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laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inizio</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Storia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Storia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Le_particelle_elementari_nel_Modello_standard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Le_particelle_elementari_nel_Modello_standard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Le particelle elementari nel Modello standard</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Le_particelle_elementari_nel_Modello_standard-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Attiva/disattiva la sottosezione Le particelle elementari nel Modello standard</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Le_particelle_elementari_nel_Modello_standard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Le_tre_generazioni_di_fermioni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Le_tre_generazioni_di_fermioni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Le tre generazioni di fermioni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Le_tre_generazioni_di_fermioni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-L'unificazione_delle_forze_fondamentali" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#L'unificazione_delle_forze_fondamentali"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>L'unificazione delle forze fondamentali</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-L'unificazione_delle_forze_fondamentali-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Il_principio_di_simmetria_nel_Modello_standard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Il_principio_di_simmetria_nel_Modello_standard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Il principio di simmetria nel Modello standard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Il_principio_di_simmetria_nel_Modello_standard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_massa_delle_particelle_e_il_meccanismo_di_Higgs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_massa_delle_particelle_e_il_meccanismo_di_Higgs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>La massa delle particelle e il meccanismo di Higgs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_massa_delle_particelle_e_il_meccanismo_di_Higgs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lagrangiana_del_modello_standard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lagrangiana_del_modello_standard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Lagrangiana del modello standard</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lagrangiana_del_modello_standard-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Attiva/disattiva la sottosezione Lagrangiana del modello standard</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Lagrangiana_del_modello_standard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Settore_della_cromodinamica_quantistica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Settore_della_cromodinamica_quantistica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Settore della cromodinamica quantistica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Settore_della_cromodinamica_quantistica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Settore_elettrodebole" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Settore_elettrodebole"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Settore elettrodebole</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Settore_elettrodebole-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Settore_dell'Higgs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Settore_dell'Higgs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Settore dell'Higgs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Settore_dell'Higgs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Settore_di_Yukawa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Settore_di_Yukawa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Settore di Yukawa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Settore_di_Yukawa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verifiche_e_predizioni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verifiche_e_predizioni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Verifiche e predizioni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verifiche_e_predizioni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sfide_al_Modello_standard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sfide_al_Modello_standard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sfide al Modello standard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sfide_al_Modello_standard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elenco_delle_particelle_del_Modello_standard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elenco_delle_particelle_del_Modello_standard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Elenco delle particelle del Modello standard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elenco_delle_particelle_del_Modello_standard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voci_correlate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voci_correlate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Voci correlate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voci_correlate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Altri_progetti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Altri_progetti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Altri progetti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Altri_progetti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collegamenti_esterni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Collegamenti esterni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indice" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostra/Nascondi l'indice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostra/Nascondi l'indice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Modello standard</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vai a una voce in un'altra lingua. Disponibile in 78 lingue" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-78" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">78 lingue</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standaardmodel" title="Standaardmodel - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Standaardmodel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardmodell" title="Standardmodell - tedesco svizzero" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Standardmodell" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="tedesco svizzero" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B0%D8%AC_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="نظرية النموذج المعياري - arabo" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نظرية النموذج المعياري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modelu_est%C3%A1ndar_de_la_f%C3%ADsica_de_part%C3%ADcules" title="Modelu estándar de la física de partícules - asturiano" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Modelu estándar de la física de partícules" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standart_Model" title="Standart Model - azerbaigiano" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Standart Model" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaigiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Стандартная мадэль - bielorusso" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Стандартная мадэль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorusso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Стандартен модел - bulgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Стандартен модел" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2" title="প্রমিত মডেল - bengalese" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রমিত মডেল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardni_model" title="Standardni model - bosniaco" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Standardni model" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_est%C3%A0ndard_de_f%C3%ADsica_de_part%C3%ADcules" title="Model estàndard de física de partícules - catalano" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Model estàndard de física de partícules" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%86%D8%AF%DB%8E%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="مۆدێلی ستاندارد - curdo centrale" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مۆدێلی ستاندارد" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="curdo centrale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardn%C3%AD_model" title="Standardní model - ceco" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Standardní model" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ceco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BB%C4%83_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Стандартлă модель - ciuvascio" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Стандартлă модель" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ciuvascio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardmodellen" title="Standardmodellen - danese" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Standardmodellen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardmodell" title="Standardmodell - tedesco" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Standardmodell" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%BF_%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%84%CF%85%CF%80%CE%BF" title="Καθιερωμένο Πρότυπο - greco" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καθιερωμένο Πρότυπο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model" title="Standard Model - inglese" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Standard Model" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma_modelo" title="Norma modelo - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Norma modelo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modelo_est%C3%A1ndar_de_la_f%C3%ADsica_de_part%C3%ADculas" title="Modelo estándar de la física de partículas - spagnolo" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Modelo estándar de la física de partículas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osakestef%C3%BC%C3%BCsika_standardmudel" title="Osakestefüüsika standardmudel - estone" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Osakestefüüsika standardmudel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eredu_Estandarra" title="Eredu Estandarra - basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eredu Estandarra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%84_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="مدل استاندارد - persiano" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مدل استاندارد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiukkasfysiikan_standardimalli" title="Hiukkasfysiikan standardimalli - finlandese" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hiukkasfysiikan standardimalli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le_standard_de_la_physique_des_particules" title="Modèle standard de la physique des particules - francese" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Modèle standard de la physique des particules" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_tSamhail_Chaighde%C3%A1nach" title="An tSamhail Chaighdeánach - irlandese" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An tSamhail Chaighdeánach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mod%C3%A8l_standar_(fizik_di_s%C3%A9_partikil)" title="Modèl standar (fizik di sé partikil) - Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Modèl standar (fizik di sé partikil)" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modelo_est%C3%A1ndar" title="Modelo estándar - galiziano" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Modelo estándar" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%93%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99" title="המודל הסטנדרטי - ebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המודל הסטנדרטי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="मानक प्रतिमान - hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मानक प्रतिमान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardni_model" title="Standardni model - croato" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Standardni model" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_modell" title="Standard modell - ungherese" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Standard modell" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungherese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF_%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%AC" title="Ստանդարտ մոդել - armeno" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ստանդարտ մոդել" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_Standar" title="Model Standar - indonesiano" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Model Standar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sta%C3%B0all%C3%ADkan" title="Staðallíkan - islandese" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Staðallíkan" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="標準模型 - giapponese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="標準模型" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="giapponese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standad_Magl" title="Standad Magl - creolo giamaicano" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Standad Magl" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="creolo giamaicano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="სტანდარტული მოდელი - georgiano" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სტანდარტული მოდელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4" title="ದಿ ಸ್ಟಾಂಡರ್ಡ್ ಮಾಡೆಲ್ ಸಿದ್ಧಾಂತ - kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ದಿ ಸ್ಟಾಂಡರ್ಡ್ ಮಾಡೆಲ್ ಸಿದ್ಧಾಂತ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%AA%A8%ED%98%95" title="표준 모형 - coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="표준 모형" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardmodell" title="Standardmodell - lussemburghese" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Standardmodell" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="lussemburghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_standard_(f%C3%ACzica_de_le_partezele)" title="Model standard (fìzica de le partezele) - lombardo" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Model standard (fìzica de le partezele)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standartinis_modelis" title="Standartinis modelis - lituano" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Standartinis modelis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standartmodelis" title="Standartmodelis - lettone" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Standartmodelis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Стандарден модел - macedone" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Стандарден модел" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%87%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%BD" title="സ്റ്റാൻഡേർഡ് മോഡൽ - malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്റ്റാൻഡേർഡ് മോഡൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Стандарт загвар - mongolo" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Стандарт загвар" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="प्रमाण प्रतिकृती - marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="प्रमाण प्रतिकृती" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_Piawai" title="Model Piawai - malese" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Model Piawai" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudell_Standard" title="Mudell Standard - maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Mudell Standard" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standaardmodel_van_de_deeltjesfysica" title="Standaardmodel van de deeltjesfysica - olandese" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Standaardmodel van de deeltjesfysica" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="olandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardmodellen" title="Standardmodellen - norvegese nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Standardmodellen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegese nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardmodellen" title="Standardmodellen - norvegese bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Standardmodellen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegese bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B7%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%A3_%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9E%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%B0_%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%A6%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B6_%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%A6%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1" title="କ୍ଷୁଦ୍ରକଣ ବିଜ୍ଞାନର ଆଦର୍ଶ ମାନଦଣ୍ଡ - odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କ୍ଷୁଦ୍ରକଣ ବିଜ୍ଞାନର ଆଦର୍ଶ ମାନଦଣ୍ଡ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE" title="ਮਿਅਾਰੀ ਨਮੂਨਾ - punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਿਅਾਰੀ ਨਮੂਨਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_standardowy" title="Model standardowy - polacco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Model standardowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%DB%81" title="میعاری نمونہ - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="میعاری نمونہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modelo_Padr%C3%A3o" title="Modelo Padrão - portoghese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Modelo Padrão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portoghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modelul_standard" title="Modelul standard - rumeno" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Modelul standard" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Стандартная модель - russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Стандартная модель" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardni_model_%C4%8Destica" title="Standardni model čestica - serbo-croato" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Standardni model čestica" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model" title="Standard Model - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Standard Model" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0tandardn%C3%BD_model" title="Štandardný model - slovacco" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Štandardný model" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardni_model" title="Standardni model - sloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Standardni model" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="sloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Стандардни модел - serbo" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Стандардни модел" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mod%C3%A9l_Baku" title="Modél Baku - sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Modél Baku" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardmodellen" title="Standardmodellen - svedese" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Standardmodellen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svedese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81" title="சீர்மரபு ஒப்புரு - tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சீர்மரபு ஒப்புரு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="แบบจำลองมาตรฐาน - thailandese" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แบบจำลองมาตรฐาน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamantayang_Modelo" title="Pamantayang Modelo - tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pamantayang Modelo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standart_Model" title="Standart Model - turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Standart Model" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Стандарт модель - tataro" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Стандарт модель" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tataro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Стандартна модель - ucraino" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Стандартна модель" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%DB%81" title="معیاری نمونہ - urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="معیاری نمونہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B4_h%C3%ACnh_Chu%E1%BA%A9n" title="Mô hình Chuẩn - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mô hình Chuẩn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panupong_nga_Taramdan" title="Panupong nga Taramdan - waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Panupong nga Taramdan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="标准模型 - wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="标准模型" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="标准模型 - cinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="标准模型" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="cinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="標準模型 - cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="標準模型" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonese" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r130658281">body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .hatnote.nota-disambigua{clear:both;margin-top:0;padding:.05em .5em}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r139142988">.mw-parser-output .hatnote-content{align-items:center;display:flex}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon{flex-shrink:0}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon img{display:flex}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-text{font-style:italic}body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .hatnote{border:1px solid #CCC;display:flex;margin:.5em 0;padding:.2em .5em}body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .hatnote-text{padding-left:.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon{padding-right:8px}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon img{height:auto;width:16px}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .hatnote a.new{color:#d73333}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .hatnote a.new:visited{color:#a55858}</style> <div class="hatnote noprint nota-disambigua"> <div class="hatnote-content"><span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Nota_disambigua.svg/18px-Nota_disambigua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Nota_disambigua.svg/27px-Nota_disambigua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Nota_disambigua.svg/36px-Nota_disambigua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text"><a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Disambiguazione" title="Aiuto:Disambiguazione">Disambiguazione</a> – Se stai cercando il modello standard cosmologico, vedi <b><a href="/wiki/Modello_Lambda-CDM" title="Modello Lambda-CDM">Modello Lambda-CDM</a></b>.</span></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Standard_Model_From_Fermi_Lab.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Standard_Model_From_Fermi_Lab.jpg/220px-Standard_Model_From_Fermi_Lab.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Standard_Model_From_Fermi_Lab.jpg/330px-Standard_Model_From_Fermi_Lab.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Standard_Model_From_Fermi_Lab.jpg/440px-Standard_Model_From_Fermi_Lab.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2679" /></a><figcaption>Rappresentazione delle particelle descritte dal modello standard</figcaption></figure> <p>Il <b>modello standard della fisica delle particelle</b>, o semplicemente <b>modello standard</b>, è la <a href="/wiki/Teoria" title="Teoria">teoria fisica</a> che descrive le <a href="/wiki/Interazioni_fondamentali" title="Interazioni fondamentali">interazioni fondamentali</a> (eccetto l'<a href="/wiki/Interazione_gravitazionale" title="Interazione gravitazionale">interazione gravitazionale</a>): l'<a href="/wiki/Interazione_elettromagnetica" title="Interazione elettromagnetica">interazione elettromagnetica</a>, l'<a href="/wiki/Interazione_debole" title="Interazione debole">interazione debole</a> e l'<a href="/wiki/Interazione_forte" title="Interazione forte">interazione forte</a>, e classifica tutte le <a href="/wiki/Particella_elementare" title="Particella elementare">particelle elementari</a> conosciute.