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Fair Use Clause - The Physics Factbook
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Consent Manager Tag v3.0 (for TCF 2.2) --> <!-- ShareThis --> <script src="https://platform-api.sharethis.com/js/sharethis.js#property=64432e98e412510019625a9d&product=sop" async="async"></script> <!-- Global global site tag (gtag.js) --> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-QCX5P85WEL"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-QCX5P85WEL'); </script> <!-- Google Search --> <script> (function() { var cx = '010156806650563000082:chk_tobzrhs'; var gcse = document.createElement('script'); gcse.type = 'text/javascript'; gcse.async = true; gcse.src = (document.location.protocol == 'https:' ? 'https:' : 'http:') + '//cse.google.com/cse.js?cx=' + cx; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(gcse, s); })(); </script> </head> <body> <header> <nav><ul><li title="The Chaos Hypertextbook Mathematics in the age of the computer"><a href="https://hypertextbook.com/chaos/" target="_top">chaos</a></li><li title="E-World Articles, essays, ideas, opinions, unabridged"><a href="https://hypertextbook.com/eworld/" target="_top">eworld</a></li><li title="The Physics Factbook An encyclopedia of scientific essays" class="selected"><a href="https://hypertextbook.com/facts/" target="_top">facts</a></li><li title="Get Bent Coast to coast by recumbent bicycle"><a href="https://hypertextbook.com/bent/" target="_top">get bent</a></li><li title="The Physics Hypertextbook A work in progress"><a href="https://physics.info" target="_top">physics</a></li></ul></nav> <div class="title" title="The Physics Factbook"> <a href="https://hypertextbook.com/facts/" target="_top">The Physics<br>Factbook</a> </div> <div class="subtitle" title="An educational, fair use website"> <a href="https://hypertextbook.com/facts/about/" target="_top">An encyclopedia of scientific essays</a> </div> <nav> <ul> <li><a href="https://hypertextbook.com/facts/about/" target="_top" title="News, About, Links">prefaces</a></li> <li><a href="https://hypertextbook.com/facts/" target="_top" title="Topic Index">topics</a></li> <li><a href="https://hypertextbook.com/facts/index-authors.shtml" target="_top" title="Author Index">authors</a></li> <li><a href="https://hypertextbook.com/facts/index-special.shtml" target="_top" title="Special Projects">special</a></li> <li><a href="https://hypertextbook.com/facts/about/instructions.shtml" target="_top" title="Instructions to Students">instructions</a></li> </ul> </nav> </header> <article id="forehead"> <header> <h1>United States Copyright Act of 1976</h1> <p style="margin: 1.38em auto;">An educational, <a href="https://hypertextbook.com/facts/about/fairuse.shtml" title="United States Copyright Act of 1976 §107. Limitations on Exclusive Rights: Fair Use">fair use</a> website</p> <div class="add add-yes"><div class="sharethis-inline-share-buttons"></div><span class="add-goo"><a href="#search"><img src="https://omniscientwalnut.com/search.svg" alt="search icon" title="Search this site"></a></span></div><div id="search" class="overlay"><div class="popup shadow"><a class="close" href="#" title="Close this window">[close]</a><div class="gcse-searchbox-only"></div></div></div> </header> <section id="discussion"> <h2>§107. Limitations on Exclusive Rights: Fair Use</h2> <p>Notwithstanding the provisions of sections 106 and 106A, the fair use of a copyrighted work, including such use by reproduction in copies or phonorecords or by any other means specified by that section, for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright. In determining whether the use made of a work in any particular case is a fair use the factors to be considered shall include —</p> <ol> <li>the purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes;</li> <li>the nature of the copyrighted work;</li> <li>the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole; and</li> <li>the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work.