh versi PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium&printable=yes" title="Versi cetak halaman ini [p]" accesskey="p">Versi cetak</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam proyek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Polonium" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q979" title="Pranala untuk menghubungkan butir pada ruang penyimpanan data [g]" accesskey="g">Butir di Wikidata</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18844875">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel ini bukan mengenai <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Po" beralih ke halaman ini. Untuk si Teletubby, lihat <a href="/wiki/Teletubbies" title="Teletubbies">Teletubbies</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r22657712">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r26333552">.mw-parser-output .ib-station-name{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}@media only screen and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ib-station{width:25.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-station-name{width:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard" style="font-size:88%;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr" style="background:lightgray;padding:0.25em 0.33em 0.33em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:1.25em;"><div style="float:right;display:inline;background:lightgray;font-size:150%;">84Po</div>Polonium</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Electron_shell_084_Polonium_-_no_label.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Electron_shell_084_Polonium_-_no_label.svg/220px-Electron_shell_084_Polonium_-_no_label.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Electron_shell_084_Polonium_-_no_label.svg/330px-Electron_shell_084_Polonium_-_no_label.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Electron_shell_084_Polonium_-_no_label.svg/440px-Electron_shell_084_Polonium_-_no_label.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1800" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Konfigurasi elektron polonium</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div style="background:black"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Polonium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Polonium_spectrum_visible.png/220px-Polonium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Polonium_spectrum_visible.png/330px-Polonium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Polonium_spectrum_visible.png/440px-Polonium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a> </div><div class="infobox-caption">Garis spektrum polonium</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center; line-height:normal;background:#cccccc">Sifat umum</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em">Pengucapan</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">/polonium/<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Alotropi" title="Alotropi">Alotrop</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">α (alfa), β (beta)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em">Penampilan</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">keperakan</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r22657712"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center; line-height:normal;background:#cccccc">Polonium dalam <a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik" title="Tabel periodik">tabel periodik</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><div style="z-index:1;overflow:hidden;position:absolute;font-size:120%;right:185px;margin:0.1em;font-family:'Linux Libertine',Georgia,Times,serif ; line-height:0.9"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Media:Electron_shell_084_Polonium.svg" title="Media:Electron shell 084 Polonium.svg"><img alt="Perbesar gambar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Electron_shell_084_Polonium.svg/50px-Electron_shell_084_Polonium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Electron_shell_084_Polonium.svg/75px-Electron_shell_084_Polonium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Electron_shell_084_Polonium.svg/100px-Electron_shell_084_Polonium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="860" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div style="z-index:1;overflow:hidden;position:absolute;font-size:120%;right:140px;margin:0.1em;font-family:'Linux Libertine',Georgia,Times,serif ; line-height:0.9"> 84Po</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; margin:0; background:#f8f8f8;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="periodictable" style="margin:0 auto"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none; width:5px"><div style="background-color:transparent; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">Hidrogen</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berilium" title="Berilium">Berilium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">Karbon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen">Oksigen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fluor" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluor">Fluor</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium">Natrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silikon" title="Silikon">Silikon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fosfor" title="Fosfor">Fosfor</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clor (halaman belum tersedia)">Clor</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Potasium" class="mw-redirect" title="Potasium">Potasium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Kalsium" title="Kalsium">Kalsium</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Skandium" title="Skandium">Skandium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromium">Chromium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan">Mangan</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi">Besi</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel">Nikel</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tembaga" title="Tembaga">Tembaga</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seng" title="Seng">Seng</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallium">Gallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Germanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen">Arsen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Selen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selen (halaman belum tersedia)">Selen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bromin" title="Bromin">Bromin</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Kripton" title="Kripton">Kripton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rubidium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" class="mw-redirect" title="Strontium">Strontium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;; width:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Yttrium">Yttrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirconium">Zirconium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" class="mw-redirect" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" class="mw-redirect" title="Technetium">Technetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruthenium">Ruthenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" class="mw-redirect" title="Palladium">Palladium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver">Silver</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">Indium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimony">Antimony</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" class="mw-redirect" title="Tellurium">Tellurium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" class="mw-redirect" title="Iodine">Iodine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a> </td></tr> <tr style="border:none;padding:0;"> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesium">Caesium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerium">Cerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" class="mw-redirect" title="Praseodymium">Praseodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" class="mw-redirect" title="Neodymium">Neodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" class="mw-redirect" title="Promethium">Promethium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Samarium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Europium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gadolinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Terbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" class="mw-redirect" title="Dysprosium">Dysprosium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Holmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Erbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" class="mw-redirect" title="Thulium">Thulium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ytterbium">Ytterbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutetium">Lutetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hafnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Tantalum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" class="mw-redirect" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" class="mw-redirect" title="Platinum">Platinum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold">Gold</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury (element)</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" class="mw-redirect" title="Thallium">Thallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead">Lead</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" class="mw-redirect" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Polonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" class="mw-redirect" title="Astatine">Astatine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" class="mw-redirect" title="Francium">Francium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinium">Actinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" class="mw-redirect" title="Thorium">Thorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" class="mw-redirect" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" class="mw-redirect" title="Americium">Americium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" class="mw-redirect" title="Curium">Curium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" class="mw-redirect" title="Californium">Californium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassium">Hassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Roentgenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" class="mw-redirect" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscovium">Moscovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" class="mw-redirect" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; width:10px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Telurium" title="Telurium">Te</a> ↑ Po ↓ <a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:1px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Bismut" title="Bismut">bismut</a> ← polonium → <a href="/wiki/Astatin" title="Astatin">astatin</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Templat:Navbox_unsur_diperbesar" title="Templat:Navbox unsur diperbesar">Lihat bagan navigasi yang diperbesar</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Nomor_atom" title="Nomor atom">Nomor atom</a> (Z)</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">84</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Golongan_(tabel_periodik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Golongan (tabel periodik)">Golongan</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Kalkogen" title="Kalkogen">golongan 16 (kalkogen)</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Periode_(tabel_periodik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Periode (tabel periodik)">Periode</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Periode_(tabel_periodik)#Periode_6" class="mw-redirect" title="Periode (tabel periodik)">periode 6</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Blok_(tabel_periodik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blok (tabel periodik)">Blok</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Blok-p" class="mw-redirect" title="Blok-p">blok-p</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Nama_kategori_unsur_kimia#Kategori" title="Nama kategori unsur kimia">Kategori unsur</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">  <a href="/wiki/Logam_miskin" title="Logam miskin">logam miskin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Nomor_massa" title="Nomor massa">Nomor massa</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">[209]</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Konfigurasi_elektron" title="Konfigurasi elektron">Konfigurasi elektron</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">[<a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a>] 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p4 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Kelopak_elektron" title="Kelopak elektron">Elektron per kelopak</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 6</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center; line-height:normal;background:#cccccc">Sifat fisik</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Fase_benda" title="Fase benda">Fase</a> pada <a href="/wiki/Temperatur_dan_tekanan_standar" title="Temperatur dan tekanan standar">STS</a> (0 °C dan 101,325 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(satuan)" title="Pascal (satuan)">kPa</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Padat" title="Padat">padat</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Titik_lebur" title="Titik lebur">Titik lebur</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">527 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (254 °C, 489 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Titik_didih" title="Titik didih">Titik didih</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">1235 K (962 °C, 1764 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Massa_jenis" title="Massa jenis">Kepadatan</a> mendekati <a href="/wiki/Suhu_kamar" title="Suhu kamar">s.k.</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">α-Po: 9,196 g/cm3 β-Po: 9,398 g/cm3 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Kalor_peleburan" title="Kalor peleburan">Kalor peleburan</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">sekitar 13 <a href="/wiki/Joule_per_mol" title="Joule per mol">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Entalpi_penguapan" title="Entalpi penguapan">Kalor penguapan</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">102,91 kJ/mol </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Kapasitas_kalor" title="Kapasitas kalor">Kapasitas kalor molar</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">26,4 J/(mol·K) </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Tekanan_uap" title="Tekanan uap">Tekanan uap</a><div style="margin:0 auto;"> <table class="wikitable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="text-align:center; width:100%; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th><abbr title="Suhu (Pascal)">P</abbr> (Pa) </th> <th>1 </th> <th>10 </th> <th>100 </th> <th>1 k </th> <th>10 k </th> <th>100 k </th></tr> <tr> <th>pada <abbr title="Suhu (Kelvin)">T</abbr> (K) </th> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>(846) </td> <td>1003 </td> <td>1236 </td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center; line-height:normal;background:#cccccc">Sifat atom</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Bilangan_oksidasi" title="Bilangan oksidasi">Bilangan oksidasi</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polonida (halaman belum tersedia)">−2</a>, +2, +4, +5,<a href="#cite_note-Thayer_p78-2">[2]</a> +6 (oksida <a href="/wiki/Amfoterisme" title="Amfoterisme">amfoter</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Elektronegativitas" title="Elektronegativitas">Elektronegativitas</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">Skala Pauling: 2,0 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Energi_ionisasi" title="Energi ionisasi">Energi ionisasi</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">ke-1: 8121 kJ/mol </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Jari-jari_atom" title="Jari-jari atom">Jari-jari atom</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">empiris: 168 <a href="/wiki/Pikometer" title="Pikometer">pm</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Jari-jari_kovalen" title="Jari-jari kovalen">Jari-jari kovalen</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">140±4 pm </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Jari-jari_van_der_Waals" title="Jari-jari van der Waals">Jari-jari van der Waals</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">197 pm </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center; line-height:normal;background:#cccccc">Lain-lain</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em">Kelimpahan alami</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Radioisotop_renik" title="Radioisotop renik">dari peluruhan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Struktur_kristal" title="Struktur kristal">Struktur kristal</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"> <a href="/wiki/Sistem_kristal_kubus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistem kristal kubus">kubus</a><div style="float:right;"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Cubic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Struktur kristal Cubic untuk polonium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Cubic.svg/50px-Cubic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Cubic.svg/75px-Cubic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Cubic.svg/100px-Cubic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="127" /></a></div> α-Po</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em">Struktur kristal</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"> <a href="/wiki/Sistem_kristal_trigon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistem kristal trigon">rombohedron</a><div style="float:right;"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Rhombohedral.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Struktur kristal Rhombohedral untuk polonium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Rhombohedral.svg/50px-Rhombohedral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Rhombohedral.svg/75px-Rhombohedral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Rhombohedral.svg/100px-Rhombohedral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="141" /></a></div> β-Po</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Pemuaian" title="Pemuaian">Ekspansi kalor</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">23,5 µm/(m·K) (suhu 25 °C) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Konduktivitas_termal" title="Konduktivitas termal">Konduktivitas termal</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">20 W/(m·K) (?)