Public safety

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="content: http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/ dc: http://purl.org/dc/terms/ foaf: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/ og: http://ogp.me/ns# rdfs: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema# schema: http://schema.org/ sioc: http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns# sioct: http://rdfs.org/sioc/types# skos: http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core# xsd: http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema# "> <head><script type="text/javascript" src="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=7YQSqjSh" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("https://www.nist.gov/public-safety","20221222030930","https://web.archive.org/","web","https://web-static.archive.org/_static/", "1671678570"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=p7PEIJWi" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv" />  <meta charset="utf-8"/><script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={ajax:{deny_list:["gov-bam.nr-data.net"]}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={licenseKey:"37b7ccb661",applicationID:"1089704227"};/*! For license information please see nr-loader-rum-1220.min.js.LICENSE.txt */ !function(t,e){"object"==typeof exports&&"object"==typeof module?module.exports=e():"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define([],e):"object"==typeof exports?exports.NRBA=e():t.NRBA=e()}(self,(function(){return function(){var t,e,n={9034:function(t,e,n){"use strict";var r=n(4168);e.Z=(0,r.ky)(16)},5973:function(t,e,n){"use strict";n.d(e,{I:function(){return r}});var r=0,o=navigator.userAgent.match(/Firefox[\/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);o&&(r=+o[1])},4280:function(t,e,n){"use strict";n.d(e,{H:function(){return o}});var r=document.createElement("div");r.innerHTML="\x3c!--[if lte IE 6]><div></div><![endif]--\x3e\x3c!--[if lte IE 7]><div></div><![endif]--\x3e\x3c!--[if lte IE 8]><div></div><![endif]--\x3e\x3c!--[if lte IE 9]><div></div><![endif]--\x3e";var o,i=r.getElementsByTagName("div").length;o=4===i?6:3===i?7:2===i?8:1===i?9:0},5955:function(t,e,n){"use strict";n.d(e,{I:function(){return r}});var r=function(t,e){var n=this;return t&&"object"==typeof t?e&&"object"==typeof e?(Object.assign(this,e),void Object.entries(t).forEach((function(t){var e=t[0],r=t[1];n[e]=r}))):console.error("setting a Configurable requires a model to set its initial properties"):console.error("setting a Configurable requires an object as input")}},441:function(t,e,n){"use strict";n.d(e,{C:function(){return c},L:function(){return u}});var r=n(1424),o=n(5955),i={beacon:r.ce.beacon,errorBeacon:r.ce.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function c(t){if(!t)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[t])throw new Error("Info for "+t+" was never set");return a[t]}function u(t,e){if(!t)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[t]=new o.I(e,i),(0,r.Qy)(t,a[t],"info")}},1476:function(t,e,n){"use strict";n.d(e,{Dg:function(){return c},Mt:function(){return u}});var r=n(1424),o=n(5955),i={privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},ajax:{deny_list:void 0,enabled:!0},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},ssl:void 0,obfuscate:void 0,jserrors:{enabled:!0},metrics:{enabled:!0},page_action:{enabled:!0},page_view_event:{enabled:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0},session_trace:{enabled:!0},spa:{enabled:!0}},a={};function c(t,e){if(!t)throw new Error("All configuration objects require an agent identifier!");a[t]=new o.I(e,i),(0,r.Qy)(t,a[t],"config")}function u(t,e){if(!t)throw new Error("All configuration objects require an agent identifier!");var n=function(t){if(!t)throw new Error("All configuration objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[t])throw new Error("Configuration for "+t+" was never set");return a[t]}(t);if(n){for(var r=e.split("."),o=0;o<r.length-1;o++)if("object"!=typeof(n=n[r[o]]))return;n=n[r[r.length-1]]}return n}},2085:function(t,e,n){"use strict";n.d(e,{Y:function(){return r}});var r=(0,n(1424).mF)().o},1220:function(t,e,n){"use strict";n.d(e,{O:function(){return w},s:function(){return x}});var r={};n.r(r),n.d(r,{agent:function(){return a},match:function(){return f},version:function(){return c}});var o=n(4280),i=n(6959),a=null,c=null;if(navigator.userAgent){var u=navigator.userAgent,s=u.match(/Version\/(\S+)\s+Safari/);s&&-1===u.indexOf("Chrome")&&-1===u.indexOf("Chromium")&&(a="Safari",c=s[1])}function f(t,e){if(!a)return!1;if(t!==a)return!1;if(!e)return!0;if(!c)return!1;for(var n=c.split("."),r=e.split("."),o=0;o<r.length;o++)if(r[o]!==n[o])return!1;return!0}var d=n(5955),l=n(1424),v=n(4168),p=window.sessionStorage,h="NRBA_SESSION_ID";var g=n(1476),y=window.XMLHttpRequest,m=y&&y.prototype,b={};function w(t){if(!t)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!b[t])throw new Error("Runtime for "+t+" was never set");return b[t]}function x(t,e){if(!t)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");var n,a;b[t]=new d.I(e,(n=t,{customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,features:{},maxBytes:6===o.H?2e3:3e4,offset:(0,i.yf)(),onerror:void 0,origin:""+window.location,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},sessionId:!0===(0,g.Mt)(n,"privacy.cookies_enabled")?(null===(a=p.getItem(h))&&(a=(0,v.ky)(16),p.setItem(h,a)),a):"0",xhrWrappable:y&&m&&m.addEventListener&&!/CriOS/.test(navigator.userAgent),userAgent:r})),(0,l.Qy)(t,b[t],"runtime")}},158:function(t,e,n){"use strict";n.d(e,{q:function(){return r}});var r=["1220","PROD"].filter((function(t){return t})).join(".")},3707:function(t,e,n){"use strict";n.d(e,{w:function(){return o}});var r={agentIdentifier:""},o=function(t){var e=this;if("object"!=typeof t)return console.error("shared context requires an object as input");this.sharedContext={},Object.assign(this.sharedContext,r),Object.entries(t).forEach((function(t){var n=t[0],o=t[1];Object.keys(r).includes(n)&&(e.sharedContext[n]=o)}))}},1776:function(t,e,n){"use strict";n.d(e,{ee:function(){return r}});var r,o=n(1424),i=n(4217),a=n(357),c="nr@context",u=(0,o.fP)();function s(){}function f(){return new s}function d(){(r.backlog.api||r.backlog.feature)&&(r.aborted=!0,r.backlog={})}u.ee?r=u.ee:(r=function t(e,n){var o={},u={},l={},v={on:g,addEventListener:g,removeEventListener:y,emit:h,get:b,listeners:m,context:p,buffer:w,abort:d,aborted:!1,isBuffering:x,debugId:n,backlog:e&&e.backlog?e.backlog:{}};return v;function p(t){return t&&t instanceof s?t:t?(0,i.X)(t,c,f):f()}function h(t,n,o,i,a){if(!1!==a&&(a=!0),!r.aborted||i){e&&a&&e.emit(t,n,o);for(var c=p(o),s=m(t),f=s.length,d=0;d<f;d++)s[d].apply(c,n);var l=O()[u[t]];return l&&l.push([v,t,n,c]),c}}function g(t,e){o[t]=m(t).concat(e)}function y(t,e){var n=o[t];if(n)for(var r=0;r<n.length;r++)n[r]===e&&n.splice(r,1)}function m(t){return o[t]||[]}function b(e){return l[e]=l[e]||t(v,e)}function w(t,e){var n=O();v.aborted||(0,a.D)(t,(function(t,r){e=e||"feature",u[r]=e,e in n||(n[e]=[])}))}function x(t){return!!O()[u[t]]}function O(){return v.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),u.ee=r)},7361:function(t,e,n){"use strict";n.d(e,{E:function(){return r},p:function(){return o}});var r=n(1776).ee.get("handle");function o(t,e,n,o,i){i?(i.buffer([t],o),i.emit(t,e,n)):(r.buffer([t],o),r.emit(t,e,n))}},3350:function(t,e,n){"use strict";n.d(e,{X:function(){return i}});var r=n(7361);i.on=a;var o=i.handlers={};function i(t,e,n,i){a(i||r.E,o,t,e,n)}function a(t,e,n,o,i){i||(i="feature"),t||(t=r.E);var a=e[i]=e[i]||{};(a[n]=a[n]||[]).push([t,o])}},4408:function(t,e,n){"use strict";n.d(e,{m:function(){return i}});var r=!1;try{var o=Object.defineProperty({},"passive",{get:function(){r=!0}});window.addEventListener("testPassive",null,o),window.removeEventListener("testPassive",null,o)}catch(t){}function i(t){return r?{passive:!0,capture:!!t}:!!t}},4168:function(t,e,n){"use strict";function r(){var t=null,e=0,n=window.crypto||window.msCrypto;function r(){return t?15&t[e++]:16*Math.random()|0}n&&n.getRandomValues&&(t=n.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(31)));for(var o,i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx",a="",c=0;c<i.length;c++)a+="x"===(o=i[c])?r().toString(16):"y"===o?(o=3&r()|8).toString(16):o;return a}function o(t){var e=null,n=0,r=window.crypto||window.msCrypto;r&&r.getRandomValues&&Uint8Array&&(e=r.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(31)));for(var o=[],i=0;i<t;i++)o.push(a().toString(16));return o.join("");function a(){return e?15&e[n++]:16*Math.random()|0}}n.d(e,{Rl:function(){return r},ky:function(){return o}})},6959:function(t,e,n){"use strict";n.d(e,{nb:function(){return u},os:function(){return s},yf:function(){return c},zO:function(){return a}});var r=n(2364),o=(new Date).getTime(),i=o;function a(){return r.G&&performance.now?Math.round(performance.now()):(o=Math.max((new Date).getTime(),o))-i}function c(){return o}function u(t){i=t}function s(){return i}},2364:function(t,e,n){"use strict";n.d(e,{G:function(){return r}});var r=void 0!==window.performance&&window.performance.timing&&void 0!==window.performance.timing.navigationStart},1793:function(t,e,n){"use strict";function r(t){var e,n=0;for(e=0;e<t.length;e++)n+=(e+1)*t.charCodeAt(e);return Math.abs(n)}n.d(e,{v:function(){return s},s:function(){return u}});var o=n(6972),i=n(5973),a=n(6959),c=n(2364),u=!0;function s(t){var e=function(){if(i.I&&i.I<9)return;if(c.G)return u=!1,window.performance.timing.navigationStart}()||function(){for(var t=document.cookie.split(" "),e=0;e<t.length;e++)if(0===t[e].indexOf("NREUM=")){for(var n,o,i,a,c=t[e].substring("NREUM=".length).split("&"),u=0;u<c.length;u++)0===c[u].indexOf("s=")?i=c[u].substring(2):0===c[u].indexOf("p=")?";"===(o=c[u].substring(2)).charAt(o.length-1)&&(o=o.substr(0,o.length-1)):0===c[u].indexOf("r=")&&";"===(n=c[u].substring(2)).charAt(n.length-1)&&(n=n.substr(0,n.length-1));if(n){var s=r(document.referrer);(a=s==n)||(a=r(document.location.href)==n&&s==o)}if(a&&i){if((new Date).getTime()-i>6e4)return;return i}}}();e&&((0,o.B)(t,"starttime",e),(0,a.nb)(e))}},6972:function(t,e,n){"use strict";n.d(e,{B:function(){return i},L:function(){return a}});var r=n(6959),o={};function i(t,e,n){void 0===n&&(n=(0,r.zO)()+(0,r.os)()),o[t]=o[t]||{},o[t][e]=n}function a(t,e,n,r){var i,a,c=t.sharedContext.agentIdentifier,u=null==(i=o[c])?void 0:i[n],s=null==(a=o[c])?void 0:a[r];void 0!