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<span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reputation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reputation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Reputation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reputation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Duncan II of Scotland</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in 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Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunecan_II_Scotta_Cyning" title="Dunecan II Scotta Cyning – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Dunecan II Scotta Cyning" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%86_(%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF)" title="ایکینجی دانکن (ایسکاتلند) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایکینجی دانکن (ایسکاتلند)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD_II" title="Дункан II – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дункан II" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_II_d%27Esc%C3%B2cia" title="Duncan II d'Escòcia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Duncan II d'Escòcia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_II._Skotsk%C3%BD" title="Duncan II. Skotský – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Duncan II. Skotský" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_2._af_Skotland" title="Duncan 2. af Skotland – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Duncan 2. af Skotland" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_II." title="Duncan II. – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Duncan II." data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BD_%CE%92%CE%84_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A3%CE%BA%CF%89%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Ντάνκαν Β΄ της Σκωτίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ντάνκαν Β΄ της Σκωτίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_II_de_Escocia" title="Duncan II de Escocia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Duncan II de Escocia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkano_la_2-a" title="Dunkano la 2-a – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dunkano la 2-a" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_II.a_Eskoziakoa" title="Duncan II.a Eskoziakoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Duncan II.a Eskoziakoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%86_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85" title="دانکن دوم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دانکن دوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_II" title="Duncan II – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Duncan II" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_II_de_Escocia" title="Duncan II de Escocia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Duncan II de Escocia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8D%A9%EC%BB%A8_2%EC%84%B8" title="덩컨 2세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="덩컨 2세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A5%A8" title="डंकन २ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="डंकन २" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_II." title="Duncan II. – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Duncan II." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_II_di_Scozia" title="Duncan II di Scozia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Duncan II di Scozia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99,_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9A_%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%93" title="דאנקן השני, מלך סקוטלנד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דאנקן השני, מלך סקוטלנד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._Duncan_sk%C3%B3t_kir%C3%A1ly" title="II. Duncan skót király – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="II. Duncan skót király" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="دنكان التانى ملك اسكتلندا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="دنكان التانى ملك اسكتلندا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_II" title="Duncan II – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Duncan II" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%80%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AB%E3%83%B32%E4%B8%96_(%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B3%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E7%8E%8B)" title="ダンカン2世 (スコットランド王) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ダンカン2世 (スコットランド王)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_II_av_Skottland" title="Duncan II av Skottland – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Duncan II av Skottland" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_II" title="Duncan II – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Duncan II" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncano_II_da_Esc%C3%B3cia" title="Duncano II da Escócia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Duncano II da Escócia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_al_II-lea_al_Sco%C8%9Biei" title="Duncan al II-lea al Scoției – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Duncan al II-lea al Scoției" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD_II" title="Дункан II – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дункан II" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A5%A8" title="डंकन २ – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="डंकन २" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_II_o_Scotland" title="Duncan II o Scotland – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Duncan II o Scotland" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_II_of_Scotland" title="Duncan II of Scotland – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Duncan II of Scotland" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD_II_%D0%A8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Данкан II Шкотски – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Данкан II Шкотски" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_II_od_%C5%A0kotske" title="Duncan II od Škotske – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Duncan II od Škotske" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_II" title="Duncan II – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Duncan II" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_II_av_Skottland" title="Duncan II av Skottland – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Duncan II av Skottland" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD_II" title="Дункан II – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дункан II" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%84%A7%E8%82%AF%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="鄧肯二世 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="鄧肯二世" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q366745#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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See also <a href="/wiki/Duncan_II,_Earl_of_Fife" class="mw-redirect" title="Duncan II, Earl of Fife">Duncan II, Earl of Fife</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Duncan II</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Duncan_II_of_Scotland_(Holyrood).