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Resistivitas_listrik" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistivitas listrik">Resistivitas listrik</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">α-Po: 0,40 µΩ·m (suhu 0 °C) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Magnetisme" title="Magnetisme">Arah magnet</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">nonmagnetik </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Nomor_CAS" title="Nomor CAS">Nomor CAS</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">7440-08-6 </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center; line-height:normal;background:#cccccc">Sejarah</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em">Penamaan</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">dari Polonia, Latin untuk <a href="/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia">Polandia</a>, negara asal Marie Curie</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Penemuan_unsur_kimia" title="Penemuan unsur kimia">Penemuan</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">P. Curie</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">M. Curie</a> (1898)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em">Isolasi pertama</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Willy_Marckwald&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willy Marckwald (halaman belum tersedia)">W. Marckwald</a> (1902)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center; line-height:normal;background:#cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Isotop_polonium" title="Isotop polonium">Isotop polonium</a> yang utama</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"> <table class="wikitable" cellpadding="1" style="text-align:center;width:100%; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Isotop" title="Isotop">Isotop</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kelimpahan_alami" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelimpahan alami">Kelimpahan</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Waktu_paruh" title="Waktu paruh">Waktu paruh</a> (t1/2) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Peluruhan_radioaktif#Mode_peluruhan" title="Peluruhan radioaktif">Mode peluruhan</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Produk_peluruhan" title="Produk peluruhan">Produk</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;">208Po </th> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Radioisotop_sintetis" title="Radioisotop sintetis">sintetis</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;">2,898 thn </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peluruhan_alfa" title="Peluruhan alfa">α</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Timbal-204" class="mw-redirect" title="Timbal-204">204Pb</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Emisi_positron" title="Emisi positron">β+</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Bismut-208" class="mw-redirect" title="Bismut-208">208Bi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;">209Po </th> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;">sintetis </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;">125,2 thn<a href="#cite_note-Po209-3">[3]</a> </td> <td>α </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Timbal-205" class="mw-redirect" title="Timbal-205">205Pb</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>β+ </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Bismut-209" title="Bismut-209">209Bi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium-210" title="Polonium-210">210Po</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Radioisotop_renik" title="Radioisotop renik">renik</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">138,376 hri </td> <td>α </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Timbal-206" class="mw-redirect" title="Timbal-206">206Pb</a> </td></tr></tbody></table><div style="clear:both;"></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint" style="border-top:1px dotted #cccccc; line-height:0.7"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18590415">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Kotak_info_polonium" title="Templat:Kotak info polonium">lihat</a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Kotak_info_polonium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Kotak info polonium (halaman belum tersedia)">bicara</a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Kotak_info_polonium&action=edit">sunting</a></li></ul></div>| <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_data_references_for_chemical_elements" class="extiw" title="en:List of data references for chemical elements">referensi</a> | <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q979" class="extiw" title="d:Q979">di Wikidata</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Polonium adalah sebuah <a href="/wiki/Unsur_kimia" title="Unsur kimia">unsur kimia</a> dengan <a href="/wiki/Lambang_unsur" title="Lambang unsur">lambang</a> Po dan <a href="/wiki/Nomor_atom" title="Nomor atom">nomor atom</a> 84. Sebuah <a href="/wiki/Logam" title="Logam">logam</a> langka yang sangat <a href="/wiki/Peluruhan_radioaktif" title="Peluruhan radioaktif">radioaktif</a> tanpa <a href="/wiki/Isotop_polonium" title="Isotop polonium">isotop</a> stabil, polonium adalah sebuah <a href="/wiki/Kalkogen" title="Kalkogen">kalkogen</a> dan secara kimiawi mirip dengan <a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">selenium</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Telurium" title="Telurium">telurium</a>, meskipun karakter logamnya mirip dengan <a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_6" title="Unsur periode 6">tetangga horizontalnya</a> di <a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik" title="Tabel periodik">tabel periodik</a>: <a href="/wiki/Talium" title="Talium">talium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timbal" title="Timbal">timbal</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Bismut" title="Bismut">bismut</a>. Karena <a href="/wiki/Waktu_paruh" title="Waktu paruh">waktu paruh</a> semua isotopnya pendek, keterjadian alaminya terbatas pada jejak kecil <a href="/wiki/Polonium-210" title="Polonium-210">polonium-210</a> yang cepat meluruh (dengan waktu paruh 138 hari) dalam <a href="/wiki/Bijih" title="Bijih">bijih</a> <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a>, karena ia merupakan <a href="/wiki/Deret_radioaktif" title="Deret radioaktif">anak kedua terakhir</a> dari <a href="/wiki/Uranium-238#Deret_radium_(atau_deret_uranium)" title="Uranium-238">uranium-238</a> yang alami. Meskipun ada isotop yang berumur sedikit lebih lama, mereka jauh lebih sulit untuk diproduksi. Saat ini, polonium biasanya diproduksi dalam jumlah miligram melalui <a href="/wiki/Pengaktifan_neutron" title="Pengaktifan neutron">iradiasi neutron</a> oleh bismut. Karena radioaktivitasnya yang kuat, yang menghasilkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radiolisis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radiolisis (halaman belum tersedia)">radiolisis</a> dalam ikatan kimia dan pemanasan radioaktif sendiri, sifat kimianya sebagian besar telah diselidiki hanya pada skala kecil. Polonium ditemukan pada Juli 1898 oleh <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Skłodowska-Curie</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre Curie</a>, ketika ia diekstraksi dari bijih uranium <a href="/wiki/Uraninit" title="Uraninit">uraninit</a> dan teridentifikasi hanya dengan radioaktivitasnya yang kuat: ia adalah unsur pertama yang ditemukan melalui sifat radioaktifnya. Polonium dinamai dari negara asal Marie Curie, <a href="/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia">Polandia</a>. Polonium memiliki beberapa aplikasi, dan itu terkait dengan radioaktivitasnya: pemanas di <a href="/wiki/Wahana_antariksa_nirawak#Prob_dan_observatorium_antariksa" title="Wahana antariksa nirawak">prob antariksa</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perangkat_antistatis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perangkat antistatis (halaman belum tersedia)">perangkat antistatis</a>, sumber <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutron</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Partikel_alfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Partikel alfa">partikel alfa</a>, serta <a href="/wiki/Racun" title="Racun">racun</a>. Polonium sangatlah berbahaya bagi manusia. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Karakteristik">Karakteristik</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Karakteristik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Karakteristik">sunting sumber</a>]</div> 210Po adalah sebuah <a href="/wiki/Peluruhan_alfa" title="Peluruhan alfa">pemancar alfa</a> yang memiliki waktu paruh 138,4 hari; ia meluruh langsung menjadi <a href="/wiki/Produk_peluruhan" title="Produk peluruhan">isotop anaknya</a> yang stabil, <a href="/wiki/Timbal" title="Timbal">206Pb</a>. Satu miligram (5 <a href="/wiki/Curie_(satuan)" title="Curie (satuan)">curie</a>) 210Po memancarkan partikel alfa per detik sebanyak 5 gram <a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">226Ra</a>,<a href="#cite_note-anl-4">[4]</a> yang berarti ia 5.000 kali lebih radioaktif daripada radium. Beberapa <a href="/wiki/Curie_(satuan)" title="Curie (satuan)">curie</a> (1 curie sama dengan 37 <a href="/wiki/Becquerel" title="Becquerel">gigabecquerel</a>, 1 Ci = 37 GBq) dari 210Po memancarkan cahaya biru yang disebabkan oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cahaya_udara_terionisasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cahaya udara terionisasi (halaman belum tersedia)">ionisasi</a> udara di sekitarnya. Sekitar satu dari 100.000 pancaran alfa menyebabkan eksitasi pada inti yang kemudian menghasilkan pancaran <a href="/wiki/Sinar_gama" title="Sinar gama">sinar gama</a> dengan energi maksimum 803 keV.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bentuk_wujud_padat">Bentuk wujud padat</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Bentuk wujud padat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Bentuk wujud padat">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Alpha_po_lattice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Alpha_po_lattice.jpg/220px-Alpha_po_lattice.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Alpha_po_lattice.jpg/330px-Alpha_po_lattice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Alpha_po_lattice.jpg/440px-Alpha_po_lattice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="781" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Bentuk alfa dari polonium padat.</figcaption></figure> Polonium adalah unsur radioaktif yang ada dalam dua <a href="/wiki/Alotropi" title="Alotropi">alotrop</a> <a href="/wiki/Logam" title="Logam">metalik</a>. Bentuk alfa adalah satu-satunya contoh yang diketahui dari struktur kristal <a href="/wiki/Sistem_kristal_kubik" title="Sistem kristal kubik">kubik sederhana</a> dalam basis atom tunggal pada <a href="/wiki/Temperatur_dan_tekanan_standar" title="Temperatur dan tekanan standar">STP</a>, dengan panjang tepi 335,2 <a href="/wiki/Pikometer" title="Pikometer">pikometer</a>; bentuk beta adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rombohedron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rombohedron (halaman belum tersedia)">rombohedral</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Struktur polonium telah dicirikan oleh <a href="/wiki/Difraksi" title="Difraksi">difraksi</a> <a href="/wiki/Sinar-X" title="Sinar-X">sinar-X</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Difraksi_elektron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Difraksi elektron (halaman belum tersedia)">difraksi elektron</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> 210Po (sama dengan <a href="/wiki/Plutonium-238" title="Plutonium-238">238Pu</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kutip_sumber_tulisan" title="Wikipedia:Kutip sumber tulisan">butuh rujukan</a>]) memiliki kemampuan untuk <a href="/wiki/Volatilitas_(kimia)" title="Volatilitas (kimia)">mengudara dengan mudah</a>: jika sebuah sampel dipanaskan di udara hingga 55 °C (131 °F), 50% darinya menguap dalam 45 jam untuk membentuk molekul Po2 <a href="/wiki/Molekul_diatomik" title="Molekul diatomik">diatomik</a>, meskipun titik lebur polonium adalah 254 °C (489 °F) dan titik didihnya adalah 962 °C (1.764 °F).<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-CRC-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Thayer_p78-2">[2]</a> Ada lebih dari satu hipotesis tentang bagaimana polonium melakukan ini; satu pendapat mengemukakan bahwa gugus kecil atom polonium <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spalasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spalasi (halaman belum tersedia)">terkelupas</a> oleh peluruhan alfa.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sifat_Kimia">Sifat Kimia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Sifat Kimia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sifat Kimia">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Sifat kimia polonium mirip dengan <a href="/wiki/Telurium" title="Telurium">telurium</a>, meskipun ia juga menunjukkan beberapa kesamaan dengan tetangganya <a href="/wiki/Bismut" title="Bismut">bismut</a> karena karakter logamnya. Polonium mudah larut dalam <a href="/wiki/Asam" title="Asam">asam</a> encer tetapi hanya sedikit <a href="/wiki/Kelarutan" title="Kelarutan">larut</a> dalam <a href="/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali">alkali</a>. <a href="/wiki/Larutan" title="Larutan">Larutan</a> polonium mula-mula berwarna merah muda oleh ion Po2+, tetapi kemudian dengan cepat menjadi kuning karena radiasi alfa dari polonium yang mengionisasi pelarut dan mengubah Po2+ menjadi Po4+. Karena polonium juga memancarkan partikel alfa setelah disintegrasi maka proses ini disertai dengan gelembung dan emisi panas dan cahaya oleh <a href="/wiki/Peralatan_kaca_laboratorium" title="Peralatan kaca laboratorium">peralatan kaca</a> karena partikel alfa yang terserap; akibatnya, larutan polonium bersifat volatil dan akan menguap dalam beberapa hari kecuali disegel.<a href="#cite_note-nbb-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Pada pH sekitar 1, ion polonium mudah dihidrolisis dan dikomplekskan oleh asam seperti <a href="/wiki/Asam_oksalat" title="Asam oksalat">asam oksalat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asam_sitrat" title="Asam sitrat">asam sitrat</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Asam_tartarat" class="mw-redirect" title="Asam tartarat">asam tartarat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Senyawa">Senyawa</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Senyawa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Senyawa">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Polonium tidak memiliki senyawa umum, dan hampir semua senyawanya dibuat secara sintetis; lebih dari 50 di antaranya telah diketahui.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Golongan senyawa polonium yang paling stabil adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polonida (halaman belum tersedia)">polonida</a>, yang dibuat melalui reaksi langsung dua unsur. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Natrium_polonida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Natrium polonida (halaman belum tersedia)">Na2Po</a> memiliki struktur <a href="/w/index.php?title=Struktur_fluorit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Struktur fluorit (halaman belum tersedia)">antifluorit</a>, polonida <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalsium_polonida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalsium polonida (halaman belum tersedia)">Ca</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barium_polonida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barium polonida (halaman belum tersedia)">Ba</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Raksa_polonide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raksa polonide (halaman belum tersedia)">Hg</a>, Pb dan lantanida membentuk kisi NaCl, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Berilium_polonida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berilium polonida (halaman belum tersedia)">BePo</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadmium_polonida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kadmium polonida (halaman belum tersedia)">CdPo</a> memiliki struktur <a href="/wiki/Wurtzit" title="Wurtzit">wurtzit</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnesium_polonida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnesium polonida (halaman belum tersedia)">MgPo</a> memiliki struktur <a href="/wiki/Nikelin" title="Nikelin">nikel arsenida</a>. Sebagian besar polonida terurai pada pemanasan hingga sekitar 600 °C, kecuali HgPo yang terurai pada ~300 °C dan polonida <a href="/wiki/Lantanida" title="Lantanida">lantanida</a>, yang tidak terurai tetapi melebur pada suhu di atas 1000 °C. Misalnya, polonida <a href="/wiki/Praseodimium" title="Praseodimium">praseodimium</a> (PrPo) melebur pada 1250 °C, dan polonida <a href="/wiki/Tulium" title="Tulium">tulium</a> (TmPo) melebur pada 2200 °C.<a href="#cite_note-g766-20">[20]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbal_polonida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timbal polonida (halaman belum tersedia)">PbPo</a> adalah salah satu dari sangat sedikit senyawa polonium alami, karena polonium meluruh melalui <a href="/wiki/Peluruhan_alfa" title="Peluruhan alfa">peluruhan alfa</a> menjadi <a href="/wiki/Timbal" title="Timbal">timbal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium_hidrida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polonium hidrida (halaman belum tersedia)">Polonium hidrida</a> (PoH2) adalah cairan yang mudah menguap pada suhu kamar yang rentan terhadap disosiasi; ia tidak stabil secara termal.<a href="#cite_note-g766-20">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sifat_air" title="Sifat air">Air</a> adalah satu-satunya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen_kalkogenida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hidrogen kalkogenida (halaman belum tersedia)">hidrogen kalkogenida</a> lain yang diketahui berbentuk cair pada suhu kamar; namun, hal ini dikarenakan ikatan hidrogen. Tiga oksida, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium_monoksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polonium monoksida (halaman belum tersedia)">PoO</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium_dioksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polonium dioksida (halaman belum tersedia)">PoO2</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium_trioksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polonium trioksida (halaman belum tersedia)">PoO3</a>, adalah produk dari oksidasi polonium.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Halida" title="Halida">Halida</a> dari struktur PoX2, PoX4 dan PoF6 telah diketahui. Mereka larut dalam hidrogen halida yang sesuai, yaitu, PoClX dalam HCl, PoBrX dalam HBr, dan PoI4 dalam HI.<a href="#cite_note-figgins-23">[23]</a> Polonium dihalida dibentuk oleh reaksi langsung dari unsur-unsur yang sesuai atau dengan reduksi PoCl4 dengan SO2 dan dengan PoBr4 dengan H2S pada suhu kamar. Tetrahalida dapat diperoleh dengan mereaksikan polonium dioksida dengan HCl, HBr atau HI.<a href="#cite_note-g765-24">[24]</a> Senyawa polonium lainnya termasuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalium_polonit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalium polonit (halaman belum tersedia)">kalium polonit</a> sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polonit (halaman belum tersedia)">polonit</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polonat (halaman belum tersedia)">polonat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asetat" title="Asetat">asetat</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bromat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bromat (halaman belum tersedia)">bromat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karbonat" title="Karbonat">karbonat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sitrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Sitrat">sitrat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kromat_dan_dikromat" title="Kromat dan dikromat">kromat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sianida" title="Sianida">sianida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Format_(kimia)" title="Format (kimia)">format</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium(II)_hidroksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polonium(II) hidroksida (halaman belum tersedia)">(II)</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium(IV)_hidroksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polonium(IV) hidroksida (halaman belum tersedia)">(IV) hidroksida</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium_tetranitrat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polonium tetranitrat (halaman belum tersedia)">nitrat</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium_selenat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polonium selenat (halaman belum tersedia)">selenat</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium_selenit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polonium selenit (halaman belum tersedia)">selenit</a>, monosulfida, <a href="/wiki/Sulfat" title="Sulfat">sulfat</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium_disulfat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polonium disulfat (halaman belum tersedia)">disulfat</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium_sulfit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polonium sulfit (halaman belum tersedia)">sulfit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-figgins-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_organopolonium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia organopolonium (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia organopolonium</a> terbatas telah diketahui, sebagian besar terbatas pada dialkil dan diaril polonida (R2Po), triarilpolonium halida (Ar3PoX), dan diarilpolonium dihalida (Ar2PoX2).