==u&&void 0!==s&&t.store("measures",e,{value:s-u})}},7299:function(t,e,n){"use strict";n.d(e,{T:function(){return a}});var r=window,o=r;function i(){return o}var a={isFileProtocol:function(){var t=i(),e=!(!t.location||!t.location.protocol||"file:"!==t.location.protocol);e&&(a.supportabilityMetricSent=!0);return e},supportabilityMetricSent:!1}},847:function(t,e,n){"use strict";n.d(e,{K:function(){return a}});var r=n(1220),o=n(1476),i=["ajax","jserrors","metrics","page_action","page_view_event","page_view_timing","session_trace","spa"];function a(t){var e={};return i.forEach((function(n){e[n]=function(t,e){return!0!==(0,r.O)(e).disabled&&!1!==(0,o.Mt)(e,t+".enabled")}(n,t)})),e}},5023:function(t,e,n){"use strict";n.d(e,{W:function(){return o}});var r=n(1776),o=function(t,e,n){void 0===n&&(n=[]),this.agentIdentifier=t,this.aggregator=e,this.ee=r.ee.get(t),this.externalFeatures=n}},4217:function(t,e,n){"use strict";n.d(e,{X:function(){return o}});var r=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function o(t,e,n){if(r.call(t,e))return t[e];var o=n();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(t,e,{value:o,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),o}catch(t){}return t[e]=o,o}},357:function(t,e,n){"use strict";n.d(e,{D:function(){return o}});var r=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function o(t,e){var n=[],o="",i=0;for(o in t)r.call(t,o)&&(n[i]=e(o,t[o]),i+=1);return n}},603:function(t,e,n){"use strict";n.d(e,{$c:function(){return s},Ng:function(){return f},RR:function(){return u}});var r=n(1476),o=n(3707),i=n(7299);function a(t,e){return a=Object.setPrototypeOf?Object.setPrototypeOf.bind():function(t,e){return t.__proto__=e,t},a(t,e)}var c={regex:/^file:\/\/(.*)/,replacement:"file://OBFUSCATED"},u=function(t){var e,n;function r(e){return t.call(this,e)||this}n=t,(e=r).prototype=Object.create(n.prototype),e.prototype.constructor=e,a(e,n);var o=r.prototype;return o.shouldObfuscate=function(){return s(this.sharedContext.agentIdentifier).length>0},o.obfuscateString=function(t){if(!t||"string"!=typeof t)return t;for(var e=s(this.sharedContext.agentIdentifier),n=t,r=0;r<e.length;r++){var o=e[r].regex,i=e[r].replacement||"*";n=n.replace(o,i)}return n},r}(o.w);function s(t){var e=[],n=(0,r.Mt)(t,"obfuscate")||[];return e=e.concat(n),i.T.isFileProtocol()&&e.push(c),e}function f(t){for(var e=!1,n=!1,r=0;r<t.length;r++){"regex"in t[r]?"string"!=typeof t[r].regex&&t[r].regex.constructor!==RegExp&&(console&&console.warn&&console.warn('An obfuscation replacement rule contains a "regex" value with an invalid type (must be a string or RegExp)'),n=!0):(console&&console.warn&&console.warn('An obfuscation replacement rule was detected missing a "regex" value.'),n=!0);var o=t[r].replacement;o&&"string"!=typeof o&&(console&&console.warn&&console.warn('An obfuscation replacement rule contains a "replacement" value with an invalid type (must be a string)'),e=!0)}return!e&&!n}},1424:function(t,e,n){"use strict";n.d(e,{EZ:function(){return u},Qy:function(){return c},ce:function(){return o},fP:function(){return i},gG:function(){return s},mF:function(){return a}});var r=n(6959),o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function i(){return window.NREUM||(window.NREUM={}),void 0===window.newrelic&&(window.newrelic=window.NREUM),window.NREUM}function a(){var t=i();if(!t.o){var e=window,n=e.XMLHttpRequest;t.o={ST:setTimeout,SI:e.setImmediate,CT:clearTimeout,XHR:n,REQ:e.Request,EV:e.Event,PR:e.Promise,MO:e.MutationObserver,FETCH:e.fetch}}return t}function c(t,e,n){var o,a,c=i(),u=c.initializedAgents||{},s=u[t]||{};return Object.keys(s).length||(s.initializedAt={ms:(0,r.zO)(),date:new Date}),c.initializedAgents=Object.assign({},u,((a={})[t]=Object.assign({},s,((o={})[n]=e,o)),a)),c}function u(t,e){i()[t]=e}function s(){var t,e;return t=i(),e=t.info||{},t.info=Object.assign({beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon},e),function(){var t=i(),e=t.init||{};t.init=Object.assign({},e)}(),a(),function(){var t=i(),e=t.loader_config||{};t.loader_config=Object.assign({},e)}(),i()}},8539:function(t){t.exports=function(t,e,n){e||(e=0),void 0===n&&(n=t?t.length:0);for(var r=-1,o=n-e||0,i=Array(o<0?0:o);++r<o;)i[r]=t[e+r];return i}}},r={};function o(t){var e=r[t];if(void 0!==e)return e.exports;var i=r[t]={exports:{}};return n[t](i,i.exports,o),i.exports}o.m=n,o.n=function(t){var e=t&&t.__esModule?function(){return t.default}:function(){return t};return o.d(e,{a:e}),e},o.d=function(t,e){for(var n in e)o.o(e,n)&&!o.o(t,n)&&Object.defineProperty(t,n,{enumerable:!0,get:e[n]})},o.f={},o.e=function(t){return Promise.all(Object.keys(o.f).reduce((function(e,n){return o.f[n](t,e),e}),[]))},o.u=function(t){return t+"."+o.h().slice(0,8)+"-1220.js"},o.h=function(){return"2d6a2503b7f18a5b77dd"},o.o=function(t,e){return Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(t,e)},t={},e="NRBA:",o.l=function(n,r,i,a){if(t[n])t[n].push(r);else{var c,u;if(void 0!==i)for(var s=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),f=0;f<s.length;f++){var d=s[f];if(d.getAttribute("src")==n||d.getAttribute("data-webpack")==e+i){c=d;break}}c||(u=!0,(c=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",c.timeout=120,o.nc&&c.setAttribute("nonce",o.nc),c.setAttribute("data-webpack",e+i),c.src=n),t[n]=[r];var l=function(e,r){c.onerror=c.onload=null,clearTimeout(v);var o=t[n];if(delete t[n],c.parentNode&&c.parentNode.removeChild(c),o&&o.forEach((function(t){return t(r)})),e)return e(r)},v=setTimeout(l.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:c}),12e4);c.onerror=l.bind(null,c.onerror),c.onload=l.bind(null,c.onload),u&&document.head.appendChild(c)}},o.r=function(t){"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(t,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(t,"__esModule",{value:!0})},o.p="https://web.archive.org/web/20221222030930/https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",function(){var t={299:0,82:0};o.f.j=function(e,n){var r=o.o(t,e)?t[e]:void 0;if(0!==r)if(r)n.push(r[2]);else{var i=new Promise((function(n,o){r=t[e]=[n,o]}));n.push(r[2]=i);var a=o.p+o.u(e),c=new Error;o.l(a,(function(n){if(o.o(t,e)&&(0!==(r=t[e])&&(t[e]=void 0),r)){var i=n&&("load"===n.type?"missing":n.type),a=n&&n.target&&n.target.src;c.message="Loading chunk "+e+" failed.\n("+i+": "+a+")",c.name="ChunkLoadError",c.type=i,c.request=a,r[1](c)}}),"chunk-"+e,e)}};var e=function(e,n){var r,i,a=n[0],c=n[1],u=n[2],s=0;if(a.some((function(e){return 0!==t[e]}))){for(r in c)o.o(c,r)&&(o.m[r]=c[r]);if(u)u(o)}for(e&&e(n);s<a.length;s++)i=a[s],o.o(t,i)&&t[i]&&t[i][0](),t[i]=0},n=self.webpackChunkNRBA=self.webpackChunkNRBA||[];n.forEach(e.bind(null,0)),n.push=e.bind(null,n.push.bind(n))}();var i={};return function(){"use strict";o.r(i);var t=o(9034),e=o(4408),n=window,r=n.document;function a(t){"complete"===r.readyState&&t()}function c(t){a(t),r.addEventListener?n.addEventListener("load",t,(0,e.m)(!1)):n.attachEvent("onload",t)}function u(t){a(t),r.addEventListener?r.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",t,(0,e.m)(!1)):r.attachEvent("onreadystatechange",a)}var s=o(1776);function f(){f=function(){return t};var t={},e=Object.prototype,n=e.hasOwnProperty,r="function"==typeof Symbol?Symbol:{},o=r.iterator||"@@iterator",i=r.asyncIterator||"@@asyncIterator",a=r.toStringTag||"@@toStringTag";function c(t,e,n){return Object.defineProperty(t,e,{value:n,enumerable:!0,configurable:!0,writable:!0}),t[e]}try{c({},"")}catch(t){c=function(t,e,n){return t[e]=n}}function u(t,e,n,r){var o=e&&e.prototype instanceof l?e:l,i=Object.create(o.prototype),a=new j(r||[]);return i._invoke=function(t,e,n){var r="suspendedStart";return function(o,i){if("executing"===r)throw new Error("Generator is already running");if("completed"===r){if("throw"===o)throw i;return P()}for(n.method=o,n.arg=i;;){var a=n.delegate;if(a){var c=x(a,n);if(c){if(c===d)continue;return c}}if("next"===n.method)n.sent=n._sent=n.arg;else if("throw"===n.method){if("suspendedStart"===r)throw r="completed",n.arg;n.dispatchException(n.arg)}else"return"===n.method&&n.abrupt("return",n.arg);r="executing";var u=s(t,e,n);if("normal"===u.type){if(r=n.done?"completed":"suspendedYield",u.arg===d)continue;return{value:u.arg,done:n.done}}"throw"===u.type&&(r="completed",n.method="throw",n.arg=u.arg)}}}(t,n,a),i}function s(t,e,n){try{return{type:"normal",arg:t.call(e,n)}}catch(t){return{type:"throw",arg:t}}}t.wrap=u;var d={};function l(){}function v(){}function p(){}var h={};c(h,o,(function(){return this}));var g=Object.getPrototypeOf,y=g&&g(g(_([])));y&&y!==e&&n.call(y,o)&&(h=y);var m=p.prototype=l.prototype=Object.create(h);function b(t){["next","throw","return"].forEach((function(e){c(t,e,(function(t){return this._invoke(e,t)}))}))}function w(t,e){function r(o,i,a,c){var u=s(t[o],t,i);if("throw"!==u.type){var f=u.arg,d=f.value;return d&&"object"==typeof d&&n.call(d,"__await")?e.resolve(d.__await).then((function(t){r("next",t,a,c)}),(function(t){r("throw",t,a,c)})):e.resolve(d).then((function(t){f.value=t,a(f)}),(function(t){return r("throw",t,a,c)}))}c(u.arg)}var o;this._invoke=function(t,n){function i(){return new e((function(e,o){r(t,n,e,o)}))}return o=o?o.then(i,i):i()}}function x(t,e){var n=t.iterator[e.method];if(void 0===n){if(e.delegate=null,"throw"===e.method){if(t.iterator.return&&(e.method="return",e.arg=void 0,x(t,e),"throw"===e.method))return d;e.method="throw",e.arg=new TypeError("The iterator does not provide a 'throw' method")}return d}var r=s(n,t.iterator,e.arg);if("throw"===r.type)return e.method="throw",e.arg=r.arg,e.delegate=null,d;var o=r.arg;return o?o.done?