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Duncan_II_of_Scotland_%28Holyrood%29.jpg/220px-Duncan_II_of_Scotland_%28Holyrood%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Duncan_II_of_Scotland_%28Holyrood%29.jpg/330px-Duncan_II_of_Scotland_%28Holyrood%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Duncan_II_of_Scotland_%28Holyrood%29.jpg/440px-Duncan_II_of_Scotland_%28Holyrood%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="1232" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Duncan II as portrayed in a series of portraits at <a href="/wiki/Holyrood_Palace" title="Holyrood Palace">Holyrood Palace</a> ordered by <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles II of Scotland">Charles II</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/King_of_Alba" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Alba">King of Alba</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">May 1094–12 November 1094</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Donald_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald III">Donald III</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data">Donald III</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">c. 1060</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="dday deathdate">1094-11-12</span>)</span>12 November 1094</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Dunfermline_Abbey" title="Dunfermline Abbey">Dunfermline Abbey</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ethelreda_(daughter_of_Gospatric)" title="Ethelreda (daughter of Gospatric)">Ethelreda of Northumbria</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_fitz_Duncan" title="William fitz Duncan">William fitz Duncan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Dunkeld" title="House of Dunkeld">Dunkeld</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Malcolm III">Malcolm III</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ingibiorg_Finnsdottir" title="Ingibiorg Finnsdottir">Ingibiorg Finnsdottir</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Donnchad mac Máel Coluim</b> (<a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Modern Gaelic</a>: <i>Donnchadh mac Mhaoil Chaluim</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> anglicised as <b>Duncan II</b>; c. 1060 – 12 November 1094) was <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">King of Alba</a>. He was son of <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_III_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm III of Scotland">Malcolm III</a> (Máel Coluim mac Donnchada) and his first wife <a href="/wiki/Ingibiorg_Finnsdottir" title="Ingibiorg Finnsdottir">Ingibiorg Finnsdottir</a>, widow of <a href="/wiki/Thorfinn_the_Mighty" title="Thorfinn the Mighty">Thorfinn Sigurdsson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Orkney" title="Earl of Orkney">earl of Orkney</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duncan_II_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The identity of Duncan's mother is given by the <a href="/wiki/Orkneyinga_saga" title="Orkneyinga saga">Orkneyinga saga</a>, which records the marriage of Malcolm and Ingibiorg, and then mentions "their son was Duncan, King of Scots, father of William". Duncan II got his name from that of his grandfather, <a href="/wiki/Duncan_I_of_Scotland" title="Duncan I of Scotland">Duncan I of Scotland</a>. However, Ingibiorg is never mentioned by primary sources written by Scottish and English chroniclers. She might have been a <a href="/wiki/Concubinage" title="Concubinage">concubine</a> or have a marriage not recognized by the Church. <a href="/wiki/William_of_Malmesbury" title="William of Malmesbury">William of Malmesbury</a> calls Duncan an illegitimate son of Malcolm III. This account influenced a number of Medieval commentators, who also dismissed Duncan as an illegitimate son. However, this claim is propaganda reflecting the need of Malcolm's descendants by <a href="/wiki/Saint_Margaret_of_Scotland" title="Saint Margaret of Scotland">Margaret</a> to undermine the claims of Duncan's descendants, the <a href="/wiki/MacWilliam_pretenders" title="MacWilliam pretenders">Meic Uilleim</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Duncan was given into the keeping of <a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William the Conqueror</a> in 1072 as a hostage. The <a href="/wiki/Annals_of_Ulster" title="Annals of Ulster">Annals of Ulster</a> note that the "French went into Scotland and brought away the son of the king of Scotland as hostage" (by French, the text is referring to the <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a>). The context of this event was the initial conflict between Malcolm III and William. <a href="/wiki/Edgar_%C3%86theling" title="Edgar Ætheling">Edgar Ætheling</a>, the last remaining male member of the English royal family, had fled to Scotland in 1068, seeking protection from the invading Normans.<sup id="cite_ref-stenton606_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stenton606-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edgar sought Malcolm's assistance in his struggle against William.<sup id="cite_ref-horspool10_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-horspool10-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relationship was reinforced when Malcolm married Ætheling's sister, Margaret, in 1071.<sup id="cite_ref-stenton606_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stenton606-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman conquest of England">Norman conquest of England</a> also involved William securing control over the areas of <a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a>. Malcolm probably perceived this move as a threat to his own areas of <a href="/wiki/Cumbria" title="Cumbria">Cumbria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lothian" title="Lothian">Lothian</a>. In 1070, possibly claiming he was redressing the wrongs against his brother-in-law, Malcolm responded with a "savage raid" of Northern England.<sup id="cite_ref-poole265_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poole265-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The formal link between the royal house of Scotland and <a href="/wiki/Wessex" title="Wessex">Wessex</a> and Malcolm's forays in northern England were an obvious threat to William who counter-attacked with a full-scale invasion of southern Scotland in 1072. Malcolm met William in <a href="/wiki/Abernethy,_Perth_and_Kinross" title="Abernethy, Perth and Kinross">Abernethy</a>. In the resulting <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Abernethy" title="Treaty of Abernethy">Treaty of Abernethy</a>, Malcolm submitted to William for Malcolm's lands in England (Cambria and Northumbria) but not for Scotland. Though the facts are not clear, one of the conditions of the agreement may have been that Edgar Ætheling leave the Scottish court. The offering of Duncan, Malcolm's eldest son, as hostage was probably another term of the treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrow1981[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidZZTk5S-kLcoCpgPA32_30]_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrow1981[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidZZTk5S-kLcoCpgPA32_30]-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-huscroft61_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huscroft61-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Duncan was raised in the Anglo-Norman court of William I, becoming familiar with the culture, education, and institutions of his hosts. He was trained as a Norman <a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">knight</a> and participated in William's campaigns.<sup id="cite_ref-Potter-2009-126-127_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Potter-2009-126-127-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1087, William died, and his eldest surviving son <a href="/wiki/Robert_Curthose" title="Robert Curthose">Robert Curthose</a> succeeded him as <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Normandy" title="Duke of Normandy">Duke of Normandy</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Florence_of_Worcester" title="Florence of Worcester">Florence of Worcester</a>, Robert released Duncan from custody and had him officially knighted. Duncan was allowed to leave the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Normandy" title="Duchy of Normandy">Duchy of Normandy</a>. He chose to join the court of <a href="/wiki/William_II_of_England" title="William II of England">William II of England</a>, younger brother to Robert.<sup id="cite_ref-Barrow-1981-31_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barrow-1981-31-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father, who by then had many sons, appears to have made no effort to obtain Duncan's return. Edward, the eldest paternal half-brother of Duncan, had been designated as heir in his absence. Duncan notably chose to stay with his adoptive culture, partly due to the influence of 15 years of Norman life and partly in pursuit of personal wealth and glory, though he may always have had in mind that one day he would become Scotland's king, like his father and grandfather.