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sviluppato in varie fasi nel corso della seconda metà del <a href="/wiki/XX_secolo" title="XX secolo">XX secolo</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ha conosciuto la formulazione attuale negli <a href="/wiki/Anni_settanta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anni settanta">anni settanta</a>, in seguito alla conferma sperimentale dell'esistenza dei <a href="/wiki/Quark_(particella)" title="Quark (particella)">quark</a>. Da allora, la prova del <a href="/wiki/Quark_top" title="Quark top">quark top</a> (1995), del <a href="/wiki/Neutrino_tauonico" title="Neutrino tauonico">neutrino tau</a> (2000) e del <a href="/wiki/Bosone_di_Higgs" title="Bosone di Higgs">bosone di Higgs</a> (2012) ne hanno consolidato la credibilità. Inoltre, il modello standard ha predetto con grande accuratezza varie proprietà delle <a href="/wiki/Corrente_debole_neutra" title="Corrente debole neutra">correnti deboli neutre</a> e dei <a href="/wiki/Bosoni_W_e_Z" title="Bosoni W e Z">bosoni W e Z</a>. </p><p>Sebbene sia ritenuto coerente dal punto di vista teorico, e abbia fornito predizioni sperimentali, non incorporando l'interazione gravitazionale (come formulata dalla <a href="/wiki/Relativit%C3%A0_generale" title="Relatività generale">relatività generale</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), e lasciando alcuni fenomeni irrisolti, il modello standard non costitusce una cosiddetta <a href="/wiki/Teoria_del_tutto" title="Teoria del tutto">teoria del tutto</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20230911_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20230911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ad esempio, non spiega appieno l'<a href="/wiki/Asimmetria_barionica" title="Asimmetria barionica">asimmetria barionica</a>, non tiene conto dell'<a href="/wiki/Universo_in_espansione_accelerata" title="Universo in espansione accelerata">espansione accelerata dell'universo</a> (e di conseguenza dell'<a href="/wiki/Energia_oscura" title="Energia oscura">energia oscura</a>), non prevede alcuna plausibile particella di <a href="/wiki/Materia_oscura" title="Materia oscura">materia oscura</a>, non spiega le <a href="/wiki/Oscillazione_del_neutrino" title="Oscillazione del neutrino">oscillazioni dei neutrini</a> e di conseguenza la loro massa. </p><p>Dal punto di vista della <a href="/wiki/Fisica_teorica" title="Fisica teorica">fisica teorica</a>, rappresenta un paradigma di <a href="/wiki/Teoria_quantistica_dei_campi" title="Teoria quantistica dei campi">teoria quantistica dei campi</a>, esibendo una vasta gamma di fenomeni, tra cui la <a href="/wiki/Rottura_spontanea_di_simmetria" title="Rottura spontanea di simmetria">rottura spontanea di simmetria</a>, le <a href="/wiki/Anomalia_(fisica)" title="Anomalia (fisica)">anomalie</a> e comportamenti non <a href="/wiki/Teoria_perturbativa" class="mw-redirect" title="Teoria perturbativa">perturbativi</a>. Sotto l'aspetto matematico, è una <a href="/wiki/Teoria_di_Yang-Mills" title="Teoria di Yang-Mills">teoria di Yang-Mills</a>, ovvero una <a href="/wiki/Teoria_di_gauge" title="Teoria di gauge">teoria di gauge</a> non <a href="/wiki/Gruppo_abeliano" title="Gruppo abeliano">abeliana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rinormalizzazione" title="Rinormalizzazione">rinormalizzabile</a> e coerente con la <a href="/wiki/Relativit%C3%A0_ristretta" title="Relatività ristretta">relatività ristretta</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Storia">Storia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modello_standard&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Storia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modello_standard&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Storia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'unificazione delle interazioni <a href="/wiki/Interazione_elettromagnetica" title="Interazione elettromagnetica">elettromagnetica</a> e <a href="/wiki/Interazione_elettrodebole" title="Interazione elettrodebole">debole</a> nel modello standard è dovuta a <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Steven Weinberg</a> e <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Abdus Salam</a>, che indipendentemente (rispettivamente nel 1967 e 1968<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) estesero e completarono una prima formulazione di <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Glashow" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheldon Glashow">Sheldon Glashow</a> basata su una teoria di Yang-Mills con gruppo di gauge SU(2)×U(1)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, che incontrava difficoltà legate all'introduzione diretta delle masse dei <a href="/wiki/Bosone_vettore_intermedio" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosone vettore intermedio">bosoni vettori intermedi</a>. Weinberg e Salam integrarono il lavoro di Glashow con la proposta di <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Peter Higgs</a> e altri di <a href="/wiki/Rottura_spontanea_di_simmetria" title="Rottura spontanea di simmetria">rottura spontanea di simmetria</a> di un <a href="/wiki/Campo_scalare" title="Campo scalare">campo scalare</a> ubiquitario<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, che permette di dare origine alle <a href="/wiki/Massa_(fisica)" title="Massa (fisica)">masse</a> di tutte le particelle descritte nel modello. Dopo la scoperta al <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a> dell'esistenza delle correnti neutre deboli<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mediate dal bosone Z, come previsto dalla loro teoria, Weinberg, Salam e Glashow furono insigniti del <a href="/wiki/Premio_Nobel_per_la_fisica" title="Premio Nobel per la fisica">premio Nobel per la fisica</a> nel 1979. </p><p>Il modello standard come proposto in origine era limitato ai soli <a href="/wiki/Leptoni" class="mw-redirect" title="Leptoni">leptoni</a>. I <a href="/wiki/Quark_(particella)" title="Quark (particella)">quark</a>, la cui teoria aveva cominciato ad essere elaborata negli anni sessanta, furono introdotti successivamente nel modello grazie anche a un lavoro cruciale del 1970 dello stesso Glashow, <a href="/wiki/John_Iliopoulos" class="mw-redirect" title="John Iliopoulos">John Iliopoulos</a> e <a href="/wiki/Luciano_Maiani" title="Luciano Maiani">Luciano Maiani</a>, che introdussero un quarto quark, detto <a href="/wiki/Quark_charm" title="Quark charm">charm</a>, che aveva lo scopo di sopprimere fortemente le correnti a cambiamento di <a href="/wiki/Stranezza" title="Stranezza">stranezza</a> (<a href="/wiki/Meccanismo_GIM" title="Meccanismo GIM">meccanismo GIM</a>). Con la successiva scoperta della <a href="/wiki/Libert%C3%A0_asintotica" title="Libertà asintotica">libertà asintotica</a>, a metà circa degli anni settanta la delineazione del modello standard poteva dirsi conclusa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Le_particelle_elementari_nel_Modello_standard">Le particelle elementari nel Modello standard</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modello_standard&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la sezione Le particelle elementari nel Modello standard" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modello_standard&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Le particelle elementari nel Modello standard"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Modello_Standard_delle_Particelle_Elementari.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Modello_Standard_delle_Particelle_Elementari.svg/220px-Modello_Standard_delle_Particelle_Elementari.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Modello_Standard_delle_Particelle_Elementari.svg/330px-Modello_Standard_delle_Particelle_Elementari.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Modello_Standard_delle_Particelle_Elementari.svg/440px-Modello_Standard_delle_Particelle_Elementari.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1390" data-file-height="1330" /></a><figcaption>Schema delle <a href="/wiki/Particelle_elementari" class="mw-redirect" title="Particelle elementari">particelle elementari</a>, con le tre generazioni di <a href="/wiki/Fermioni" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermioni">fermioni</a>, i <a href="/wiki/Bosoni_di_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosoni di gauge">bosoni di gauge</a> e il <a href="/wiki/Bosone_di_Higgs" title="Bosone di Higgs">bosone di Higgs</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Nel Modello standard le <a href="/wiki/Particelle_elementari" class="mw-redirect" title="Particelle elementari">particelle elementari</a> sono raggruppate in due tipologie principali sulla base della <a href="/wiki/Meccanica_statistica" title="Meccanica statistica">statistica</a> a cui obbediscono e di conseguenza dello <a href="/wiki/Spin" title="Spin">spin</a>: </p> <ul><li>I <b><a href="/wiki/Fermioni" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermioni">fermioni</a></b>, ovvero i <a href="/wiki/Quark_(particella)" title="Quark (particella)">quark</a> e i <a href="/wiki/Leptone" title="Leptone">leptoni</a>, aventi spin semintero.</li></ul> <p>Tutta la materia ordinaria che osserviamo nel mondo macroscopico è costituita da quark e leptoni: gli <a href="/wiki/Atomo" title="Atomo">atomi</a> sono composti da un <a href="/wiki/Nucleo_atomico" title="Nucleo atomico">nucleo</a> ed uno o più <a href="/wiki/Elettrone" title="Elettrone">elettroni</a>, che sono i più leggeri tra i leptoni carichi. Il nucleo è costituito a sua volta da <a href="/wiki/Protone" title="Protone">protoni</a> e <a href="/wiki/Neutrone" title="Neutrone">neutroni</a> che sono composti ciascuno da tre quark. </p><p>I fermioni sono raggruppati in famiglie, tre per i leptoni e tre per i quark. Le tre famiglie di leptoni comprendono ciascuna una particella carica (rispettivamente <a href="/wiki/Elettrone" title="Elettrone">elettrone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muone" title="Muone">muone</a> e <a href="/wiki/Tauone" title="Tauone">tau</a>) ed un corrispondente <a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">neutrino</a>. A differenza dei quark, i leptoni non posseggono alcuna <a href="/wiki/Carica_di_colore" title="Carica di colore">carica di colore</a> e quindi su di loro la forza nucleare forte non ha effetto. </p><p>Le tre famiglie di quark prevedono ciascuna un quark di carica <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle +2/3}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>3</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle +2/3}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bf418826b34f1686a83a8bec7bfbb1afcb198df2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.296ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle +2/3}"></span> ed uno di carica <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -1/3}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>3</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -1/3}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9d26272f09f96204eaaaa4236a61b57e3fe9f1be" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.296ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -1/3}"></span>. I quark più leggeri sono <i>up</i> (<b>u</b>) e <i>down</i> (<b>d</b>), che combinati secondo lo schema <b>uud</b> formano il protone (di carica <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle +2/3+2/3-1/3=+1}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>3</mn> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>3</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>3</mn> <mo>=</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle +2/3+2/3-1/3=+1}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ca720309048d7714567778064c48c7e4355cf604" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:24.02ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle +2/3+2/3-1/3=+1}"></span>), mentre combinati secondo lo schema <b>udd</b> formano il neutrone (di carica <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle +2/3-1/3-1/3=0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>3</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>3</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>3</mn> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle +2/3-1/3-1/3=0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1e1e2ff5af02132b90781b4d001a877d69ae3904" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:22.212ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle +2/3-1/3-1/3=0}"></span>). </p> <ul><li>I <b><a href="/wiki/Bosone_(fisica)" title="Bosone (fisica)">bosoni</a></b>, noti anche come <a href="/wiki/Bosone_vettore" title="Bosone vettore">bosoni vettoriali</a> o <a href="/wiki/Bosoni_di_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosoni di gauge">bosoni di gauge</a> in quanto la loro esistenza viene introdotta in base a un principio di <a href="/wiki/Simmetria_(matematica)" title="Simmetria (matematica)">simmetria</a> detta "<a href="/wiki/Simmetria_di_gauge" title="Simmetria di gauge">simmetria di gauge</a>", aventi spin intero.</li></ul> <p>I bosoni risultano essere le particelle mediatrici delle <a href="/wiki/Interazioni_fondamentali" title="Interazioni fondamentali">interazioni fondamentali</a>: il <a href="/wiki/Fotone" title="Fotone">fotone</a> per l'<a href="/wiki/Forza_elettromagnetica" class="mw-redirect" title="Forza elettromagnetica">interazione elettromagnetica</a>, i <a href="/wiki/Bosoni_W_e_Z" title="Bosoni W e Z">due bosoni carichi W ed il bosone Z</a> per l'<a href="/wiki/Forza_nucleare_debole" class="mw-redirect" title="Forza nucleare debole">interazione debole</a> e i <a href="/wiki/Gluone" title="Gluone">gluoni</a> per l'<a href="/wiki/Forza_nucleare_forte" class="mw-redirect" title="Forza nucleare forte">interazione forte</a>. </p><p>Nel Modello standard è anche prevista la presenza di almeno un <a href="/wiki/Bosone_di_Higgs" title="Bosone di Higgs">bosone di Higgs</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> la cui massa non era quantificata dal modello e che è stata verificata attraverso i due esperimenti <a href="/wiki/ATLAS" class="mw-redirect" title="ATLAS">ATLAS</a> e <a href="/wiki/Compact_Muon_Solenoid" title="Compact Muon Solenoid">CMS</a> presso il <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a> nel 2012 (vedi più avanti l'apposito paragrafo). </p><p>I <a href="/wiki/Gravitone" title="Gravitone">gravitoni</a>, bosoni ipotetici che si pensa medino l'interazione gravitazionale in una possibile formulazione quantistica, non sono considerati nel Modello standard.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Le_tre_generazioni_di_fermioni">Le tre generazioni di fermioni</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modello_standard&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la sezione Le tre generazioni di fermioni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modello_standard&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Le tre generazioni di fermioni"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>I <a href="/wiki/Fermioni" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermioni">fermioni</a> possono essere raggruppati in base alle loro proprietà di interazione in tre <a href="/wiki/Generazione_(fisica)" title="Generazione (fisica)">generazioni</a>. La prima è composta da <a href="/wiki/Elettroni" class="mw-redirect" title="Elettroni">elettroni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">neutrini</a> elettronici e dai <a href="/wiki/Quark_(fisica)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quark (fisica)">quark</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Quark_up" title="Quark up">up</a></i> e <i><a href="/wiki/Quark_down" title="Quark down">down</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Tutta la materia ordinaria è costituita, come si è visto, da elettroni e dai quark <i>up</i> e <i>down</i>. Le particelle delle due generazioni successive hanno massa maggiore delle precedenti (per quanto ne sappiamo; per i neutrini le attuali misure non permettono una misura diretta della massa, ma solo dei valori assoluti delle differenze di massa). A causa della loro maggior massa, i leptoni ed i quark della seconda e terza famiglia (o le particelle da essi costituite) possono decadere in particelle più leggere costituite da elementi della prima famiglia. Per questo, queste particelle sono instabili e presentano una breve <a href="/wiki/Vita_media" title="Vita media">vita media</a>. </p> <table align="right" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" class="wikitable" style="margin:0 0 1em 1em"> <caption>Organizzazione dei Fermioni </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>  </th> <th align="center" colspan="2">1ª generazione </th> <th align="center" colspan="2">2ª generazione </th> <th align="center" colspan="2">3ª generazione </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Quark </th> <td align="center">Up<br /> </td> <td align="center" valign="middle"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>u</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle u}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c3e6bb763d22c20916ed4f0bb6bd49d7470cffd8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u}"></span> </td> <td align="center">Charm<br /> </td> <td align="center" valign="middle"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>c</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/86a67b81c2de995bd608d5b2df50cd8cd7d92455" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.007ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c}"></span> </td> <td align="center">Top<br /> </td> <td align="center" valign="middle"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>t</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/65658b7b223af9e1acc877d848888ecdb4466560" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.84ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t}"></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Down<br /> </td> <td align="center" valign="middle"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle d}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>d</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle d}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e85ff03cbe0c7341af6b982e47e9f90d235c66ab" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.216ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle d}"></span> </td> <td align="center">Strange<br /> </td> <td align="center" valign="middle"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle s}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>s</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle s}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/01d131dfd7673938b947072a13a9744fe997e632" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.09ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle s}"></span> </td> <td align="center">Bottom<br /> </td> <td align="center" valign="middle"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>b</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f11423fbb2e967f986e36804a8ae4271734917c3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.998ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b}"></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Leptoni </th> <td align="center">Neutrino<br />elettronico </td> <td align="center" valign="middle"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nu _{e}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>ν</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>e</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nu _{e}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a4fe16e29341b14991c3171e5f9ee7dd4a916f7d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.147ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nu _{e}}"></span> </td> <td align="center">Neutrino<br />muonico </td> <td align="center" valign="middle"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nu _{\mu }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>ν</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>μ</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nu _{\mu }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1248e56ab9afef3b813281f8ccb90e113004b51e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.372ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nu _{\mu }}"></span> </td> <td align="center">Neutrino<br />tauonico </td> <td align="center" valign="middle"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nu _{\tau }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>ν</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>τ</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nu _{\tau }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0020fce5d76f9ed72d266a11c33044a0b6129c64" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.231ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nu _{\tau }}"></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Elettrone </td> <td align="center" valign="middle"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle e}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>e</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle e}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cd253103f0876afc68ebead27a5aa9867d927467" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.083ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle e}"></span> </td> <td align="center">Muone </td> <td align="center" valign="middle"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>μ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9fd47b2a39f7a7856952afec1f1db72c67af6161" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.402ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu }"></span> </td> <td align="center">Tau<br /> </td> <td align="center" valign="middle"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tau }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>τ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tau }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/38a7dcde9730ef0853809fefc18d88771f95206c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.202ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tau }"></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>I quark possiedono una carica di colore, che li rende soggetti alla forza nucleare forte e che è mediata dai gluoni. Come già detto, i gluoni sono dotati a loro volta di carica di colore e possono interagire tra di loro. Per questo motivo, e per l'elevato valore della <a href="/wiki/Costanti_di_accoppiamento" title="Costanti di accoppiamento">costante di accoppiamento forte</a>, la forza forte aumenta con l'aumentare della distanza e fa sì che i quark e i gluoni non possano essere mai osservati liberi nella materia ordinaria, ma solo combinati in stati che hanno carica di colore totale nulla. </p><p>Gli stati di colore neutro dei quark sono detti <a href="/wiki/Adrone" title="Adrone">adroni</a>, e si dividono in <a href="/wiki/Barione" title="Barione">barioni</a>, di tipo fermionico, composti da tre quark (come neutroni e protoni), e <a href="/wiki/Mesone" title="Mesone">mesoni</a>, di tipo bosonico, composti da una coppia quark-antiquark (come i <a href="/wiki/Pione" title="Pione">pioni</a>). La massa totale di tali particelle supera quella dei singoli componenti a causa dell'<a href="/wiki/Energia_di_legame" title="Energia di legame">energia di legame</a>. Gli stati neutri dei gluoni prendono il nome inglese di <a href="/wiki/Glueball" title="Glueball">glueball</a> (palle di colla). </p><p>Oltre a questi stati legati sono stati ipotizzati anche stati cosiddetti "esotici" costituiti da diverse combinazioni, come i <a href="/wiki/Tetraquark" title="Tetraquark">tetraquark</a> e i <a href="/wiki/Pentaquark" title="Pentaquark">pentaquark</a>, di cui non esistono tuttavia evidenze sperimentali definitive. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="L'unificazione_delle_forze_fondamentali"><span id="L.27unificazione_delle_forze_fondamentali"></span>L'unificazione delle forze fondamentali</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modello_standard&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la sezione L'unificazione delle forze fondamentali" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modello_standard&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: L'unificazione delle forze fondamentali"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r130657691">body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .vedi-anche{font-size:95%}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r139142988"> <div class="hatnote noprint vedi-anche"> <div class="hatnote-content"><span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/18px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/27px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/36px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="280" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text">Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: <b><a href="/wiki/Teoria_della_grande_unificazione" title="Teoria della grande unificazione">Teoria della grande unificazione</a></b>.</span></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elementary_particle_interactions-it_(original).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Elementary_particle_interactions-it_%28original%29.svg/350px-Elementary_particle_interactions-it_%28original%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Elementary_particle_interactions-it_%28original%29.svg/525px-Elementary_particle_interactions-it_%28original%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Elementary_particle_interactions-it_%28original%29.svg/700px-Elementary_particle_interactions-it_%28original%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="775" data-file-height="555" /></a><figcaption>Schema delle interazioni tra le particelle descritte dal Modello Standard.</figcaption></figure> <p>Il Modello standard rappresenta un esempio di unificazione delle interazioni fondamentali perché le interazioni elettromagnetiche e deboli sono entrambe diverse manifestazioni a bassa energia di un'unica interazione che prende il nome di <i>forza elettrodebole</i>. Altri esempi di unificazione sono avvenuti storicamente: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> attribuì ad un'unica forza di gravità sia la caduta dei gravi che il moto dei pianeti. Questa unificazione prese il nome di <a href="/wiki/Gravitazione_universale" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitazione universale">gravitazione universale</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">James Clerk Maxwell</a>, con le sue <a href="/wiki/Equazioni_di_Maxwell" title="Equazioni di Maxwell">equazioni</a>, unificò le forze elettriche e magnetiche in un'unica interazione elettromagnetica. Questa unificazione descrive anche le <a href="/wiki/Onde_elettromagnetiche" class="mw-redirect" title="Onde elettromagnetiche">onde elettromagnetiche</a>, come le onde radio usate nelle telecomunicazioni, le onde luminose, i raggi x e i raggi gamma.