</li> </ol> <p>The fact that a work is unpublished shall not itself bar a finding of fair use if such finding is made upon consideration of all the above factors.</p> <p>Source: <a href="https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#107" title="Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code" target="_blank">www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#107</a></p> </section> <footer> <div class="add add-yes"><div class="sharethis-inline-share-buttons"></div><span class="add-goo"><a href="#search"><img src="https://omniscientwalnut.com/search.svg" alt="search icon" title="Search this site"></a></span></div> </footer> </article> <footer> <nav> <ul> <li><a href="https://hypertextbook.com/facts/about/" target="_top" title="News, About, Links">prefaces</a></li> <li><a href="https://hypertextbook.com/facts/" target="_top" title="Topic Index">topics</a></li> <li><a href="https://hypertextbook.com/facts/index-authors.shtml" target="_top" title="Author Index">authors</a></li> <li><a href="https://hypertextbook.com/facts/index-special.shtml" target="_top" title="Special Projects">special</a></li> <li><a href="https://hypertextbook.com/facts/about/instructions.shtml" target="_top" title="Instructions to Students">instructions</a></li> </ul> </nav> <div class="signature"><span><a href="https://hypertextbook.com" target="_top"><img src="https://omniscientwalnut.com/eglobe.svg" title="hypertextbook.com" alt="eglobe logo"></a></span><span><a href="https://hypertextbook.com/facts/" target="_top" title="An encyclopedia of scientific essays">The Physics Factbook</a><br><a href="https://glennelert.us" target="_blank" title="Well, who are you? I really wanna know. Tell me, who are you? 'Cause I really wanna know.">Edited by Glenn Elert</a><br><a href="http://midwoodscience.org" title="Midwood Science : The Home of Midwood Science Research" target="_blank">Written by his students</a></span></div> <p title="No condition is permanent">No condition is permanent.</p> <!-- A Delos Destination --> <nav> <ol> <li style="-webkit-column-break-before:avoid; break-before:avoid;" id="prefaces">Prefaces <ol> <li><a href="https://hypertextbook.com/facts/about/news.shtml" target="_top">What's new</a></li> <li><a href="https://hypertextbook.com/facts/about/" target="_top">About</a></li> <li><a href="https://hypertextbook.com/facts/about/links.shtml" target="_top">Links</a></li> <li><a href="https://hypertextbook.com/facts/about/fairuse.shtml" target="_top">Fair use</a></li> </ol> </li> <li style="-webkit-column-break-before:avoid; break-before:avoid;" id="instructions">Instructions <ol> <li><a href="https://hypertextbook.com/facts/about/assignments.shtml" rel="nofollow" target="_top">Assignments</a></li> <li><a href="https://hypertextbook.com/facts/about/instructions.shtml" rel="nofollow" target="_top">Instructions</a></li> <li><a href="https://hypertextbook.com/facts/about/cover.pdf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Cover page</a></li> <li><a href="https://hypertextbook.com/facts/about/generic.shtml" rel="nofollow" target="_top">Generic webpage</a></li> <li><a href="https://hypertextbook.com/facts/about/bibliography.shtml" rel="nofollow" target="_top">About bibliographies</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom:1.75em;"><a href="https://hypertextbook.com/facts/about/units.shtml" rel="nofollow" target="_top">About units</a></li> </ol> </li> <li style="-webkit-column-break-before:always; break-before:column;" id="topics">Topic index <ol> <li><a href="https://hypertextbook.com/facts/#acceleration">acceleration</a></li> <li><a href="https://hypertextbook.com/facts/#angularvelocity">angular velocity</a></li> <li><a href="https://hypertextbook.com/facts/#area">area</a></li> <li><a href="https://hypertextbook.com/facts/#density">density</a></li> <li><a href="https://hypertextbook.com/facts/#dimension">dimension</a></li> <li><a href="https://hypertextbook.com/facts/#current">electric current</a></li> <li><a href="https://hypertextbook.com/facts/#efield">electric field</a></li> <li><a