<sup id="cite_ref-Potter-2009-126-127_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Potter-2009-126-127-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1092, hostilities between Malcolm III and William II were ongoing. William managed to capture <a href="/wiki/Carlisle,_Cumbria" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlisle, Cumbria">Carlisle</a>, a major settlement of Cumbria. In 1093, William started the construction of <a href="/wiki/Carlisle_Castle" title="Carlisle Castle">Carlisle Castle</a>. Malcolm reacted by leading his last raid into <a href="/wiki/Northumberland" title="Northumberland">Northumberland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Barrow-1981-31_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barrow-1981-31-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While marching north again, Malcolm was ambushed by <a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Mowbray" title="Robert de Mowbray">Robert de Mowbray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Northumbria" title="Earl of Northumbria">Earl of Northumbria</a>, whose lands he had devastated, near <a href="/wiki/Alnwick" title="Alnwick">Alnwick</a> on 13 November 1093. There he was killed by Arkil Morel, steward of <a href="/wiki/Bamburgh_Castle" title="Bamburgh Castle">Bamburgh Castle</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alnwick_(1093)" title="Battle of Alnwick (1093)">Battle of Alnwick</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edward was mortally wounded in the same fight. Malcolm's queen Margaret died days after receiving the news of their deaths from her son Edgar.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resulting power vacuum allowed <a href="/wiki/Donald_III_of_Scotland" title="Donald III of Scotland">Donald III of Scotland</a> (Domnall Bán mac Donnchada), younger brother of Malcolm, to seize the throne. The new monarch represented the interests of "a resentful native aristocracy", driving out the Anglo-Saxons and Normans who had come to the court of Malcolm and Margaret.<sup id="cite_ref-Barrow-1981-31_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barrow-1981-31-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The event allowed Duncan to lay claim to the throne, attempting to depose his uncle. He had the support of William II, in exchange for an oath of fealty to his patron. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage">Marriage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duncan_II_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Duncan married <a href="/wiki/Ethelreda_(daughter_of_Gospatric)" title="Ethelreda (daughter of Gospatric)">Ethelreda of Northumbria</a>, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Gospatric,_Earl_of_Northumbria" title="Gospatric, Earl of Northumbria">Gospatric, Earl of Northumbria</a>. The marriage is recorded in the <i>Cronicon Cumbriæ</i>. They had a single known son, <a href="/wiki/William_fitz_Duncan" title="William fitz Duncan">William fitz Duncan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign_and_death">Reign and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duncan_II_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reign and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Donald III had been unable to gain the support of certain landowners and church officials of the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Lowlands" title="Scottish Lowlands">Scottish Lowlands</a>, who had ties to the regime of his predecessor. Duncan took advantage, negotiating alliances with these disgruntled supporters of his father's and gaining essential military and financial support for his cause. While William II himself had no intention to join in the campaign, he lent part of the Norman army to the new "warrior-prince". Duncan was able to recruit further <a href="/wiki/Conscription#Medieval_levies" title="Conscription">levies</a> from local barons and towns of England. He bought support with promises of land and privilege, estates and titles.<sup id="cite_ref-Potter-2009-127-128_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Potter-2009-127-128-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1094, Duncan was leading a sizeable army, consisting of mercenary knights and infantry. Many of these soldiers probably came from <a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a>, reflecting the familial association of Duncan to <a href="/wiki/Gospatric,_Earl_of_Northumbria" title="Gospatric, Earl of Northumbria">Gospatrick</a>. In the early summer, Duncan led his army in an invasion of <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>. Donald mobilized his own supporters and troops in response. The early phase of the war took place in June, resulting in victory for Duncan. Donald was forced to retreat towards the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Scottish Highlands</a>. Duncan was crowned king at <a href="/wiki/Scone,_Scotland" title="Scone, Scotland">Scone</a>, but his support and authority probably did not extend north of the <a href="/wiki/River_Forth" title="River Forth">River Forth</a>. His continued power was reliant on the presence of his <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Normans" title="Anglo-Normans">Anglo-Norman allies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Potter-2009-127-128_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Potter-2009-127-128-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The continued presence of a foreign occupation army was naturally resented by much of the local population. Duncan himself had spent most of his life abroad, making him an outsider. Months into his reign, landowners and <a href="/wiki/Prelate" title="Prelate">prelates</a> rose against the Normans. The occupation army fared poorly against a series of ongoing raids. Duncan was only able to maintain the throne by negotiating with the rebels. He agreed to their terms, sending most of his foreign supporters back to William.<sup id="cite_ref-Potter-2009-127-128_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Potter-2009-127-128-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sending away his support troops soon backfired. The Lowlands rebels seem to have ceased their activities, but Donald had spent the intervening months rebuilding his army and political support. In November 1094, Donald led his army to the Lowlands and confronted his nephew. On 12 November, Duncan was ambushed and killed in battle, having reigned for less than seven months.<sup id="cite_ref-Potter-2009-127-128_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Potter-2009-127-128-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Primary sources are unclear about the exact manner of his death. The <a href="/wiki/Annals_of_Inisfallen" title="Annals of Inisfallen">Annals of Inisfallen</a> report that "Donnchadh [Duncan] son of Mael Coluim [Malcolm], <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">king of Alba</a>, was slain by Domnall [Donald], son of Donnchadh [Duncan]. That same Domnall, moreover, afterwards took the kingship of Alba." The <a href="/wiki/Annals_of_Ulster" title="Annals of Ulster">Annals of Ulster</a> report that "Donnchad son of Mael Coluim, king of Scotland, was treacherously killed by his own brothers Domnall and Edmond". As Duncan had no brothers by those names, the text probably points to his uncle Donald and half-brother <a href="/wiki/Edmund_of_Scotland" title="Edmund of Scotland">Edmund</a>, though later texts identify a noble by the name of <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1el_Petair_of_Mearns" title="Máel Petair of Mearns">Máel Petair of Mearns</a> (Malpeder) as the actual murderer.