</li></ul> <p>Molti fisici delle particelle ritengono che sia possibile un'unificazione delle forze ancora più profonda. L'interazione elettrodebole e quella forte, infatti, sono caratterizzate da due <a href="/wiki/Costante_di_accoppiamento" class="mw-redirect" title="Costante di accoppiamento">costanti di accoppiamento</a> distinte nel Modello standard, ma la loro estrapolazione ad alte energie sembra indicare una possibile unificazione. </p><p>Il Modello Standard non comprende la gravità, la cui trattazione in <a href="/wiki/Relativit%C3%A0_generale" title="Relatività generale">relatività generale</a> non è ad oggi compatibile con la meccanica quantistica. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Il_principio_di_simmetria_nel_Modello_standard">Il principio di simmetria nel Modello standard</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modello_standard&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la sezione Il principio di simmetria nel Modello standard" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modello_standard&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Il principio di simmetria nel Modello standard"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r130657691"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r139142988"> <div class="hatnote noprint vedi-anche"> <div class="hatnote-content"><span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/18px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/27px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/36px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="280" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text">Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: <b><a href="/wiki/Elettrodinamica_quantistica" title="Elettrodinamica quantistica">Elettrodinamica quantistica</a></b> e <b><a href="/wiki/Cromodinamica_quantistica" title="Cromodinamica quantistica">Cromodinamica quantistica</a></b>.</span></div> </div> <p>Alla base della formulazione del Modello standard viene posto un principio di <a href="/wiki/Simmetria_di_gauge" title="Simmetria di gauge">simmetria</a> fondato sulla <a href="/wiki/Teoria_di_Yang-Mills" title="Teoria di Yang-Mills">teoria di Yang-Mills</a>. La simmetria consiste nell'invarianza della teoria sotto opportune trasformazioni locali, dette <a href="/wiki/Teoria_di_gauge" title="Teoria di gauge">trasformazioni di gauge</a>. L'invarianza di gauge garantisce la coerenza matematica e la predittività della teoria, ossia quella che tecnicamente viene definita <a href="/wiki/Rinormalizzazione" title="Rinormalizzazione">rinormalizzabilità</a>. </p><p>Le interazioni fondamentali vengono rappresentate nel <a href="/wiki/Gruppo_unitario" title="Gruppo unitario">gruppo unitario</a> SU(2)×U(1)×SU(3), costituito dal prodotto di <a href="/wiki/SU(2)" class="mw-redirect" title="SU(2)">SU(2)</a>×<a href="/wiki/U(1)" class="mw-redirect" title="U(1)">U(1)</a> che descrive le interazioni elettromagnetiche e deboli (unificate nell'interazione elettrodebole), con <a href="/wiki/SU(3)" class="mw-redirect" title="SU(3)">SU(3)</a> che descrive le interazioni forti. La descrizione delle interazioni elettromagnetiche attraverso il gruppo U(1) prende il nome di <a href="/wiki/Elettrodinamica_quantistica" title="Elettrodinamica quantistica">elettrodinamica quantistica</a>, o QED, mentre la descrizione delle interazioni forti attraverso il gruppo SU(3) prende il nome di <a href="/wiki/Cromodinamica_quantistica" title="Cromodinamica quantistica">cromodinamica quantistica</a>, o QCD. </p><p>A ogni gruppo considerato corrispondono i <a href="/wiki/Bosone_vettore" title="Bosone vettore">bosoni vettori</a>, che, come già detto, sono i mediatori delle forze osservate in natura e il cui numero dipende da quello dei <a href="/wiki/Generatori_di_un_gruppo" class="mw-redirect" title="Generatori di un gruppo">generatori</a>, che è una proprietà matematica del gruppo stesso. Al sottogruppo SU(2)×U(1) corrispondono il <a href="/wiki/Fotone" title="Fotone">fotone</a>, mediatore dell'interazione elettromagnetica, ed i <a href="/wiki/Bosoni_W_e_Z" title="Bosoni W e Z">bosoni W (carichi) e Z (neutro)</a>, mediatori dell'interazione debole, mentre al sottogruppo SU(3) corrispondono otto gluoni, dotati di <a href="/wiki/Carica_di_colore" title="Carica di colore">carica di colore</a> e per questo soggetti a loro volta alla forza forte (a differenza dei fotoni, che hanno carica elettrica nulla). Ciò può essere messo in relazione al fatto che SU(3) è un <a href="/wiki/Gruppo_abeliano" title="Gruppo abeliano">gruppo non abeliano</a>. Similmente avviene per i bosoni W e Z che possono interagire tra loro. Questa proprietà è stata verificata sperimentalmente, in particolare all'acceleratore <a href="/wiki/Large_Electron-Positron_Collider" title="Large Electron-Positron Collider">LEP</a> del <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="La_massa_delle_particelle_e_il_meccanismo_di_Higgs">La massa delle particelle e il meccanismo di Higgs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modello_standard&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la sezione La massa delle particelle e il meccanismo di Higgs" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modello_standard&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: La massa delle particelle e il meccanismo di Higgs"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r130657691"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r139142988"> <div class="hatnote noprint vedi-anche"> <div class="hatnote-content"><span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/18px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/27px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/36px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="280" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text">Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: <b><a href="/wiki/Meccanismo_di_Higgs" class="mw-redirect" title="Meccanismo di Higgs">Meccanismo di Higgs</a></b>.</span></div> </div> <p>Le teorie di gauge, di per sé, non sono in grado di descrivere bosoni vettori dotati di <a href="/wiki/Massa_(fisica)" title="Massa (fisica)">massa</a>, che renderebbero la teoria non rinormalizzabile e quindi incoerente dal punto di vista fisico-matematico. Questo contraddirebbe quanto viene osservato sperimentalmente a proposito dei bosoni deboli W e Z. Il meccanismo di <a href="/wiki/Rottura_spontanea_di_simmetria" title="Rottura spontanea di simmetria">rottura spontanea di simmetria</a> del sottogruppo SU(2)×U(1) è tuttavia in grado includere anche i bosoni massivi nel Modello standard introducendo nella teoria un ulteriore bosone, a sua volta massivo, il bosone di Higgs. Il <a href="/wiki/Meccanismo_di_Higgs" class="mw-redirect" title="Meccanismo di Higgs">meccanismo di Higgs</a> è anche in grado di spiegare, ma non prevedere quantitativamente, la massa dei fermioni. </p><p>Il 4 luglio 2012 è stato dato l'annuncio che i due esperimenti <a href="/wiki/ATLAS" class="mw-redirect" title="ATLAS">ATLAS</a> e <a href="/wiki/Compact_Muon_Solenoid" title="Compact Muon Solenoid">CMS</a> presso il <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a> hanno osservato con un elevato grado di precisione (4,9 <a href="/wiki/Deviazione_standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Deviazione standard">sigma</a> per CMS e 5 sigma per Atlas) un nuovo bosone con una massa tra i 125 e i 126 GeV e con caratteristiche compatibili con il Bosone di Higgs. La scoperta è stata poi confermata ufficialmente il 6 marzo 2013, nel corso di una conferenza tenuta dai fisici del CERN a <a href="/wiki/La_Thuile_(Italia)" title="La Thuile (Italia)">La Thuile</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lagrangiana_del_modello_standard">Lagrangiana del modello standard</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modello_standard&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifica la sezione Lagrangiana del modello standard" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modello_standard&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Lagrangiana del modello standard"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="6">Parametri del modello standard </th></tr> <tr> <th># </th> <th>Simbolo </th> <th>Descrizione </th> <th>Schema di rinormalizzazione </th> <th>Valore </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><i>m</i><sub>e</sub> </td> <td>Massa dell'elettrone </td> <td> </td> <td>0.511 MeV </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><i>m</i><sub>μ</sub> </td> <td>Massa del muone </td> <td> </td> <td>105.7 MeV </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><i>m</i><sub>τ</sub> </td> <td>Massa del tauone </td> <td> </td> <td>1.78 GeV </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><i>m</i><sub>u</sub> </td> <td>Massa del quark up </td> <td><i>μ</i><sub><span style="text-decoration:overline;">MS</span></sub> = 2 GeV </td> <td>1.9 MeV </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><i>m</i><sub>d</sub> </td> <td>Massa del quark down </td> <td><i>μ</i><sub><span style="text-decoration:overline;">MS</span></sub> = 2 GeV </td> <td>4.4 MeV </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><i>m</i><sub>s</sub> </td> <td>Massa del quark strange </td> <td><i>μ</i><sub><span style="text-decoration:overline;">MS</span></sub> = 2 GeV </td> <td>87 MeV </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td><i>m</i><sub>c</sub> </td> <td>Massa del quark charm </td> <td><i>μ</i><sub><span style="text-decoration:overline;">MS</span></sub> = <i>m</i><sub>c</sub> </td> <td>1.32 GeV </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td><i>m</i><sub>b</sub> </td> <td>Massa del quark bottom </td> <td><i>μ</i><sub><span style="text-decoration:overline;">MS</span></sub> = <i>m</i><sub>b</sub> </td> <td>4.24 GeV </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td><i>m</i><sub>t</sub> </td> <td>Massa del quark top </td> <td>Schema on shell </td> <td>173.5 GeV </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td><i>θ</i><sub>12</sub> </td> <td>Angolo di mescolamento CKM 12 </td> <td> </td> <td>13.1° </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td><i>θ</i><sub>23</sub> </td> <td>Angolo di mescolamento CKM 23 </td> <td> </td> <td>2.4° </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td><i>θ</i><sub>13</sub> </td> <td>Angolo di mescolamento CKM 13 </td> <td> </td> <td>0.2° </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 </td> <td><i>δ</i> </td> <td>Fase CKM di violazione CP </td> <td> </td> <td>0.995 </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 </td> <td><i>g</i><sub>1</sub> o <i>g</i>' </td> <td>Accoppiamento di gauge U(1) </td> <td><i>μ</i><sub><span style="text-decoration:overline;">MS</span></sub> = <i>m</i><sub>Z</sub> </td> <td>0.357 </td></tr> <tr> <td>15 </td> <td><i>g</i><sub>2</sub> o <i>g</i> </td> <td>Accoppiamento di gauge SU(2) </td> <td><i>μ</i><sub><span style="text-decoration:overline;">MS</span></sub> = <i>m</i><sub>Z</sub> </td> <td>0.652 </td></tr> <tr> <td>16 </td> <td><i>g</i><sub>3</sub> o <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> </td> <td>Accoppiamento di gauge SU(3) </td> <td><i>μ</i><sub><span style="text-decoration:overline;">MS</span></sub> = <i>m</i><sub>Z</sub> </td> <td>1.221 </td></tr> <tr> <td>17 </td> <td><i>θ</i><sub>QCD</sub> </td> <td>Angolo di vuoto QCD </td> <td> </td> <td>~0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>18 </td> <td><i>v</i> </td> <td>Valore di aspettazione del vuoto dell'Higgs </td> <td> </td> <td>246 GeV </td></tr> <tr> <td>19 </td> <td><i>m</i><sub>H</sub> </td> <td>Massa dell'Higgs </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6992200416256758830♠"></span>125,09<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>0,24 GeV</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Da un punto di vista tecnico, la cornice matematica del modello standard è basata sulla <a href="/wiki/Teoria_quantistica_dei_campi" title="Teoria quantistica dei campi">teoria quantistica dei campi</a>, in cui una lagrangiana controlla la dinamica e cinematica della teoria. Ogni tipo di particella viene descritto da un <a href="/wiki/Campo_(fisica)" title="Campo (fisica)">campo</a> che permea tutto lo spaziotempo.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La costruzione del modello standard segue il procedimento moderno della maggior parte delle teorie di campo: prima vengono determinati i campi del sistema in esame e le simmetrie cui devono sottostare, e successivamente viene scritta una lagrangiana che contenga tutti i termini dei campi che sono <a href="/wiki/Rinormalizzazione" title="Rinormalizzazione">rinormalizzabili</a> e che soddisfano le simmetrie imposte. </p><p>Come in ogni teoria dei campi quantistica e relativistica, viene imposta la <a href="/wiki/Simmetria_globale" title="Simmetria globale">simmetria globale</a> del <a href="/wiki/Gruppo_di_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Gruppo di Poincaré">gruppo di Poincaré</a>. Consiste delle familiari simmetrie per traslazioni e rotazioni, nonché l'invarianza rispetto ai sistemi di riferimento inerziali centrale per la <a href="/wiki/Relativit%C3%A0_ristretta" title="Relatività ristretta">relatività ristretta</a>. La simmetria che sostanzialmente definisce il modello standard è la <a href="/wiki/Simmetria_di_gauge" title="Simmetria di gauge">simmetria di gauge</a> SU(3)×SU(2)×U(1). Grossomodo, i tre fattori della simmetria di gauge danno luogo alle tre interazioni fondamentali. I campi sono divisi in varie rappresentazioni dei diversi gruppi. Dopo aver scritto la lagrangiana più generale, si trova che la dinamica dipende da 19 parametri, i cui valori numerici sono determinati dagli esperimenti. I parametri sono riassunti nella tabella. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Settore_della_cromodinamica_quantistica">Settore della cromodinamica quantistica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modello_standard&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifica la sezione Settore della cromodinamica quantistica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modello_standard&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Settore della cromodinamica quantistica"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r130657691"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r139142988"> <div class="hatnote noprint vedi-anche"> <div class="hatnote-content"><span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/18px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/27px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/36px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="280" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text">Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: <b><a href="/wiki/Cromodinamica_quantistica" title="Cromodinamica quantistica">Cromodinamica quantistica</a></b>.</span></div> </div> <p>Il settore della cromodinamica quantistica (QCD) definisce le interazioni tra quark e gluoni, che sono descritte da una <a href="/wiki/Teoria_di_Yang-Mills" title="Teoria di Yang-Mills">teoria di Yang-Mills</a> con simmetria di gauge SU(3) di colore, generata da <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T^{a}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T^{a}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/eb8b02d8588d09a61be646fe251831701bbd4986" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.822ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T^{a}}"></span>. Siccome i leptoni non possiedono <a href="/wiki/Carica_di_colore" title="Carica di colore">carica di colore</a> e non interagiscono con i gluoni, non risentono di questo settore. La lagrangiana che descrive questo settore è data da </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}_{\text{QCD}}=\sum _{\psi }{\overline {\psi }}_{i}\left(i\gamma ^{\mu }(\partial _{\mu }\delta _{ij}-ig_{s}G_{\mu }^{a}T_{ij}^{a})\right)\psi _{j}-{\frac {1}{4}}G_{\mu \nu }^{a}G_{a}^{\mu \nu },}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">L</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>QCD</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <munder> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>ψ</mi> </mrow> </munder> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>ψ</mi> <mo accent="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mi>i</mi> <msup> <mi>γ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>μ</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>μ</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <mi>i</mi> <msub> <mi>g</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>s</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msubsup> <mi>G</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>μ</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi>ψ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>4</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <msubsup> <mi>G</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>μ</mi> <mi>ν</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mi>G</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>μ</mi> <mi>ν</mi> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}_{\text{QCD}}=\sum _{\psi }{\overline {\psi }}_{i}\left(i\gamma ^{\mu }(\partial _{\mu }\delta _{ij}-ig_{s}G_{\mu }^{a}T_{ij}^{a})\right)\psi _{j}-{\frac {1}{4}}G_{\mu \nu }^{a}G_{a}^{\mu \nu },}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ba4b040540c91a66b41382744d82c2761d071fa6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:55.849ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}_{\text{QCD}}=\sum _{\psi }{\overline {\psi }}_{i}\left(i\gamma ^{\mu }(\partial _{\mu }\delta _{ij}-ig_{s}G_{\mu }^{a}T_{ij}^{a})\right)\psi _{j}-{\frac {1}{4}}G_{\mu \nu }^{a}G_{a}^{\mu \nu },}"></span></dd></dl> <p>dove </p> <ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \psi _{i}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>ψ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \psi _{i}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3e709a809cfd3cfbb647fe22c8d1f81573f4c7ae" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.313ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \psi _{i}}"></span> è lo spinore di Dirac dei campi dei quark dove <i>i</i> = {r, g, b} rappresenta l'indice di colore;</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \gamma ^{\mu }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>γ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>μ</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \gamma ^{\mu }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cb9ad28fd0224d333e10919fe473cf40e52ac6c9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.503ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \gamma ^{\mu }}"></span> sono le matrici <a href="/wiki/Gamma_di_Dirac" title="Gamma di Dirac">gamma di Dirac</a>;</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G_{\mu }^{a}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mi>G</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>μ</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> </mrow> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G_{\mu }^{a}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9bcd46ec9ae198784df7d80b6beddb106b9ed3a3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:3.05ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G_{\mu }^{a}}"></span> è il campo di gauge di SU(3) di 8 componenti (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a=1,2,\dots ,8}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>a</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mo>…</mo> <mo>,</mo> <mn>8</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a=1,2,\dots ,8}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/584f686125120403ab10cfd5b783fefe8e6d7121" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:14.028ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a=1,2,\dots ,8}"></span>);</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T_{ij}^{a}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> </mrow> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T_{ij}^{a}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c78fb9dbd757588be13cdda461808e0852cf68e1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:2.835ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T_{ij}^{a}}"></span> sono le <a href="/wiki/Matrici_di_Gell-Mann" title="Matrici di Gell-Mann">matrici di Gell-Mann</a> 3 × 3, generatori del gruppo SU(3) di colore;</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G_{\mu \nu }^{a}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mi>G</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>μ</mi> <mi>ν</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> </mrow> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G_{\mu \nu }^{a}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/242f3b18426d21e3bfc89678604c9d90fd51987e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:3.921ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G_{\mu \nu }^{a}}"></span> indica il tensore di intensità del campo gluonico (<i>field strength tensor</i>);</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g_{s}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>g</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>s</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g_{s}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7ddd218a9b5b346d0dd85e51359c7cab5adf8697" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.112ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g_{s}}"></span> è la costante di accoppiamento forte.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Settore_elettrodebole">Settore elettrodebole</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modello_standard&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifica la sezione Settore elettrodebole" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modello_standard&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Settore elettrodebole"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r130657691"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r139142988"> <div class="hatnote noprint vedi-anche"> <div class="hatnote-content"><span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/18px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/27px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/36px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="280" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text">Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: <b><a href="/wiki/Interazione_elettrodebole" title="Interazione elettrodebole">Interazione elettrodebole</a></b>.