<a href="#cite_note-Z-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-M-27">[27]</a> Polonium juga membentuk senyawa yang larut dengan beberapa <a href="/wiki/Pengelatan" title="Pengelatan">agen pengelat</a>, seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=2,3-butanediol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2,3-butanediol (halaman belum tersedia)">2,3-butanediol</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiourea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tiourea (halaman belum tersedia)">tiourea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Z-26">[26]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Senyawa polonium<a href="#cite_note-g765-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Rumus</th> <th>Warna</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Titik_lebur" title="Titik lebur">t.l.</a> (°C)</th> <th>Suhu <a href="/wiki/Sublimasi_(perubahan_wujud_zat)" title="Sublimasi (perubahan wujud zat)">sublimasi</a> (°C)</th> <th>Simetri</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Simbol_Pearson" title="Simbol Pearson">Lambang Pearson</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Grup_ruang" title="Grup ruang">Grup ruang</a></th> <th>No</th> <th>a (pm)</th> <th>b(pm)</th> <th>c(pm)</th> <th>Z</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Massa_jenis" title="Massa jenis">ρ</a> (g/cm3)</th> <th>ref </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium_monoksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polonium monoksida (halaman belum tersedia)">PoO</a></td> <td>hitam</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium_dioksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polonium dioksida (halaman belum tersedia)">PoO2</a></td> <td>kuning pucat</td> <td>500 (dec.)</td> <td>885</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sistem_kristal_kubik" title="Sistem kristal kubik">fcc</a></td> <td>cF12</td> <td>Fm3m</td> <td>225</td> <td>563,7</td> <td>563,7</td> <td>563,7</td> <td>4</td> <td>8,94</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Bagnall-29">[29]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium_hidrida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polonium hidrida (halaman belum tersedia)">PoH2</a></td> <td></td> <td>-35,5</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium_diklorida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polonium diklorida (halaman belum tersedia)">PoCl2</a></td> <td>merah rubi gelap</td> <td>355</td> <td>130</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistem_kristal_ortorombik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistem kristal ortorombik (halaman belum tersedia)">ortorombik</a></td> <td>oP3</td> <td>Pmmm</td> <td>47</td> <td>367</td> <td>435</td> <td>450</td> <td>1</td> <td>6,47</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-PoCl-30">[30]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium_dibromida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polonium dibromida (halaman belum tersedia)">PoBr2</a></td> <td>coklat ungu</td> <td>270 (dec.)</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-PoBr-31">[31]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium_tetraklorida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polonium tetraklorida (halaman belum tersedia)">PoCl4</a></td> <td>kuning</td> <td>300</td> <td>200</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sistem_kristal_monoklinik" title="Sistem kristal monoklinik">monoklinik</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-PoCl-30">[30]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium_tetrabromida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polonium tetrabromida (halaman belum tersedia)">PoBr4</a></td> <td>merah</td> <td>330 (dec.)</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sistem_kristal_kubik" title="Sistem kristal kubik">fcc</a></td> <td>cF100</td> <td>Fm3m</td> <td>225</td> <td>560</td> <td>560</td> <td>560</td> <td>4</td> <td></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-PoBr-31">[31]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium_tetraiodida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polonium tetraiodida (halaman belum tersedia)">PoI4</a></td> <td>hitam</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div> <table class="multicol" role="presentation" style="border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; border: 0; background:transparent; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="" align="left" valign="top" style="padding-left:;"> Oksida <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium_monoksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polonium monoksida (halaman belum tersedia)">PoO</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium_dioksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polonium dioksida (halaman belum tersedia)">PoO2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium_trioksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polonium trioksida (halaman belum tersedia)">PoO3</a></li></ul> </td> <td width="" align="left" valign="top" style="padding-left:;"> Hidrida <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium_hidrida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polonium hidrida (halaman belum tersedia)">PoH2</a></li></ul> </td> <td width="" align="left" valign="top" style="padding-left:;"> <a href="/wiki/Halida" title="Halida">Halida</a> <ul><li>PoX2 (kecuali PoF2)</li> <li>PoX4</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium_heksafluorida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polonium heksafluorida (halaman belum tersedia)">PoF6</a></li> <li>PoBr2Cl2 (pink salmon)</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isotop">Isotop</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Isotop" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Isotop">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Isotop_polonium" title="Isotop polonium">Isotop polonium</a></div> Polonium memiliki 42 isotop yang diketahui, semuanya bersifat <a href="/wiki/Peluruhan_radioaktif" title="Peluruhan radioaktif">radioaktif</a>. Mereka memiliki <a href="/wiki/Massa_atom" title="Massa atom">massa atom</a> yang berkisar antara 186 hingga 227 <a href="/wiki/Dalton_(satuan)" title="Dalton (satuan)">u</a>. <a href="/wiki/Polonium-210" title="Polonium-210">210Po</a> (waktu paruh 138,376 hari) adalah yang paling banyak tersedia dan dibuat melalui penangkapan neutron oleh <a href="/wiki/Bismut" title="Bismut">bismut</a> alami. 209Po yang berumur lebih panjang (waktu paruh 125,2±3,3 tahun, berumur paling panjang dari semua isotop polonium)<a href="#cite_note-Po209Collé-33">[33]</a> dan 208Po (waktu paruh 2,9 tahun) dapat dibuat melalui pemborbardiran alfa, proton, atau deuteron terhadap <a href="/wiki/Timbal" title="Timbal">timbal</a> atau bismut dalam <a href="/wiki/Siklotron" title="Siklotron">siklotron</a>.<a href="#cite_note-emsley-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah">Sejarah</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Sejarah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sejarah">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:2019-11-22_Spark_plugs_and_static_eliminators_with_radioactive_polonium_at_museum_display.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/2019-11-22_Spark_plugs_and_static_eliminators_with_radioactive_polonium_at_museum_display.jpg/220px-2019-11-22_Spark_plugs_and_static_eliminators_with_radioactive_polonium_at_museum_display.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/2019-11-22_Spark_plugs_and_static_eliminators_with_radioactive_polonium_at_museum_display.jpg/330px-2019-11-22_Spark_plugs_and_static_eliminators_with_radioactive_polonium_at_museum_display.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/2019-11-22_Spark_plugs_and_static_eliminators_with_radioactive_polonium_at_museum_display.jpg/440px-2019-11-22_Spark_plugs_and_static_eliminators_with_radioactive_polonium_at_museum_display.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3105" data-file-height="2968" /></a><figcaption>Busi dan penghilang statis dengan polonium radioaktif dipajang di museum</figcaption></figure> Terkadang disebut "<a href="/wiki/Radium#Sejarah" title="Radium">radium F</a>", polonium ditemukan oleh <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie</a> dan Pierre Curie pada bulan Juli 1898,<a href="#cite_note-c1-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> dan diberi nama dari tanah kelahiran Marie Curie di <a href="/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia">Polandia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Latin" title="Bahasa Latin">bahasa Latin</a>: Polonia).<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Polandia pada saat itu berada di bawah <a href="/wiki/Pemisahan_Polandia" title="Pemisahan Polandia">partisi</a> <a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Rusia" title="Kekaisaran Rusia">Rusia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Jerman" title="Kekaisaran Jerman">Jerman</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungaria" title="Austria-Hungaria">Austria-Hungaria</a>, dan tidak eksis sebagai negara merdeka. Itu adalah harapan Curie bahwa penamaan unsur ini setelah tanah airnya akan mempublikasikan kurangnya kemerdekaan.<a href="#cite_note-Przemysl-39">[39]</a> Polonium mungkin merupakan unsur pertama yang disebutkan untuk menyoroti kontroversi politik.<a href="#cite_note-Przemysl-39">[39]</a> Unsur ini adalah yang pertama kali ditemukan oleh Curie saat mereka menyelidiki penyebab <a href="/wiki/Peluruhan_radioaktif" title="Peluruhan radioaktif">radioaktivitas</a> <a href="/wiki/Uraninit" title="Uraninit">uraninit</a>. Uraninit, setelah penghilangan unsur radioaktif <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Torium" title="Torium">torium</a>, menjadi lebih radioaktif daripada gabungan uranium dan torium. Ini mendorong Curie untuk mencari unsur radioaktif tambahan. Mereka pertama kali memisahkan polonium dari uraninit pada Juli 1898, dan lima bulan kemudian, juga mengisolasi <a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">radium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nbb-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-c1-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-c2-40">[40]</a> Ilmuwan Jerman <a href="/w/index.php?title=Willy_Marckwald&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willy Marckwald (halaman belum tersedia)">Willy Marckwald</a> berhasil mengisolasi 3 miligram polonium pada tahun 1902, meskipun pada saat itu dia yakin itu adalah unsur baru, yang dia juluki "radio-telurium", dan baru pada tahun 1905 terbukti sama dengan polonium.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Di Amerika Serikat, polonium diproduksi sebagai bagian dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proyek_Dayton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proyek Dayton (halaman belum tersedia)">Proyek Dayton</a>, bagian dari <a href="/wiki/Proyek_Manhattan" title="Proyek Manhattan">Proyek Manhattan</a>, selama <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dunia_II" title="Perang Dunia II">Perang Dunia II</a>. Polonium dan <a href="/wiki/Berilium" title="Berilium">berilium</a> adalah bahan utama dari inisiator '<a href="/wiki/Inisiator_neutron_termodulasi#Urchin" title="Inisiator neutron termodulasi">Urchin</a>' di tengah <a href="/wiki/Biji_(senjata_nuklir)" title="Biji (senjata nuklir)">lubang</a> bola bom.<a href="#cite_note-nwfaq41-43">[43]</a> 'Urchin' memprakarsai <a href="/wiki/Fisi_nuklir" title="Fisi nuklir">reaksi berantai nuklir</a> pada saat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kekritisan_yang_cepat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kekritisan yang cepat (halaman belum tersedia)">kekritisan yang cepat</a> untuk memastikan bahwa senjata itu tidak <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kegagalan_(ledakan_nuklir)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kegagalan (ledakan nuklir) (halaman belum tersedia)">gagal</a>. 'Urchin' digunakan dalam senjata A.S. awal; senjata A.S. selanjutnya menggunakan generator pulsa neutron untuk tujuan yang sama.<a href="#cite_note-nwfaq41-43">[43]</a> Sebagian besar fisika dasar polonium <a href="/w/index.php?title=Informasi_rahasia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Informasi rahasia (halaman belum tersedia)">dirahasiakan</a> sampai setelah perang. Fakta bahwa ia digunakan sebagai inisiator dirahasiakan hingga tahun 1960-an.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/Komisi_Energi_Atom_Amerika_Serikat" title="Komisi Energi Atom Amerika Serikat">Komisi Energi Atom</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Proyek_Manhattan" title="Proyek Manhattan">Proyek Manhattan</a> mendanai <a href="/wiki/Percobaan_manusia_tak_etis_di_Amerika_Serikat" title="Percobaan manusia tak etis di Amerika Serikat">eksperimen manusia</a> menggunakan polonium pada lima orang di <a href="/wiki/Universitas_Rochester" title="Universitas Rochester">Universitas Rochester</a> antara tahun 1943 dan 1947. Orang-orang tersebut diberikan antara 9 dan 22 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Curie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Curie (halaman belum tersedia)">microcurie</a> (330 dan 810 <a href="/wiki/Becquerel" title="Becquerel">kBq</a>) polonium untuk mempelajari <a href="/wiki/Ekskresi" title="Ekskresi">ekskresinya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-congress1986-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-nes1950-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Keterjadian_dan_produksi">Keterjadian dan produksi</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bagian: Keterjadian dan produksi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Keterjadian dan produksi">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Polonium adalah unsur yang sangat langka di alam karena <a href="/wiki/Waktu_paruh" title="Waktu paruh">waktu paruh</a> semua isotopnya pendek. Tujuh isotop terjadi dalam jumlah <a href="/wiki/Radioisotop_renik" title="Radioisotop renik">jejak</a> sebagai <a href="/wiki/Produk_peluruhan" title="Produk peluruhan">produk peluruhan</a>: 210Po, 214Po, dan 218Po terjadi dalam <a href="/wiki/Deret_radioaktif" title="Deret radioaktif">rantai peluruhan</a> <a href="/wiki/Uranium-238" title="Uranium-238">238U</a>; 211Po dan 215Po terjadi dalam rantai peluruhan <a href="/wiki/Uranium-235" title="Uranium-235">235U</a>; 212Po dan 216Po terjadi dalam rantai peluruhan <a href="/wiki/Torium-232" title="Torium-232">232Th</a>. Dari mereka, 210Po adalah satu-satunya isotop dengan waktu paruh lebih dari 3 menit.<a href="#cite_note-po484-48">[48]</a> Polonium dapat ditemukan dalam bijih <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> sekitar 0,1 mg per <a href="/wiki/Ton_metrik" title="Ton metrik">ton metrik</a> (1 bagian dalam 1010),<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> yang merupakan sekitar 0,2% dari kelimpahan radium. Jumlahnya di kerak bumi tidak berbahaya. Polonium telah ditemukan dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asap_tembakau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asap tembakau (halaman belum tersedia)">asap tembakau</a> dari daun tembakau yang ditanam dengan pupuk <a href="/wiki/Fosfat" class="mw-redirect" title="Fosfat">fosfat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Muggli08-53">[53]</a> Karena ia hadir dalam konsentrasi kecil, isolasi polonium dari sumber alami merupakan proses yang sangat lama. Kumpulan polonium terbesar yang pernah diekstraksi, dilakukan pada paruh pertama abad ke-20, hanya mengandung 40 Ci (1,5 TBq) (9 mg) <a href="/wiki/Polonium-210" title="Polonium-210">polonium-210</a> dan diperoleh dengan mengolah 37 ton residu dari produksi radium.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Polonium sekarang biasanya diperoleh dengan menyinari bismut dengan neutron atau proton berenergi tinggi.<a href="#cite_note-nbb-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-g249-55">[55]</a> Pada tahun 1934, sebuah percobaan menunjukkan bahwa ketika <a href="/wiki/Bismut-209" title="Bismut-209">209Bi</a> dibombardir dengan <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutron</a>, 210Bi dibuat, yang kemudian meluruh menjadi 210Po melalui peluruhan beta-minus. Pemurnian akhir dilakukan secara pirokimia diikuti dengan teknik ekstraksi cair-cair.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Polonium sekarang dapat dibuat dalam jumlah miligram dalam prosedur ini yang menggunakan fluks neutron tinggi yang ditemukan di <a href="/wiki/Reaktor_nuklir" title="Reaktor nuklir">reaktor nuklir</a>.<a href="#cite_note-g249-55">[55]</a> Hanya sekitar 100 gram yang diproduksi setiap tahun, hampir seluruhnya di Rusia, membuat polonium sangatlah langka.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Proses ini dapat menyebabkan masalah dalam <a href="/wiki/Reaktor_berpendingin_logam_cair" title="Reaktor berpendingin logam cair">reaktor berpendingin logam cair</a> berbasis <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eutektik_timbal-bismut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eutektik timbal-bismut (halaman belum tersedia)">timbal-bismut</a> seperti yang digunakan pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kapal_selam_Soviet_K-27&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kapal selam Soviet K-27 (halaman belum tersedia)">K-27</a> milik <a href="/wiki/Angkatan_Laut_Uni_Soviet" title="Angkatan Laut Uni Soviet">Angkatan Laut Soviet</a>. Langkah-langkah harus diambil dalam reaktor tersebut untuk mengatasi kemungkinan 210Po yang tidak diinginkan dilepaskan dari pendingin.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Isotop polonium yang berumur lebih panjang, 208Po dan 209Po, dapat dibentuk oleh pemborbardiran <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">proton</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">deuteron</a> terhadap bismut menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Siklotron" title="Siklotron">siklotron</a>. Isotop lain yang lebih memiliki sedikit neutron dan lebih tidak stabil dapat dibentuk dengan iradiasi platina dengan inti <a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">karbon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aplikasi">Aplikasi</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bagian: Aplikasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Aplikasi">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Sumber partikel alfa berbasis polonium diproduksi di <a href="/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet">Uni Soviet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rus1-62">[62]</a> Sumber tersebut diterapkan untuk mengukur ketebalan lapisan industri melalui atenuasi radiasi alfa.