<sup id="cite_ref-Inisfallen_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inisfallen-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson199692_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson199692-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/William_of_Malmesbury" title="William of Malmesbury">William of Malmesbury</a> later reported that Duncan was "murdered by the wickedness of his uncle Donald". <a href="/wiki/Florence_of_Worcester" title="Florence of Worcester">Florence of Worcester</a> reported that Duncan was killed, but never states who killed him. In <i>Chronicle of the Picts and Scots</i> (1867), there is a 13th century entry recording that Duncan was killed by Máel Petair (Malpeder), through the treachery of Donald. <a href="/wiki/John_of_Fordun" title="John of Fordun">John of Fordun</a> (14th century) finally recorded the better known account of the event, that Duncan was "slain at Monthechin by the Earl of Mernys ... through the wiles of his uncle Donald". </p><p>There are two contradictory accounts about the burial place of Duncan II. One reports him buried at <a href="/wiki/Dunfermline_Abbey" title="Dunfermline Abbey">Dunfermline Abbey</a>, the other at the isle of <a href="/wiki/Iona" title="Iona">Iona</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interpretation">Interpretation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duncan_II_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Interpretation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/William_Forbes_Skene" title="William Forbes Skene">William Forbes Skene</a> viewed the conflict between Donald III and Duncan II as being essentially a conflict between "the Celtic and the Saxon laws of succession". In other words, it was a conflict between <a href="/wiki/Tanistry" title="Tanistry">tanistry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">hereditary monarchy</a>, Donald being the legitimate heir under the former, Duncan and his brothers under the latter. Donald probably derived his support from the <a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a> of Scotland, who formed the majority of the population. His supporters would have had reason to feel threatened by the large number of <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a> who had arrived in Scotland under the reign of Malcolm III. The descendants of Malcolm were Anglo-Saxons "in all respects, except that of birth". Their claim to power would be alarming at best to the Gaels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkeneMacBain190282–83_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkeneMacBain190282–83-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Skene considered that two foreign rulers played their own part in the conflict. <a href="/wiki/Magnus_III_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnus III of Norway">Magnus III of Norway</a> and his fleet were campaigning at the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a>, attempting to establish his authority over the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Isles" title="Kingdom of the Isles">Kingdom of the Isles</a>. The lack of conflict between Donald III and Magnus III might point to an alliance between them – Magnus offering recognition of Donald's rights to the throne, while Donald would withdraw all Scottish claims to the area. Duncan himself was obviously supported by <a href="/wiki/William_II_of_England" title="William II of England">William II of England</a>, who lent him "a numerous army of English and Normans".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkeneMacBain190282–83_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkeneMacBain190282–83-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The brief reign of Duncan II, culminating with his death at the hands of his own subjects, attests to his unpopularity. He was a usurper in the eyes of the Gaels. His half-brother <a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_Scotland" title="Edgar, King of Scotland">Edgar, King of Scotland</a>, only managed to gain the throne due to the intervention of William II, his claims again opposed by most of the Gaels. The effects of Edgar's victory were significant, as Anglo-Saxon laws, institutions, and forms of government were adopted in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Kingdom of Scotland</a>. All were "in imitation of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms", before <a href="/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland" title="David I of Scotland">David I</a> (reigned 1124–1153) introduced <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Normans" title="Anglo-Normans">Anglo-Norman</a> institutions to the country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkeneMacBain190283–84_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkeneMacBain190283–84-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>The Edinburgh History of Scottish Literature: From Columba to the Union, until 1707</i> includes a history of the Kingship by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Hudson" title="Benjamin Hudson">Benjamin Hudson</a>. Hudson feels that Duncan II doomed his own reign by the "fatal move" of sending away his foreign troops, thus divesting himself of his own supporters. He feels that the male-line descendants of <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_III_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm III of Scotland">Malcolm III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Margaret_of_Scotland" title="Saint Margaret of Scotland">Saint Margaret</a> managed to hold onto the throne until the 13th century precisely because none of them made the same mistake. He points out that Edgar succeeded in holding the throne for a decade because he continued to depend on aid from his political patrons, William II and <a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry I of England</a>, who had resources far surpassing those of <a href="/wiki/Donald_III_of_Scotland" title="Donald III of Scotland">Donald III</a> and his supporters.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duncan_II_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Duncan's son by Ethelreda, <a href="/wiki/William_fitz_Duncan" title="William fitz Duncan">William fitz Duncan</a>, was a prominent figure during the reigns of Duncan's half-brothers <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Scotland" title="Alexander I of Scotland">Alexander</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland" title="David I of Scotland">David</a>. William seems to have served as an acknowledged heir to them for part of their reigns.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His descendants the <a href="/wiki/Meic_Uilleim" class="mw-redirect" title="Meic Uilleim">Meic Uilleim</a> led various revolts against later Scottish kings. The last remaining Meic Uilleim, an infant daughter of <a href="/wiki/Gilleasbaig_of_Menstrie" title="Gilleasbaig of Menstrie">Gille Escoib</a> or one of his sons, was put to death in 1229 or 1230: "<i>[T]he same Mac-William's daughter, who had not long left her mother's womb, innocent as she was, was put to death, in the <a href="/wiki/Forfar" title="Forfar">burgh of Forfar</a>, in view of the market place, after a proclamation by the public crier. Her head was struck against the column of the market cross, and her brains dashed out</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sole surviving charter of Duncan II granted <a href="/wiki/Tyninghame_House" title="Tyninghame House">Tynninghame</a> and its surrounding area to the monks of <a href="/wiki/Durham,_England" title="Durham, England">Durham</a>. Among the witnesses of the charter was someone called "Uuiget". The name is probably a rendering of the <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> "Wulfgeat", which was also rendered as "Uviet" in the <a href="/wiki/Domesday_Book" title="Domesday Book">Domesday Book</a>. The name seems to have been popular in the <a href="/wiki/Midlands_(England)" class="mw-redirect" title="Midlands (England)">Midlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_England" title="Southern England">Southern England</a>. There was at least one notable landowner of that name in the 11th century <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Barrow-2003-37-39_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barrow-2003-37-39-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/G._W._S._Barrow" title="G. W. S. Barrow">G. W. S. Barrow</a> argues that this "Uuiget" is actually Uviet the White, lord of Treverlen (modern <a href="/wiki/Duddingston" title="Duddingston">Duddingston</a>). Uviet is known for also signing charters of Kings <a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_Scotland" title="Edgar, King of Scotland">Edgar</a> (reigned 1097–1107), <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Scotland" title="Alexander I of Scotland">Alexander I</a> (reigned 1107–1124), and <a href="/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland" title="David I of Scotland">David I</a> (reigned 1124–1153). He was closely associated with the royal household for decades, his own descendants forming the landowning dynasties variously known as Uviet(h)s, Eviot(h)s, and Ovioths, with certain lines enduring to the 17th century. Barrows theorises that Uviet the White originally entered Scotland as a companion of Duncan II and that the two shared a similar background, as ambitious knights in the court of William II. His continued support for Duncan's half-brothers points to them inheriting whatever circle of supporters Duncan had formed.