</span></div> </div> <p>Il settore elettrodebole è una teoria di Yang-Mills basata sul gruppo U(1) × SU(2)<sub>L</sub>, </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}_{\text{EW}}=\sum _{\psi }{\bar {\psi }}\gamma ^{\mu }\left(i\partial _{\mu }-g'{\tfrac {1}{2}}Y_{\text{W}}B_{\mu }-g{\tfrac {1}{2}}{\vec {\tau }}_{\text{L}}{\vec {W}}_{\mu }\right)\psi -{\tfrac {1}{4}}W_{a}^{\mu \nu }W_{\mu \nu }^{a}-{\tfrac {1}{4}}B^{\mu \nu }B_{\mu \nu },}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">L</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>EW</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <munder> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>ψ</mi> </mrow> </munder> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>ψ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <msup> <mi>γ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>μ</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mi>i</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>μ</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msup> <mi>g</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mstyle> </mrow> <msub> <mi>Y</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>W</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>B</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>μ</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <mi>g</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mstyle> </mrow> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>τ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>L</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>W</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>μ</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mi>ψ</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>4</mn> </mfrac> </mstyle> </mrow> <msubsup> <mi>W</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>μ</mi> <mi>ν</mi> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mi>W</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>μ</mi> <mi>ν</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>4</mn> </mfrac> </mstyle> </mrow> <msup> <mi>B</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>μ</mi> <mi>ν</mi> </mrow> </msup> <msub> <mi>B</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>μ</mi> <mi>ν</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}_{\text{EW}}=\sum _{\psi }{\bar {\psi }}\gamma ^{\mu }\left(i\partial _{\mu }-g'{\tfrac {1}{2}}Y_{\text{W}}B_{\mu }-g{\tfrac {1}{2}}{\vec {\tau }}_{\text{L}}{\vec {W}}_{\mu }\right)\psi -{\tfrac {1}{4}}W_{a}^{\mu \nu }W_{\mu \nu }^{a}-{\tfrac {1}{4}}B^{\mu \nu }B_{\mu \nu },}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/acc6634d68ea569c344bb83ccaada73d9768c27a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:74.586ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}_{\text{EW}}=\sum _{\psi }{\bar {\psi }}\gamma ^{\mu }\left(i\partial _{\mu }-g'{\tfrac {1}{2}}Y_{\text{W}}B_{\mu }-g{\tfrac {1}{2}}{\vec {\tau }}_{\text{L}}{\vec {W}}_{\mu }\right)\psi -{\tfrac {1}{4}}W_{a}^{\mu \nu }W_{\mu \nu }^{a}-{\tfrac {1}{4}}B^{\mu \nu }B_{\mu \nu },}"></span></dd></dl> <p>dove </p> <ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B_{\mu }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>B</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>μ</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B_{\mu }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0fe5f2581724819fecf73ea084522e1278fcde4a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.987ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B_{\mu }}"></span> è il campo di gauge U(1),</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y_{\text{W}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>Y</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>W</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y_{\text{W}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/832ea281734f232f063dc72cdaf2b16a7defb76a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.272ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y_{\text{W}}}"></span> è l'<a href="/wiki/Ipercarica_debole" title="Ipercarica debole">ipercarica debole</a> - il generatore del gruppo U(1),</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle W_{\mu }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>W</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>μ</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle W_{\mu }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/20f699fbd7b1f86bc205d794752d9b134241129c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:3.417ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle W_{\mu }}"></span> è il campo di gauge a 3 componenti SU(2),</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tau _{L}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>τ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>L</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tau _{L}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6de509a7f4ac0072b8ad21c259eab796974a0cc7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.368ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tau _{L}}"></span> sono le <a href="/wiki/Matrici_di_Pauli" title="Matrici di Pauli">matrici di Pauli</a> - generatori infinitesimali del gruppo SU(2) - con pedice L per indicare che agiscono solo su fermioni di chiralità sinistra (<i>left</i>),</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g'}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>g</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g'}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e7a53c0df5d85b36e3fd327c74db998f679f4f55" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.803ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g'}"></span> e <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>g</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d3556280e66fe2c0d0140df20935a6f057381d77" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.116ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g}"></span> sono le costanti di accoppiamento rispettivamente di U(1) e SU(2),</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle W^{a\mu \nu }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>W</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> <mi>μ</mi> <mi>ν</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle W^{a\mu \nu }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3a93ca35bec9eef586d6eb6b379c6047fd200bf8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.472ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle W^{a\mu \nu }}"></span> (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a=1,2,3}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>a</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>3</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a=1,2,3}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/26e89beb689f72161ecea41ea832a68113d8c239" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.884ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a=1,2,3}"></span>) e <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B^{\mu \nu }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>B</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>μ</mi> <mi>ν</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B^{\mu \nu }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/eb1aedcb45482f596c64eb5fc96eba754d5eeaad" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.859ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B^{\mu \nu }}"></span> sono i tensori di intensità del campo per i campi di <a href="/wiki/Isospin_debole" title="Isospin debole">isospin debole</a> e di ipercarica debole.</li></ul> <p>L'introduzione di termini di massa per i fermioni è proibita nella lagrangiana elettrodebole, poiché termini della forma <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m{\overline {\psi }}\psi }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>ψ</mi> <mo accent="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mi>ψ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m{\overline {\psi }}\psi }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b96616c4307954df9f951c501fd9c5f35a94973c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.182ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m{\overline {\psi }}\psi }"></span> non rispettano la simmetria di U(1) × SU(2)<sub>L</sub>. Per lo stesso motivo è impossibile aggiungere esplicitamente termini che danno la massa ai campi di gauge di U(1) e SU(2). La massa dei campi di gauge e dei fermioni è data dalle loro interazioni con il <a href="/wiki/Campo_di_Higgs" class="mw-redirect" title="Campo di Higgs">campo di Higgs</a>, rispettivamente tramite il <a href="/wiki/Meccanismo_di_Higgs" class="mw-redirect" title="Meccanismo di Higgs">meccanismo di Higgs</a> e l'<a href="/wiki/Interazione_di_Yukawa" title="Interazione di Yukawa">interazione di Yukawa</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Settore_dell'Higgs"><span id="Settore_dell.27Higgs"></span>Settore dell'Higgs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modello_standard&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifica la sezione Settore dell'Higgs" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modello_standard&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Settore dell'Higgs"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r130657691"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r139142988"> <div class="hatnote noprint vedi-anche"> <div class="hatnote-content"><span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/18px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/27px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/36px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="280" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text">Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: <b><a href="/wiki/Meccanismo_di_Higgs" class="mw-redirect" title="Meccanismo di Higgs">Meccanismo di Higgs</a></b>.</span></div> </div> <p>Nel modello standard, il <a href="/wiki/Campo_di_Higgs" class="mw-redirect" title="Campo di Higgs">campo di Higgs</a> è un <a href="/wiki/Campo_scalare" title="Campo scalare">campo scalare</a> complesso del gruppo <a href="/wiki/SU(2)" class="mw-redirect" title="SU(2)">SU(2)</a><sub>L</sub>: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi ={\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}{\begin{pmatrix}\varphi ^{+}\\\varphi ^{0}\end{pmatrix}},}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>φ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <msqrt> <mn>2</mn> </msqrt> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em"> <mtr> <mtd> <msup> <mi>φ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <msup> <mi>φ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi ={\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}{\begin{pmatrix}\varphi ^{+}\\\varphi ^{0}\end{pmatrix}},}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ffa00d3111393b1b53055c32627efbec4992f4d8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:16.403ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi ={\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}{\begin{pmatrix}\varphi ^{+}\\\varphi ^{0}\end{pmatrix}},}"></span></dd></dl> <p>dove gli apici + e 0 indicano la carica elettrica delle componenti. L'ipercarica debole di entrambe le componenti è 1, mentre l'isospin debole è rispettivamente 1/2 e -1/2. </p><p>Prima della rottura di simmetria, la lagrangiana di Higgs è </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}_{\text{H}}=\varphi ^{\dagger }\left(\partial ^{\mu }-{\frac {i}{2}}\left(g'Y_{\text{W}}B^{\mu }+g{\vec {\tau }}{\vec {W}}^{\mu }\right)\right)\left(\partial _{\mu }+{\frac {i}{2}}\left(g'Y_{\text{W}}B_{\mu }+g{\vec {\tau }}{\vec {W}}_{\mu }\right)\right)\varphi -{\frac {\lambda ^{2}}{4}}\left(\varphi ^{\dagger }\varphi -v^{2}\right)^{2},}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">L</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>H</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mi>φ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>†</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>μ</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>i</mi> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <msup> <mi>g</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <msub> <mi>Y</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>W</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>B</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>μ</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mi>g</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>τ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>W</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>μ</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>μ</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>i</mi> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <msup> <mi>g</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <msub> <mi>Y</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>W</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>B</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>μ</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mi>g</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>τ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>W</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>μ</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mi>φ</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msup> <mi>λ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mn>4</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <msup> <mi>φ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>†</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mi>φ</mi> <mo>−</mo> <msup> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}_{\text{H}}=\varphi ^{\dagger }\left(\partial ^{\mu }-{\frac {i}{2}}\left(g'Y_{\text{W}}B^{\mu }+g{\vec {\tau }}{\vec {W}}^{\mu }\right)\right)\left(\partial _{\mu }+{\frac {i}{2}}\left(g'Y_{\text{W}}B_{\mu }+g{\vec {\tau }}{\vec {W}}_{\mu }\right)\right)\varphi -{\frac {\lambda ^{2}}{4}}\left(\varphi ^{\dagger }\varphi -v^{2}\right)^{2},}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1a5eb804e54ba95aba796e0be9021670b125ebb3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:92.164ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}_{\text{H}}=\varphi ^{\dagger }\left(\partial ^{\mu }-{\frac {i}{2}}\left(g'Y_{\text{W}}B^{\mu }+g{\vec {\tau }}{\vec {W}}^{\mu }\right)\right)\left(\partial _{\mu }+{\frac {i}{2}}\left(g'Y_{\text{W}}B_{\mu }+g{\vec {\tau }}{\vec {W}}_{\mu }\right)\right)\varphi -{\frac {\lambda ^{2}}{4}}\left(\varphi ^{\dagger }\varphi -v^{2}\right)^{2},}"></span></dd></dl> <p>che a meno di una divergenza, può essere anche scritta anche come </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}_{\text{H}}=\left|\left(\partial _{\mu }+{\frac {i}{2}}\left(g'Y_{\text{W}}B_{\mu }+g{\vec {\tau }}{\vec {W}}_{\mu }\right)\right)\varphi \right|^{2}-{\frac {\lambda ^{2}}{4}}\left(\varphi ^{\dagger }\varphi -v^{2}\right)^{2}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">L</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>H</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mo>|</mo> <mrow> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>μ</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>i</mi> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <msup> <mi>g</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <msub> <mi>Y</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>W</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>B</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>μ</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mi>g</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>τ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>W</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>μ</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mi>φ</mi> </mrow> <mo>|</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msup> <mi>λ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mn>4</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <msup> <mi>φ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>†</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mi>φ</mi> <mo>−</mo> <msup> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}_{\text{H}}=\left|\left(\partial _{\mu }+{\frac {i}{2}}\left(g'Y_{\text{W}}B_{\mu }+g{\vec {\tau }}{\vec {W}}_{\mu }\right)\right)\varphi \right|^{2}-{\frac {\lambda ^{2}}{4}}\left(\varphi ^{\dagger }\varphi -v^{2}\right)^{2}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a1ab5e87810e6c85e582b7d67ee2325542e320e2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:60.255ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}_{\text{H}}=\left|\left(\partial _{\mu }+{\frac {i}{2}}\left(g'Y_{\text{W}}B_{\mu }+g{\vec {\tau }}{\vec {W}}_{\mu }\right)\right)\varphi \right|^{2}-{\frac {\lambda ^{2}}{4}}\left(\varphi ^{\dagger }\varphi -v^{2}\right)^{2}.}"></span></dd></dl> <p>L'intensità di accoppiamento dell'Higgs con sé stesso, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>λ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b43d0ea3c9c025af1be9128e62a18fa74bedda2a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.355ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda }"></span>, è circa <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>8</sub>. Questo non è uno dei parametri perché si può ricavare da altri, in particolare la massa dell'Higgs e il <a href="/wiki/Valore_di_aspettazione_del_vuoto" title="Valore di aspettazione del vuoto">valore di aspettazione del vuoto</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Settore_di_Yukawa">Settore di Yukawa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modello_standard&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modifica la sezione Settore di Yukawa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modello_standard&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Settore di Yukawa"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>I termini di <a href="/wiki/Interazione_di_Yukawa" title="Interazione di Yukawa">interazione di Yukawa</a> sono </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}_{\text{Yukawa}}={\overline {U}}_{\rm {L}}G_{\rm {u}}U_{\rm {R}}\varphi ^{0}-{\overline {D}}_{\rm {L}}G_{\rm {u}}U_{\rm {R}}\varphi ^{-}+{\overline {U}}_{\rm {L}}G_{\rm {d}}D_{\rm {R}}\varphi ^{+}+{\overline {D}}_{\rm {L}}G_{\rm {d}}D_{\rm {R}}\varphi ^{0}+\mathrm {h.c.} ,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">L</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Yukawa</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>U</mi> <mo accent="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">L</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>G</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>U</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">R</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>φ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>D</mi> <mo accent="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">L</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>G</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>U</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">R</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>φ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>U</mi> <mo accent="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">L</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>G</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>D</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">R</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>φ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>D</mi> <mo accent="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">L</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>G</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>D</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">R</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>φ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">h</mi> <mo>.</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi> <mo>.</mo> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}_{\text{Yukawa}}={\overline {U}}_{\rm {L}}G_{\rm {u}}U_{\rm {R}}\varphi ^{0}-{\overline {D}}_{\rm {L}}G_{\rm {u}}U_{\rm {R}}\varphi ^{-}+{\overline {U}}_{\rm {L}}G_{\rm {d}}D_{\rm {R}}\varphi ^{+}+{\overline {D}}_{\rm {L}}G_{\rm {d}}D_{\rm {R}}\varphi ^{0}+\mathrm {h.c.} ,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/834ca2d924d312c796e3a3685d7f3a5f44f0d3a0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:75.852ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}_{\text{Yukawa}}={\overline {U}}_{\rm {L}}G_{\rm {u}}U_{\rm {R}}\varphi ^{0}-{\overline {D}}_{\rm {L}}G_{\rm {u}}U_{\rm {R}}\varphi ^{-}+{\overline {U}}_{\rm {L}}G_{\rm {d}}D_{\rm {R}}\varphi ^{+}+{\overline {D}}_{\rm {L}}G_{\rm {d}}D_{\rm {R}}\varphi ^{0}+\mathrm {h.c.} ,}"></span></dd></dl> <p>dove <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>G</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}"></span> sono matrici 3 × 3 degli accoppiamenti di Yukawa, con il termine <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ij}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>i</mi> <mi>j</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ij}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/53fcc7b57da64979c370eb150eb5a61a625a08e8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.761ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ij}"></span> che fornisce l'accoppiamento tra le generazioni <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>i</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/add78d8608ad86e54951b8c8bd6c8d8416533d20" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.802ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i}"></span> e <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle j}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>j</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle j}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2f461e54f5c093e92a55547b9764291390f0b5d0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.027ex; width:0.985ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle j}"></span>, e h.c. indica l'aggiunta dei termini hermitiani coniugati dei precedenti. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verifiche_e_predizioni">Verifiche e predizioni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modello_standard&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modifica la sezione Verifiche e predizioni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modello_standard&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Verifiche e predizioni"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il Modello standard ha predetto l'esistenza dei bosoni W e Z, del gluone, dei quark top e charm prima che tali particelle venissero osservate. Inoltre è stato sperimentalmente verificato che le caratteristiche teoriche di tali particelle sono, con buona precisione, quelle che effettivamente mostrano avere in natura. </p><p>L'<a href="/wiki/Acceleratore_di_particelle" title="Acceleratore di particelle">acceleratore di elettroni e positroni</a> <a href="/wiki/Large_Electron-Positron_Collider" title="Large Electron-Positron Collider">LEP</a> al <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a> ha testato e verificato molte previsioni del Modello standard, in particolare sui decadimenti del <a href="/wiki/Bosone_Z" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosone Z">bosone Z</a>. Una delle importanti verifiche effettuate è la conferma dell'esistenza di tre famiglie di neutrini leggeri.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sfide_al_Modello_standard">Sfide al Modello standard</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modello_standard&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Modifica la sezione Sfide al Modello standard" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modello_standard&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Sfide al Modello standard"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anche se il Modello standard ha avuto un notevole successo nello spiegare i risultati sperimentali, presenta diversi aspetti di incompletezza, in particolare nei seguenti punti: </p> <ol><li>Contiene ben 19 parametri liberi, come le masse delle particelle e le costanti di accoppiamento, che devono essere determinati sperimentalmente, ma le masse non possono essere calcolate indipendentemente l'una dall'altra, segno che sono legate da una qualche relazione non prevista dal modello.</li> <li>Non comprende l'interazione gravitazionale.</li> <li>Non prevede massa per i neutrini.</li> <li>Non prevede l'esistenza di <a href="/wiki/Materia_oscura" title="Materia oscura">materia oscura</a></li></ol> <p>Fin dal completamento del Modello standard sono stati fatti molti sforzi per superare questi limiti e trasformarlo in una teoria completa. Un tentativo di superare il primo difetto è noto come <i>grande unificazione</i>: le cosiddette <a href="/wiki/Teoria_della_grande_unificazione" title="Teoria della grande unificazione">GUT</a> (<i>Grand unification theories</i>, teorie della grande unificazione) si prefiggono di unificare l'interazione forte ed elettrodebole e ipotizzano che i gruppi SU(3), SU(2) e U(1) non siano altro che dei sottogruppi di un altro gruppo di simmetria ancora più grande. Ad alte energie (al di fuori dalla portata degli esperimenti condotti) la simmetria del gruppo unificatore è recuperata: a energie più basse invece si riduce a SU(3)×SU(2)×U(1) per un processo noto come <a href="/wiki/Rottura_spontanea_di_simmetria" title="Rottura spontanea di simmetria">rottura spontanea di simmetria</a>. La prima teoria di questo tipo venne proposta nel 1974 da <a href="/wiki/Howard_Georgi" title="Howard Georgi">Georgi</a> e <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Glashow" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheldon Glashow">Glashow</a>, con il gruppo SU(5) come gruppo di unificazione. Una proprietà distintiva di queste GUT è che, diversamente dal Modello Standard, prevedono tutte il fenomeno del <a href="/wiki/Decadimento_del_protone" title="Decadimento del protone">decadimento protonico</a>. Nel 1999 l'osservatorio di neutrini <a href="/wiki/Super-Kamiokande" title="Super-Kamiokande">Super-Kamiokande</a> ha stabilito di non aver mai osservato un decadimento protonico, stabilendo così un limite inferiore all'ipotetica emivita (tempo di dimezzamento) del protone pari a 6,7× 10<sup>32</sup> anni. Questo ed altri esperimenti hanno invalidato, scartandole, numerose teorie GUT, fra cui quella basata sul gruppo SU(5). Una possibile indicazione sperimentale a supporto di un'unificazione delle interazioni è data dall'evoluzione delle <a href="/wiki/Costante_di_accoppiamento" class="mw-redirect" title="Costante di accoppiamento">costanti di accoppiamento</a> dei tre gruppi SU(3), SU(2) e U(1) all'aumentare della scala di energia (tecnicamente detto <i>running</i>) che evolve in maniera tale che le costanti, estrapolate a grandi energie, tendono ad assumere valori vicini tra di loro. Tuttavia la convergenza dei valori delle costanti non è esatta, cosa che fa pensare all'esistenza di ulteriori fenomeni non ancora scoperti tra la scala di energia della massa e quella della grande unificazione. </p><p>L'inclusione dell'interazione gravitazionale nel modello standard in una cosiddetta <a href="/wiki/Teoria_del_tutto" title="Teoria del tutto">teoria del tutto</a> passa evidentemente per una teoria, ancora mancante, che riesca a conciliare la <a href="/wiki/Relativit%C3%A0_generale" title="Relatività generale">relatività generale</a> con la <a href="/wiki/Meccanica_quantistica" title="Meccanica quantistica">meccanica quantistica</a>. Alcuni tentativi sono in corso in tal senso (<a href="/wiki/Teoria_delle_stringhe" title="Teoria delle stringhe">teoria delle stringhe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supergravit%C3%A0" title="Supergravità">supergravità</a> e altri), con l'obiettivo di raggiungere un più ampio assetto teorico denominato <a href="/wiki/M-teoria" class="mw-redirect" title="M-teoria">M-teoria</a>. </p><p>La prima conferma sperimentale della deviazione dalla formulazione originale del Modello standard venne nel 1998, quando l'esperimento <a href="/wiki/Super-Kamiokande" title="Super-Kamiokande">Super-Kamiokande</a> pubblicò risultati che indicavano una <a href="/wiki/Oscillazione_dei_neutrini" class="mw-redirect" title="Oscillazione dei neutrini">oscillazione dei neutrini</a> fra tipi diversi; questo implica che i neutrini abbiano una massa diversa da zero. Il Modello standard prevede invece che i neutrini abbiano massa nulla e di conseguenza viaggino alla velocità della luce; inoltre presuppone l'esistenza di neutrini solo sinistrorsi, ovvero con spin orientato nella direzione opposta al verso del loro moto. Se i neutrini hanno una massa la loro velocità deve essere inferiore a quella della luce ed è possibile che esistano neutrini destrorsi (infatti sarebbe possibile <i>sorpassare</i> un neutrino, scegliendo un sistema di riferimento in cui la sua direzione di moto sia invertita senza influenzare il suo spin, rendendolo quindi destrorso). Da allora i fisici hanno rivisto il Modello Standard introducendo una massa per i neutrini, il che ha aggiunto 9 ulteriori parametri liberi (3 masse, 3 angoli di mixing e 3 fasi) oltre ai 19 iniziali; questo nuovo modello viene chiamato ancora Modello standard, nonostante le modifiche apportate. </p><p>L'ipotesi della <a href="/wiki/Materia_oscura" title="Materia oscura">materia oscura</a>, che dovrebbe costituire la maggior parte della materia esistente nell'<a href="/wiki/Universo" title="Universo">universo</a>, deriva da varie osservazioni sperimentali che indicano effetti gravitazionali di grande entità in assenza di corrispondente materia direttamente osservabile con i normali mezzi che sfruttano l'interazione elettromagnetica. Nessuna previsione sulla natura di una tale materia è ricavabile dal Modello standard. Un'ulteriore estensione del modello, la teoria della <a href="/wiki/Supersimmetria" title="Supersimmetria">supersimmetria</a> (SUSY), propone una "compagna" supersimmetrica massiccia per ogni particella del Modello standard convenzionale e prevede l'esistenza di particelle stabili pesanti che hanno interazioni debolissime con la materia ordinaria. Tali particelle sono state candidate a spiegare la materia oscura, ma non esistono tuttora dati sperimentali a sostegno della teoria supersimmetrica. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elenco_delle_particelle_del_Modello_standard">Elenco delle particelle del Modello standard</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modello_standard&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Modifica la sezione Elenco delle particelle del Modello standard" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modello_standard&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Elenco delle particelle del Modello standard"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b> <a href="/wiki/Bosoni_di_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosoni di gauge">Bosoni di gauge</a></b>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosone_vettore" title="Bosone vettore">Bosoni vettori</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fotone" title="Fotone">Fotone</a>, che media l'<a href="/wiki/Interazione_elettromagnetica" title="Interazione elettromagnetica">interazione elettromagnetica</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosoni_W_e_Z" title="Bosoni W e Z">Bosoni W e Z</a>, che mediano la <a href="/wiki/Interazione_nucleare_debole" class="mw-redirect" title="Interazione nucleare debole">forza nucleare debole</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gluone" title="Gluone">Gluone</a>, in otto tipi diversi, che media la <a href="/wiki/Interazione_nucleare_forte" class="mw-redirect" title="Interazione nucleare forte">forza nucleare forte</a>. Sei tipi di gluoni sono etichettati come coppie di <i>colori</i> e <i>anti-colori</i> (per esempio un gluone può portare <i>rosso</i> e <i>anti-blu</i>), mentre gli altri due sono una <a href="/wiki/Combinazione_lineare" title="Combinazione lineare">combinazione lineare</a> di <a href="/wiki/Carica_di_colore" title="Carica di colore">colore</a> e anticolore, che formano le tre coppie rosso-antirosso, blu-antiblu e verde-antiverde.</li></ul></li> <li>Bosoni scalari: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosone_di_Higgs" title="Bosone di Higgs">Bosone di Higgs</a>, che induce la <a href="/wiki/Rottura_spontanea_di_simmetria" title="Rottura spontanea di simmetria">rottura spontanea della simmetria</a> dei gruppi di gauge ed è responsabile della massa <a href="/wiki/Inerzia" title="Inerzia">inerziale</a> delle particelle elementari.</li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable" style="align: center; text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Nome</th> <th>Simbolo</th> <th>Antiparticella</th> <th>Carica</th> <th>Spin</th> <th>Massa (<a href="/wiki/Elettronvolt" title="Elettronvolt">GeV</a>/<i><a href="/wiki/Velocit%C3%A0_della_luce" title="Velocità della luce">c</a></i><sup>2</sup>)</th> <th>Interazioni</th> <th>Forza mediata </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fotone" title="Fotone">Fotone</a></td> <td>γ</td> <td>se stesso</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Interazione_debole" title="Interazione debole">nucleare debole</a> e <a href="/wiki/Interazione_gravitazionale" title="Interazione gravitazionale">gravitazionale</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Interazione_elettromagnetica" title="Interazione elettromagnetica">forza elettromagnetica</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bosoni_W_e_Z" title="Bosoni W e Z">Bosone W</a></td> <td>W<sup>±</sup></td> <td>W<sup>∓</sup></td> <td>±1</td> <td>1</td> <td>80,4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Interazione_nucleare_debole" class="mw-redirect" title="Interazione nucleare debole">nucleare debole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interazione_elettromagnetica" title="Interazione elettromagnetica">elettromagnetica</a> e <a href="/wiki/Interazione_gravitazionale" title="Interazione gravitazionale">gravitazionale</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Interazione_nucleare_debole" class="mw-redirect" title="Interazione nucleare debole">forza nucleare debole</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bosoni_W_e_Z" title="Bosoni W e Z">Bosone Z</a></td> <td>Z<sup>0</sup></td> <td>se stesso</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>91,2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Interazione_nucleare_debole" class="mw-redirect" title="Interazione nucleare debole">nucleare debole</a> e <a href="/wiki/Interazione_gravitazionale" title="Interazione gravitazionale">gravitazionale</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Interazione_nucleare_debole" class="mw-redirect" title="Interazione nucleare debole">forza nucleare debole</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gluone" title="Gluone">Gluone</a></td> <td>g</td> <td>se stesso</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Interazione_nucleare_forte" class="mw-redirect" title="Interazione nucleare forte">nucleare forte</a> e <a href="/wiki/Interazione_gravitazionale" title="Interazione gravitazionale">gravitazionale</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Interazione_nucleare_forte" class="mw-redirect" title="Interazione nucleare forte">forza nucleare forte</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bosone_di_Higgs" title="Bosone di Higgs">Bosone di Higgs</a></td> <td>H<sup>0</sup></td> <td>se stesso?</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>~125,5<sup id="cite_ref-ATLAS-13Dec2011_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ATLAS-13Dec2011-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Interazione_nucleare_debole" class="mw-redirect" title="Interazione nucleare debole">elettrodebole</a> e <a href="/wiki/Interazione_gravitazionale" title="Interazione gravitazionale">gravitazionale</a></td> <td>- </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p><b>Fermioni elementari suddivisi per <a href="/wiki/Generazione_(fisica)" title="Generazione (fisica)">generazioni</a> (vengono descritte per convenzione le proprietà delle particelle sinistrorse)</b>:<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table align="center" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="8" style="background:#ffdead">1ª generazione </th></tr> <tr style="background:#ffdddd"> <th>Nome </th> <th>Simbolo </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Carica_elettrica" title="Carica elettrica">Carica<br />elettrica</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Isospin_debole" title="Isospin debole">Isospin<br />debole</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ipercarica" title="Ipercarica">Ipercarica</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Carica_di_colore" title="Carica di colore">Carica<br />di colore</a> * </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Massa_(fisica)" title="Massa (fisica)">Massa</a> ** </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#efefef"><a href="/wiki/Elettrone" title="Elettrone">Elettrone</a> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle e^{-}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle e^{-}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a972f527de5406fb3c965ac407c64b9aa3957ad1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.594ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle e^{-}}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -1}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -1}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/704fb0427140d054dd267925495e78164fee9aac" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:2.971ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -1}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -1/2}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -1/2}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6fb9deb994fbfacb465f9a9d34b0f85d3cfc3985" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.296ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -1/2}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -1/2}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -1/2}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6fb9deb994fbfacb465f9a9d34b0f85d3cfc3985" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.296ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -1/2}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {1} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn mathvariant="bold">1</mn> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {1} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/235ffc0f1788b720aef5caa7b97246a84421fd0e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.337ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {1} }"></span> </td> <td>511 <a href="/wiki/Elettronvolt" title="Elettronvolt">keV</a>/<i><a href="/wiki/Velocit%C3%A0_della_luce" title="Velocità della luce">c</a></i><sup>2</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#efefef"><a href="/wiki/Positrone" title="Positrone">Positrone</a> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle e^{+}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle e^{+}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d5dd8c35770d8b4716837ff8c7c7339238af5117" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.594ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle e^{+}}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle +1}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle +1}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d04cf05c67d41d9f39dabf6a90722ce860a76958" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:2.971ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle +1}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2aae8864a3c1fec9585261791a809ddec1489950" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle +1}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle +1}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d04cf05c67d41d9f39dabf6a90722ce860a76958" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:2.971ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle +1}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {1} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn mathvariant="bold">1</mn> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {1} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/235ffc0f1788b720aef5caa7b97246a84421fd0e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.337ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {1} }"></span> </td> <td>511 <a href="/wiki/Elettronvolt" title="Elettronvolt">keV</a>/<i><a href="/wiki/Velocit%C3%A0_della_luce" title="Velocità della luce">c</a></i><sup>2</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#efefef"><a href="/wiki/Neutrino_elettronico" title="Neutrino elettronico">Neutrino elettronico</a> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nu _{e}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>ν</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>e</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nu _{e}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a4fe16e29341b14991c3171e5f9ee7dd4a916f7d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.147ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nu _{e}}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2aae8864a3c1fec9585261791a809ddec1489950" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle +1/2}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle +1/2}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b8704b46b9ee649dc9e7088c551136d5d7d4ea02" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.296ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle +1/2}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -1/2}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -1/2}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6fb9deb994fbfacb465f9a9d34b0f85d3cfc3985" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.296ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -1/2}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {1} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn mathvariant="bold">1</mn> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {1} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/235ffc0f1788b720aef5caa7b97246a84421fd0e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.337ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {1} }"></span> </td> <td>< 2 <a href="/wiki/Elettronvolt" title="Elettronvolt">eV</a>/<i><a href="/wiki/Velocit%C3%A0_della_luce" title="Velocità della luce">c</a></i><sup>2</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#efefef"><a href="/wiki/Quark_up" title="Quark up">Quark up</a> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>u</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle u}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c3e6bb763d22c20916ed4f0bb6bd49d7470cffd8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle +2/3}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>3</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle +2/3}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bf418826b34f1686a83a8bec7bfbb1afcb198df2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.296ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle +2/3}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle +1/2}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle +1/2}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b8704b46b9ee649dc9e7088c551136d5d7d4ea02" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.296ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle +1/2}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle +1/6}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>6</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle +1/6}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1d52d0b8cf982ea11d6805a10786714e25716a8b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.296ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle +1/6}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {3} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn mathvariant="bold">3</mn> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {3} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c2210f71f47c2aef89cebab1b74ee6b14a05fa4b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.337ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {3} }"></span> </td> <td>~ 3 <a href="/wiki/Elettronvolt" title="Elettronvolt">MeV</a>/<i><a href="/wiki/Velocit%C3%A0_della_luce" title="Velocità della luce">c</a></i><sup>2</sup> *** </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#efefef"><a href="/wiki/Antiquark" title="Antiquark">Antiquark up</a> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\bar {u}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>u</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\bar {u}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3d707dfa8c7f2c1d6635efa659a22efb3c71e8f4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\bar {u}}}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -2/3}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>3</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -2/3}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e3e7596be2acadaddce600ddfa2fcf6cf578844d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.296ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -2/3}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2aae8864a3c1fec9585261791a809ddec1489950" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -2/3}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>3</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -2/3}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e3e7596be2acadaddce600ddfa2fcf6cf578844d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.296ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -2/3}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {\bar {3}} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mn mathvariant="bold">3</mn> <mo mathvariant="bold" stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {\bar {3}} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8d2b4b8ffd1620c4bdbcbfef78b4555894a2d7f9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.337ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {\bar {3}} }"></span> </td> <td>~ 3 <a href="/wiki/Elettronvolt" title="Elettronvolt">MeV</a>/<i><a href="/wiki/Velocit%C3%A0_della_luce" title="Velocità della luce">c</a></i><sup>2</sup> *** </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#efefef"><a href="/wiki/Quark_down" title="Quark down">Quark down</a> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle d}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>d</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle d}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e85ff03cbe0c7341af6b982e47e9f90d235c66ab" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.216ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle d}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -1/3}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>3</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -1/3}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9d26272f09f96204eaaaa4236a61b57e3fe9f1be" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.296ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -1/3}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -1/2}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -1/2}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6fb9deb994fbfacb465f9a9d34b0f85d3cfc3985" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.296ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -1/2}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle +1/6}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>6</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle +1/6}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1d52d0b8cf982ea11d6805a10786714e25716a8b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.296ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle +1/6}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {3} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn mathvariant="bold">3</mn> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {3} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c2210f71f47c2aef89cebab1b74ee6b14a05fa4b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.337ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {3} }"></span> </td> <td>~ 6 <a href="/wiki/Elettronvolt" title="Elettronvolt">MeV</a>/<i><a href="/wiki/Velocit%C3%A0_della_luce" title="Velocità della luce">c</a></i><sup>2</sup> *** </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#efefef"><a href="/wiki/Antiquark" title="Antiquark">Antiquark down</a> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\bar {d}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>d</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\bar {d}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f94d16b08a12f04eea5add65aee1857d911ef751" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.582ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\bar {d}}}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle +1/3}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>3</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle +1/3}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/dc6f2ca5198c14ce7c3c5c14fa1887851aa2144b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.296ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle +1/3}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2aae8864a3c1fec9585261791a809ddec1489950" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle +1/3}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>3</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle +1/3}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/dc6f2ca5198c14ce7c3c5c14fa1887851aa2144b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.296ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle +1/3}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {\bar {3}} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mn mathvariant="bold">3</mn> <mo mathvariant="bold" stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {\bar {3}} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8d2b4b8ffd1620c4bdbcbfef78b4555894a2d7f9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.337ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {\bar {3}} }"></span> </td> <td>~ 6 <a href="/wiki/Elettronvolt" title="Elettronvolt">MeV</a>/<i><a href="/wiki/Velocit%C3%A0_della_luce" title="Velocità della luce">c</a></i><sup>2</sup> *** </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="8">  </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="8" style="background:#ffdead">2ª generazione </th></tr> <tr style="background:#ffdddd"> <th>Nome </th> <th>Simbolo </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Carica_elettrica" title="Carica elettrica">Carica<br />elettrica</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Isospin_debole" title="Isospin debole">Isospin<br />debole</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ipercarica" title="Ipercarica">Ipercarica</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Carica_di_colore" title="Carica di colore">Carica<br />di colore</a> * </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Massa_(fisica)" title="Massa (fisica)">Massa</a> ** </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#efefef"><a href="/wiki/Muone" title="Muone">Muone</a> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu ^{-}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu ^{-}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3a1052ef22be7feef21f5a196d2a08d30d3e9835" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.912ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu ^{-}}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -1}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -1}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/704fb0427140d054dd267925495e78164fee9aac" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:2.971ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -1}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -1/2}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -1/2}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6fb9deb994fbfacb465f9a9d34b0f85d3cfc3985" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.296ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -1/2}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -1/2}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -1/2}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6fb9deb994fbfacb465f9a9d34b0f85d3cfc3985" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.296ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -1/2}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {1} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn mathvariant="bold">1</mn> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {1} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/235ffc0f1788b720aef5caa7b97246a84421fd0e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.337ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {1} }"></span> </td> <td>106 <a href="/wiki/Elettronvolt" title="Elettronvolt">MeV</a>/<i><a href="/wiki/Velocit%C3%A0_della_luce" title="Velocità della luce">c</a></i><sup>2</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#efefef"><a href="/wiki/Antimuone" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimuone">Antimuone</a> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu ^{+}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu ^{+}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/efba17f582e5e2330f9c3166ea6ae8b4b53e0ded" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.912ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu ^{+}}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle +1}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle +1}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d04cf05c67d41d9f39dabf6a90722ce860a76958" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:2.971ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle +1}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2aae8864a3c1fec9585261791a809ddec1489950" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle +1}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle +1}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d04cf05c67d41d9f39dabf6a90722ce860a76958" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:2.971ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle +1}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {1} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn mathvariant="bold">1</mn> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {1} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/235ffc0f1788b720aef5caa7b97246a84421fd0e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.337ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {1} }"></span> </td> <td>106 <a href="/wiki/Elettronvolt" title="Elettronvolt">MeV</a>/<i><a href="/wiki/Velocit%C3%A0_della_luce" title="Velocità della luce">c</a></i><sup>2</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#efefef"><a href="/wiki/Neutrino_muonico" title="Neutrino muonico">Neutrino muonico</a> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nu _{\mu }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>ν</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>μ</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nu _{\mu }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1248e56ab9afef3b813281f8ccb90e113004b51e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.372ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nu _{\mu }}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2aae8864a3c1fec9585261791a809ddec1489950" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle +1/2}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle +1/2}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b8704b46b9ee649dc9e7088c551136d5d7d4ea02" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.296ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle +1/2}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -1/2}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -1/2}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6fb9deb994fbfacb465f9a9d34b0f85d3cfc3985" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.296ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -1/2}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {1} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn mathvariant="bold">1</mn> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {1} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/235ffc0f1788b720aef5caa7b97246a84421fd0e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.337ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {1} }"></span> </td> <td>< 2 <a href="/wiki/Elettronvolt" title="Elettronvolt">eV</a>/<i><a href="/wiki/Velocit%C3%A0_della_luce" title="Velocità della luce">c</a></i><sup>2</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#efefef"><a href="/wiki/Quark_charm" title="Quark charm">Quark charm</a> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>c</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/86a67b81c2de995bd608d5b2df50cd8cd7d92455" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.007ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle +2/3}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>3</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle +2/3}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bf418826b34f1686a83a8bec7bfbb1afcb198df2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.296ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle +2/3}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle +1/2}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle +1/2}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b8704b46b9ee649dc9e7088c551136d5d7d4ea02" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.296ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle +1/2}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle +1/6}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>6</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle +1/6}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1d52d0b8cf982ea11d6805a10786714e25716a8b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.296ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle +1/6}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {3} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn mathvariant="bold">3</mn> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {3} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c2210f71f47c2aef89cebab1b74ee6b14a05fa4b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.337ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {3} }"></span> </td> <td>~ 1.3 <a href="/wiki/Elettronvolt" title="Elettronvolt">GeV</a>/<i><a href="/wiki/Velocit%C3%A0_della_luce" title="Velocità della luce">c</a></i><sup>2</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#efefef"><a href="/wiki/Antiquark" title="Antiquark">Antiquark charm</a> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\bar {c}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>c</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\bar {c}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/94e1e99531b83728c7362b99dda09cc8b366168e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.292ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\bar {c}}}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -2/3}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>3</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -2/3}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e3e7596be2acadaddce600ddfa2fcf6cf578844d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.296ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -2/3}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2aae8864a3c1fec9585261791a809ddec1489950" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -2/3}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>3</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -2/3}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e3e7596be2acadaddce600ddfa2fcf6cf578844d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.296ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -2/3}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {\bar {3}} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mn mathvariant="bold">3</mn> <mo mathvariant="bold" stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {\bar {3}} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8d2b4b8ffd1620c4bdbcbfef78b4555894a2d7f9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.337ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {\bar {3}} }"></span> </td> <td>~ 1.3 <a href="/wiki/Elettronvolt" title="Elettronvolt">GeV</a>/<i><a href="/wiki/Velocit%C3%A0_della_luce" title="Velocità della luce">c</a></i><sup>2</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#efefef"><a href="/wiki/Quark_strange" title="Quark strange">Quark strange</a> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle s}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>s</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle s}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/01d131dfd7673938b947072a13a9744fe997e632" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.09ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle s}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -1/3}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>3</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -1/3}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9d26272f09f96204eaaaa4236a61b57e3fe9f1be" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.296ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -1/3}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -1/2}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -1/2}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6fb9deb994fbfacb465f9a9d34b0f85d3cfc3985" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.296ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -1/2}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle +1/6}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>6</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle +1/6}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1d52d0b8cf982ea11d6805a10786714e25716a8b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.296ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle +1/6}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {3} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn mathvariant="bold">3</mn> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {3} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c2210f71f47c2aef89cebab1b74ee6b14a05fa4b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.337ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {3} }"></span> </td> <td>~ 100 <a href="/wiki/Elettronvolt" title="Elettronvolt">MeV</a>/<i><a href="/wiki/Velocit%C3%A0_della_luce" title="Velocità della luce">c</a></i><sup>2</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#efefef"><a href="/wiki/Antiquark" title="Antiquark">Antiquark strange</a> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\bar {s}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>s</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\bar {s}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6872cefff1312205ecbaf86ef1d2e6634d850b71" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.292ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\bar {s}}}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle +1/3}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>3</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle +1/3}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/dc6f2ca5198c14ce7c3c5c14fa1887851aa2144b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.296ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle +1/3}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2aae8864a3c1fec9585261791a809ddec1489950" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle +1/3}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>3</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle +1/3}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/dc6f2ca5198c14ce7c3c5c14fa1887851aa2144b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.296ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle +1/3}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {\bar {3}} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mn mathvariant="bold">3</mn> <mo mathvariant="bold" stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {\bar {3}} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8d2b4b8ffd1620c4bdbcbfef78b4555894a2d7f9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.337ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {\bar {3}} }"></span> </td> <td>~ 100 <a href="/wiki/Elettronvolt" title="Elettronvolt">MeV</a>/<i><a href="/wiki/Velocit%C3%A0_della_luce" title="Velocità della luce">c</a></i><sup>2</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="8">  </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="8" style="background:#ffdead">3ª generazione </th></tr> <tr style="background:#ffdddd"> <th>Nome </th> <th>Simbolo </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Carica_elettrica" title="Carica elettrica">Carica<br />elettrica</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Isospin_debole" title="Isospin debole">Isospin<br />debole</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ipercarica" title="Ipercarica">Ipercarica</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Carica_di_colore" title="Carica di colore">Carica<br />di colore</a> * </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Massa_(fisica)" title="Massa (fisica)">Massa</a> ** </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#efefef"><a href="/wiki/Tauone" title="Tauone">Tauone</a> (o <a href="/wiki/Tauone" title="Tauone">tau</a>) </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tau ^{-}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>τ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tau ^{-}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/afe2cd708d29eadcbda45812f4f88b93a7e5ba08" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.769ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tau ^{-}}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -1}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -1}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/704fb0427140d054dd267925495e78164fee9aac" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:2.971ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -1}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -1/2}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -1/2}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6fb9deb994fbfacb465f9a9d34b0f85d3cfc3985" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.296ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -1/2}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -1/2}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -1/2}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6fb9deb994fbfacb465f9a9d34b0f85d3cfc3985" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.296ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -1/2}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {1} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn mathvariant="bold">1</mn> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {1} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/235ffc0f1788b720aef5caa7b97246a84421fd0e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.337ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {1} }"></span> </td> <td>1.78 <a href="/wiki/Elettronvolt" title="Elettronvolt">GeV</a>/<i><a href="/wiki/Velocit%C3%A0_della_luce" title="Velocità della luce">c</a></i><sup>2</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#efefef"><a href="/wiki/Antitauone" class="mw-redirect" title="Antitauone">Antitauone</a> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tau ^{+}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>τ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tau ^{+}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/19605d36e7f44721bc9b2c5e8f54644c1fa3f51f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.769ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tau ^{+}}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle +1}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle +1}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d04cf05c67d41d9f39dabf6a90722ce860a76958" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:2.971ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle +1}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2aae8864a3c1fec9585261791a809ddec1489950" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle +1}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle +1}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d04cf05c67d41d9f39dabf6a90722ce860a76958" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:2.971ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle +1}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {1} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn mathvariant="bold">1</mn> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {1} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/235ffc0f1788b720aef5caa7b97246a84421fd0e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.337ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {1} }"></span> </td> <td>1.78 <a href="/wiki/Elettronvolt" title="Elettronvolt">GeV</a>/<i><a href="/wiki/Velocit%C3%A0_della_luce" title="Velocità della luce">c</a></i><sup>2</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#efefef"><a href="/wiki/Neutrino_tauonico" title="Neutrino tauonico">Neutrino tauonico</a> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nu _{\tau }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>ν</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>τ</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nu _{\tau }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0020fce5d76f9ed72d266a11c33044a0b6129c64" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.231ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nu _{\tau }}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2aae8864a3c1fec9585261791a809ddec1489950" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle +1/2}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle +1/2}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b8704b46b9ee649dc9e7088c551136d5d7d4ea02" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.296ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle +1/2}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -1/2}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -1/2}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6fb9deb994fbfacb465f9a9d34b0f85d3cfc3985" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.296ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -1/2}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {1} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn mathvariant="bold">1</mn> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {1} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/235ffc0f1788b720aef5caa7b97246a84421fd0e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.337ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {1} }"></span> </td> <td>< 2 <a href="/wiki/Elettronvolt" title="Elettronvolt">eV</a>/<i><a href="/wiki/Velocit%C3%A0_della_luce" title="Velocità della luce">c</a></i><sup>2</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#efefef"><a href="/wiki/Quark_top" title="Quark top">Quark top</a> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>t</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/65658b7b223af9e1acc877d848888ecdb4466560" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.84ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle +2/3}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>3</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle +2/3}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bf418826b34f1686a83a8bec7bfbb1afcb198df2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.296ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle +2/3}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle +1/2}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle +1/2}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b8704b46b9ee649dc9e7088c551136d5d7d4ea02" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.296ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle +1/2}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle +1/6}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>6</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle +1/6}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1d52d0b8cf982ea11d6805a10786714e25716a8b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.296ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle +1/6}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {3} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn mathvariant="bold">3</mn> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {3} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c2210f71f47c2aef89cebab1b74ee6b14a05fa4b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.337ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {3} }"></span> </td> <td>173 <a href="/wiki/Elettronvolt" title="Elettronvolt">GeV</a>/<i><a href="/wiki/Velocit%C3%A0_della_luce" title="Velocità della luce">c</a></i><sup>2</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#efefef"><a href="/wiki/Antiquark" title="Antiquark">Antiquark top</a> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\bar {t}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\bar {t}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/302cbf1f7c6955f137ad81cacc4b45d4a9494fc4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.356ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\bar {t}}}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -2/3}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>3</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -2/3}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e3e7596be2acadaddce600ddfa2fcf6cf578844d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.296ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -2/3}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2aae8864a3c1fec9585261791a809ddec1489950" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -2/3}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>3</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -2/3}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e3e7596be2acadaddce600ddfa2fcf6cf578844d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.296ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -2/3}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {\bar {3}} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mn mathvariant="bold">3</mn> <mo mathvariant="bold" stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {\bar {3}} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8d2b4b8ffd1620c4bdbcbfef78b4555894a2d7f9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.337ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {\bar {3}} }"></span> </td> <td>173 <a href="/wiki/Elettronvolt" title="Elettronvolt">GeV</a>/<i><a href="/wiki/Velocit%C3%A0_della_luce" title="Velocità della luce">c</a></i><sup>2</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#efefef"><a href="/wiki/Quark_bottom" title="Quark bottom">Quark bottom</a> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>b</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f11423fbb2e967f986e36804a8ae4271734917c3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.998ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -1/3}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>3</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -1/3}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9d26272f09f96204eaaaa4236a61b57e3fe9f1be" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.296ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -1/3}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -1/2}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -1/2}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6fb9deb994fbfacb465f9a9d34b0f85d3cfc3985" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.296ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -1/2}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle +1/6}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>6</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle +1/6}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1d52d0b8cf982ea11d6805a10786714e25716a8b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.296ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle +1/6}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {3} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn mathvariant="bold">3</mn> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {3} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c2210f71f47c2aef89cebab1b74ee6b14a05fa4b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.337ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {3} }"></span> </td> <td>~ 4.2 <a href="/wiki/Elettronvolt" title="Elettronvolt">GeV</a>/<i><a href="/wiki/Velocit%C3%A0_della_luce" title="Velocità della luce">c</a></i><sup>2</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#efefef"><a href="/wiki/Antiquark" title="Antiquark">Antiquark bottom</a> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\bar {b}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>b</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\bar {b}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/89e44ed80d87353f07b93aa5b68876724e564ff1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\bar {b}}}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle +1/3}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>3</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle +1/3}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/dc6f2ca5198c14ce7c3c5c14fa1887851aa2144b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.296ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle +1/3}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2aae8864a3c1fec9585261791a809ddec1489950" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle +1/3}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>3</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle +1/3}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/dc6f2ca5198c14ce7c3c5c14fa1887851aa2144b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.296ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle +1/3}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {\bar {3}} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mn mathvariant="bold">3</mn> <mo mathvariant="bold" stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {\bar {3}} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8d2b4b8ffd1620c4bdbcbfef78b4555894a2d7f9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.337ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {\bar {3}} }"></span> </td> <td>~ 4.2 <a href="/wiki/Elettronvolt" title="Elettronvolt">GeV</a>/<i><a href="/wiki/Velocit%C3%A0_della_luce" title="Velocità della luce">c</a></i><sup>2</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8">Note: <ul><li><b>*</b> - Tali <a href="/wiki/Carica_elettrica" title="Carica elettrica">cariche</a> non sono normali cariche <a href="/wiki/Gruppo_abeliano" title="Gruppo abeliano">abeliane</a> che possono essere sommate assieme, ma autovalori delle <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rappresentazione_di_gruppo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rappresentazione di gruppo (la pagina non esiste)">rappresentazioni</a> del <a href="/wiki/Gruppo_di_Lie" title="Gruppo di Lie">gruppo di Lie</a>.