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Karena radiasi alfa yang kuat, satu gram sampel 210Po akan secara spontan memanas hingga di atas 500 °C (932 °F) menghasilkan daya sekitar 140 watt. Oleh karena itu, 210Po digunakan sebagai sumber panas atom untuk menggerakkan <a href="/wiki/Generator_termoelektrik_radioisotop" title="Generator termoelektrik radioisotop">generator termoelektrik radioisotop</a> melalui bahan <a href="/wiki/Efek_termoelektrik" title="Efek termoelektrik">termoelektrik</a>.<a href="#cite_note-anl-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-nbb-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-g251-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Misalnya, sumber panas 210Po digunakan pada <a href="/wiki/Wahana_penjelajah_Bulan" title="Wahana penjelajah Bulan">wahana penjelajah Bulan</a> <a href="/wiki/Program_Lunokhod" title="Program Lunokhod">Lunokhod</a> 1 (1970) dan Lunokhod 2 (1973) untuk menjaga komponen internalnya tetap hangat selama malam bulan, serta satelit <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_satelit_Kosmos_(1%E2%80%93250)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar satelit Kosmos (1–250) (halaman belum tersedia)">Kosmos 84</a> dan 90 (1965).<a href="#cite_note-rus1-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Partikel alfa yang dipancarkan oleh polonium dapat diubah menjadi neutron menggunakan berilium oksida, dengan laju 93 neutron per juta partikel alfa.<a href="#cite_note-g251-64">[64]</a> Campuran Po-BeO digunakan sebagai <a href="/wiki/Sumber_neutron" title="Sumber neutron">sumber neutron</a> pasif dengan rasio produksi <a href="/wiki/Sinar_gama" title="Sinar gama">sinar gama</a>-ke-<a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutron</a> sebesar 1,13 ± 0,05, lebih rendah daripada sumber neutron berbasis <a href="/wiki/Fisi_nuklir" title="Fisi nuklir">fisi nuklir</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gtn-67">[67]</a> Contoh campuran atau <a href="/wiki/Logam_paduan" title="Logam paduan">paduan</a> Po-BeO yang digunakan sebagai sumber neutron adalah <a href="/wiki/Inisiator_neutron_termodulasi" title="Inisiator neutron termodulasi">pemicu atau inisiator neutron</a> untuk <a href="/wiki/Senjata_nuklir" title="Senjata nuklir">senjata nuklir</a><a href="#cite_note-nbb-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> dan untuk inspeksi sumur minyak. Sekitar 1500 sumber jenis ini, dengan aktivitas individual sebesar 1.850 Ci (68 TBq), telah digunakan setiap tahun di Uni Soviet.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Polonium juga merupakan bagian dari kuas atau alat yang lebih rumit yang menghilangkan muatan statis pada pelat fotografi, pabrik <a href="/wiki/Tekstil" title="Tekstil">tekstil</a>, gulungan kertas, lembaran plastik, dan pada substrat (seperti otomotif) sebelum penerapan pelapisan.<a href="#cite_note-BoiceCohen2014-70">[70]</a> Partikel alfa yang dipancarkan oleh polonium mengionisasi molekul udara yang menetralkan muatan pada permukaan terdekat.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Beberapa sikat antistatis mengandung hingga 500 microcurie (20 MBq) 210Po sebagai sumber partikel bermuatan untuk menetralkan listrik statis.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Di A.S., perangkat dengan tidak lebih dari 500 μCi (19 MBq) 210Po per unit (yang disegel) dapat dibeli dalam jumlah berapa pun di bawah "lisensi umum",<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> yang berarti pembeli tidak perlu didaftarkan oleh otoritas mana pun. Polonium perlu diganti di perangkat tersebut hampir setiap tahun karena waktu paruhnya yang pendek; ia juga sangat radioaktif dan oleh karena itu sebagian besar telah digantikan oleh sumber <a href="/wiki/Peluruhan_beta" title="Peluruhan beta">partikel beta</a> yang lebih tidak berbahaya.<a href="#cite_note-anl-4">[4]</a> Sejumlah kecil 210Po kadang-kadang digunakan di laboratorium dan untuk tujuan pengajaran—biasanya sekitar 4–40 kBq (0,11–1,08 μCi), dalam bentuk sumber tersegel, dengan polonium diendapkan pada substrat atau dalam resin atau matriks polimer—sering dikecualikan dari lisensi oleh NRC dan otoritas serupa karena tidak dianggap berbahaya. Sejumlah kecil 210Po diproduksi untuk dijual ke publik di Amerika Serikat sebagai "sumber jarum" untuk eksperimen laboratorium, dan dijual eceran oleh perusahaan pemasok ilmiah. Polonium adalah lapisan pelapisan yang pada gilirannya dilapisi dengan bahan seperti emas, yang memungkinkan <a href="/wiki/Peluruhan_alfa" title="Peluruhan alfa">radiasi alfa</a> (digunakan dalam eksperimen seperti bilik awan) untuk lewat sambil mencegah pelepasan polonium dan menghadirkan bahaya beracun.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kutip_sumber_tulisan" title="Wikipedia:Kutip sumber tulisan">butuh rujukan</a>] <a href="/wiki/Busi" title="Busi">Busi</a> polonium dipasarkan oleh <a href="/wiki/Firestone_Tire_and_Rubber_Company" title="Firestone Tire and Rubber Company">Firestone</a> dari tahun 1940 hingga 1953. Walaupun jumlah radiasi dari busi sangat kecil dan bukan ancaman bagi konsumen, manfaat busi tersebut dengan cepat berkurang setelah sekitar satu bulan karena waktu paruh polonium yang pendek dan karena penumpukan pada konduktor akan memblokir radiasi yang meningkatkan kinerja mesin. (Alasan di balik busi polonium, serta steker <a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">radium</a> prototipe <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Matthew_Hubbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfred Matthew Hubbard (halaman belum tersedia)">Alfred Matthew Hubbard</a> yang mendahuluinya, adalah bahwa radiasi akan meningkatkan ionisasi bahan bakar di dalam silinder dan dengan demikian memungkinkan motor menyala lebih cepat dan efisien.)<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biologi_dan_toksisitas">Biologi dan toksisitas</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bagian: Biologi dan toksisitas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Biologi dan toksisitas">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Marie_Curie_c1920.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Marie_Curie_c1920.jpg/220px-Marie_Curie_c1920.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Marie_Curie_c1920.jpg/330px-Marie_Curie_c1920.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Marie_Curie_c1920.jpg/440px-Marie_Curie_c1920.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1460" data-file-height="1984" /></a><figcaption>Tokoh yang digambarkan: Marie Curie</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ikhtisar">Ikhtisar</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bagian: Ikhtisar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Ikhtisar">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Polonium dapat menjadi berbahaya dan tidak memiliki peran biologis.<a href="#cite_note-nbb-16">[16]</a> Secara massa, polonium-210 sekitar 250.000 kali lebih beracun daripada <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen_sianida" title="Hidrogen sianida">hidrogen sianida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Median_dosis_letal" title="Median dosis letal">LD50</a> untuk 210Po kurang dari 1 <a href="/wiki/Mikrogram" title="Mikrogram">mikrogram</a> untuk orang dewasa rata-rata (lihat di bawah) dibandingkan dengan sekitar 250 <a href="/wiki/Miligram" class="mw-redirect" title="Miligram">miligram</a> untuk hidrogen sianida<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a>). Bahaya utamanya adalah radioaktivitasnya yang intens (sebagai pemancar alfa), yang membuatnya sulit ditangani dengan aman. Bahkan dalam jumlah mikrogram, penanganan 210Po sangatlah berbahaya, membutuhkan peralatan khusus (sebuah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kotak_sarung_tangan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kotak sarung tangan (halaman belum tersedia)">kotak sarung tangan</a> bertekanan negatif yang dilengkapi dengan filter performa tinggi), pemantauan yang memadai, dan prosedur penanganan yang ketat untuk menghindari kontaminasi. Partikel alfa yang dipancarkan oleh polonium akan merusak jaringan organik dengan mudah jika polonium tertelan, terhirup, atau diserap, meskipun partikel alfa tidak dapat menembus <a href="/wiki/Kulit_ari" title="Kulit ari">epidermis</a> dan karenanya tidak berbahaya selama partikel alfa tetap berada di luar tubuh. Mengenakan sarung tangan yang tahan bahan kimia dan utuh adalah tindakan pencegahan wajib untuk menghindari <a href="/wiki/Difusi" title="Difusi">difusi</a> polonium transkutan langsung melalui <a href="/wiki/Kulit" title="Kulit">kulit</a>. Polonium yang diberikan dalam <a href="/wiki/Asam_nitrat" title="Asam nitrat">asam nitrat</a> pekat dapat dengan mudah berdifusi melalui sarung tangan yang tidak memadai (misalnya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarung_tangan_medis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarung tangan medis (halaman belum tersedia)">sarung tangan lateks</a>) atau asam itu dapat merusak sarung tangan.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Polonium tidak memiliki sifat kimia beracun.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Telah dilaporkan bahwa beberapa <a href="/wiki/Mikroorganisme" title="Mikroorganisme">mikroba</a> dapat <a href="/wiki/Metilasi" title="Metilasi">memetilasi</a> polonium dengan aksi <a href="/wiki/Metilkobalamin" title="Metilkobalamin">metilkobalamin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Ini mirip dengan cara <a href="/wiki/Raksa" title="Raksa">raksa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">selenium</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Telurium" title="Telurium">telurium</a> dimetilasi pada makhluk hidup untuk membuat senyawa <a href="/wiki/Kimia_organologam" title="Kimia organologam">organologam</a>. Studi menyelidiki metabolisme polonium-210 pada tikus telah menunjukkan bahwa hanya 0,002 sampai 0,009% dari polonium-210 yang tertelan diekskresikan sebagai polonium-210 volatil.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Efek_akut">Efek akut</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Sunting bagian: Efek akut" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium&action=edit&section=11" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Efek akut">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Median_dosis_letal" title="Median dosis letal">Median dosis letal</a> (LD50) untuk paparan radiasi akut adalah sekitar 4,5 <a href="/wiki/Sievert" title="Sievert">Sv</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pnl-83">[83]</a> Dosis efektif setara 210Po adalah 0,51 µSv/<a href="/wiki/Becquerel" title="Becquerel">Bq</a> jika tertelan, dan 2,5 µSv/Bq jika terhirup.<a href="#cite_note-nsds-84">[84]</a> Dosis fatal 4,5 Sv dapat disebabkan oleh menelan 88 MBq (2.400 μCi), sekitar 50 nanogram (ng), atau menghirup 18 MBq (490 μCi), sekitar 10 ng. Satu gram 210Po secara teori dapat meracuni 20 juta orang, di antaranya 10 juta akan mati. Toksisitas sebenarnya dari 210Po lebih rendah dari perkiraan ini karena paparan radiasi yang tersebar selama beberapa minggu (<a href="/wiki/Waktu_paruh_biologis" title="Waktu paruh biologis">waktu paruh biologis</a> polonium pada manusia adalah 30 hingga 50 hari<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a>) agak kurang merusak daripada dosis sesaat. Diperkirakan bahwa median dosis letal 210Po adalah 15 megabecquerel (0,41 mCi), atau 0,089 mikrogram (μg), jumlah yang masih sangat kecil.<a href="#cite_note-nuclearweaponsarchive-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Sebagai perbandingan, satu butir <a href="/wiki/Garam_dapur" title="Garam dapur">garam dapur</a> adalah sekitar 0,06 mg = 60 μg.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Efek_jangka_panjang_(kronis)">Efek jangka panjang (kronis)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Sunting bagian: Efek jangka panjang (kronis)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium&action=edit&section=12" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Efek jangka panjang (kronis)">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Selain efek akut, paparan radiasi (baik internal maupun eksternal) membawa risiko kematian jangka panjang akibat kanker sebesar 5–10% per Sv.<a href="#cite_note-pnl-83">[83]</a> Populasi umum terpapar polonium dalam jumlah kecil sebagai produk <a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">radon</a> di udara dalam ruangan; isotop 214Po dan 218Po diperkirakan menyebabkan mayoritas<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> dari perkiraan 15.000–22.000 kematian akibat kanker paru-paru di A.S. setiap tahunnya yang dikaitkan dengan radon dalam ruangan.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pengisapan_tembakau" title="Pengisapan tembakau">Merokok dengan tembakau</a> juga menyebabkan paparan tambahan polonium.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Batas_paparan_dan_penanganan_regulasi">Batas paparan dan penanganan regulasi</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Sunting bagian: Batas paparan dan penanganan regulasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium&action=edit&section=13" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Batas paparan dan penanganan regulasi">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Beban tubuh maksimum yang diperbolehkan untuk menelan 210Po hanyalah 11 kBq (300 nCi), yang setara dengan massa partikel yang hanya 6,8 pikogram. Konsentrasi maksimum yang diizinkan di tempat kerja dari 210Po di udara adalah sekitar 10 Bq/m3 (3×10−10 µCi/cm3).<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Organ target polonium pada manusia adalah <a href="/wiki/Limpa" title="Limpa">limpa</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Hati" title="Hati">liver</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Karena limpa (150 g) dan liver (1,3 hingga 3 kg) jauh lebih kecil daripada bagian tubuh lainnya, jika polonium terkonsentrasi di organ vital ini, itu merupakan ancaman yang lebih besar bagi kehidupan daripada dosis (rata-rata) yang akan diderita oleh seluruh tubuh jika disebarkan secara merata ke seluruh tubuh, dengan cara yang sama seperti <a href="/wiki/Sesium" title="Sesium">sesium</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Tritium" title="Tritium">tritium</a> (sebagai T2O).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kutip_sumber_tulisan" title="Wikipedia:Kutip sumber tulisan">butuh rujukan</a>] 210Po banyak digunakan dalam industri, dan tersedia dengan sedikit regulasi atau batasan.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kutip_sumber_tulisan" title="Wikipedia:Kutip sumber tulisan">butuh rujukan</a>]<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Di A.S., sistem pelacakan yang dijalankan oleh Komisi Pengaturan Nuklir diterapkan pada tahun 2007 untuk mencatat pembelian lebih dari 16 curie (590 GBq) polonium-210 (cukup untuk membuat 5.000 dosis letal). IAEA "dikatakan sedang mempertimbangkan peraturan yang lebih ketat ... Ada pembicaraan bahwa mungkin akan memperketat persyaratan pelaporan polonium dengan faktor 10, menjadi 16 curie (590 GBq)."<a href="#cite_note-Zimmerman-95">[95]</a> Pada 2013, ini masih satu-satunya bahan produk sampingan yang memancarkan alfa yang tersedia, sebagai Kuantitas Pengecualian NRC, yang dapat diadakan tanpa lisensi bahan radioaktif.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kutip_sumber_tulisan" title="Wikipedia:Kutip sumber tulisan">butuh rujukan</a>] Polonium dan senyawanya harus ditangani dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kotak_sarung_tangan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kotak sarung tangan (halaman belum tersedia)">kotak sarung tangan</a>, yang selanjutnya ditutup dalam kotak lain, dijaga pada tekanan yang sedikit lebih tinggi daripada kotak sarung tangan untuk mencegah kebocoran bahan radioaktif. Sarung tangan yang terbuat dari <a href="/wiki/Karet_alami" title="Karet alami">karet alam</a> tidak memberikan perlindungan yang memadai terhadap radiasi dari polonium; sarung tangan bedah diperlukan. Sarung tangan <a href="/wiki/Neoprena" title="Neoprena">neoprena</a> melindungi radiasi dari polonium lebih baik daripada karet alam.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kasus_keracunan">Kasus keracunan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Sunting bagian: Kasus keracunan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium&action=edit&section=14" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kasus keracunan">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Terlepas dari sifat polonium yang sangat berbahaya, keadaan di mana keracunan polonium dapat terjadi, jarang terjadi. Sifatnya yang sangat langka, waktu paruh semua isotopnya yang pendek, fasilitas dan peralatan khusus yang diperlukan untuk mendapatkan kuantitas yang signifikan, dan tindakan pencegahan keselamatan terhadap kecelakaan laboratorium, membuat peristiwa paparan yang berbahaya tidak mungkin terjadi. Dengan demikian, hanya segelintir kasus keracunan radiasi yang secara khusus disebabkan oleh paparan polonium telah dikonfirmasi.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kutip_sumber_tulisan" title="Wikipedia:Kutip sumber tulisan">butuh rujukan</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Abad_ke-20">Abad ke-20</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Sunting bagian: Abad ke-20" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium&action=edit&section=15" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Abad ke-20">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Menanggapi kekhawatiran tentang risiko paparan polonium di tempat kerja, jumlah 210Po diberikan kepada lima sukarelawan manusia di Universitas Rochester dari tahun 1944 hingga 1947, untuk mempelajari perilaku biologisnya. Studi-studi ini didanai oleh <a href="/wiki/Proyek_Manhattan" title="Proyek Manhattan">Proyek Manhattan</a> dan AEC. Empat pria dan seorang wanita berpartisipasi, semuanya menderita kanker stadium akhir, dan berusia antara awal tiga puluhan hingga awal empat puluhan; semuanya dipilih karena peneliti menginginkan subjek yang tidak terpapar polonium baik melalui pekerjaan atau kecelakaan.<a href="#cite_note-Rochester-97">[97]</a> 210Po disuntikkan ke empat pasien rawat inap, dan secara oral diberikan kepada pasien kelima. Tak satu pun dari dosis yang diberikan (semua mulai dari 0,17 hingga 0,30 μ<a href="/wiki/Curie_(satuan)" title="Curie (satuan)">Ci</a> kg−1) mendekati jumlah yang fatal.<a href="#cite_note-Rochester-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Kematian pertama yang terdokumentasi secara langsung akibat keracunan polonium terjadi di <a href="/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet">Uni Soviet</a>, pada 10 Juli 1954.<a href="#cite_note-Gasteva-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Seorang pria berusia 41 tahun yang tidak dikenal datang untuk perawatan medis pada tanggal 29 Juni, dengan muntah dan demam yang parah; hari sebelumnya, dia telah bekerja selama lima jam di area di mana, tanpa dia ketahui, sebuah kapsul berisi 210Po telah mengalami penurunan tekanan dan mulai menyebar dalam bentuk aerosol. Selama periode ini, total asupan 210Po di udara diperkirakan mencapai 0,11 GBq (hampir 25 kali perkiraan LD50 jika dihirup sebesar 4,5 MBq). Meski dirawat, kondisinya terus memburuk dan dia meninggal 13 hari setelah kejadian paparan.<a href="#cite_note-Gasteva-99">[99]</a> Juga dikemukakan bahwa kematian <a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Joliot-Curie" title="Irène Joliot-Curie">Irène Joliot-Curie</a> pada tahun 1956 akibat leukemia disebabkan oleh efek radiasi polonium. Dia secara tidak sengaja terekspos pada tahun 1946 ketika sebuah kapsul polonium yang tersegel meledak di bangku laboratoriumnya.