<sup id="cite_ref-Barrow-2003-37-39_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barrow-2003-37-39-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reputation">Reputation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duncan_II_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Reputation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The history of <a href="/wiki/George_Buchanan" title="George Buchanan">George Buchanan</a> considers Duncan to have been summoned to Scotland by its people, as Donald had alienated "<i>all good men who had a veneration for the memory of Malcolm and Margaret</i>" and those nobles refusing to swear allegiance to him. Buchanan assesses Duncan as a distinguished and experienced military man, but "<i>being a military man and not so skilful in the arts of peace</i>", he angered his people with his arrogant and imperious manner. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan1582[httpwwwphilologicalbhamacukscothist7enghtml_Seventh_Book,_chapter_19–20:_Donaldus_VIII,_surnamed_Banus,_the_87th_King_-_Duncan_the_88th_King]_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan1582[httpwwwphilologicalbhamacukscothist7enghtml_Seventh_Book,_chapter_19–20:_Donaldus_VIII,_surnamed_Banus,_the_87th_King_-_Duncan_the_88th_King]-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duncan_II_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Donnchad mac Maíl Coluim</i> is the Mediaeval Gaelic form.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Annals_of_Innisfallen" class="mw-redirect" title="Annals of Innisfallen">Annals of Innisfallen</a> say he "was slain with his son in an unguarded moment in battle".</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duncan_II_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuncan2002">Duncan 2002</a>, pp. 54–55; <a href="#CITEREFBroun1999">Broun 1999</a>, p. 196; <a href="#CITEREFAnderson1990">Anderson 1990</a>, pp. 117–119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stenton606-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stenton606_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stenton606_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, p. 606.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-horspool10-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-horspool10_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Horspool, The English Rebel, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-poole265-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-poole265_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Poole, From Domesday Book to Magna Carta, 1087–1216; 2nd ed. (Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 265.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrow1981[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidZZTk5S-kLcoCpgPA32_30]-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrow1981[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidZZTk5S-kLcoCpgPA32_30]_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarrow1981">Barrow 1981</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZZTk5S-kLcoC&pg=PA32">30</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-huscroft61-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-huscroft61_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Huscroft, <i>Ruling England, 1042–1217</i>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Potter-2009-126-127-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Potter-2009-126-127_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Potter-2009-126-127_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPotter2009">Potter 2009</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h_zW8TBBVQkC&pg=PA126">126–127</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barrow-1981-31-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barrow-1981-31_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barrow-1981-31_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barrow-1981-31_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarrow1981">Barrow 1981</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZZTk5S-kLcoC&pg=PA32">31</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOram2004">Oram 2004</a>, pp. 37–38.; <a href="#CITEREFAnderson1990">Anderson 1990</a>, pp. 114–115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Potter-2009-127-128-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Potter-2009-127-128_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Potter-2009-127-128_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Potter-2009-127-128_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Potter-2009-127-128_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPotter2009">Potter 2009</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h_zW8TBBVQkC&pg=PA126">127–128</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Inisfallen-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Inisfallen_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100004/">Annals of Inisfallen, AI1094.4. Online translation, published by the Corpus of Electronic Texts</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson199692-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson199692_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHudson1996">Hudson 1996</a>, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkeneMacBain190282–83-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkeneMacBain190282–83_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkeneMacBain190282–83_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSkeneMacBain1902">Skene & MacBain 1902</a>, pp. 82–83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkeneMacBain190283–84-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkeneMacBain190283–84_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSkeneMacBain1902">Skene & MacBain 1902</a>, pp. 83–84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown2007">Brown 2007</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VBUZumo2TqEC&pg=PA39">38–39</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOram2004">Oram 2004</a>, pp. 60, 71, 73–74.; <a href="#CITEREFDuncan2002">Duncan 2002</a>, pp. 59–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDonald2003">McDonald 2003</a>, p. 46 quoting the <a href="/wiki/Lanercost_Chronicle" title="Lanercost Chronicle">Lanercost Chronicle</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barrow-2003-37-39-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barrow-2003-37-39_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barrow-2003-37-39_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarrow2003">Barrow 2003</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Cqb9nsvIZGYC&pg=PA38">37–39</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan1582[httpwwwphilologicalbhamacukscothist7enghtml_Seventh_Book,_chapter_19–20:_Donaldus_VIII,_surnamed_Banus,_the_87th_King_-_Duncan_the_88th_King]-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan1582[httpwwwphilologicalbhamacukscothist7enghtml_Seventh_Book,_chapter_19–20:_Donaldus_VIII,_surnamed_Banus,_the_87th_King_-_Duncan_the_88th_King]_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuchanan1582">Buchanan 1582</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philological.bham.ac.uk/scothist/7eng.html">Seventh Book, chapter 19–20: Donaldus VIII, surnamed Banus, the 87th King - Duncan the 88th King</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duncan_II_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1990" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Orr_Anderson" title="Alan Orr Anderson">Anderson, Alan Orr</a> (1990), <i>Early Sources of Scottish History A.D. 500–1286</i>, vol. 1 (Reprinted with corrections ed.), Stamford: Paul Watkins, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-871615-03-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-871615-03-8"><bdi>1-871615-03-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Sources+of+Scottish+History+A.D.