(e[t.resultName]=o.value,e.next=t.nextLoc,"return"!==e.method&&(e.method="next",e.arg=void 0),e.delegate=null,d):o:(e.method="throw",e.arg=new TypeError("iterator result is not an object"),e.delegate=null,d)}function O(t){var e={tryLoc:t[0]};1 in t&&(e.catchLoc=t[1]),2 in t&&(e.finallyLoc=t[2],e.afterLoc=t[3]),this.tryEntries.push(e)}function E(t){var e=t.completion||{};e.type="normal",delete e.arg,t.completion=e}function j(t){this.tryEntries=[{tryLoc:"root"}],t.forEach(O,this),this.reset(!0)}function _(t){if(t){var e=t[o];if(e)return e.call(t);if("function"==typeof t.next)return t;if(!isNaN(t.length)){var r=-1,i=function e(){for(;++r<t.length;)if(n.call(t,r))return e.value=t[r],e.done=!1,e;return e.value=void 0,e.done=!0,e};return i.next=i}}return{next:P}}function P(){return{value:void 0,done:!0}}return v.prototype=p,c(m,"constructor",p),c(p,"constructor",v),v.displayName=c(p,a,"GeneratorFunction"),t.isGeneratorFunction=function(t){var e="function"==typeof t&&t.constructor;return!!e&&(e===v||"GeneratorFunction"===(e.displayName||e.name))},t.mark=function(t){return Object.setPrototypeOf?Object.setPrototypeOf(t,p):(t.__proto__=p,c(t,a,"GeneratorFunction")),t.prototype=Object.create(m),t},t.awrap=function(t){return{__await:t}},b(w.prototype),c(w.prototype,i,(function(){return this})),t.AsyncIterator=w,t.async=function(e,n,r,o,i){void 0===i&&(i=Promise);var a=new w(u(e,n,r,o),i);return t.isGeneratorFunction(n)?a:a.next().then((function(t){return t.done?t.value:a.next()}))},b(m),c(m,a,"Generator"),c(m,o,(function(){return this})),c(m,"toString",(function(){return"[object Generator]"})),t.keys=function(t){var e=[];for(var n in t)e.push(n);return e.reverse(),function n(){for(;e.length;){var r=e.pop();if(r in t)return n.value=r,n.done=!1,n}return n.done=!0,n}},t.values=_,j.prototype={constructor:j,reset:function(t){if(this.prev=0,this.next=0,this.sent=this._sent=void 0,this.done=!1,this.delegate=null,this.method="next",this.arg=void 0,this.tryEntries.forEach(E),!t)for(var e in this)"t"===e.charAt(0)&&n.call(this,e)&&!isNaN(+e.slice(1))&&(this[e]=void 0)},stop:function(){this.done=!0;var t=this.tryEntries[0].completion;if("throw"===t.type)throw t.arg;return this.rval},dispatchException:function(t){if(this.done)throw t;var e=this;function r(n,r){return a.type="throw",a.arg=t,e.next=n,r&&(e.method="next",e.arg=void 0),!!r}for(var o=this.tryEntries.length-1;o>=0;--o){var i=this.tryEntries[o],a=i.completion;if("root"===i.tryLoc)return r("end");if(i.tryLoc<=this.prev){var c=n.call(i,"catchLoc"),u=n.call(i,"finallyLoc");if(c&&u){if(this.prev<i.catchLoc)return r(i.catchLoc,!0);if(this.prev<i.finallyLoc)return r(i.finallyLoc)}else if(c){if(this.prev<i.catchLoc)return r(i.catchLoc,!0)}else{if(!u)throw new Error("try statement without catch or finally");if(this.prev<i.finallyLoc)return r(i.finallyLoc)}}}},abrupt:function(t,e){for(var r=this.tryEntries.length-1;r>=0;--r){var o=this.tryEntries[r];if(o.tryLoc<=this.prev&&n.call(o,"finallyLoc")&&this.prev<o.finallyLoc){var i=o;break}}i&&("break"===t||"continue"===t)&&i.tryLoc<=e&&e<=i.finallyLoc&&(i=null);var a=i?i.completion:{};return a.type=t,a.arg=e,i?(this.method="next",this.next=i.finallyLoc,d):this.complete(a)},complete:function(t,e){if("throw"===t.type)throw t.arg;return"break"===t.type||"continue"===t.type?this.next=t.arg:"return"===t.type?(this.rval=this.arg=t.arg,this.method="return",this.next="end"):"normal"===t.type&&e&&(this.next=e),d},finish:function(t){for(var e=this.tryEntries.length-1;e>=0;--e){var n=this.tryEntries[e];if(n.finallyLoc===t)return this.complete(n.completion,n.afterLoc),E(n),d}},catch:function(t){for(var e=this.tryEntries.length-1;e>=0;--e){var n=this.tryEntries[e];if(n.tryLoc===t){var r=n.completion;if("throw"===r.type){var o=r.arg;E(n)}return o}}throw new Error("illegal catch attempt")},delegateYield:function(t,e,n){return this.delegate={iterator:_(t),resultName:e,nextLoc:n},"next"===this.method&&(this.arg=void 0),d}},t}function d(t,e,n,r,o,i,a){try{var c=t[i](a),u=c.value}catch(t){return void n(t)}c.done?e(u):Promise.resolve(u).then(r,o)}var l=0;function v(t){var e;(e=f().mark((function e(){var n,r;return f().wrap((function(e){for(;;)switch(e.prev=e.next){case 0:if(!l++){e.next=2;break}return e.abrupt("return");case 2:return e.prev=2,e.next=5,o.e(552).then(o.bind(o,5552));case 5:return n=e.sent,r=n.aggregator,e.next=9,r(t);case 9:e.next=15;break;case 11:e.prev=11,e.t0=e.catch(2),console.error("Failed to successfully load all aggregators. Aborting...\n",e.t0),s.ee.abort();case 15:case"end":return e.stop()}}),e,null,[[2,11]])})),function(){var t=this,n=arguments;return new Promise((function(r,o){var i=e.apply(t,n);function a(t){d(i,r,o,a,c,"next",t)}function c(t){d(i,r,o,a,c,"throw",t)}a(void 0)}))})()}var p=o(8539),h=o.n(p),g=o(1424),y=o(1220),m=o(441),b=o(7361),w=o(357),x=o(6959);var O=o(1476),E=o(5955),j={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},_={};var P=!1;var A=o(6972),k=o(1793),L=o(5023);function S(t,e){return S=Object.setPrototypeOf?Object.setPrototypeOf.bind():function(t,e){return t.__proto__=e,t},S(t,e)}var T,C,I,R=function(t){var e,n;function r(e){var n;return n=t.call(this,e)||this,(0,k.v)(e),(0,A.B)(e,"firstbyte",(0,x.yf)()),c((function(){return n.measureWindowLoaded()})),u((function(){return n.measureDomContentLoaded()})),n}n=t,(e=r).prototype=Object.create(n.prototype),e.prototype.constructor=e,S(e,n);var o=r.prototype;return o.measureWindowLoaded=function(){var t=(0,x.zO)();(0,A.B)(this.agentIdentifier,"onload",t+(0,x.os)()),(0,b.p)("timing",["load",t],void 0,void 0,this.ee)},o.measureDomContentLoaded=function(){(0,A.B)(this.agentIdentifier,"domContent",(0,x.zO)()+(0,x.os)())},r}(L.W);void 0!==document.hidden?(T="hidden",C="visibilitychange",I="visibilityState"):void 0!==document.msHidden?(T="msHidden",C="msvisibilitychange"):void 0!==document.webkitHidden&&(T="webkitHidden",C="webkitvisibilitychange",I="webkitVisibilityState");var M=o(2085);function N(t,e){return N=Object.setPrototypeOf?Object.setPrototypeOf.bind():function(t,e){return t.__proto__=e,t},N(t,e)}var D=function(t){var n,r;function o(n){var r,o;if((r=t.call(this,n)||this).pageHiddenTime="hidden"===document.visibilityState?-1:1/0,r.performanceObserver,r.lcpPerformanceObserver,r.clsPerformanceObserver,r.fiRecorded=!1,!r.isEnabled())return function(t){if(void 0===t)throw new ReferenceError("this hasn't been initialised - super() hasn't been called");return t}(r);if("PerformanceObserver"in window&&"function"==typeof window.PerformanceObserver){r.performanceObserver=new PerformanceObserver((function(){var t;return(t=r).perfObserver.apply(t,arguments)}));try{r.performanceObserver.observe({entryTypes:["paint"]})}catch(t){}r.lcpPerformanceObserver=new PerformanceObserver((function(){var t;return(t=r).lcpObserver.apply(t,arguments)}));try{r.lcpPerformanceObserver.observe({entryTypes:["largest-contentful-paint"]})}catch(t){}r.clsPerformanceObserver=new PerformanceObserver((function(){var t;return(t=r).clsObserver.apply(t,arguments)}));try{r.clsPerformanceObserver.observe({type:"layout-shift",buffered:!0})}catch(t){}}if("addEventListener"in document){r.fiRecorded=!1;["click","keydown","mousedown","pointerdown","touchstart"].forEach((function(t){document.addEventListener(t,(function(){var t;return(t=r).captureInteraction.apply(t,arguments)}),(0,e.m)(!1))}))}return o=function(){var t;return(t=r).captureVisibilityChange.apply(t,arguments)},"addEventListener"in document&&C&&document.addEventListener(C,(function(){I&&document[I]?o(document[I]):document[T]?o("hidden"):o("visible")}),(0,e.m)(!1)),r}r=t,(n=o).prototype=Object.create(r.prototype),n.prototype.constructor=n,N(n,r);var i=o.prototype;return i.isEnabled=function(){return!1!==(0,O.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"page_view_timing.enabled")},i.perfObserver=function(t,e){var n=this;t.getEntries().forEach((function(t){"first-paint"===t.name?(0,b.p)("timing",["fp",Math.floor(t.startTime)],void 0,void 0,n.ee):"first-contentful-paint"===t.name&&(0,b.p)("timing",["fcp",Math.floor(t.startTime)],void 0,void 0,n.ee)}))},i.lcpObserver=function(t,e){var n=t.getEntries();if(n.length>0){var r=n[n.length-1];if(this.pageHiddenTime<r.startTime)return;var o=[r],i=this.addConnectionAttributes({});i&&o.push(i),(0,b.p)("lcp",o,void 0,void 0,this.ee)}},i.clsObserver=function(t){var e=this;t.getEntries().forEach((function(t){t.hadRecentInput||(0,b.p)("cls",[t],void 0,void 0,e.ee)}))},i.addConnectionAttributes=function(t){var e=navigator.connection||navigator.mozConnection||navigator.webkitConnection;if(e)return e.type&&(t["net-type"]=e.type),e.effectiveType&&(t["net-etype"]=e.effectiveType),e.rtt&&(t["net-rtt"]=e.rtt),e.downlink&&(t["net-dlink"]=e.downlink),t},i.captureInteraction=function(t){if(t instanceof M.Y.EV&&!this.fiRecorded){var e=Math.round(t.timeStamp),n={type:t.type};this.addConnectionAttributes(n),e<=(0,x.zO)()?n.fid=(0,x.zO)()-e:e>(0,x.os)()&&e<=Date.now()?(e-=(0,x.os)(),n.fid=(0,x.zO)()-e):e=(0,x.zO)(),this.fiRecorded=!0,(0,b.p)("timing",["fi",e,n],void 0,void 0,this.ee)}},i.captureVisibilityChange=function(t){"hidden"===t&&(this.pageHiddenTime=(0,x.zO)(),(0,b.p)("pageHide",[this.pageHiddenTime],void 0,void 0,this.ee))},o}(L.W),q=o(3350),B="React",z="Angular",G="AngularJS",H="Backbone",F="Ember",V="Vue",Z="Meteor",U="Zepto",X="Jquery";function Q(){var t=[];try{(function(){try{if(window.React||window.ReactDOM||window.ReactRedux)return!0;if(document.querySelector("[data-reactroot], [data-reactid]"))return!0;for(var t=document.querySelectorAll("body > div"),e=0;e<t.length;e++)if(Object.keys(t[e]).indexOf("_reactRootContainer")>=0)return!0;return!1}catch(t){return!1}})()&&t.push(B),function(){try{return!!window.angular||(!!document.querySelector(".ng-binding, [ng-app], [data-ng-app], [ng-controller], [data-ng-controller], [ng-repeat], [data-ng-repeat]")||!!document.querySelector('script[src*="angular.js"], script[src*="angular.min.js"]'))}catch(t){return!1}}()&&t.push(G),function(){try{return!!