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Selain itu, beberapa kematian di Israel selama 1957–1969 diduga berasal dari paparan 210Po.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Sebuah kebocoran ditemukan di laboratorium <a href="/wiki/Institut_Sains_Weizmann" title="Institut Sains Weizmann">Institut Weizmann</a> pada tahun 1957. Jejak 210Po ditemukan di tangan Profesor Dror Sadeh, fisikawan yang meneliti bahan radioaktif. Tes medis menunjukkan tidak adanya bahaya, tetapi tes tersebut tidak termasuk sumsum tulang. Sadeh, salah satu muridnya, dan dua rekannya meninggal karena berbagai penyakit <a href="/wiki/Kanker" title="Kanker">kanker</a> selama beberapa tahun berikutnya. Masalahnya diselidiki secara diam-diam, tetapi tidak pernah ada pengakuan resmi tentang hubungan antara kebocoran dan kematian.<a href="#cite_note-LA_Times_2007-01-01-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Abad_ke-21">Abad ke-21</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Sunting bagian: Abad ke-21" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium&action=edit&section=16" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Abad ke-21">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Informasi lebih lanjut: <a href="/wiki/Peracunan_Alexander_Litvinenko" title="Peracunan Alexander Litvinenko">Peracunan Alexander Litvinenko</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyebab_kematian_Yasser_Arafat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penyebab kematian Yasser Arafat (halaman belum tersedia)">Penyebab kematian Yasser Arafat</a></div> Penyebab kematian <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Litvinenko" title="Alexander Litvinenko">Alexander Litvinenko</a> di <a href="/wiki/Peracunan_Alexander_Litvinenko" title="Peracunan Alexander Litvinenko">tahun 2006</a>, mantan agen <a href="/wiki/Dinas_Keamanan_Federal" title="Dinas Keamanan Federal">FSB</a> Rusia yang membelot ke Britania Raya pada tahun 2001, diidentifikasi keracunan dengan dosis 210Po letal;<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbc-105">[105]</a> kemudian ditentukan bahwa 210Po mungkin sengaja diberikan kepadanya oleh dua mantan agen keamanan Rusia, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrey_Lugovoy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrey Lugovoy (halaman belum tersedia)">Andrey Lugovoy</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dmitry_Kovtun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dmitry Kovtun (halaman belum tersedia)">Dmitry Kovtun</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Dengan demikian, kematian Litvinenko adalah kejadian pertama (dan, sampai saat ini, satu-satunya) yang dikonfirmasi di mana toksisitas ekstrim polonium telah digunakan dengan niat jahat.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-PoAlJazeera-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Pada tahun 2011, muncul dugaan bahwa kematian pemimpin <a href="/wiki/Palestina" title="Palestina">Palestina</a> <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a>, yang meninggal pada tanggal 11 November 2004 tanpa sebab yang pasti, juga diakibatkan oleh keracunan polonium yang disengaja,<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> dan pada bulan Juli 2012, konsentrasi 210Po yang sangat tinggi terdeteksi dalam pakaian dan barang-barang pribadi Arafat oleh Institut de Radiophysique di Lausanne, Swiss.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-BartReuters-114">[114]</a> Namun, juru bicara Institut menekankan bahwa terlepas dari tes ini, laporan medis Arafat tidaklah konsisten dengan keracunan 210Po,<a href="#cite_note-BartReuters-114">[114]</a> dan jurnalis sains <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deborah_Blum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deborah Blum (halaman belum tersedia)">Deborah Blum</a> menyatakan bahwa asap tembakau mungkin lebih bertanggung jawab, karena Arafat dan banyak rekannya adalah perokok berat;<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> tes selanjutnya oleh tim Prancis dan Rusia menetapkan bahwa peningkatan kadar 210Po bukanlah hasil dari keracunan yang disengaja, dan tidak menyebabkan kematian Arafat.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Ada juga dugaan bahwa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_Tsepov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roman Tsepov (halaman belum tersedia)">Roman Tsepov</a> diracun dengan polonium. Dia memiliki gejala yang mirip dengan Aleksander Litvinenko.<a href="#cite_note-timesonline-118">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pengobatan">Pengobatan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Sunting bagian: Pengobatan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium&action=edit&section=17" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pengobatan">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Telah dikemukakan bahwa <a href="/wiki/Terapi_khelasi" title="Terapi khelasi">agen pengelat</a>, seperti British Anti-Lewisite (<a href="/wiki/Dimerkaprol" title="Dimerkaprol">dimerkaprol</a>), dapat digunakan untuk mendekontaminasi manusia.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Dalam satu percobaan, tikus diberi dosis fatal 1,45 MBq/kg (8,7 ng/kg) 210Po; semua tikus yang tidak diobati mati setelah 44 hari, tetapi 90% tikus yang diobati dengan agen pengelat HOEtTTC tetap hidup selama 5 bulan.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deteksi_dalam_spesimen_biologis">Deteksi dalam spesimen biologis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Sunting bagian: Deteksi dalam spesimen biologis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium&action=edit&section=18" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Deteksi dalam spesimen biologis">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Polonium-210 dapat dihitung dalam spesimen biologis dengan spektrometri partikel alfa untuk mengonfirmasi diagnosis keracunan pada pasien rawat inap atau untuk memberikan bukti dalam investigasi kematian medikolegal. Ekskresi urin polonium-210 dasar pada orang sehat karena paparan rutin terhadap sumber lingkungan biasanya berkisar antara 5–15 mBq/hari. Tingkat yang melebihi 30 mBq/hari menunjukkan paparan radionuklida yang berlebihan.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Keterjadian_pada_manusia_dan_biosfer">Keterjadian pada manusia dan biosfer</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Sunting bagian: Keterjadian pada manusia dan biosfer" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium&action=edit&section=19" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Keterjadian pada manusia dan biosfer">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Polonium-210 tersebar luas di <a href="/wiki/Biosfer" title="Biosfer">biosfer</a>, termasuk di jaringan manusia, karena posisinya dalam <a href="/wiki/Deret_radioaktif#Deret_uranium_(atau_deret_radium)" title="Deret radioaktif">rantai peluruhan uranium-238</a>. <a href="/wiki/Uranium-238" title="Uranium-238">Uranium-238</a> alami di <a href="/wiki/Kerak_Bumi" title="Kerak Bumi">kerak Bumi</a> meluruh melalui serangkaian perantara radioaktif padat termasuk <a href="/wiki/Radium-226" class="mw-redirect" title="Radium-226">radium-226</a> hingga gas mulia radioaktif <a href="/wiki/Radon-222" title="Radon-222">radon-222</a>, beberapa di antaranya, selama waktu paruh 3,8 hari, berdifusi ke atmosfer. Di sana ia meluruh melalui beberapa tahap lagi menjadi polonium-210, yang sebagian besar, selama waktu paruh 138 hari, tersapu kembali ke permukaan Bumi, lalu memasuki biosfer, sebelum akhirnya meluruh menjadi <a href="/wiki/Isotop_timbal#Timbal-206" title="Isotop timbal">timbal-206</a> yang stabil.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Pada awal tahun 1920-an, ahli biologi Prancis <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antoine_Lacassagne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antoine Lacassagne (halaman belum tersedia)">Antoine Lacassagne</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lacassagne" class="extiw" title="fr:Antoine Lacassagne">fr</a>], dengan menggunakan polonium yang disediakan oleh rekannya <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a>, menunjukkan bahwa unsur tersebut memiliki pola serapan tertentu pada jaringan kelinci, dengan konsentrasi tinggi, terutama di <a href="/wiki/Hati" title="Hati">hati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ginjal" title="Ginjal">ginjal</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Testis" title="Testis">testis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Bukti yang lebih baru menunjukkan bahwa perilaku ini dihasilkan dari polonium yang menggantikan kongenernya belerang, juga dalam golongan 16 dari tabel periodik, dalam asam amino yang mengandung belerang atau molekul terkait<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> dan bahwa pola distribusi yang serupa terjadi pada jaringan manusia.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Polonium memang merupakan unsur yang secara alami ada pada semua manusia, berkontribusi cukup besar terhadap dosis latar alami, dengan variasi geografis dan budaya yang luas, dan tingkat yang sangat tinggi pada penduduk Arktik, misalnya.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tembakau">Tembakau</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Sunting bagian: Tembakau" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium&action=edit&section=20" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Tembakau">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Polonium-210" title="Polonium-210">Polonium-210</a> dalam tembakau berkontribusi pada banyak kasus <a href="/wiki/Kanker_paru-paru" title="Kanker paru-paru">kanker paru-paru</a> di seluruh dunia. Sebagian besar polonium ini berasal dari <a href="/wiki/Isotop_timbal" title="Isotop timbal">timbal-210</a> yang tersimpan di daun tembakau dari atmosfer; timbal-210 adalah produk gas <a href="/wiki/Radon-222" title="Radon-222">radon-222</a>, yang sebagian besar tampaknya berasal dari peluruhan <a href="/wiki/Radium-226" class="mw-redirect" title="Radium-226">radium-226</a> dari pupuk yang diberikan pada tanah tembakau.<a href="#cite_note-Muggli08-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Martell1974-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-Martell1975-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> Kehadiran polonium dalam asap tembakau telah diketahui sejak awal 1960-an.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Beberapa perusahaan tembakau terbesar di dunia meneliti cara untuk menghilangkan zat tersebut—tanpa hasil—selama periode 40 tahun. Hasilnya tidak pernah dipublikasikan.<a href="#cite_note-Muggli08-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Makanan">Makanan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Sunting bagian: Makanan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium&action=edit&section=21" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Makanan">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Polonium ditemukan dalam rantai makanan, terutama dalam makanan laut.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_pula">Lihat pula</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat pula" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium&action=edit&section=22" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Lihat pula">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Halo_pleokrois&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Halo pleokrois (halaman belum tersedia)">Halo polonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peracunan_Alexander_Litvinenko" title="Peracunan Alexander Litvinenko">Peracunan Alexander Litvinenko</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium&action=edit&section=23" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> (Indonesia) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/polonium">"Polonium"</a>. 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American Journal of Public Health. 98 (9): 1643–50. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2105%2FAJPH.2007.130963">10.2105/AJPH.2007.130963</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2509609">2509609</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18633078">18633078</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Public+Health&rft.atitle=Waking+a+Sleeping+Giant%3A+The+Tobacco+Industry%27s+Response+to+the+Polonium-210+Issue&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1643-50&rft.date=2008&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2509609&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18633078&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2105%2FAJPH.2007.130963&rft.aulast=Monique&rft.aufirst=E.+Muggli&rft.au=Ebbert%2C+Jon+O.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+Channing&rft.au=Hurt%2C+Richard+D.&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2509609&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APolonium" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Adloff, J. P.; MacCordick, H. J. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nucleonica.com/wiki/Articles/Article03/Article3.htm">"The Dawn of Radiochemistry"</a>. Radiochimica Acta. 70/71: 13–22. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1524%2Fract.1995.7071.special-issue.13">10.1524/ract.1995.7071.special-issue.13</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radiochimica+Acta&rft.atitle=The+Dawn+of+Radiochemistry&rft.volume=70%2F71&rft.pages=13-22&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1524%2Fract.1995.7071.special-issue.13&rft.au=Adloff%2C+J.+P.&rft.au=MacCordick%2C+H.+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nucleonica.com%2Fwiki%2FArticles%2FArticle03%2FArticle3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APolonium" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|name-list-style=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>), reprinted in <cite class="citation book">Adloff, J. P. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=whGiCQywLi8C&pg=PA17">One hundred years after the discovery of radioactivity</a>. hlm. 17. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-3-486-64252-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-3-486-64252-0">978-3-486-64252-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+hundred+years+after+the+discovery+of+radioactivity&rft.pages=17&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-3-486-64252-0&rft.aulast=Adloff&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwhGiCQywLi8C%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APolonium" class="Z3988"> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pranala_mati" title="Wikipedia:Pranala mati">pranala nonaktif permanen</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-g249-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-g249_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-g249_55-1">b</a> <a href="#Greenwood">Greenwood</a>, hlm. 249 </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Schulz, Wallace W.; Schiefelbein, Gary F.; Bruns, Lester E. (1969). "Pyrochemical Extraction of Polonium from Irradiated Bismuth Metal". Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev. 8 (4): 508–515. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fi260032a013">10.1021/i260032a013</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ind.+Eng.+Chem.+Process+Des.+Dev.&rft.atitle=Pyrochemical+Extraction+of+Polonium+from+Irradiated+Bismuth+Metal&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=508-515&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fi260032a013&rft.aulast=Schulz&rft.aufirst=Wallace+W.&rft.au=Schiefelbein%2C+Gary+F.&rft.au=Bruns%2C+Lester+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APolonium" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/News/2006/November/27110601.asp">"Q&A: Polonium-210"</a>. RSC Chemistry World. 27 November 2006. Diakses tanggal 11 Maret 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Q%26A%3A+Polonium-210&rft.pub=RSC+Chemistry+World&rft.date=2006-11-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rsc.org%2Fchemistryworld%2FNews%2F2006%2FNovember%2F27110601.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APolonium" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themoscowtimes.com/archive/most-polonium-made-near-the-volga-river">"Most Polonium Made Near the Volga River"</a>. The Moscow Times – News. 11 Januari 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Most+Polonium+Made+Near+the+Volga+River&rft.pub=The+Moscow+Times+%E2%80%93+News&rft.date=2007-01-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.themoscowtimes.com%2Farchive%2Fmost-polonium-made-near-the-volga-river&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APolonium" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Usanov, V. I.; Pankratov, D. V.; Popov, É. P.; Markelov, P. I.; Ryabaya, L. D.; Zabrodskaya, S. V. (1999). "Long-lived radionuclides of sodium, lead-bismuth, and lead coolants in fast-neutron reactors". Atomic Energy. 87 (3): 658–662. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02673579">10.1007/BF02673579</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Atomic+Energy&rft.atitle=Long-lived+radionuclides+of+sodium%2C+lead-bismuth%2C+and+lead+coolants+in+fast-neutron+reactors&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=658-662&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02673579&rft.aulast=Usanov&rft.aufirst=V.+I.&rft.au=Pankratov%2C+D.+V.&rft.au=Popov%2C+%C3%89.+P.&rft.au=Markelov%2C+P.+I.&rft.au=Ryabaya%2C+L.+D.&rft.au=Zabrodskaya%2C+S.+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APolonium" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Naumov, V. 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Arkiv för Fysik. 15 (1): 81–88. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Office_of_Scientific_and_Technical_Information&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Office of Scientific and Technical Information (halaman belum tersedia)">OSTI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=4238755">4238755</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arkiv+f%C3%B6r+Fysik&rft.atitle=Light+Polonium+Isotopes+from+Carbon+Ion+Bombardments+of+Platinum&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=81-88&rft.date=1959&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.osti.gov%2Fenergycitations%2Fproduct.biblio.jsp%3Fosti_id%3D4238755&rft.au=Atterling%2C+H.&rft.au=Forsling%2C+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APolonium" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-rus1-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rus1_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rus1_62-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070501055529/http://npc.sarov.ru/issues/sarovbook/section3p11.html">"Радиоизотопные источники тепла"</a>. 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Diakses tanggal 11 Maret 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnpc.sarov.ru%2Fissues%2Fsarovbook%2Fsection3p11.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APolonium" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) (dalam bahasa Rusia). npc.sarov.ru </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <a href="#Bagnall">Bagnall</a>, hlm. 225 </li> <li id="cite_note-g251-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-g251_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-g251_64-1">b</a> <a href="#Greenwood">Greenwood</a>, hlm. 251 </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Hanslmeier, Arnold (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=07TEK_w3A4AC&pg=PA183">The sun and space weather</a>. 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Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thermo.com/eThermo/CMA/PDFs/Articles/articlesFile_16929.pdf">versi asli</a> (PDF) tanggal 10 November 2013. Diakses tanggal 11 Maret 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Static+Control+for+Electronic+Balance+Systems&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thermo.com%2FeThermo%2FCMA%2FPDFs%2FArticles%2FarticlesFile_16929.