+500%E2%80%931286&rft.place=Stamford&rft.edition=Reprinted+with+corrections&rft.pub=Paul+Watkins&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=1-871615-03-8&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Alan+Orr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuncan+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrow1981" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/G.W.S._Barrow" class="mw-redirect" title="G.W.S. Barrow">Barrow, G.W.S.</a> (1981), <i>Kingship and Unity, Scotland 1000–1306</i>, <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-6448-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-6448-5"><bdi>0-8020-6448-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kingship+and+Unity%2C+Scotland+1000%E2%80%931306&rft.place=Toronto+and+Buffalo&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-8020-6448-5&rft.aulast=Barrow&rft.aufirst=G.W.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuncan+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrow2003" class="citation cs2">Barrow, G.W.S. (2003), "Companions of the Atheling", <i>Anglo-Norman Studies XXV: Proceedings of the Battle Conference 2002</i>, Boydell Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85115-941-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-85115-941-9"><bdi>0-85115-941-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Companions+of+the+Atheling&rft.btitle=Anglo-Norman+Studies+XXV%3A+Proceedings+of+the+Battle+Conference+2002&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-85115-941-9&rft.aulast=Barrow&rft.aufirst=G.W.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuncan+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroun1999" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Dauvit_Broun" title="Dauvit Broun">Broun, Dauvit</a> (1999), <i>The Irish Identity of the Kingdom of the Scots in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries</i>, Woodbridge: Boydell, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85115-375-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-85115-375-5"><bdi>0-85115-375-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Irish+Identity+of+the+Kingdom+of+the+Scots+in+the+Twelfth+and+Thirteenth+Centuries&rft.place=Woodbridge&rft.pub=Boydell&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-85115-375-5&rft.aulast=Broun&rft.aufirst=Dauvit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuncan+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2007" class="citation cs2">Brown, Ian, ed. (2007), <i>The Edinburgh History of Scottish Literature: From Columba to the Union (until 1707)</i>, Edinburgh University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780748616152" title="Special:BookSources/9780748616152"><bdi>9780748616152</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Edinburgh+History+of+Scottish+Literature%3A+From+Columba+to+the+Union+%28until+1707%29&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780748616152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuncan+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuchanan1582" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/George_Buchanan" title="George Buchanan">Buchanan, George</a> (1582), <i>Rerum Scoticarum Historia</i> (English translation ed.)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rerum+Scoticarum+Historia&rft.edition=English+translation&rft.date=1582&rft.aulast=Buchanan&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuncan+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuncan2002" class="citation cs2">Duncan, A.A.M. (2002), <i>The Kingship of the Scots 842–1292: Succession and Independence</i>, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7486-1626-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7486-1626-8"><bdi>0-7486-1626-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kingship+of+the+Scots+842%E2%80%931292%3A+Succession+and+Independence&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7486-1626-8&rft.aulast=Duncan&rft.aufirst=A.A.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuncan+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorspool2009" class="citation book cs1">Horspool, David (2009). <i>The English Rebel</i>. London: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-91619-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-91619-1"><bdi>978-0-670-91619-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+Rebel&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-670-91619-1&rft.aulast=Horspool&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuncan+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHudson1996" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Hudson" title="Benjamin Hudson">Hudson, Benjamin T.</a> (1996), <i>The Prophecy of Berchán: Irish and Scottish Highkings in the early Middle Ages</i>, Greenwood Publishing Group, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-29567-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-29567-0"><bdi>0-313-29567-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prophecy+of+Berch%C3%A1n%3A+Irish+and+Scottish+Highkings+in+the+early+Middle+Ages&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-313-29567-0&rft.aulast=Hudson&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuncan+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuscroft2004" class="citation book cs1">Huscroft, Richard (2004). <i>Ruling England 1052–1216</i>. London: Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-84882-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-84882-2"><bdi>0-582-84882-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ruling+England+1052%E2%80%931216&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-582-84882-2&rft.aulast=Huscroft&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuncan+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonald2003" class="citation cs2">McDonald, R. Andrew (2003), <i>Outlaws of Medieval Scotland: Challenges to the Canmore Kings, 1058–1266</i>, East Linton: Tuckwell Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86232-236-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-86232-236-8"><bdi>1-86232-236-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Outlaws+of+Medieval+Scotland%3A+Challenges+to+the+Canmore+Kings%2C+1058%E2%80%931266&rft.place=East+Linton&rft.pub=Tuckwell+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-86232-236-8&rft.aulast=McDonald&rft.aufirst=R.+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuncan+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOram2004" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Oram" title="Richard Oram">Oram, Richard</a> (2004), <i>David I: The King Who Made Scotland</i>, Stroud: Tempus, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7524-2825-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7524-2825-X"><bdi>0-7524-2825-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=David+I%3A+The+King+Who+Made+Scotland&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pub=Tempus&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7524-2825-X&rft.aulast=Oram&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuncan+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotter2009" class="citation cs2">Potter, Philip J. (2009), <i>Gothic Kings of Britain: The Lives of 31 Medieval Rulers, 1016–1399</i>, Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-4038-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-4038-2"><bdi>978-0-7864-4038-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gothic+Kings+of+Britain%3A+The+Lives+of+31+Medieval+Rulers%2C+1016%E2%80%931399&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-4038-2&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=Philip+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuncan+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkeneMacBain1902" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/William_Forbes_Skene" title="William Forbes Skene">Skene, William Forbes</a>; MacBain, Alexander (1902), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/highlandersofsco00skenuoft"><i>The Highlanders of Scotland</i></a>, Stirling, Scotland: E. Mackay</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Highlanders+of+Scotland&rft.place=Stirling%2C+Scotland&rft.pub=E.