</li> <li><b>**</b> - Quella che si intende comunemente per massa nasce da un accoppiamento fra un fermione sinistrorso ed uno destrorso: per esempio, la massa di un elettrone deriva dall'accoppiamento fra un elettrone sinistrorso ed un elettrone destrorso, il quale è l'antiparticella di un <a href="/wiki/Positrone" title="Positrone">positrone</a> sinistrorso. Anche i neutrini mostrano una grande varietà nei loro accoppiamenti di massa, e per questo non è esatto parlare di masse dei neutrini nei loro tipi base o dire che un neutrino elettronico sinistrorso e un neutrino elettronico destrorso hanno la stessa massa, come la tabella sembra suggerire.</li> <li><b>***</b> - Quello che in realtà è stato misurato sperimentalmente sono le masse dei <a href="/wiki/Barione" title="Barione">barioni</a> e degli <a href="/wiki/Adrone" title="Adrone">adroni</a> e diverse <a href="/wiki/Sezione_d%27urto" title="Sezione d'urto">sezioni d'urto</a>. Dal momento che i <a href="/wiki/Quark_(particella)" title="Quark (particella)">quark</a> non si possono isolare a causa del <a href="/wiki/Confinamento_dei_quark" title="Confinamento dei quark">confinamento</a> della <a href="/wiki/Cromodinamica_quantistica" title="Cromodinamica quantistica">QCD</a>. Supponiamo che la quantità qui esposta sia la massa del quark alla scala di rinormalizzazione della <a href="/wiki/Transizione_di_fase" title="Transizione di fase">transizione di fase</a> della QCD. Per arrivare a calcolare tale quantità, è necessario costruire un <a href="/w/index.php?title=Modello_su_reticolo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modello su reticolo (la pagina non esiste)">modello su reticolo</a> e provare ad assegnare masse diverse per i quark fino a trovare quelle per cui il modello approssima meglio i dati sperimentali. Poiché le masse dei quark di prima generazione sono molto al di sotto della scala QCD, le incertezze sono molto grandi: gli attuali modelli di <a href="/wiki/QCD_su_reticolo" title="QCD su reticolo">QCD su reticolo</a> sembrano suggerire che le masse di tali quark siano significativamente più basse di quelle nella tabella.</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modello_standard&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Modifica la sezione Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modello_standard&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTreccani_modello-standard_%28Enciclopedia-della-Scienza-e-della-Tecnica%29/" class="citation testo" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/modello-standard_(Enciclopedia-della-Scienza-e-della-Tecnica)/"><span style="font-style:italic;">Modello standard</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Enciclopedia della scienza e della tecnica</span>, Roma, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana, 2007-2008.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> R. Oerter, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theoryofalmostev0000oert"><span style="font-style:italic;">The Theory of Almost Everything: The Standard Model, the Unsung Triumph of Modern Physics</span></a>, Kindle, Penguin Group, 2006, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theoryofalmostev0000oert/page/2">2</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-13-236678-6" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-13-236678-6">978-0-13-236678-6</a>. <small>URL consultato il 28 marzo 2022</small>.</cite> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r140554517">.mw-parser-output .chiarimento{background:#ffeaea;color:#444444}.mw-parser-output .chiarimento-apice{color:#EE0700}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .chiarimento{background:rgba(179,36,36,0.21);color:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .chiarimento-apice{color:#b32424}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .chiarimento{background:rgba(179,36,36,0.21);color:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .chiarimento-apice{color:#b32424}}</style><span class="chiarimento" title="A volte può capitare che un link presente su Wikipedia non sia più raggiungibile. Se possibile ritrova il link e inserisci il collegamento corretto, comunque non rimuovere il collegamento e inserisci il template {{Collegamento interrotto}}"></span><sup class="noprint chiarimento-apice" title="A volte può capitare che un link presente su Wikipedia non sia più raggiungibile. Se possibile ritrova il link e inserisci il collegamento corretto, comunque non rimuovere il collegamento e inserisci il template {{Collegamento interrotto}}">[<i><a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Collegamenti_interrotti" title="Aiuto:Collegamenti interrotti">collegamento interrotto</a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Sean M. Carroll, Zachary H. 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Hasert <i>et al.</i>, Observation of neutrino-like interactions without muon or electron in the Gargamelle neutrino experiment, Nucl. Phys., <b>B73</b>, pag. 1, (1974).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">D. Haidt <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/29168">The discovery of the weak neutral currents</a>, 2004, dal <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cerncourier.com">CERN courier</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">estensioni del Modello standard, detti modelli non minimali, prevedono più bosoni di Higgs</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://public.web.cern.ch/public/en/science/standardmodel-en.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">The standard package</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">public.web.cern.ch</span>. <small>URL consultato il 16 dicembre 2012</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Per i nomi dei quark è praticamente in disuso la traduzione in italiano di quark <i>su</i> e <i>giù</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0801.1235"><span style="font-style:italic;">Study of W boson polarisations and Triple Gauge boson Couplings in the reaction e+e- -> W+W- at LEP 2</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">arxiv.org</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0706.2741"><span style="font-style:italic;">Study of Triple-Gauge-Boson Couplings ZZZ, ZZgam and Zgamgam at LEP</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">arxiv.org</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ex/9901030"><span style="font-style:italic;">Measurement of triple gauge WWgamma couplings at LEP2 using photonic events</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">arxiv.org</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ansa.it/web/notizie/specializzati/scienza/2013/03/06/Cern-conferma-particella-scoperta-Bosone-Higgs-_8353811.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">Il bosone di Higgs è quello previsto dalla teoria</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">ansa.it</span>, 6 marzo 2013. <small>URL consultato il 18 marzo 2022</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> Gregg Jaeger, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oadoi.org/10.3390/e23111416"><span style="font-style:italic;">The Elementary Particles of Quantum Fields</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Entropy_(rivista)" title="Entropy (rivista)">Entropy</a></span>, vol. 23, n. 11, 2021, pp. 1416, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3390%2Fe23111416">10.3390/e23111416</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdg.lbl.gov/2012/reviews/rpp2012-rev-light-neutrino-types.pdf"><span style="font-style:italic;">Particle Data Group: The number of light neutrino types from collider experiments</span></a> (<span style="font-weight: bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="documento in formato PDF">PDF</abbr></span>), su <span style="font-style:italic;">pdg.lbl.gov</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ATLAS-13Dec2011-24"><a href="#cite_ref-ATLAS-13Dec2011_24-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120106070159/http://www.atlas.ch/news/2011/status-report-dec-2011.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">ATLAS experiment presents latest Higgs search status</span></a>, CERN, 13 dicembre 2011. <small>URL consultato il 13 dicembre 2011</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://www.atlas.ch/news/2011/status-report-dec-2011.html">url originale</abbr> il 6 gennaio 2012)</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cms.web.cern.ch/news/cms-search-standard-model-higgs-boson-lhc-data-2010-and-2011"><span style="font-style:italic;">CMS search for the Standard Model Higgs Boson in LHC data from 2010 and 2011</span></a>, CERN, 13 dicembre 2011. <small>URL consultato il 13 dicembre 2011</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> W.-M. Yao <i>et al</i>. (<a href="/wiki/Particle_Data_Group" title="Particle Data Group">Particle Data Group</a>), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdg.lbl.gov/2006/tables/qxxx.pdf"><span style="font-style:italic;">Review of Particle Physics: Quarks</span></a> (<span style="font-weight: bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="documento in formato PDF">PDF</abbr></span>), in <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Physics_G" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Physics G">Journal of Physics G</a></span>, vol. 33, 2006, p. 1, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1088%2F0954-3899%2F33%2F1%2F001">10.1088/0954-3899/33/1/001</a>.</cite></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modello_standard&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Modifica la sezione Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modello_standard&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Gerardus t'Hooft, <span style="font-style:italic;">In Search of the Ultimate Building Blocks</span>, Londra, Cambridge University Press, 2001, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-521-57883-7" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-521-57883-7">978-0-521-57883-7</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) W. Noel Cottingham e Derek A. Greenwood, <span style="font-style:italic;">An Introduction to the Standard Model of Particle Physics</span>, Londra, Cambridge University Press, 1999, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-521-58832-4" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-521-58832-4">978-0-521-58832-4</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Franz Mandl e Graham Shaw, <span style="font-style:italic;">Quantum Field Theory</span>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/0-471-94186-7" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/0-471-94186-7">0-471-94186-7</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Y. Hayato, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oadoi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.1529"><span style="font-style:italic;">Search for Proton Decay through <i>p</i> → <i>νK</i><sup>+</sup> in a Large Water Cherenkov Detector</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Physical Review Letters</span>, vol. 83, n. 8, 1999, pp. 1529–1533, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.83.1529">10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.1529</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> R. Oerter, <span style="font-style:italic;">La teoria del quasi tutto. Il Modello standard, il trionfo non celebrato della fisica moderna</span>, Torino, Codice, 2006, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-88-75-78062-3" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-88-75-78062-3">978-88-75-78062-3</a>.</cite></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voci_correlate">Voci correlate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modello_standard&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Modifica la sezione Voci correlate" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modello_standard&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Voci correlate"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="colonne"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antimateria" title="Antimateria">Antimateria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosone_di_Higgs" title="Bosone di Higgs">Bosone di Higgs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosone_vettore" title="Bosone vettore">Bosone vettore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosone_di_gauge" title="Bosone di gauge">Bosone di gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromodinamica_quantistica" title="Cromodinamica quantistica">Cromodinamica quantistica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elettrodinamica_quantistica" title="Elettrodinamica quantistica">Elettrodinamica quantistica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elettromagnetismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Elettromagnetismo">Elettromagnetismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisica_delle_particelle" title="Fisica delle particelle">Fisica delle particelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interazioni_fondamentali" title="Interazioni fondamentali">Interazioni fondamentali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modello_di_Kaluza-Klein" class="mw-redirect" title="Modello di Kaluza-Klein">Modello di Kaluza-Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problema_della_gerarchia" title="Problema della gerarchia">Problema della gerarchia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quark_(particella)" title="Quark (particella)">Quark (particella)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supersimmetria" title="Supersimmetria">Supersimmetria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teoria_della_grande_unificazione" title="Teoria della grande unificazione">Teoria della grande unificazione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teoria_del_tutto" title="Teoria del tutto">Teoria del tutto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teoria_di_gauge" title="Teoria di gauge">Teoria di gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trivialit%C3%A0_quantistica" title="Trivialità quantistica">Trivialità quantistica</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Altri_progetti">Altri progetti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modello_standard&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Modifica la sezione Altri progetti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modello_standard&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Altri progetti"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="interProject" class="toccolours" style="display: none; clear: both; margin-top: 2em"><p id="sisterProjects" style="background-color: #efefef; color: black; font-weight: bold; margin: 0"><span>Altri progetti</span></p><ul title="Collegamenti verso gli altri progetti Wikimedia"> <li class="" title=""><span class="plainlinks" title="commons:Category:Standard Model (physics)"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Standard_Model_(physics)?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it" title="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons"><img alt="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/27px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/36px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span> contiene immagini o altri file su <b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Standard_Model_(physics)?uselang=it">Modello standard</a></span></b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collegamenti_esterni">Collegamenti esterni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modello_standard&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Modifica la sezione Collegamenti esterni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modello_standard&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Collegamenti esterni"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFEnciclopedia_della_scienza_e_della_tecnica" class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Mauro Cappelli, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/modello-standard_(Enciclopedia-della-Scienza-e-della-Tecnica)/"><span style="font-style:italic;">Modello Standard</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Enciclopedia della scienza e della tecnica</span>, <a href="/wiki/Istituto_dell%27Enciclopedia_Italiana" title="Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana">Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana</a>, 2007-2008.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18338#P10037" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSapere.it" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sapere.it/enciclopedia/modello+standard.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">modello standard</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">sapere.it</span>, <a href="/wiki/De_Agostini" title="De Agostini">De Agostini</a>.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18338#P6706" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBritannica.com" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Christine Sutton, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/Standard-Model"><span style="font-style:italic;">standard model</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Enciclopedia_Britannica" title="Enciclopedia Britannica">Enciclopedia Britannica</a></span>, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18338#P1417" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://slurl.com/secondlife/Second%20Physics/169/218/22"><span style="font-style:italic;">In SecondLife, il progetto "Scienza on the road" presenta molte discussioni sul Modello standard</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">slurl.com</span>.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/news/news.jsp?id=ns9999404"><span style="font-style:italic;">New Scientist story: Standard Model may be found incomplete</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">newscientist.com</span>.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arXiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0401347"><span style="font-style:italic;"><span></span><i>The Universe Is A Strange Place</i>, a lecture by Frank Wilczek</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">arXiv.org</span>.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-cdf.fnal.gov/top_status/top.html"><span style="font-style:italic;"><span></span><i>Observation of the Top Quark</i> at Fermilab</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">www-cdf.fnal.gov</span>.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scienzapertutti.lnf.infn.it/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=339:1-il-modello-standard&catid=13&Itemid=275"><span style="font-style:italic;">Il Modello Standard, percorso in italiano - ScienzaPerTutti</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">scienzapertutti.lnf.infn.it</span>.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdg.lbl.gov/"><span style="font-style:italic;"><span></span><i>Particle Data Group</i><span></span></span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">pdg.lbl.gov</span>.</cite></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r141815314">.mw-parser-output .navbox{border:1px solid #aaa;clear:both;margin:auto;padding:2px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox th{padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:#ccf;font-size:90%;width:100%;color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox_navbar{float:left;margin:0;padding:0 10px 0 0;text-align:left;width:6em}.mw-parser-output .navbox_title{font-size:110%}.mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow{background:#ddf;font-size:90%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:#ddf;font-size:90%;padding:0 10px;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .navbox_list{font-size:90%;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox_list a{white-space:nowrap}html:not(.vector-feature-night-mode-enabled) .mw-parser-output .navbox_odd{background:#fdfdfd;color:var(--color-base,black)}html:not(.vector-feature-night-mode-enabled) .mw-parser-output .navbox_even{background:#f7f7f7;color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox a.mw-selflink{color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox_center{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox_image{padding-left:7px;vertical-align:middle;width:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{font-weight:normal;text-align:right;width:7em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox_image img{max-width:none!important}.mw-parser-output .subnavbox{margin:-3px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:#e6e6ff;padding:0 10px}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:var(--background-color-interactive)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox th{color:var(--color-base)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:var(--background-color-interactive)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox th{color:var(--color-base)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle)!important}}</style><table class="navbox mw-collapsible autocollapse noprint metadata" id="navbox-Teoria_quantistica_dei_campi"><tbody><tr><th colspan="3"><div class="navbox_navbar"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000000); white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Teoria_quantistica_dei_campi" title="Template:Teoria quantistica dei campi"><span title="Vai alla pagina del template">V</span></a> · <a href="/wiki/Discussioni_template:Teoria_quantistica_dei_campi" title="Discussioni template:Teoria quantistica dei campi"><span title="Discuti del template">D</span></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Teoria_quantistica_dei_campi&action=edit"><span title="Modifica il template. 