(window.hasOwnProperty("ng")&&window.ng.hasOwnProperty("coreTokens")&&window.ng.coreTokens.hasOwnProperty("NgZone"))||!!document.querySelectorAll("[ng-version]").length}catch(t){return!1}}()&&t.push(z),window.Backbone&&t.push(H),window.Ember&&t.push(F),window.Vue&&t.push(V),window.Meteor&&t.push(Z),window.Zepto&&t.push(U),window.jQuery&&t.push(X)}catch(t){}return t}var W=o(7299),K=o(603),Y=o(158);function J(t,e){return J=Object.setPrototypeOf?Object.setPrototypeOf.bind():function(t,e){return t.__proto__=e,t},J(t,e)}var $=function(t){var e,n;function r(e){var n;return(n=t.call(this,e)||this).singleChecks(),(0,q.X)("record-supportability",(function(){var t;return(t=n).recordSupportability.apply(t,arguments)}),void 0,n.ee),(0,q.X)("record-custom",(function(){var t;return(t=n).recordCustom.apply(t,arguments)}),void 0,n.ee),n}n=t,(e=r).prototype=Object.create(n.prototype),e.prototype.constructor=e,J(e,n);var o=r.prototype;return o.recordSupportability=function(t,e){var n=["sm",t,{name:t},e];return(0,b.p)("storeMetric",n,null,void 0,this.ee),n},o.recordCustom=function(t,e){var n=["cm",t,{name:t},e];return(0,b.p)("storeEventMetrics",n,null,void 0,this.ee),n},o.singleChecks=function(){var t=this;this.recordSupportability("Generic/Version/"+Y.q+"/Detected"),u((function(){Q().forEach((function(e){t.recordSupportability("Framework/"+e+"/Detected")}))})),W.T.isFileProtocol()&&(this.recordSupportability("Generic/FileProtocol/Detected"),W.T.supportabilityMetricSent=!0);var e=(0,K.$c)(this.agentIdentifier);e.length>0&&this.recordSupportability("Generic/Obfuscate/Detected"),e.length>0&&!(0,K.Ng)(e)&&this.recordSupportability("Generic/Obfuscate/Invalid")},r}(L.W),tt=o(847);new Promise((function(e,n){if(P)e(P);else{var r=(0,g.gG)();try{(0,m.L)(t.Z,r.info),(0,O.Dg)(t.Z,r.init),function(t,e){if(!t)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");_[t]=new E.I(e,j),(0,g.Qy)(t,_[t],"loader_config")}(t.Z,r.loader_config),(0,y.s)(t.Z,{}),function(t){var e=(0,g.fP)(),n=s.ee.get(t),r=n.get("tracer"),o="api-",i="api-ixn-";function a(){}(0,w.D)(["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","inlineHit","addRelease"],(function(t,n){e[n]=u(o,n,!0,"api")})),e.addPageAction=u(o,"addPageAction",!0),e.setCurrentRouteName=u(o,"routeName",!0),e.setPageViewName=function(e,n){if("string"==typeof e)return"/"!==e.charAt(0)&&(e="/"+e),(0,y.O)(t).customTransaction=(n||"https://web.archive.org/web/20221222030930/http://custom.transaction")+e,u(o,"setPageViewName",!0,"api")()},e.setCustomAttribute=function(e,n){var r,i=(0,m.C)(t);return(0,m.L)(t,Object.assign({},i,{jsAttributes:Object.assign({},i.jsAttributes,(r={},r[e]=n,r))})),u(o,"setCustomAttribute",!0,"api")()},e.interaction=function(){return(new a).get()};var c=a.prototype={createTracer:function(t,e){var o={},i=this,a="function"==typeof e;return(0,b.p)("api-ixn-tracer",[(0,x.zO)(),t,o],i,void 0,n),function(){if(r.emit((a?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,x.zO)(),i,a],o),a)try{return e.apply(this,arguments)}catch(t){throw r.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,"string"==typeof t?new Error(t):t],o),t}finally{r.emit("fn-end",[(0,x.zO)()],o)}}}};function u(t,e,r,o){return function(){return(0,b.p)("record-supportability",["API/"+e+"/called"],void 0,void 0,n),(0,b.p)(t+e,[(0,x.zO)()].concat(h()(arguments)),r?null:this,o,n),r?void 0:this}}(0,w.D)("actionText,setName,setAttribute,save,ignore,onEnd,getContext,end,get".split(","),(function(t,e){c[e]=u(i,e)})),e.noticeError=function(t,e){"string"==typeof t&&(t=new Error(t)),(0,b.p)("record-supportability",["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,void 0,n),(0,b.p)("err",[t,(0,x.zO)(),!1,e],void 0,void 0,n)}}(t.Z),e(P=!0)}catch(t){n(t)}}})).then((function(){var e,n,r,o=(0,tt.K)(t.Z);o.page_view_event&&new R(t.Z),o.page_view_timing&&new D(t.Z),o.metrics&&new $(t.Z),e="lite",n?setTimeout((function(){return v(e)}),r||1e3):c((function(){return v(e)}))}))}(),i}()}));</script> <noscript><style>form.antibot * :not(.antibot-message) { display: none !important; }</style> </noscript><script async src="https://web.archive.org/web/20221222030930js_/https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-66610693-3"></script> <script>window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments)};gtag("js", new Date());gtag("set", "developer_id.dMDhkMT", true);gtag("config", "UA-66610693-3", {"groups":"default","anonymize_ip":true,"page_placeholder":"PLACEHOLDER_page_path","link_attribution":true,"allow_ad_personalization_signals":false,"custom_map":{"dimension2":"node_title","dimension3":"node_id","dimension7":"content_type"}});gtag("config", "G-HEQ0YF2VYL", {"groups":"default","page_placeholder":"PLACEHOLDER_page_location","link_attribution":true,"allow_ad_personalization_signals":false});gtag("config", "UA-33523145-1", {"groups":"default","anonymize_ip":true,"page_placeholder":"PLACEHOLDER_page_path","link_attribution":true,"allow_ad_personalization_signals":false,"custom_map":{"dimension2":"node_title","dimension3":"node_id","dimension7":"content_type"}});gtag("event", "custom", {"node_title":"Public safety","node_id":"1080001","content_type":"Topic Landing Page"});</script> <link rel="canonical" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/public-safety"/> <link rel="shortlink" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/node/1080001"/> <meta name="description" content="From helping to develop technologies that detect explosives and locate survivors in a collapsed building to video software that identifies criminals, NIST is working to keep people safe."/> <meta name="dcterms.title" content="Public safety"/> <meta name="dcterms.description" content="From helping to develop technologies that detect explosives and locate survivors in a collapsed building to video software that identifies criminals, NIST is working to keep people safe."/> <meta name="dcterms.date" content="2016-06-30T13:50-04:00"/> <meta name="dcterms.type" content="text"/> <meta name="dcterms.format" content="text/html"/> <meta name="dcterms.identifier" content="https://www.nist.gov/public-safety"/> <meta name="dcterms.source" content="NIST"/> <meta name="dcterms.created" content="2016-06-30T13:50-04:00"/> <meta name="dcterms.modified" content="2021-05-07T14:00-04:00"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="Public safety | NIST"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="NIST"/> <meta property="og:type" content="Article"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/public-safety"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Public safety"/> <meta property="og:description" content="From helping to develop technologies that detect explosives and locate survivors in a collapsed building to video software that identifies criminals, NIST is working to keep people safe."/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20221222030930im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/images/2016/09/06/pscr-slide3.png"/> <meta property="og:image:width" content="220"/> <meta property="og:image:height" content="178"/> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2016-06-30T13:50-04:00"/> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2021-05-07T14:00-04:00"/> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="QMu0ODkER3rN5hLcMLqNVf7e3bkjYsNLTuhqfH48jCA"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta name="twitter:site" content="NIST"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content="From helping to develop technologies that detect explosives and locate survivors in a collapsed building to video software that identifies criminals, NIST is working to keep people safe."/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Public safety"/> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20221222030930im_/https://www.nist.gov/public-safety"/> <meta name="twitter:image:height" content="178"/> <meta name="twitter:image:width" content="220"/> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20221222030930im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/images/2016/09/06/pscr-slide3.png"/> <meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 9 (https://www.drupal.org)"/> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width"/> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true"/> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/> <meta name="nist_search_modified" class="elastic" content="2021-05-07T14:00:00-04:00"/> <script type="application/ld+json">{ "@context": "https://web.archive.org/web/20221222030930/https://schema.org", "@graph": [ { "@type": "Article", "headline": "Public safety | NIST", "description": "From helping to develop technologies that detect explosives and locate survivors in a collapsed building to video software that identifies criminals, NIST is working to keep people safe.", "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "representativeOfPage": "True", "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/images/2016/09/06/pscr-slide3.png", "width": "220", "height": "178" }, "datePublished": "2016-06-30T13:50-04:00", "dateModified": "2021-05-07T14:00-04:00" } ] }</script> <meta name="nist_search_bundle" class="elastic" content="topic_landing_page"/> <link rel="icon" href="/web/20221222030930im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon"/> <title>Public safety | NIST</title> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/web/20221222030930cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_F2gAVVlSdR3arDUpXp31o79SNgjcEodwd2bnXsnktzU.css"/> <link rel="stylesheet" media="screen" href="/web/20221222030930cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_gD8QmGaNfUQuThtjB-S0EwEOZZNJP1QfUU1bDdLHbMU.css"/> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/web/20221222030930cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_zbjDhj-AmeVwgu9y0DlPwEfp7l-a5BpoK3MpoGmRB6o.css"/> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/web/20221222030930cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_PV0KmreUx3hVeYI6yGypf71UDz9BSQl1Z5DjiESDh-Y.css"/> <link