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APolonium" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/1868414.stm">"BBC News : College breaches radioactive regulations"</a>. 12 Maret 2002. Diakses tanggal 11 Maret 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=BBC+News+%3A+College+breaches+radioactive+regulations&rft.date=2002-03-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fengland%2F1868414.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APolonium" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090926032436/http://www.amstat.com/solutions/staticmaster.html">"Staticmaster Ionizing Brushes"</a>. AMSTAT Industries. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amstat.com/solutions/staticmaster.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 26 September 2009. Diakses tanggal 11 Maret 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Staticmaster+Ionizing+Brushes&rft.pub=AMSTAT+Industries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amstat.com%2Fsolutions%2Fstaticmaster.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APolonium" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/cfr/part031/full-text.html">"General domestic licenses for byproduct material"</a>. Diakses tanggal 11 Maret 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=General+domestic+licenses+for+byproduct+material&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrc.gov%2Freading-rm%2Fdoc-collections%2Fcfr%2Fpart031%2Ffull-text.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APolonium" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orau.org/health-physics-museum/collection/consumer/miscellaneous/spark-plugs.html">"Radioactive spark plugs"</a>. Oak Ridge Associated Universities. 20 Januari 1999. 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Diakses tanggal 11 Maret 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Instrumentation+Center&rft.atitle=Polonium&rft.chron=3+februari+2017&rft.aulast=Pittman&rft.aufirst=Cassandra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.utoledo.edu%2Fnsm%2Fic%2Felements%2Fpolonium.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APolonium" class="Z3988">  Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20020211054154/http://physchem.ox.ac.uk/MSDS/HY/hydrogen_cyanide.html">"Safety data for hydrogen cyanide"</a>. Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Lab, Oxford University. 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Prot. 27 (1): 17–40. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007JRP....27...17H">2007JRP....27...17H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0952-4746%2F27%2F1%2F001">10.1088/0952-4746/27/1/001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17341802">17341802</a>. <q>Kesimpulan yang dicapai adalah bahwa 0,1–0,3 GBq atau lebih yang terserap ke dalam darah pria dewasa cenderung berakibat fatal dalam waktu 1 bulan. Ini sesuai dengan konsumsi 1–3 GBq atau lebih, dengan asumsi penyerapan sebesar 10% ke darah</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Radiol.+Prot.&rft.atitle=Polonium-210+as+a+poison&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=17-40&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17341802&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0952-4746%2F27%2F1%2F001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007JRP....27...17H&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Leggett%2C+Rich&rft.au=Lloyd%2C+David&rft.au=Phipps%2C+Alan&rft.au=Scott%2C+Bobby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APolonium" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Yasar Safkan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physlink.com/Education/AskExperts/ae342.cfm">"Approximately how many atoms are in a grain of salt?"</a>. PhysLink.com: Physics & Astronomy.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PhysLink.com%3A+Physics+%26+Astronomy&rft.atitle=Approximately+how+many+atoms+are+in+a+grain+of+salt%3F&rft.au=Yasar+Safkan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.physlink.com%2FEducation%2FAskExperts%2Fae342.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APolonium" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Health Risks of Radon and Other Internally Deposited Alpha-Emitters: BEIR IV. National Academy Press. 1988. hlm. 5. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-309-03789-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-309-03789-1">978-0-309-03789-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Health+Risks+of+Radon+and+Other+Internally+Deposited+Alpha-Emitters%3A+BEIR+IV&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=National+Academy+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-309-03789-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APolonium" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060919054314/http://newton.nap.edu/html/beir6/">Health Effects Of Exposure To Indoor Radon</a>. Washington: National Academy Press. 1999. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newton.nap.edu/html/beir6/">versi asli</a> tanggal 19 Juni 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Health+Effects+Of+Exposure+To+Indoor+Radon&rft.place=Washington&rft.pub=National+Academy+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewton.nap.edu%2Fhtml%2Fbeir6%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APolonium" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.straightdope.com/21343841/does-smoking-organically-grown-tobacco-lower-the-chance-of-lung-cancer">"The Straight Dope: Does smoking organically grown tobacco lower the chance of lung cancer?"</a>. 28 September 2007. Diakses tanggal 11 Maret 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Straight+Dope%3A+Does+smoking+organically+grown+tobacco+lower+the+chance+of+lung+cancer%3F&rft.date=2007-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.straightdope.com%2F21343841%2Fdoes-smoking-organically-grown-tobacco-lower-the-chance-of-lung-cancer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APolonium" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/cfr/part020/appb/Polonium-210.html">"Nuclear Regulatory Commission limits for 210Po"</a>. U.S. NRC. 12 Desember 2008. Diakses tanggal 11 Maret 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nuclear+Regulatory+Commission+limits+for+%3Csup%3E210%3C%2Fsup%3EPo&rft.pub=U.S.+NRC&rft.date=2008-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrc.gov%2Freading-rm%2Fdoc-collections%2Fcfr%2Fpart020%2Fappb%2FPolonium-210.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APolonium" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090105192000/http://www.pilgrimwatch.org/health1.html">"PilgrimWatch – Pilgrim Nuclear – Health Impact"</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pilgrimwatch.org/health1.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 5 Januari 2009. Diakses tanggal 11 Maret 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PilgrimWatch+%E2%80%93+Pilgrim+Nuclear+%E2%80%93+Health+Impact&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pilgrimwatch.org%2Fhealth1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APolonium" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Bastian, R.K.; Bachmaier, J.T.; Schmidt, D.W.; Salomon, S.N.; Jones, A.; Chiu, W.A.; Setlow, L.W.; Wolbarst, A.W.; Yu, C. (1 Januari 2004). "Radioactive Materials in Biosolids: National Survey, Dose Modeling & POTW Guidance". Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation. 2004 (1): 777–803. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2175%2F193864704784343063">10.2175/193864704784343063</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1938-6478">1938-6478</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Water+Environment+Federation&rft.atitle=Radioactive+Materials+in+Biosolids%3A+National+Survey%2C+Dose+Modeling+%26+POTW+Guidance&rft.volume=2004&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=777-803&rft.date=2004-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2175%2F193864704784343063&rft.issn=1938-6478&rft.aulast=Bastian&rft.aufirst=R.K.&rft.au=Bachmaier%2C+J.T.&rft.au=Schmidt%2C+D.W.&rft.au=Salomon%2C+S.N.&rft.au=Jones%2C+A.&rft.au=Chiu%2C+W.A.&rft.au=Setlow%2C+L.W.&rft.au=Wolbarst%2C+A.W.&rft.au=Yu%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APolonium" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Zimmerman-95"><a href="#cite_ref-Zimmerman_95-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news">Zimmerman, Peter D. (19 Desember 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/19/opinion/19zimmerman.html">"The Smoky Bomb Threat"</a>. The New York Times. Diakses tanggal 11 Maret 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Smoky+Bomb+Threat&rft.date=2006-12-19&rft.aulast=Zimmerman&rft.aufirst=Peter+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F12%2F19%2Fopinion%2F19zimmerman.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APolonium" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <a href="#Bagnall">Bagnall</a>, hlm. 204 </li> <li id="cite_note-Rochester-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rochester_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rochester_97-1">b</a> <cite class="citation journal">Moss, William; Eckhardt, Roger (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/pubs/00326640.pdf">"The human plutonium injection experiments"</a> (PDF). Los Alamos Science. 23: 177–233.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Alamos+Science&rft.atitle=The+human+plutonium+injection+experiments&rft.volume=23&rft.pages=177-233&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Moss&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Eckhardt%2C+Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Fsgp%2Fothergov%2Fdoe%2Flanl%2Fpubs%2F00326640.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APolonium" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Fink, Robert (1950). Biological studies with polonium, radium, and plutonium. National Nuclear Energy Series (dalam bahasa Rusia). VI–3. McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/5-86656-114-X" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/5-86656-114-X">5-86656-114-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biological+studies+with+polonium%2C+radium%2C+and+plutonium&rft.series=National+Nuclear+Energy+Series&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1950&rft.isbn=5-86656-114-X&rft.aulast=Fink&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APolonium" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Gasteva-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gasteva_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gasteva_99-1">b</a> <cite class="citation book">Gasteva, G. N. (2001). "Ostraja lučevaja boleznʹ ot postuplenija v organizm polonija" [Penyakit radiasi akut dengan menelan polonium ke dalam tubuh]. Dalam Ilʹin, L. A. Radiacionnaja medicina: rukovodstvo dlja vračej-issledovatelej i organizatorov zdravooxranenija, Tom 2 (Radiacionnye poraženija čeloveka) [Pengobatan radiasi: panduan untuk peneliti medis dan manajer layanan kesehatan, Volume 2 (Kerusakan radiasi pada manusia)] (dalam bahasa Rusia). IzdAT. hlm. 99–107. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/5-86656-114-X" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/5-86656-114-X">5-86656-114-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ostraja+lu%C4%8Devaja+bolezn%CA%B9+ot+postuplenija+v+organizm+polonija&rft.btitle=Radiacionnaja+medicina%3A+rukovodstvo+dlja+vra%C4%8Dej-issledovatelej+i+organizatorov+zdravooxranenija%2C+Tom+2+%28Radiacionnye+pora%C5%BEenija+%C4%8Deloveka%29&rft.pages=99-107&rft.pub=IzdAT&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=5-86656-114-X&rft.aulast=Gasteva&rft.aufirst=G.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APolonium" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Harrison, John; Leggett, Rich; Lloyd, David; Phipps, Alan; Scott, Bobby (2 March 2007). "Polonium-210 as a poison". Journal of Radiological Protection. 27 (1): 17–40. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007JRP....27...17H">2007JRP....27...17H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0952-4746%2F27%2F1%2F001">10.1088/0952-4746/27/1/001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17341802">17341802</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Radiological+Protection&rft.atitle=Polonium-210+as+a+poison&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=17-40&rft.date=2007-03-02&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17341802&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0952-4746%2F27%2F1%2F001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007JRP....27...17H&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Leggett%2C+Rich&rft.au=Lloyd%2C+David&rft.au=Phipps%2C+Alan&rft.au=Scott%2C+Bobby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APolonium" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <cite class="citation news">Manier, Jeremy (4 Desember 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090106013604/http://www.news.com.au/dailytelegraph/story/0,22049,20863878-5001031,00.html">"Innocent chemical a killer"</a>. The Daily Telegraph (Australia). Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news.com.au/dailytelegraph/story/0,22049,20863878-5001031,00.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 6 Januari 2009. Diakses tanggal 11 Maret 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Innocent+chemical+a+killer&rft.date=2006-12-04&rft.aulast=Manier&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.com.au%2Fdailytelegraph%2Fstory%2F0%2C22049%2C20863878-5001031%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APolonium" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Karpin, Michael (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bombinbasementho00karp">The bomb in the basement: How Israel went nuclear and what that means for the world</a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-7432-6594-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-7432-6594-2">978-0-7432-6594-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+bomb+in+the+basement%3A+How+Israel+went+nuclear+and+what+that+means+for+the+world&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-6594-2&rft.aulast=Karpin&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbombinbasementho00karp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APolonium" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-LA_Times_2007-01-01-103"><a href="#cite_ref-LA_Times_2007-01-01_103-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news">Maugh, Thomas; Karen Kaplan (1 Januari 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.latimes.com/2007/jan/01/science/sci-polonium1">"A restless killer radiates intrigue"</a>. Los Angeles Times. Diakses tanggal 11 Maret 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=A+restless+killer+radiates+intrigue&rft.date=2007-01-01&rft.aulast=Maugh&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Karen+Kaplan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.latimes.com%2F2007%2Fjan%2F01%2Fscience%2Fsci-polonium1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APolonium" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <cite class="citation news">Geoghegan, Tom (24 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6180432.stm">"The mystery of Litvinenko's death"</a>. BBC News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=The+mystery+of+Litvinenko%27s+death&rft.date=2006-11-24&rft.aulast=Geoghegan&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fuk%2F6180432.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APolonium" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-105"><a href="#cite_ref-bbc_105-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6698545.stm">"UK requests Lugovoi extradition"</a>. BBC News. 28 Mei 2007. Diakses tanggal 11 Maret 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=UK+requests+Lugovoi+extradition&rft.date=2007-05-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fuk%2F6698545.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APolonium" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.litvinenkoinquiry.org/report">"Report"</a>. The Litvinenko Inquiry. Diakses tanggal 11 Maret 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report&rft.pub=The+Litvinenko+Inquiry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.litvinenkoinquiry.org%2Freport&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APolonium" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <cite class="citation news">Addley, Esther; Harding, Luke (21 Januari 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/21/alexander-litvinenko-was-probably-murdered-on-personal-orders-of-putin">"Litvinenko 'probably murdered on personal orders of Putin'"</a>. The Guardian. Diakses tanggal 11 Maret 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Litvinenko+%27probably+murdered+on+personal+orders+of+Putin%27&rft.date=2016-01-21&rft.aulast=Addley&rft.aufirst=Esther&rft.au=Harding%2C+Luke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2016%2Fjan%2F21%2Falexander-litvinenko-was-probably-murdered-on-personal-orders-of-putin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APolonium" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <cite class="citation news">Boggan, Steve (5 Juni 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/jun/05/russia.science">"Who else was poisoned by polonium?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Diakses tanggal 11 Maret 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Who+else+was+poisoned+by+polonium%3F&rft.date=2007-06-05&rft.aulast=Boggan&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2007%2Fjun%2F05%2Frussia.science&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APolonium" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-PoAlJazeera-109"><a href="#cite_ref-PoAlJazeera_109-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news">Poort, David (6 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2013/11/6/polonium-a-silent-killer">"Polonium: a silent killer"</a>. Al Jazeera News. Diakses tanggal 11 Maret 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera+News&rft.atitle=Polonium%3A+a+silent+killer&rft.date=2013-11-06&rft.aulast=Poort&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2013%2F11%2F6%2Fpolonium-a-silent-killer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APolonium" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Froidevaux, Pascal; Bochud, François; Baechler, Sébastien; Castella, Vincent; Augsburger, Marc; Bailat, Claude; Michaud, Katarzyna; Straub, Marietta; Pecchia, Marco; Jenk, Theo M.; Uldin, Tanya; Mangin, Patrice (Februari 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0379073815004119">"²¹⁰Po poisoning as possible cause of death: forensic investigations and toxicological analysis of the remains of Yasser Arafat"</a>. Forensic Science International. 259: 1–9. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.forsciint.2015.09.019">10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.09.019</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26707208">26707208</a>. Diakses tanggal 11 Maret 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forensic+Science+International&rft.atitle=%C2%B2%C2%B9%E2%81%B0Po+poisoning+as+possible+cause+of+death%3A+forensic+investigations+and+toxicological+analysis+of+the+remains+of+Yasser+Arafat&rft.volume=259&rft.pages=1-9&rft.date=2016-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.forsciint.2015.09.019&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26707208&rft.aulast=Froidevaux&rft.aufirst=Pascal&rft.au=Bochud%2C+Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.au=Baechler%2C+S%C3%A9bastien&rft.au=Castella%2C+Vincent&rft.au=Augsburger%2C+Marc&rft.au=Bailat%2C+Claude&rft.au=Michaud%2C+Katarzyna&rft.au=Straub%2C+Marietta&rft.au=Pecchia%2C+Marco&rft.au=Jenk%2C+Theo+M.