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href="/wiki/Meccanica_quantistica" title="Meccanica quantistica">Meccanica quantistica</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Rottura_spontanea_di_simmetria" title="Rottura spontanea di simmetria">Rottura spontanea di simmetria</a></td><td rowspan="7" class="navbox_image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Feynmann_Diagram_Gluon_Radiation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Feynmann_Diagram_Gluon_Radiation.svg/150px-Feynmann_Diagram_Gluon_Radiation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Feynmann_Diagram_Gluon_Radiation.svg/225px-Feynmann_Diagram_Gluon_Radiation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Feynmann_Diagram_Gluon_Radiation.svg/300px-Feynmann_Diagram_Gluon_Radiation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group"><a href="/wiki/Simmetria_(fisica)" title="Simmetria (fisica)">Simmetria in fisica</a></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><a href="/wiki/Crossing_(fisica)" title="Crossing (fisica)">Crossing</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Coniugazione_di_carica" class="mw-redirect" title="Coniugazione di carica">Coniugazione di carica</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Parit%C3%A0_(fisica)" title="Parità (fisica)">Parità</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Simmetria_temporale" title="Simmetria temporale">Simmetria temporale</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">Strumenti</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><a href="/wiki/Anomalia_(fisica)" title="Anomalia (fisica)">Anomalia</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Teoria_di_campo_efficace" title="Teoria di campo efficace">Teoria di campo efficace</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Valore_di_aspettazione_del_vuoto" title="Valore di aspettazione del vuoto">Valore di aspettazione del vuoto</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Ghost_di_Faddeev-Popov" title="Ghost di Faddeev-Popov">Ghost di Faddeev-Popov</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Diagramma_di_Feynman" title="Diagramma di Feynman">Diagramma di Feynman</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Formule_di_riduzione_LSZ" title="Formule di riduzione LSZ">Formule di riduzione LSZ</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Funzione_di_partizione_(meccanica_statistica)" title="Funzione di partizione (meccanica statistica)">Funzione di partizione</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Propagatore" title="Propagatore">Propagatore</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Quantizzazione_(fisica)" title="Quantizzazione (fisica)">Quantizzazione</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Rinormalizzazione" title="Rinormalizzazione">Rinormalizzazione</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Regolarizzazione_(fisica)" title="Regolarizzazione (fisica)">Regolarizzazione</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Vuoto_(fisica)#Il_vuoto_quantistico" title="Vuoto (fisica)">Vuoto quantistico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Teorema_di_Wick" title="Teorema di Wick">Teorema di Wick</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Assiomi_di_Wightman" title="Assiomi di Wightman">Assiomi di Wightman</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">Equazioni</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><a href="/wiki/Equazione_di_Dirac" title="Equazione di Dirac">Equazione di Dirac</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Equazione_di_Klein-Gordon" title="Equazione di Klein-Gordon">Equazione di Klein-Gordon</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Lagrangiana_di_Proca" title="Lagrangiana di Proca">Equazione di Proca</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Equazione_di_Wheeler-DeWitt" title="Equazione di Wheeler-DeWitt">Equazione di Wheeler-DeWitt</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Modello standard</a></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><a href="/wiki/Interazione_elettrodebole" title="Interazione elettrodebole">Interazione elettrodebole</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Meccanismo_di_Higgs" class="mw-redirect" title="Meccanismo di Higgs">Meccanismo di Higgs</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Cromodinamica_quantistica" title="Cromodinamica quantistica">Cromodinamica quantistica</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Elettrodinamica_quantistica" title="Elettrodinamica quantistica">Elettrodinamica quantistica</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Teoria_di_Yang-Mills" title="Teoria di Yang-Mills">Teoria di Yang-Mills</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">Teorie incomplete</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><a href="/wiki/Gravit%C3%A0_quantistica" title="Gravità quantistica">Gravità quantistica</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Teoria_delle_stringhe" title="Teoria delle stringhe">Teoria delle stringhe</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Supersimmetria" title="Supersimmetria">Supersimmetria</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Technicolor_(fisica)" title="Technicolor (fisica)">Technicolor</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Teoria_del_tutto" title="Teoria del tutto">Teoria del tutto</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">Scienziati</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Bethe</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Nikolaj_Nikolaevi%C4%8D_Bogoljubov" title="Nikolaj Nikolaevič Bogoljubov">Bogoljubov</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Curtis_Callan" title="Curtis Callan">Callan</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Coleman" title="Sidney Coleman">Coleman</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Bryce_DeWitt" title="Bryce DeWitt">DeWitt</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Dirac</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Freeman_Dyson" title="Freeman Dyson">Dyson</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Markus_Fierz" title="Markus Fierz">Fierz</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrg_Fr%C3%B6hlich" title="Jürg Fröhlich">Fröhlich</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Gell-Mann</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Goldstone" title="Jeffrey Goldstone">Goldstone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/David_Gross" title="David Gross">Gross</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Haag" title="Rudolf Haag">Haag</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Gerardus_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerardus 't Hooft">'t Hooft</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Jackiw" title="Roman Jackiw">Jackiw</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Klein" title="Oskar Klein">Klein</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Lev_Landau" class="mw-redirect" title="Lev Landau">Landau</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">Lee</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Harry_Lehmann" title="Harry Lehmann">Lehmann</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Ettore_Majorana" title="Ettore Majorana">Majorana</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dichir%C5%8D_Nambu" title="Yōichirō Nambu">Nambu</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Parisi" title="Giorgio Parisi">Parisi</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Markovi%C4%8D_Poljakov" title="Aleksandr Markovič Poljakov">Poljakov</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Salam</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Schwinger</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tony_Skyrme" title="Tony Skyrme">Skyrme</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Stueckelberg" title="Ernst Stueckelberg">Stueckelberg</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Symanzik" title="Kurt Symanzik">Symanzik</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Sin-Itiro_Tomonaga" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-Itiro Tomonaga">Tomonaga</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Martinus_Veltman" title="Martinus Veltman">Veltman</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Weinberg</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Victor_Weisskopf" title="Victor Weisskopf">Weisskopf</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wightman" title="Arthur Wightman">Wightman</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Geddes_Wilson" title="Kenneth Geddes Wilson">Wilson</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Witten" title="Edward Witten">Witten</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Chen_Ning_Yang" title="Chen Ning Yang">Yang</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Yukawa" title="Hideki Yukawa">Yukawa</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Wilczek</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Wolfhart_Zimmermann" title="Wolfhart Zimmermann">Zimmermann</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r141815314"><table class="navbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed noprint metadata" id="navbox-Particelle"><tbody><tr><th colspan="3"><div class="navbox_navbar"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000000); white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Particelle" title="Template:Particelle"><span title="Vai alla pagina del template">V</span></a> · <a href="/wiki/Discussioni_template:Particelle" title="Discussioni template:Particelle"><span title="Discuti del template">D</span></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Particelle&action=edit"><span title="Modifica il template. Usa l'anteprima prima di salvare">M</span></a></div></div><span class="navbox_title"><a href="/wiki/Particella_subatomica" title="Particella subatomica">Particelle in fisica</a></span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal; width:10%"><b><a href="/wiki/Particella_elementare" title="Particella elementare">Elementari</a></b></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd" style="background:transparent"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal; width:9%;background:#e6e6ff"><b><a href="/wiki/Fermione" title="Fermione">Fermioni</a></b></th><td colspan="1"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal; width:12%;background:#e6e6ff"><a href="/wiki/Quark_(particella)" title="Quark (particella)">Quark</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Quark_up" title="Quark up">Up</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Quark_down" title="Quark down">Down</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Quark_charm" title="Quark charm">Charm</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Quark_strange" title="Quark strange">Strange</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Quark_top" title="Quark top">Top</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Quark_bottom" title="Quark bottom">Bottom</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal; width:12%;background:#e6e6ff"><a href="/wiki/Leptone" title="Leptone">Leptoni</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Elettrone" title="Elettrone">Elettrone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Positrone" title="Positrone">Positrone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Muone" title="Muone">Muone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Antimuone" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimuone">Antimuone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tauone" title="Tauone">Tauone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Antitauone" class="mw-redirect" title="Antitauone">Antitauone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Neutrino_elettronico" title="Neutrino elettronico">Neutrino elettronico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Antineutrino_elettronico" class="mw-redirect" title="Antineutrino elettronico">Antineutrino elettronico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Neutrino_muonico" title="Neutrino muonico">Neutrino muonico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Antineutrino_muonico" class="mw-redirect" title="Antineutrino muonico">Antineutrino muonico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Neutrino_tauonico" title="Neutrino tauonico">Neutrino tauonico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Antineutrino_tauonico" class="mw-redirect" title="Antineutrino tauonico">Antineutrino tauonico</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal; width:9%;background:#e6e6ff"><b><a href="/wiki/Bosone_(fisica)" title="Bosone (fisica)">Bosoni</a></b></th><td colspan="1"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal;width:12%;background:#e6e6ff"><a href="/wiki/Bosone_di_gauge" title="Bosone di gauge">Gauge</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Fotone" title="Fotone">Fotone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Gluone" title="Gluone">Gluone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Bosoni_W_e_Z" title="Bosoni W e Z">Bosoni W e Z</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal;width:12%;background:#e6e6ff"><a href="/wiki/Bosone_scalare" title="Bosone scalare">Scalari</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Bosone_di_Higgs" title="Bosone di Higgs">Bosone di Higgs</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal; width:9%;background:#e6e6ff"><a href="/wiki/Lista_delle_particelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Lista delle particelle">Ipotetiche</a></th><td colspan="1"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="font-weight:normal;width:12%;background:#e6e6ff"><a href="/wiki/Sparticella" title="Sparticella">Sparticelle</a></th><td colspan="1"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="font-weight:normal;width:8%;background:#e6e6ff"><a href="/wiki/Gaugino" title="Gaugino">Gaugini</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Gluino" class="mw-redirect" title="Gluino">Gluino</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Gravitino" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitino">Gravitino</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fotino" class="mw-redirect" title="Fotino">Fotino</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="font-weight:normal;width:8%;background:#e6e6ff">Altre</th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Axino" title="Axino">Axino</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Chargino" title="Chargino">Chargino</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Higgsino" class="mw-redirect" title="Higgsino">Higgsino</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Neutralino" title="Neutralino">Neutralino</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Sfermione" title="Sfermione">Sfermione</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Bosino_(particella)" title="Bosino (particella)">Bosino</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="font-weight:normal;width:12%;background:#e6e6ff">Altre</th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Assione" title="Assione">Assione</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Dilatone" title="Dilatone">Dilatone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Gravitone" title="Gravitone">Gravitone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Monopolo_magnetico" title="Monopolo magnetico">Monopolo magnetico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Majorone" title="Majorone">Majorone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tachione" title="Tachione">Tachione</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Bosoni_X_e_Y" title="Bosoni X e Y">Bosoni X e Y</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Bosoni_W%27_e_Z%27" title="Bosoni W' e Z'">bosoni W' e Z'</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Neutrino_sterile" title="Neutrino sterile">Neutrino sterile</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Preone_(fisica)" title="Preone (fisica)">Preone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fermione_di_Majorana" title="Fermione di Majorana">Fermione di Majorana</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal; width:9%;background:#e6e6ff"><b>Altre</b></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Ghost_di_Faddeev-Popov" title="Ghost di Faddeev-Popov">Ghost di Faddeev-Popov</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td rowspan="3" class="navbox_image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Modello_Standard_delle_Particelle_Elementari.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Modello_Standard_delle_Particelle_Elementari.svg/400px-Modello_Standard_delle_Particelle_Elementari.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="383" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Modello_Standard_delle_Particelle_Elementari.svg/600px-Modello_Standard_delle_Particelle_Elementari.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Modello_Standard_delle_Particelle_Elementari.svg/800px-Modello_Standard_delle_Particelle_Elementari.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1390" data-file-height="1330" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal; width:10%"><b><a href="/wiki/Stato_legato" class="mw-redirect" title="Stato legato">Composte</a></b></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even" style="background:transparent"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal; width:9%;background:#e6e6ff"><b><a href="/wiki/Adrone" title="Adrone">Adroni</a></b></th><td colspan="1"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal; width:12%;background:#e6e6ff"><a href="/wiki/Barione" title="Barione">Barioni</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Iperone_(fisica)" title="Iperone (fisica)">iperoni</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Nucleone" title="Nucleone">Nucleone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Protone" title="Protone">Protone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Neutrone" title="Neutrone">Neutrone</a>)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Barione_delta" title="Barione delta">Barione delta</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Barione_lambda" title="Barione lambda">Barione lambda</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Barione_sigma" title="Barione sigma">Barione sigma</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Barione_Xi" title="Barione Xi">Barione Xi</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Barione_omega" title="Barione omega">Barione omega</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal; width:12%;background:#e6e6ff"><a href="/wiki/Mesone" title="Mesone">Mesoni</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Quarkonio" title="Quarkonio">quarkoni</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Pione" title="Pione">Pione</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mesone_rho" title="Mesone rho">Mesone rho</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mesone_eta" title="Mesone eta">Mesoni eta e eta primo</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mesone_phi" title="Mesone phi">Mesone phi</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mesone_omega" title="Mesone omega">Mesone omega</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mesone_J/Psi" title="Mesone J/Psi">Mesone J/Psi</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mesone_upsilon" title="Mesone upsilon">Mesone upsilon</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Kaone" title="Kaone">Kaone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mesone_B" title="Mesone B">Mesone B</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mesone_D" title="Mesone D">Mesone D</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal; width:12%;background:#e6e6ff"><a href="/wiki/Adrone_esotico" title="Adrone esotico">Adroni esotici</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Tetraquark" title="Tetraquark">Tetraquark</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Pentaquark" title="Pentaquark">Pentaquark</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal; width:9%;background:#e6e6ff"><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Particelle_composte_ipotetiche" title="Categoria:Particelle composte ipotetiche">Ipotetiche</a></th><td colspan="1"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="font-weight:normal; width:12%;background:#e6e6ff"><a href="/wiki/Barione_esotico" title="Barione esotico">Barioni esotici</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Esaquark" title="Esaquark">Esaquark</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="font-weight:normal; width:12%;background:#e6e6ff"><a href="/wiki/Mesone_esotico" title="Mesone esotico">Mesoni esotici</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Glueball" title="Glueball">Glueball</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Odderone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Odderone (la pagina non esiste)">Odderone</a>)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mesone_theta" title="Mesone theta">Mesone theta</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mesone_T" title="Mesone T">Mesone T</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="font-weight:normal; width:12%;background:#e6e6ff">Altre</th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Molecola_mesonica" title="Molecola mesonica">Molecola mesonica</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Pomerone" title="Pomerone">Pomerone</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal; width:9%;background:#e6e6ff"><b>Altre</b></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Nucleo_atomico" title="Nucleo atomico">Nuclei atomici</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Atomo" title="Atomo">Atomi</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Atomo_esotico" title="Atomo esotico">Atomi esotici</a> (<a href="/wiki/Positronio" title="Positronio">Positronio</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Muonio_(fisica)" title="Muonio (fisica)">Muonio</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tauonio" class="mw-redirect" title="Tauonio">Tauonio</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Pionio" title="Pionio">Pionio</a>)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Atomolecola" title="Atomolecola">Atomolecole</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Molecola" title="Molecola">Molecole</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Superatomo" title="Superatomo">Superatomo</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal; width:10%"><b><a href="/wiki/Quasiparticella" title="Quasiparticella">Quasiparticelle</a></b></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd" style="background:transparent"><a href="/wiki/Droplettone" title="Droplettone">Droplettone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Eccitone" title="Eccitone">Eccitone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fasone" title="Fasone">Fasone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frattone_(particella)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frattone (particella) (la pagina non esiste)">Frattone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fonone" title="Fonone">Fonone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Lacuna_(fisica)" title="Lacuna (fisica)">Lacuna</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Levitone" title="Levitone">Levitone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Magnone_(fisica)" title="Magnone (fisica)">Magnone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasmarone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plasmarone (la pagina non esiste)">Plasmarone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Plasmone" title="Plasmone">Plasmone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Polaritone" title="Polaritone">Polaritone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Polarone" title="Polarone">Polarone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Qualunquone" title="Qualunquone">Qualunquone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Rotone" title="Rotone">Rotone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Skyrmione" title="Skyrmione">Skyrmione</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Skyrmione_magnetico" title="Skyrmione magnetico">Skyrmione magnetico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Solitone" title="Solitone">Solitone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Solitone_di_Davydov" title="Solitone di Davydov">Solitone di Davydov</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Spinone_(fisica)" title="Spinone (fisica)">Spinone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Topolaritone" title="Topolaritone">Topolaritone</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="3" class="navbox_abovebelow"><a href="/wiki/Cronologia_della_scoperta_delle_particelle" title="Cronologia della scoperta delle particelle">Cronologia della scoperta delle particelle</a></th></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r140554510">.mw-parser-output .CdA{border:1px solid #aaa;width:100%;margin:auto;font-size:90%;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#f2f2f2;font-weight:bold;width:20%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .CdA{border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#202122}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .CdA{border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#202122}}</style><table class="CdA"><tbody><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Controllo_di_autorit%C3%A0" title="Aiuto:Controllo di autorità">Controllo di autorità</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Nuovo_soggettario" title="Nuovo soggettario">Thesaurus BNCF</a> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thes.bncf.firenze.sbn.it/termine.php?id=54383">54383</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh91002552">sh91002552</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="tedesco">DE</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4297710-1">4297710-1</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_nazionale_di_Francia" title="Biblioteca nazionale di Francia">BNF</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="francese">FR</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123191834">cb123191834</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123191834">(data)</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_nazionale_di_Israele" title="Biblioteca nazionale di Israele">J9U</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr>, <abbr title="ebraico">HE</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007556113005171">987007556113005171</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="noprint" style="width:100%; padding: 3px 0; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; row-gap: 4px; column-gap: 8px; box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="flex-basis: calc( 100% / 2 - 8px / 2 );"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r140555418">.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello{width:100%;line-height:25px;border:1px solid #CCF;background-color:#F0EEFF;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello-progetto{background-color:#FAFAFA}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello{background-color:#202122;border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello-progetto{background-color:#282929}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello{background-color:#202122;border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello-progetto{background-color:#282929}}</style><div class="itwiki-template-occhiello"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bar_magnet.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Elettromagnetismo"><img alt=" " src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Bar_magnet.jpg/25px-Bar_magnet.jpg" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Bar_magnet.jpg/38px-Bar_magnet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Bar_magnet.jpg/50px-Bar_magnet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portale:Elettromagnetismo" title="Portale:Elettromagnetismo">Portale Elettromagnetismo</a></b></div></div><div style="flex-basis: calc( 100% / 2 - 8px / 2 );"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r140555418"><div class="itwiki-template-occhiello"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_katomic.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fisica"><img alt=" " src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Nuvola_apps_katomic.svg/25px-Nuvola_apps_katomic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Nuvola_apps_katomic.svg/38px-Nuvola_apps_katomic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Nuvola_apps_katomic.svg/50px-Nuvola_apps_katomic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portale:Fisica" title="Portale:Fisica">Portale Fisica</a></b></div></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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