rel="stylesheet" media="screen" href="/web/20221222030930cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_2gbjHG7WJjr5-ut95lIgQNG0L89Hi8B8tBMrX4YMAaw.css"/> <script src="/web/20221222030930js_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/js/js_-dbYZ4JxrJ1JstYSHl6hMbgz-yFcPPqDY0VSXVJZCIo.js"></script> </head> <body class="node-1080001"> <a href="#main-content" class="visually-hidden focusable" data-elastic-exclude> Skip to main content </a> <div class="dialog-off-canvas-main-canvas" data-off-canvas-main-canvas>  <section data-elastic-exclude class="usa-banner" aria-label="Official government website"> <div class="usa-accordion"> <header class="usa-banner__header"> <div class="usa-banner__inner"> <div class="grid-col-auto"> <img class="usa-banner__header-flag" src="/web/20221222030930im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/us_flag_small.png" alt="U.S. flag"> </div> <div class="grid-col-fill tablet:grid-col-auto"> <p class="usa-banner__header-text">An official website of the United States government</p> <p class="usa-banner__header-action" aria-hidden="true">Here’s how you know</p> </div> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-banner__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="gov-banner-default"> <span class="usa-banner__button-text">Here’s how you know</span> </button> </div> </header> <div class="usa-banner__content usa-accordion__content" id="gov-banner-default"> <div class="grid-row grid-gap-lg"> <div class="usa-banner__guidance tablet:grid-col-6"> <img class="usa-banner__icon usa-media-block__img" src="/web/20221222030930im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/icon-dot-gov.svg" role="img" alt="" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="usa-media-block__body"> <p> <strong>Official websites use .gov</strong> <br/> A <strong>.gov</strong> website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. </p> </div> </div> <div class="usa-banner__guidance tablet:grid-col-6"> <img class="usa-banner__icon usa-media-block__img" src="/web/20221222030930im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/icon-https.svg" role="img" alt="" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="usa-media-block__body"> <p> <strong>Secure .gov websites use HTTPS</strong> <br/> A <strong>lock</strong> ( <span class="icon-lock"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="52" height="64" viewbox="0 0 52 64" class="usa-banner__lock-image" role="img" aria-labelledby="banner-lock-title banner-lock-description" focusable="false"> <title id="banner-lock-title">Lock</title> <desc id="banner-lock-description">A locked padlock</desc><path fill="#000000" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M26 0c10.493 0 19 8.507 19 19v9h3a4 4 0 0 1 4 4v28a4 4 0 0 1-4 4H4a4 4 0 0 1-4-4V32a4 4 0 0 1 4-4h3v-9C7 8.507 15.507 0 26 0zm0 8c-5.979 0-10.843 4.77-10.996 10.712L15 19v9h22v-9c0-6.075-4.925-11-11-11z"/></svg> </span> ) or <strong>https://</strong> means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section>  <div data-elastic-exclude>  <div class="nist-print-header" style="display:none;"> <p class="nist-print-header__url">https://www.nist.gov/public-safety</p> <img class="nist-print-header__logo" width="289" height="38" src="/web/20221222030930im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/logo/nist_logo_sidestack.svg" alt="National Institute of Standards and Technology"/> </div> <div class="usa-overlay"></div> <header class="usa-header nist-header--www nist-header--minimal" role="banner"> <div class="usa-navbar"> <div class="usa-logo flex-fill"> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology" aria-label="Home"> <img src="/web/20221222030930im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/logo/logo.svg" alt="National Institute of Standards and Technology"/> </a> </div> <div class="usa-header__right grid-row flex-auto"> <div class="grid-col-fill nist-header__search-group"> <form class="usa-search usa-search--small" accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/search" id="search_form" method="get"> <div role="search"> <label class="usa-sr-only" for="search-form">Search NIST</label> <input class="usa-input" id="search-form" type="search" name="s" placeholder="Search NIST" required="" maxlength="128"> <button class="usa-button" type="submit"><img src="/web/20221222030930im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/usa-icons-bg/search--white.svg" class="usa-search__submit-icon" alt="Search"></button> </div> </form> </div> <div class="grid-col-auto padding-left-1"> <button class="usa-menu-btn">Menu</button> </div> </div> </div> <nav aria-label="Primary navigation" class="usa-nav"> <div class="usa-nav__inner"> <button class="usa-nav__close">Close</button> <ul class="usa-nav__primary usa-accordion"> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link usa-current" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-1"><span>Topics</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-1" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/topics" class="usa-nav__link">All Topics</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/advanced-communications" class="usa-nav__link">Advanced communications</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/artificial-intelligence" class="usa-nav__link">Artificial intelligence</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/bioscience" class="usa-nav__link">Bioscience</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/buildings-construction" class="usa-nav__link">Buildings and construction</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/chemistry" class="usa-nav__link">Chemistry</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/climate" class="usa-nav__link">Climate</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/cybersecurity" class="usa-nav__link">Cybersecurity</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/electronics" class="usa-nav__link">Electronics</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/energy" class="usa-nav__link">Energy</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/environment" class="usa-nav__link">Environment</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/fire" class="usa-nav__link">Fire</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/forensic-science" class="usa-nav__link">Forensic science</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/health" class="usa-nav__link">Health</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/information-technology" class="usa-nav__link">Information technology</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/infrastructure" class="usa-nav__link">Infrastructure</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/manufacturing" class="usa-nav__link">Manufacturing</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/materials" class="usa-nav__link">Materials</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/mathematics-statistics" class="usa-nav__link">Mathematics and statistics</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/metrology" class="usa-nav__link">Metrology</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/nanotechnology" class="usa-nav__link">Nanotechnology</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/neutron-research" class="usa-nav__link">Neutron research</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/performance-excellence" class="usa-nav__link">Performance excellence</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/physics" class="usa-nav__link">Physics</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/public-safety" class="usa-nav__link usa-current">Public safety</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/resilience" class="usa-nav__link">Resilience</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/standards" class="usa-nav__link">Standards</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/transportation" class="usa-nav__link">Transportation</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <a class="usa-nav__link" href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/publications">Publications</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-3"><span>Labs & Major Programs</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-3" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/labs-major-programs/laboratories" class="usa-nav__link">Laboratories</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/ctl" class="usa-nav__link">Communications Technology Laboratory</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/el" class="usa-nav__link">Engineering Laboratory</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/itl" class="usa-nav__link">Information Technology Laboratory</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/mml" class="usa-nav__link">Material Measurement Laboratory</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/pml" class="usa-nav__link">Physical Measurement Laboratory</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/labs-major-programs/user-facilities" class="usa-nav__link">User Facilities</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/ncnr" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Center for Neutron Research</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/cnst" class="usa-nav__link">CNST NanoFab</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/labs-major-programs/research-test-beds" class="usa-nav__link">Research Test Beds</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/laboratories/projects-programs" class="usa-nav__link">Research Projects</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/laboratories/tools-instruments" class="usa-nav__link">Tools & Instruments</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/labs-major-programs/major-programs" class="usa-nav__link">Major Programs</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/baldrige" class="usa-nav__link">Baldrige Performance Excellence Program</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/mep" class="usa-nav__link">Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP)</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/oam" class="usa-nav__link">Office of Advanced Manufacturing</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/spo" class="usa-nav__link">Special Programs Office</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/tpo" class="usa-nav__link">Technology Partnerships Office</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-4"><span>Services & Resources</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-4" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/services-resources/standards-and-measurements" class="usa-nav__link">Standards and Measurements</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/calibrations" class="usa-nav__link">Calibration Services</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/nvlap" class="usa-nav__link">Laboratory Accreditation (NVLAP)</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/nist-quality-system" class="usa-nav__link">Quality System</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/srm" class="usa-nav__link">Standard Reference Materials (SRMs)</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/standardsgov" class="usa-nav__link">Standards.gov</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/pml/time-and-frequency-division/time-services" class="usa-nav__link">Time Services</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/pml/owm" class="usa-nav__link">Office of Weights and Measures</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/services-resources/software" class="usa-nav__link">Software</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/data" class="usa-nav__link">Data</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221222030930/https://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/" class="usa-nav__link">Chemistry WebBook</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221222030930/https://nvd.nist.gov/" class="usa-nav__link">National Vulnerability Database</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/pml/productsservices/physical-reference-data" class="usa-nav__link">Physical Reference Data</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/srd" class="usa-nav__link">Standard Reference Data (SRD)</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/shop" class="usa-nav__link">Storefront</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/tpo" class="usa-nav__link">License & Patents</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221222030930/http://csrc.nist.gov/" class="usa-nav__link">Computer Security Resource Center (CSRC)</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/nist-research-library" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Research Library</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-5"><span>News & Events</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-5" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news" class="usa-nav__link">News</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/events" class="usa-nav__link">Events</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/blogs" class="usa-nav__link">Blogs</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/feature-stories" class="usa-nav__link">Feature Stories</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/awards" class="usa-nav__link">Awards</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/video-gallery" class="usa-nav__link">Video Gallery</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/image-gallery" class="usa-nav__link">Image Gallery</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/director/pao/media-contacts" class="usa-nav__link">Media Contacts</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-6"><span>About NIST</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-6" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist" class="usa-nav__link">About Us</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/contact-us" class="usa-nav__link">Contact Us</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/visit" class="usa-nav__link">Visit</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/careers" class="usa-nav__link">Careers</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/director/nist-organization-structure" class="usa-nav__link">Our Organization</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/director" class="usa-nav__link">Office of the Director</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/director/nist-organization-structure/budget-planning" class="usa-nav__link">Budget & Planning</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/work-nist" class="usa-nav__link">Work with NIST</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/history" class="usa-nav__link">History</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221222030930/http://nistdigitalarchives.contentdm.oclc.org/" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Digital Archives</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/nist-museum" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Museum</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel" class="usa-nav__link">NIST and the Nobel</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/education" class="usa-nav__link">Educational Resources</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> </header>  </div> <div class="grid-container"> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> </div> <div id="block-nist-www-content" class="nist-block"> <section class="nist-page__content usa-section clearfix"> <a id="main-content" tabindex="-1"></a> <div> <div class="nist-section-header nist-section-header--topic nist-section-header--hero"> <div class="nist-section-header__hero-img"> <div class="nist-block nist-block--no-margin"> <div class="entity-reference"> <img src="/web/20221222030930im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/images/2021/05/07/PublicSafetyA_1200x248.png" width="1200" height="248" alt="Fireman in VR glasses" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nist-section-header__main grid-container"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="nist-section-header__title"> <h1 class="nist-page__title">Public safety</h1> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="nist-page__region nist-page__region--topic-description padding-top-4 margin-top-1"> <div class="nist-region-heading"> <h2>Overview</h2> </div> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-8 padding-right-5 margin-bottom-4"> <div class="text-with-summary"> <p>From helping to develop technologies that detect explosives and locate survivors in a collapsed building to video software that identifies criminals and high endurance building materials, NIST is working to keep people safe.</p> </div> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-4"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="bg-base-lightest padding-y-5 margin-y-4"> <div class="nist-page__region nist-page__region--topic-list grid-container"> <div class="views-element-container nist-block margin-bottom-0"> <div><div class="js-view-dom-id-e71d4f140f416fa16e0e294445ed44450c43b20f9e7f619cb3b7a5a1c6b7cf36"> <div class="nist-block margin-bottom-0"> <div class="nist-region-heading"> <h2>Public safety Topics</h2> </div> <ul class="add-list-reset link-list"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6"> <li class="font-sans-md padding-bottom-205"><div class="views-field views-field-field-shared-section"><div class="field-content nist-icon nist-icon--before nist-icon--arrow-right2"><a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/chemical-biological-radiological-nuclear-explosives-cbrne" hreflang="en">Chemical / Biological / Radiological / Nuclear / Explosives (CBRNE)</a></div></div></li> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6"> <li class="font-sans-md padding-bottom-205"><div class="views-field views-field-field-shared-section"><div class="field-content nist-icon nist-icon--before nist-icon--arrow-right2"><a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/first-responder-preparedness" hreflang="en">First responder preparedness</a></div></div></li> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6"> <li class="font-sans-md padding-bottom-205"><div class="views-field views-field-field-shared-section"><div class="field-content nist-icon nist-icon--before nist-icon--arrow-right2"><a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/law-enforcement" hreflang="en">Law enforcement</a></div></div></li> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6"> <li class="font-sans-md padding-bottom-205"><div class="views-field views-field-field-shared-section"><div class="field-content nist-icon nist-icon--before nist-icon--arrow-right2"><a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/public-safety-communications-research" hreflang="en">Public safety communications research</a></div></div></li> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6"> <li class="font-sans-md padding-bottom-205"><div class="views-field views-field-field-shared-section"><div class="field-content nist-icon nist-icon--before nist-icon--arrow-right2"><a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/response-robots" hreflang="en">Response robots</a></div></div></li> </div> </div> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nist-page__region nist-page__region--main"> <div class="nist-block"> <div class="grid-container margin-y-5"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--topic-research paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="nist-region-heading"> <h2>The Research</h2> </div> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-8 