&rft.au=Uldin%2C+Tanya&rft.au=Mangin%2C+Patrice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0379073815004119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APolonium" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120704225411/http://www.aljazeera.net/news/pages/676ce5b7-f085-45d4-9c97-5c7a32864c06">"الأخبار - ضابط فلسطيني: خصوم عرفات قتلوه عربي"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera" title="Al Jazeera">Al Jazeera</a>. 17 Januari 2011. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.net/news/pages/676ce5b7-f085-45d4-9c97-5c7a32864c06">versi asli</a> tanggal 4 Juli 2012. Diakses tanggal 11 Maret 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1+-+%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B7+%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%3A+%D8%AE%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%85+%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%88%D9%87+%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A&rft.date=2011-01-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.net%2Fnews%2Fpages%2F676ce5b7-f085-45d4-9c97-5c7a32864c06&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APolonium" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <cite class="citation episode"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/H0om8ii5XVs">"George Galloway and Alex Goldfarb on Litvinenko inquiry"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Newsnight&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Newsnight (halaman belum tersedia)">Newsnight</a>. 21 Januari 2016. Berlangsung pada 1:53. <a href="/wiki/BBC_Television" title="BBC Television">BBC</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H0om8ii5XVs&t=113">versi asli</a> tanggal 30 Oktober 2021. Diakses tanggal 11 Maret 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Newsnight&rft.date=2016-01-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DH0om8ii5XVs%26t%3D113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APolonium" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Froidevaux, P.; Baechler, S. B.; Bailat, C. J.; Castella, V.; Augsburger, M.; Michaud, K.; Mangin, P.; Bochud, F. O. O. (2013). "Improving forensic investigation for polonium poisoning". The Lancet. 382 (9900): 1308. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2813%2961834-6">10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61834-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24120205">24120205</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&rft.atitle=Improving+forensic+investigation+for+polonium+poisoning&rft.volume=382&rft.issue=9900&rft.pages=1308&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2813%2961834-6&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24120205&rft.aulast=Froidevaux&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Baechler%2C+S.+B.&rft.au=Bailat%2C+C.+J.&rft.au=Castella%2C+V.&rft.au=Augsburger%2C+M.&rft.au=Michaud%2C+K.&rft.au=Mangin%2C+P.&rft.au=Bochud%2C+F.+O.+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APolonium" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-BartReuters-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BartReuters_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BartReuters_114-1">b</a> Bart, Katharina (3 Juli 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-palestinians-arafat-idUSBRE8621CL20120703">Swiss institute finds polonium in Arafat's effects</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151007125548/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/07/03/us-palestinians-arafat-idUSBRE8621CL20120703">Diarsipkan</a> 7 Oktober 2015 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.. Reuters. </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2012/12/yassar-arafat-and-the-radioactive-cigarette/">"Yasser Arafat and the radioactive cigarette"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wired.com&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wired.com (halaman belum tersedia)">Wired.com</a>. 12 Juni 2012. Diakses tanggal 11 Maret 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Yasser+Arafat+and+the+radioactive+cigarette&rft.date=2012-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2012%2F12%2Fyassar-arafat-and-the-radioactive-cigarette%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APolonium" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-116"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_116-0">^</a> Isachenkov, Vadim (27 Desember 2013) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131230234655/http://www.wtop.com/220/3531404/Russia-Arafats-death-not-caused-by-radiation">Russia: Arafat's death not caused by radiation</a>. Associated Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-palestinians-arafat-idUKBRE9B20DI20131203">"Arafat did not die of poisoning, French tests conclude"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. 3 Desember 2013. Diakses tanggal 11 Maret 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Arafat+did+not+die+of+poisoning%2C+French+tests+conclude&rft.date=2013-12-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-palestinians-arafat-idUKBRE9B20DI20131203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APolonium" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-timesonline-118"><a href="#cite_ref-timesonline_118-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/the-putin-bodyguard-riddle-687f9vcdmzf">"The Putin bodyguard riddle"</a>. The Sunday Times. 3 Desember 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sunday+Times&rft.atitle=The+Putin+bodyguard+riddle&rft.date=2006-12-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fthe-putin-bodyguard-riddle-687f9vcdmzf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APolonium" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidances/ucm071944.pdf">"Guidance for Industry. Internal Radioactive Contamination — Development of Decorporation Agents"</a> (PDF). US Food and Drug Administration. Diakses tanggal 11 Maret 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+Food+and+Drug+Administration&rft.atitle=Guidance+for+Industry.+Internal+Radioactive+Contamination+%E2%80%94+Development+of+Decorporation+Agents&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2Fdownloads%2FDrugs%2FGuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation%2FGuidances%2Fucm071944.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APolonium" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Rencováa J.; Svoboda V.; Holuša R.; Volf V.; et al. (1997). "Reduction of subacute lethal radiotoxicity of polonium-210 in rats by chelating agents". International Journal of Radiation Biology. 72 (3): 341–8. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F095530097143338">10.1080/095530097143338</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9298114">9298114</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Radiation+Biology&rft.atitle=Reduction+of+subacute+lethal+radiotoxicity+of+polonium-210+in+rats+by+chelating+agents&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=341-8&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F095530097143338&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9298114&rft.au=Rencov%C3%A1a+J.&rft.au=Svoboda+V.&rft.au=Holu%C5%A1a+R.&rft.au=Volf+V.&rft.au=Jones+M.+M.&rft.au=Singh+P.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APolonium" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Baselt, R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biomedicalpublications.com/dt10.pdf">Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130616021325/http://www.biomedicalpublications.com/dt10.pdf">Diarsipkan</a> 16 Juni 2013 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., edisi ke-10, Biomedical Publications, Seal Beach, CA. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Hill, C. R. (1960). "Lead-210 and Polonium-210 in Grass". Nature. 187 (4733): 211–212. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1960Natur.187..211H">1960Natur.187..211H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F187211a0">10.1038/187211a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13852349">13852349</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Lead-210+and+Polonium-210+in+Grass&rft.volume=187&rft.issue=4733&rft.pages=211-212&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13852349&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F187211a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1960Natur.187..211H&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=C.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APolonium" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Hill, C. 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Marine Biology. 52 (3): 227–236. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00398136">10.1007/BF00398136</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marine+Biology&rft.atitle=Polonium-210+and+lead-210+in+marine+food+chains&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=227-236&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00398136&rft.aulast=Heyraud&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Cherry%2C+R.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APolonium" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Lacassagne, A. & Lattes, J. 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Radiation Research. 126 (3): 379–382. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991RadR..126..379A">1991RadR..126..379A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3577929">10.2307/3577929</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/3577929">3577929</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2034794">2034794</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radiation+Research&rft.atitle=Binding+of+Polonium-210+to+Liver+Metallothionein&rft.volume=126&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=379-382&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3577929&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2034794&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3577929&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1991RadR..126..379A&rft.aulast=Vasken+Aposhian&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=Bruce%2C+D.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APolonium" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Hill, C. R. (1965). "Polonium-210 in man". Nature. 208 (5009): 423–8. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1965Natur.208..423H">1965Natur.208..423H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F208423a0">10.1038/208423a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5867584">5867584</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Polonium-210+in+man&rft.volume=208&rft.issue=5009&rft.pages=423-8&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F5867584&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F208423a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1965Natur.208..423H&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=C.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APolonium" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Hill, C. R. (1966). "Polonium-210 Content of Human Tissues in Relation to Dietary Habit". Science. 152 (3726): 1261–2. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1966Sci...152.1261H">1966Sci...152.1261H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.152.3726.1261">10.1126/science.152.3726.1261</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5949242">5949242</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Polonium-210+Content+of+Human+Tissues+in+Relation+to+Dietary+Habit&rft.volume=152&rft.issue=3726&rft.pages=1261-2&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F5949242&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.152.3726.1261&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1966Sci...152.1261H&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=C.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APolonium" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Martell1974-129"><a href="#cite_ref-Martell1974_129-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Martell, E. A. (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160701021251/http://www.popline.org/node/510048">"Radioactivity of tobacco trichomes and insoluble cigarette smoke particles"</a>. Nature. 249 (5454): 214–217. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1974Natur.249..215M">1974Natur.249..215M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F249215a0">10.1038/249215a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4833238">4833238</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.popline.org/node/510048">versi asli</a> tanggal 2016-07-01. Diakses tanggal 11 Maret 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Radioactivity+of+tobacco+trichomes+and+insoluble+cigarette+smoke+particles&rft.volume=249&rft.issue=5454&rft.pages=214-217&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4833238&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F249215a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1974Natur.249..215M&rft.aulast=Martell&rft.aufirst=E.+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.popline.org%2Fnode%2F510048&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APolonium" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Martell1975-130"><a href="#cite_ref-Martell1975_130-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Martell, E. A. (1975). "Tobacco Radioactivity and Cancer in Smokers: Alpha interactions with chromosomes of cells surrounding insoluble radioactive smoke particles may cause cancer and contribute to early atherosclerosis development in cigarette smokers". American Scientist. 63 (4): 404–412. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1975AmSci..63..404M">1975AmSci..63..404M</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/27845575">27845575</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1137236">1137236</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Scientist&rft.atitle=Tobacco+Radioactivity+and+Cancer+in+Smokers%3A+Alpha+interactions+with+chromosomes+of+cells+surrounding+insoluble+radioactive+smoke+particles+may+cause+cancer+and+contribute+to+early+atherosclerosis+development+in+cigarette+smokers&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=404-412&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1137236&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27845575&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1975AmSci..63..404M&rft.aulast=Martell&rft.aufirst=E.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APolonium" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Tidd, M. J. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2270238">"The big idea: polonium, radon and cigarettes"</a>. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 101 (3): 156–7. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1258%2Fjrsm.2007.070021">10.1258/jrsm.2007.070021</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2270238">2270238</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18344474">18344474</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Society+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=The+big+idea%3A+polonium%2C+radon+and+cigarettes&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=156-7&rft.date=2008&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2270238&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18344474&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1258%2Fjrsm.2007.070021&rft.aulast=Tidd&rft.aufirst=M.+J.&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2270238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APolonium" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> Birnbauer, William (7 September 2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theage.com.au/national/big-tobacco-covered-up-radiation-danger-20080906-4b54.html?page=-1">"Big Tobacco covered up radiation danger"</a>. The Age, Melbourne, Australia </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Radford EP Jr; Hunt VR (1964). "Polonium 210: a volatile radioelement in cigarettes". Science. 143 (3603): 247–9. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1964Sci...143..247R">1964Sci...143..247R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.143.3603.247">10.1126/science.143.3603.247</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14078362">14078362</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Polonium+210%3A+a+volatile+radioelement+in+cigarettes&rft.volume=143&rft.issue=3603&rft.pages=247-9&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14078362&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.143.3603.247&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1964Sci...143..247R&rft.au=Radford+EP+Jr&rft.au=Hunt+VR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APolonium" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Kelley TF (1965). "Polonium 210 content of mainstream cigarette smoke". Science. 149 (3683): 537–538. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1965Sci...149..537K">1965Sci...149..537K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.149.3683.537">10.1126/science.149.3683.537</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14325152">14325152</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Polonium+210+content+of+mainstream+cigarette+smoke&rft.volume=149&rft.issue=3683&rft.pages=537-538&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14325152&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.149.3683.537&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1965Sci...149..537K&rft.au=Kelley+TF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APolonium" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Ota, Tomoko; Sanada, Tetsuya; Kashiwara, Yoko; Morimoto, Takao; et al. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110007226760">"Evaluation for Committed Effective Dose Due to Dietary Foods by the Intake for Japanese Adults"</a>. Japanese Journal of Health Physics. 44: 80–88. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5453%2Fjhps.44.80">10.5453/jhps.44.80</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japanese+Journal+of+Health+Physics&rft.atitle=Evaluation+for+Committed+Effective+Dose+Due+to+Dietary+Foods+by+the+Intake+for+Japanese+Adults&rft.volume=44&rft.pages=80-88&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5453%2Fjhps.44.80&rft.au=Ota%2C+Tomoko&rft.au=Sanada%2C+Tetsuya&rft.au=Kashiwara%2C+Yoko&rft.au=Morimoto%2C+Takao&rft.au=Sato%2C+Kaneaki&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fci.nii.ac.jp%2Fnaid%2F110007226760&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APolonium" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|name-list-style=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Smith-Briggs, JL; Bradley, EJ (1984). "Measurement of natural radionuclides in U.K. diet". Science of the Total Environment. 35 (3): 431–40. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984ScTEn..35..431S">1984ScTEn..35..431S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0048-9697%2884%2990015-9">10.1016/0048-9697(84)90015-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6729447">6729447</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+of+the+Total+Environment&rft.atitle=Measurement+of+natural+radionuclides+in+U.K.+diet&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=431-40&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6729447&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0048-9697%2884%2990015-9&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1984ScTEn..35..431S&rft.au=Smith-Briggs%2C+JL&rft.au=Bradley%2C+EJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APolonium" class="Z3988">  </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografi">Bibliografi</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Sunting bagian: Bibliografi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium&action=edit&section=24" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Bibliografi">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <ul><li><cite id="Bagnall" class="citation book">Bagnall, K. W. (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8qePsa3V8GQC&pg=PA212">"The Chemistry of Polonium"</a>. Advances in Inorganic Chemistry and Radiochemistry. 