href="https://hypertextbook.com/facts/#voltage">electric voltage</a></li> <li><a href="https://hypertextbook.com/facts/#resistivity">electrical resistivity</a></li> <li><a href="https://hypertextbook.com/facts/#energy">energy</a></li> <li><a href="https://hypertextbook.com/facts/#force">force</a></li> <li><a href="https://hypertextbook.com/facts/#frequency">frequency</a></li> <li><a href="https://hypertextbook.com/facts/#friction">friction</a></li> <li><a href="https://hypertextbook.com/facts/#length">length</a></li> <li><a href="https://hypertextbook.com/facts/#bfield">magnetic field</a></li> <li><a href="https://hypertextbook.com/facts/#mass">mass</a></li> <li><a href="https://hypertextbook.com/facts/#money">money</a></li> <li><a href="https://hypertextbook.com/facts/#number">number</a></li> <li><a href="https://hypertextbook.com/facts/#power">power</a></li> <li><a href="https://hypertextbook.com/facts/#pressure">pressure</a></li> <li><a href="https://hypertextbook.com/facts/#index">refraction</a></li> <li><a href="https://hypertextbook.com/facts/#cor">restitution</a></li> <li><a href="https://hypertextbook.com/facts/#temperature">temperature</a></li> <li><a href="https://hypertextbook.com/facts/#time">time</a></li> <li><a href="https://hypertextbook.com/facts/#velocity">velocity</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom:1.75em;"><a href="https://hypertextbook.com/facts/#volume">volume</a></li> </ol> </li> <li style="-webkit-column-break-before:always; break-before:column;" id="authors">Author index <ol> <li><a href="https://hypertextbook.com/facts/index-authors.shtml#1997">1997</a></li> <li><a href="https://hypertextbook.com/facts/index-authors.shtml#1998">1998</a></li> <li><a href="https://hypertextbook.com/facts/index-authors.shtml#1999">1999</a></li> <li><a href="https://hypertextbook.com/facts/index-authors.shtml#2000">2000</a></li> <li><a href="https://hypertextbook.com/facts/index-authors.shtml#2001">2001</a></li> <li><a href="https://hypertextbook.com/facts/index-authors.shtml#2002">2002</a></li> <li><a href="https://hypertextbook.com/facts/index-authors.shtml#2003">2003</a></li> <li><a href="https://hypertextbook.com/facts/index-authors.shtml#2004">2004</a></li> <li><a href="https://hypertextbook.com/facts/index-authors.shtml#2005">2005</a></li> <li><a href="https://hypertextbook.com/facts/index-authors.shtml#2006">2006</a></li> <li><a href="https://hypertextbook.com/facts/index-authors.shtml#2007">2007</a></li> <li><a href="https://hypertextbook.com/facts/index-authors.shtml#2008">2008</a></li> <li><a href="https://hypertextbook.com/facts/index-authors.shtml#2009">2009</a></li> </ol> </li> <li style="-webkit-column-break-before:avoid; break-before:avoid;" id="special">Special topics <ol> <li><a href="https://hypertextbook.com/facts/index-special.shtml#2002">2002</a></li> <li><a href="https://hypertextbook.com/facts/index-special.shtml#2005">2005</a></li> <li><a href="https://hypertextbook.com/facts/index-special.shtml#2006">2006</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom:1.75em;"><a href="https://hypertextbook.com/facts/index-special.shtml#2007">2007</a></li> </ol> </li> <li style="-webkit-column-break-before:always; break-before:column;" id="contact">Contact the editor <ol> <li><a href="https://glennelert.us" rel="me" target="_blank">glennelert.us</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.behance.net/elert" rel="me" target="_blank">Behance</a></li> <li><a href="https://elert.bsky.social" rel="me" target="_blank">Bluesky</a></li> <li><a href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=KRFqB1gAAAAJ" rel="me" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.instagram.com/elert" rel="me" target="_blank">Instagram</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.threads.net/@elert" rel="me" target="_blank">Threads</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/GlennElert" rel="me" target="_blank">YouTube</a></li> </ol> </li> <li style="-webkit-column-break-before:avoid; 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