padding-right-5 margin-y-2"> <h2 class="nist-block__title">Projects & Programs</h2> <article role="article" about="/programs-projects/public-safety-communications-program" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/public-safety-communications-program"><span>Public Safety Communications Program</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__type"> <div class="nist-badge display-inline-block margin-y-1 nist-badge--blue boolean">Ongoing</div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-long"> CTL advances public safety communication technology by researching, developing, and accelerating the adoption and implementation of critical communications </div> </div> </div> </article> <article role="article" about="/programs-projects/chemical-foundations-cannabis-breathalyzer" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/chemical-foundations-cannabis-breathalyzer" hreflang="en"><img src="/web/20221222030930im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2020/07/16/Cannabis%20Buds.jpeg?itok=I3WFsLdU" width="100" height="67" alt="Cannabis Buds" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/chemical-foundations-cannabis-breathalyzer"><span>Chemical Foundations for a Cannabis Breathalyzer</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__type"> <div class="nist-badge display-inline-block margin-y-1 nist-badge--blue boolean">Ongoing</div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-long"> Founded in 2019, this program was motivated by the rapid decriminalization of recreational and medical cannabis by state governments. This has led to extensive </div> </div> </div> </article> <article role="article" about="/programs-projects/extended-cell-testing" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/extended-cell-testing" hreflang="en"><img src="/web/20221222030930im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/projects/modeled-coverage.png?itok=-o5YlUr4" width="100" height="89" alt="cell coverage map pscr" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/extended-cell-testing"><span>Extended Cell Testing</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__type"> <div class="nist-badge display-inline-block margin-y-1 nist-badge--blue boolean">Ongoing</div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-long"> As public safety organizations deploy band class 14 Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks throughout the country, a major challenge will be providing economical </div> </div> </div> </article> <article role="article" about="/programs-projects/mobile-application-and-data-isolation" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/mobile-application-and-data-isolation" hreflang="en"><img src="/web/20221222030930im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/projects/personal-ps-data.png?itok=7pjtvsYE" width="100" height="88" alt="separation personal data and public safety data pscr" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/mobile-application-and-data-isolation"><span>Mobile Application and Data Isolation</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__type"> <div class="nist-badge display-inline-block margin-y-1 nist-badge--blue boolean">Ongoing</div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-long"> The nationwide public safety broadband network will enable first responders to use modern mobile devices for interoperable public safety operations. While this </div> </div> </div> </article> <div class="link-list"><a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/laboratories/projects-programs/topic/249461">View All Projects/Programs</a></div> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-4 margin-y-2"> <h2 class="nist-block__title">Additional Resources Links</h2> <div class="nist-field nist-field--label-hidden nist-field--link-list link nist-field--link-list font-sans-sm"> <div class="nist-field__items"> <div class="nist-field__item"><a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/publications/search?k=&d%5Bmin%5D=&d%5Bmax%5D=&t=&a=&s=All&ta%5B0%5D=249461&ta%5B1%5D=249461&n=">Publications</a></div> <div class="nist-field__item"><a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/services-resources/software/topic/249461">Software</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--topic-featured paragraph--view-mode--default nist-content-row--width-full bg-base-lightest margin-y-5"> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="nist-card nist-card--horizontal nist-card--horizontal-full nist-card--base-lightest"> <div class="nist-card__inner"> <div class="nist-card__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <figure class="nist-image"> <img src="/web/20221222030930im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/800w_x_400h/public/images/2019/05/28/forrest-burn-hero.jpg?itok=4eOgvR4V" width="800" height="400" alt="A fire burns along the ground at the edge of a wooded area." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> <figcaption class="nist-image__caption"> <div data-caption-editable="true" class="nist-image__caption-content"> </div> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="nist-card__title"> <h3> In the Eye of the Fire </h3> </div> <div class="nist-card__content"> <div class="text-long"><p>“In experimental fire research, some of the most compelling data you can get is the visual data from video and photography,” says Matt Hoehler, a research structural engineer at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in Gaithersburg, Maryland. “So we’re always trying to get closer to the fire.”</p> <p>With a prototype camera system developed by Hoehler and his colleagues at NIST’s National Fire Research Laboratory (NFRL), he has succeeded not just in getting close to a fire, but inside it. So far, the system has captured mesmerizing 360-degree video from a burning room, a mock-up of a museum collection storage room, a kitchen fire and, most recently, a forest fire. The footage allows a viewer to immerse themselves in the scene and shift their gaze in any direction to look at different aspects of the fire.</p></div> </div> <div class="nist-card__links"> <div class="nist-card__button"> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/featured-stories/eye-fire" class="usa-button ">Read more.</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-container margin-y-4"> <div class="nist-region-heading"> <h2>News</h2> </div> <div class="margin-bottom-5"> <div class="entity-reference"> <div class="nist-card nist-card--horizontal nist-card--horizontal-full"> <div class="nist-card__inner"> <div class="nist-card__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <img src="/web/20221222030930im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/600w_x_360h/public/images/2020/12/31/first%20responder%20blog-01.png?itok=XQFf4Lom" width="600" height="360" alt="a collage of different graphical objects including representations of an ambulance, a police car, fire fighters, 911 call takers and various communications technologies like smartphones. " loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </div> </div> <div class="nist-card__title"> <h3><span>How NIST Is Helping First Responders Stay Connected</span> </h3> </div> <div class="nist-card__content"> <div class="text-with-summary">What do first responders do? It’s an easy question, and I used to think I knew the answer. Firefighters put out fires; police officers enforce the law; EMS workers treat injuries; 911 operators answer 911 calls and dispatch first responders to the scene. Simple, right? I am a computer scientist at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) conducting research focused on human</div> </div> <div class="nist-card__links"> <div class="nist-card__button"> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/blogs/taking-measure/how-nist-helping-first-responders-stay-connected" class="usa-button ">Read more</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--dynamic-news-list-topic paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="js-view-dom-id-7cfbb476fe19d69969b75bfb65949edb5841c8623cb8b6131c9a8fb7efed0f06"> <div class="grid-row grid-gap-2"> <div class="nist-card tablet:grid-col-4 nist-card--topic "> <div class="nist-card__inner"> <div class="nist-card__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <img src="/web/20221222030930im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/images/2022/07/01/PSCR%202022_Thank%20you%20GIF_v2.4.gif" width="600" height="314" alt="PSCR 2022 Thank You" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </div> </div> <div class="nist-card__title padding-y-5"> <h3><span property="schema:name">Top 5 NIST PSCR Articles of 2022</span> </h3> </div> <div class="nist-card__links"> <div class="nist-card__button"> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2022/12/top-5-nist-pscr-articles-2022" class="usa-button ">Read more</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nist-card tablet:grid-col-4 nist-card--topic "> <div class="nist-card__inner"> <div class="nist-card__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <img src="/web/20221222030930im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/800w_x_400h/public/images/2022/10/28/John%20Beltz%20Graphic.png?itok=_PU2seR5" width="800" height="400" alt=" Image of John Beltz. Text reads “NIST Public Safety Communications Research Staff Spotlight with IT Security Manager & Portfolio lead John Beltz”." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </div> </div> <div class="nist-card__title padding-y-5"> <h3><span property="schema:name">PSCR Staff Spotlight: IT Security Manager and Security Portfolio Lead</span> </h3> </div> <div class="nist-card__links"> <div class="nist-card__button"> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2022/10/pscr-staff-spotlight-it-security-manager-and-security-portfolio-lead" class="usa-button ">Read more</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nist-card tablet:grid-col-4 nist-card--topic "> <div class="nist-card__inner"> <div class="nist-card__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <img src="/web/20221222030930im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/800w_x_400h/public/images/2022/09/20/PSIAP-2022%20-%20Website%20-%20Winners%20Announced.jpg?itok=9h74W5Ed" width="800" height="400" alt="Graphic of a firefighter holding an ax blurred out in blue smoke with the words, “Winners Announced! Public Safety Innovation Accelerator Program 2022 (PSIAP-2022)"" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </div> </div> <div class="nist-card__title padding-y-5"> <h3><span property="schema:name">PSCR Awards More than $10M for Final Major Funding Opportunity</span> </h3> </div> <div class="nist-card__links"> <div class="nist-card__button"> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2022/10/pscr-awards-more-10m-final-major-funding-opportunity" class="usa-button ">Read more</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <footer> <div class="link-list"><a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news-updates/topic/249461">View All News and Updates</a></div> </footer> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="padding-5 bg-primary-dark"> <h2 class="text-white text-center">Stay in Touch</h2> <p class="text-white text-center">Sign up for our newsletter to stay up to date with the latest research, trends, and news for Public safety.</p> <form action="https://web.archive.org/web/20221222030930/https://public.govdelivery.com/accounts/USNIST/subscribers/qualify" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"> <input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓"/> <input type="hidden" name="topic_id" id="topic_id" value="USNIST_21"/> <div class="grid-row grid-gap-1 flex flex-justify-center"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-3"> <label class="usa-sr-only" for="email">Enter Email Address</label> <input class="usa-input" type="email" name="email" id="email" placeholder="Enter your email"> </div> <div class="grid-row flex-wrap margin-top-1"> <input type="submit" name="commit" value="Sign Up" class="usa-button usa-button--outline usa-button--inverse"> </div> </div> </form> </div> <div class="grid-container margin-y-4"> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> <div data-elastic-exclude>  <footer class="nist-footer padding-bottom-4"> <div class="grid-container nist-footer__info"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6"> <div class="nist-footer__logo"> <a href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology" rel="home"> <img class="nist-footer__logo-img" src="/web/20221222030930im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/logo/NIST-Logo-Brand-White.svg" alt="National Institute of Standards and Technology logo"> </a> </div> <div class="nist-footer__contact"> <h3 class="nist-footer__contact-heading">HEADQUARTERS</h3> <address> 100 Bureau Drive<br> Gaithersburg, MD 20899<br> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221222030930/tel:301-975-2000">301-975-2000</a> </address> <p> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221222030930/mailto:do-webmaster@nist.gov">Webmaster</a> | <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/contact-us">Contact Us</a> | <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/visit">Our Other Offices</a> </p> </div> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6"> <div class="nist-footer__social-links"> <a class="nist-social nist-social--twitter-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221222030930/https://twitter.com/NIST"> <span>Twitter</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--facebook-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221222030930/https://www.facebook.com/NIST"> <span>Facebook</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--linkedin-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221222030930/https://www.linkedin.com/company/nist"> <span>LinkedIn</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--instagram-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221222030930/https://www.instagram.com/nist/"> <span>Instagram</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--youtube-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221222030930/https://www.youtube.com/NIST"> <span>YouTube</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--giphy-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221222030930/https://giphy.com/nist"> <span>Giphy</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--rss-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/nist-rss-feeds"> <span>RSS Feed</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--envelope-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221222030930/https://public.govdelivery.com/accounts/USNIST/subscriber/new"> <span>Mailing List</span> </a> </div> <div class="nist-footer__feedback"> How are we doing? <a class="usa-button" rel="nofollow" href="/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/form/nist-gov-feedback?destination=/public-safety" title="Provide feedback">Feedback</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="nist-footer__nav" role="navigation"> <ul> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/privacy-policy">Site Privacy</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/oism/accessibility">Accessibility</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/privacy">Privacy Program</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/oism/copyrights">Copyrights</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221222030930/https://www.commerce.gov/vulnerability-disclosure-policy">Vulnerability Disclosure</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/no-fear-act-policy">No Fear Act Policy</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/office-director/freedom-information-act">FOIA</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/environmental-policy-statement">Environmental Policy</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/summary-report-scientific-integrity">Scientific Integrity</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221222030930/https://www.nist.gov/nist-information-quality-standards">Information Quality Standards</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221222030930/https://www.commerce.gov/">Commerce.gov</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221222030930/http://www.science.gov/">Science.gov</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221222030930/http://www.usa.gov/">USA.gov</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221222030930/https://vote.gov/">Vote.gov</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </footer>  </div> </div> <script type="application/json" data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json">{"path":{"baseUrl":"\/","scriptPath":null,"pathPrefix":"","currentPath":"node\/1080001","currentPathIsAdmin":false,"isFront":false,"currentLanguage":"en"},"pluralDelimiter":"\u0003","suppressDeprecationErrors":true,"back_to_top":{"back_to_top_button_trigger":100,"back_to_top_prevent_on_mobile":false,"back_to_top_prevent_in_admin":true,"back_to_top_button_type":"image","back_to_top_button_text":"Back to top"},"google_analytics":{"account":"UA-66610693-3","trackOutbound":true,"trackMailto":true,"trackTel":true,"trackDownload":true,"trackDownloadExtensions":"7z|aac|arc|arj|asf|asx|avi|bin|bsh|c|csv|doc(x|m)?|dot(x|m)?|dw(fx|g|gd)|dxf|eps|epub|exe|f(90)|flv|gif|gz|gzip|hqx|jar|jpe?g|js|m1v|mp(2|3|4|e?g)|mobi|mov(ie)?|msi|msp|pdf|phps|pl|png|ppt(x|m)?|pot(x|m)?|pps(x|m)?|ppam|sld(x|m)?|thmx|qtm?|ra(m|r)?|rfa|rtf|rvt|sch|sea|sit|swf|tar|tgz|tif|txt|txz|wav|wma|wmv|wpd|wrl|xls(x|m|b)?|xlt(x|m)|xlam|xml|xsd|z|zip","trackDomainMode":1},"nist_search":{"clickTracking":"search-report-click","isDebug":false,"clickTrackEnabled":true,"message":"NIST Search in debug mode. Check the browsers network inspector for Click Track reporting results..."},"data":{"extlink":{"extTarget":false,"extTargetNoOverride":false,"extNofollow":false,"extNoreferrer":false,"extFollowNoOverride":false,"extClass":"ext","extLabel":"(link is external)","extImgClass":false,"extSubdomains":true,"extExclude":"\\.gov\\\/|\\.mil\\\/|\\manufacturingusa\\.com\\\/","extInclude":"","extCssExclude":"","extCssExplicit":"","extAlert":true,"extAlertText":"Thank you for visiting NIST. We hope your visit was informative. We have provided a link to this site because it has information that may be of interest to our users. NIST does not necessarily endorse the views expressed or the facts presented on this site. Further, NIST does not endorse any commercial products that may be advertised or available on this site. Click OK to be directed to your link.","mailtoClass":"0","mailtoLabel":"(link sends email)","extUseFontAwesome":false,"extIconPlacement":"append","extFaLinkClasses":"fa fa-external-link","extFaMailtoClasses":"fa fa-envelope-o","whitelistedDomains":[]}},"user":{"uid":0,"permissionsHash":"582eea317b4636ab5a0dffc8c6a006df3d6901ea5610498a0bbefc925ea1da0f"}}</script> <script src="/web/20221222030930js_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/js/js_DNL6VrEuHPrL959oUExCzGY3A7BXQIMYib7aZLaICi4.js"></script> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20221222030930js_/https://siteimproveanalytics.com/js/siteanalyze_6017546.js" async></script> <script src="/web/20221222030930js_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/js/js_XoevpgMqpfZ_vQSIDKbsBW_ECleGCiKLbn2hnxI0QMg.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"gov-bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"37b7ccb661","applicationID":"1089704227","transactionName":"YFxUN0sADEdYVkBaClkWdwBNCA1aFkVVVABoWlcAUQQ=","queueTime":0,"applicationTime":40,"atts":"TBtXQQMaH0k=","errorBeacon":"gov-bam.nr-data.net","agent":""}</script></body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Public safety | NIST