4. New York: <a href="/wiki/Academic_Press" title="Academic Press">Academic Press</a>. hlm. 197–226. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0065-2792%2808%2960268-X">10.1016/S0065-2792(08)60268-X</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-12-023604-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-12-023604-6">978-0-12-023604-6</a>. Diakses tanggal 11 Maret 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Chemistry+of+Polonium&rft.btitle=Advances+in+Inorganic+Chemistry+and+Radiochemistry&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=197-226&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0065-2792%2808%2960268-X&rft.isbn=978-0-12-023604-6&rft.aulast=Bagnall&rft.aufirst=K.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8qePsa3V8GQC%26pg%3DPA212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APolonium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="Greenwood" class="citation book">Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (edisi ke-2). Butterworth–Heinemann. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0080379418" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0080379418">978-0080379418</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Butterworth%E2%80%93Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0080379418&rft.au=Greenwood%2C+Norman+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APolonium" class="Z3988"> </li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pranala_luar">Pranala luar</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Sunting bagian: Pranala luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium&action=edit&section=25" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pranala luar">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23035139">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782729">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Polonium" class="extiw" title="commons:Polonium">Polonium</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23035139"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782729"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/37px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="37" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/55px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/73px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1089" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Lihat entri <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Polonium" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Polonium">Polonium</a> di kamus bebas Wiktionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>(Inggris) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/084.htm">Polonium</a> di <a href="/wiki/The_Periodic_Table_of_Videos" title="The Periodic Table of Videos">The Periodic Table of Videos</a> (Universitas Nottingham)</li></ul> <table class="navbox collapsible uncollapsed" cellpadding="0" style="table-layout:fixed; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="33" style="padding:0 1em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-collapse navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Tabel_periodik_unsur_kimia" title="Templat:Tabel periodik unsur kimia"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan_Templat:Tabel_periodik_unsur_kimia" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Tabel periodik unsur kimia"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Tabel_periodik_unsur_kimia&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div class="navbar-ct-mini"><a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik" title="Tabel periodik">Tabel periodik</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik_(sel_besar)" title="Tabel periodik (sel besar)">(besar)</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="line-height:100%;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali" title="Logam alkali">1</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali_tanah" title="Logam alkali tanah">2</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_3" title="Unsur golongan 3">3</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_4" title="Unsur golongan 4">4</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_5" title="Unsur golongan 5">5</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_6" title="Unsur golongan 6">6</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_7" title="Unsur golongan 7">7</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_8" title="Unsur golongan 8">8</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_9" title="Unsur golongan 9">9</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_10" title="Unsur golongan 10">10</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_11" title="Unsur golongan 11">11</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_12" title="Unsur golongan 12">12</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Golongan_boron" title="Golongan boron">13</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Golongan_karbon" title="Golongan karbon">14</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pniktogen" title="Pniktogen">15</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalkogen" title="Kalkogen">16</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gas_mulia" title="Gas mulia">18</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_1" title="Unsur periode 1">1</a> </td> <td title="Hidrogen, 1 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">H</a> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="Helium, 2 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_2" title="Unsur periode 2">2</a> </td> <td title="Litium, 3 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Litium" title="Litium">Li</a> </td> <td title="Berilium, 4 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berilium" title="Berilium">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Boron, 5 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> </td> <td title="Karbon, 6 (polyatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">C</a> </td> <td title="Nitrogen, 7 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> </td> <td title="Oksigen, 8 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen">O</a> </td> <td title="Fluorin, 9 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorin" title="Fluorin">F</a> </td> <td title="Neon, 10 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_3" title="Unsur periode 3">3</a> </td> <td title="Natrium, 11 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium">Na</a> </td> <td title="Magnesium, 12 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Aluminium, 13 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td title="Silikon, 14 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silikon" title="Silikon">Si</a> </td> <td title="Fosforus, 15 (polyatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fosforus" title="Fosforus">P</a> </td> <td title="Belerang, 16 (polyatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Belerang" title="Belerang">S</a> </td> <td title="Klorin, 17 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Klorin" title="Klorin">Cl</a> </td> <td title="Argon, 18 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_4" title="Unsur periode 4">4</a> </td> <td title="Kalium, 19 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kalium" title="Kalium">K</a> </td> <td title="Kalsium, 20 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kalsium" title="Kalsium">Ca</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Skandium, 21 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Skandium" title="Skandium">Sc</a> </td> <td title="Titanium, 22 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td title="Vanadium, 23 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td title="Kromium, 24 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kromium" title="Kromium">Cr</a> </td> <td title="Mangan, 25 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan">Mn</a> </td> <td title="Besi, 26 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi">Fe</a> </td> <td title="Kobalt, 27 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kobalt" title="Kobalt">Co</a> </td> <td title="Nikel, 28 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel">Ni</a> </td> <td title="Tembaga, 29 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tembaga" title="Tembaga">Cu</a> </td> <td title="Seng, 30 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seng" title="Seng">Zn</a> </td> <td title="Galium, 31 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Galium" title="Galium">Ga</a> </td> <td title="Germanium, 32 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td title="Arsen, 33 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen">As</a> </td> <td title="Selenium, 34 (polyatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td> <td title="Bromin, 35 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bromin" title="Bromin">Br</a> </td> <td title="Kripton, 36 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kripton" title="Kripton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_5" title="Unsur periode 5">5</a> </td> <td title="Rubidium, 37 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td title="Stronsium, 38 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Stronsium" title="Stronsium">Sr</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Itrium, 39 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Itrium" title="Itrium">Y</a> </td> <td title="Zirkonium, 40 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zirkonium" title="Zirkonium">Zr</a> </td> <td title="Niobium, 41 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td title="Molibdenum, 42 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Molibdenum" title="Molibdenum">Mo</a> </td> <td title="Teknesium, 43 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Teknesium" title="Teknesium">Tc</a> </td> <td title="Rutenium, 44 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutenium" title="Rutenium">Ru</a> </td> <td title="Rodium, 45 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rodium" title="Rodium">Rh</a> </td> <td title="Paladium, 46 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Paladium" title="Paladium">Pd</a> </td> <td title="Perak, 47 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Ag</a> </td> <td title="Kadmium, 48 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kadmium" title="Kadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td title="Indium, 49 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td title="Timah, 50 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Timah" title="Timah">Sn</a> </td> <td title="Antimon, 51 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Antimon" title="Antimon">Sb</a> </td> <td title="Telurium, 52 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Telurium" title="Telurium">Te</a> </td> <td title="Iodin, 53 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iodin" title="Iodin">I</a> </td> <td title="Xenon, 54 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_6" title="Unsur periode 6">6</a> </td> <td title="Sesium, 55 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sesium" title="Sesium">Cs</a> </td> <td title="Barium, 56 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td title="Lantanum, 57 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lantanum" title="Lantanum">La</a> </td> <td title="Serium, 58 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Serium" title="Serium">Ce</a> </td> <td title="Praseodimium, 59 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodimium" title="Praseodimium">Pr</a> </td> <td title="Neodimium, 60 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neodimium" title="Neodimium">Nd</a> </td> <td title="Prometium, 61 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Prometium" title="Prometium">Pm</a> </td> <td title="Samarium, 62 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a> </td> <td title="Europium, 63 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a> </td> <td title="Gadolinium, 64 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a> </td> <td title="Terbium, 65 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a> </td> <td title="Disprosium, 66 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Disprosium" title="Disprosium">Dy</a> </td> <td title="Holmium, 67 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a> </td> <td title="Erbium, 68 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a> </td> <td title="Tulium, 69 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tulium" title="Tulium">Tm</a> </td> <td title="Iterbium, 70 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iterbium" title="Iterbium">Yb</a> </td> <td title="Lutesium, 71 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lutesium" title="Lutesium">Lu</a> </td> <td title="Hafnium, 72 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td title="Tantalum, 73 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> </td> <td title="Wolfram, 74 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram">W</a> </td> <td title="Renium, 75 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Renium" title="Renium">Re</a> </td> <td title="Osmium, 76 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td title="Iridium, 77 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> </td> <td title="Platina, 78 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Platina" title="Platina">Pt</a> </td> <td title="Emas, 79 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Emas" title="Emas">Au</a> </td> <td title="Raksa, 80 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Raksa" title="Raksa">Hg</a> </td> <td title="Talium, 81 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Talium" title="Talium">Tl</a> </td> <td title="Timbal, 82 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Timbal" title="Timbal">Pb</a> </td> <td title="Bismut, 83 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bismut" title="Bismut">Bi</a> </td> <td title="Polonium, 84 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:1px solid black; ;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Po</a> </td> <td title="Astatin, 85 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Astatin" title="Astatin">At</a> </td> <td title="Radon, 86 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_7" title="Unsur periode 7">7</a> </td> <td title="Fransium, 87 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fransium" title="Fransium">Fr</a> </td> <td title="Radium, 88 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> </td> <td title="Aktinium, 89 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aktinium" title="Aktinium">Ac</a> </td> <td title="Torium, 90 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Torium" title="Torium">Th</a> </td> <td title="Protaktinium, 91 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Protaktinium" title="Protaktinium">Pa</a> </td> <td title="Uranium, 92 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a> </td> <td title="Neptunium, 93 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a> </td> <td title="Plutonium, 94 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a> </td> <td title="Amerisium, 95 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Amerisium" title="Amerisium">Am</a> </td> <td title="Kurium, 96 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kurium" title="Kurium">Cm</a> </td> <td title="Berkelium, 97 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a> </td> <td title="Kalifornium, 98 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kalifornium" title="Kalifornium">Cf</a> </td> <td title="Einsteinium, 99 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a> </td> <td title="Fermium, 100 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a> </td> <td title="Mendelevium, 101 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a> </td> <td title="Nobelium, 102 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a> </td> <td title="Lawrensium, 103 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrensium" title="Lawrensium">Lr</a> </td> <td title="Ruterfordium, 104 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ruterfordium" title="Ruterfordium">Rf</a> </td> <td title="Dubnium, 105 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a> </td> <td title="Seaborgium, 106 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a> </td> <td title="Bohrium, 107 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a> </td> <td title="Hasium, 108 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hasium" title="Hasium">Hs</a> </td> <td title="Meitnerium, 109 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a> </td> <td title="Darmstadtium, 110 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a> </td> <td title="Roentgenium, 111 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a> </td> <td title="Kopernisium, 112 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kopernisium" title="Kopernisium">Cn</a> </td> <td title="Nihonium, 113 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a> </td> <td title="Flerovium, 114 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a> </td> <td title="Moskovium, 115 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Moskovium" title="Moskovium">Mc</a> </td> <td title="Livermorium, 116 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a> </td> <td title="Tenesin, 117 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tenesin" title="Tenesin">Ts</a> </td> <td title="Oganeson, 118 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oganeson" title="Oganeson">Og</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="33"> <table class="wikitable" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0" style="width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; font-size:85%; background:#f8f8f8; margin:0; font-size:90%; margin-top:0.5em;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table style="width:100%; table-layout:fixed; overflow:hidden;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff6666;"><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali" title="Logam alkali">Logam alkali</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali_tanah" title="Logam alkali tanah">Logam alkali tanah</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Lantanida" title="Lantanida">Lantanida</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Aktinida" title="Aktinida">Aktinida</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Logam_transisi" title="Logam transisi">Logam transisi</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Logam_miskin" title="Logam miskin">Logam miskin</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#cccc99;"><a href="/wiki/Metaloid" title="Metaloid">Metaloid</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#a1ffc3;"><a href="/wiki/Nonlogam_poliatomik" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonlogam poliatomik">Nonlogam poliatomik</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#e7ff8f;"><a href="/wiki/Nonlogam_diatomik" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonlogam diatomik">Nonlogam diatomik</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Gas_mulia" title="Gas mulia">Gas mulia</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="padding:0 1px; background:#e8e8e8;">Sifat kimia belum diketahui </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782733">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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