+Mackay&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Skene&rft.aufirst=William+Forbes&rft.au=MacBain%2C+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhighlandersofsco00skenuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuncan+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStenton1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Stenton" title="Frank Stenton">Stenton, Frank</a> (1971). <i>Anglo-Saxon England Third Edition</i>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-821716-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-821716-1"><bdi>0-19-821716-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglo-Saxon+England+Third+Edition&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0-19-821716-1&rft.aulast=Stenton&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuncan+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/G.W.S._Barrow" class="mw-redirect" title="G.W.S. Barrow">Barrow, G.W.S.</a> (2003), <i>The Kingdom of the Scots</i>, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7486-1803-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7486-1803-1"><bdi>0-7486-1803-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kingdom+of+the+Scots&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7486-1803-1&rft.aulast=Barrow&rft.aufirst=G.W.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuncan+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Duncan, A.A.M. (2004). "Duncan II (b. before 1072, d. 1094)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8210">10.1093/ref:odnb/8210</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Duncan+II+%28b.+before+1072%2C+d.+1094%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8210&rft.aulast=Duncan&rft.aufirst=A.A.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuncan+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royal.uk/duncan-ii-r1094">Duncan II</a> at the official website of the <a href="/wiki/British_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="British monarchy">British monarchy</a>.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Duncan II of Scotland</div><div><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Dunkeld" title="House of Dunkeld">House of Dunkeld</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> c. 1060</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 12 November 1094</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Donald_III_of_Scotland" title="Donald III of Scotland">Donald III</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">King of Alba</a> </b><br />1094 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Donald_III_of_Scotland" title="Donald III of Scotland">Donald III</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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title="Drest Gurthinmoch">Drest II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galan_Erilich" title="Galan Erilich">Galan Erilich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_III" title="Drest III">Drest III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_IV" title="Drest IV">Drest IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gartnait_I" title="Gartnait I">Gartnait I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cailtram" title="Cailtram">Cailtram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talorc_II" title="Talorc II">Talorc II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_V" title="Drest V">Drest V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galam_Cennalath" title="Galam Cennalath">Galam Cennalath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridei_I" title="Bridei I">Bridei I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gartnait_II" title="Gartnait II">Gartnait II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nechtan_nepos_Uerb" title="Nechtan nepos Uerb">Nechtan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinioch" title="Cinioch">Cinioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gartnait_III" title="Gartnait III">Gartnait III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridei_II" title="Bridei II">Bridei II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talorc_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Talorc III">Talorc III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talorgan_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Talorgan I">Talorgan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gartnait_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Gartnait IV">Gartnait IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Drest VI">Drest VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridei_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridei III">Bridei III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taran_mac_Ainftech" title="Taran mac Ainftech">Taran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridei_IV" title="Bridei IV">Bridei IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nechtan_mac_Der-Ilei" title="Nechtan mac Der-Ilei">Nechtan III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_VII" title="Drest VII">Drest VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alp%C3%ADn_I_of_the_Picts" title="Alpín I of the Picts">Alpín I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93engus_I" title="Óengus I">Óengus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridei_V" title="Bridei V">Bridei V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciniod_I" title="Ciniod I">Ciniod I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alp%C3%ADn_II_of_the_Picts" title="Alpín II of the Picts">Alpín II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talorgan_II" title="Talorgan II">Talorgan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_VIII" title="Drest VIII">Drest VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conall_mac_Taidg" title="Conall mac Taidg">Conall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causant%C3%ADn_mac_Fergusa" title="Causantín mac Fergusa">Constantine (I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93engus_II" title="Óengus II">Óengus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_IX" title="Drest IX">Drest IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E%C3%B3ganan_mac_%C3%93engusa" title="Eóganan mac Óengusa">Uuen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uurad" title="Uurad">Uurad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridei_VI" title="Bridei VI">Bridei VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciniod_II" title="Ciniod II">Ciniod II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridei_VII" title="Bridei VII">Bridei VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_X" title="Drest X">Drest X</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">Monarchs of the Scots<br />(traditional)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_MacAlpin" title="Kenneth MacAlpin">Kenneth I MacAlpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domnall_mac_Ailp%C3%ADn" title="Domnall mac Ailpín">Donald I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causant%C3%ADn_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Causantín mac Cináeda">Constantine I (II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ed_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Áed mac Cináeda">Áed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giric" title="Giric">Giric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eochaid_ab_Rhun" title="Eochaid ab Rhun">Eochaid</a> (uncertain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_II_of_Scotland" title="Donald II of Scotland">Donald II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_of_Scotland" title="Constantine II of Scotland">Constantine II (III)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_I_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm I of Scotland">Malcolm I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indulf" title="Indulf">Indulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dub,_King_of_Scotland" title="Dub, King of Scotland">Dub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuil%C3%A9n" title="Cuilén">Cuilén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb,_King_of_Scotland" title="Amlaíb, King of Scotland">Amlaíb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_II_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth II of Scotland">Kenneth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_of_Scotland" title="Constantine III of Scotland">Constantine III (IV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_III_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth III of Scotland">Kenneth III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_II_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm II of Scotland">Malcolm II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_I_of_Scotland" title="Duncan I of Scotland">Duncan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth,_King_of_Scotland" title="Macbeth, King of Scotland">Macbeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lulach" title="Lulach">Lulach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_III_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm III of Scotland">Malcolm III Canmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_III_of_Scotland" title="Donald III of Scotland">Donald III</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Duncan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_III_of_Scotland" title="Donald III of Scotland">Donald III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_Scotland" title="Edgar, King of Scotland">Edgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Scotland" title="Alexander I of Scotland">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland" title="David I of Scotland">David I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_IV_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm IV of Scotland">Malcolm IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Lion" title="William the Lion">William I the Lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Scotland" title="Alexander II of Scotland">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Scotland" title="Alexander III of Scotland">Alexander III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret,_Maid_of_Norway" title="Margaret, Maid of Norway">Margaret</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guardian_of_Scotland" title="Guardian of Scotland">First Interregnum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Balliol" title="John Balliol">John</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guardian_of_Scotland" title="Guardian of Scotland">Second Interregnum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce" title="Robert the Bruce">Robert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_II_of_Scotland" title="David II of Scotland">David II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_II_of_Scotland" title="Robert II of Scotland">Robert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_III_of_Scotland" title="Robert III of Scotland">Robert III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_I_of_Scotland" title="James I of Scotland">James I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland" title="James II of Scotland">James II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_III_of_Scotland" title="James III of Scotland">James III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland" title="James IV of Scotland">James IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_V" title="James V">James V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James VII</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_II_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary II of England">Mary II</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William II</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> <span class="wrap">also monarch of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a>.</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs189" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Template:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Template talk:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs189" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">Scottish</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs" title="List of British monarchs">British</a> monarchs</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Monarchs of England until 1603</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Monarchs of Scotland until 1603</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding: 0 0.5em; text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Elder" title="Edward the Elder">Edward the Elder</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfweard_of_Wessex" title="Ælfweard of Wessex">Ælfweard</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan" title="Æthelstan">Æthelstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_I" title="Edmund I">Edmund I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadred" title="Eadred">Eadred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadwig" title="Eadwig">Eadwig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_England" title="Edgar, King of England">Edgar the Peaceful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Martyr" title="Edward the Martyr">Edward the Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_the_Unready" title="Æthelred the Unready">Æthelred the Unready</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Forkbeard" title="Sweyn Forkbeard">Sweyn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ironside" title="Edmund Ironside">Edmund Ironside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnut" title="Cnut">Cnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Harefoot" title="Harold Harefoot">Harold Harefoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harthacnut" title="Harthacnut">Harthacnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Godwinson" title="Harold Godwinson">Harold Godwinson</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edgar_%C3%86theling" title="Edgar Ætheling">Edgar Ætheling</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_II_of_England" title="William II of England">William II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen,_King_of_England" title="Stephen, King of England">Stephen</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Empress_Matilda" title="Empress Matilda">Matilda</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Young_King" title="Henry the Young King">Henry the Young King</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">John</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Louis_VIII_of_France" title="Louis VIII of France">Louis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_II_of_England" title="Edward II of England">Edward II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">Henry IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_IV" title="Edward IV">Edward IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_V" title="Edward V">Edward V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lady_Jane_Grey" title="Lady Jane Grey">Jane</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding: 0 0.5em; text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_MacAlpin" title="Kenneth MacAlpin">Kenneth I MacAlpin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Domnall_mac_Ailp%C3%ADn" title="Domnall mac Ailpín">Donald I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Causant%C3%ADn_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Causantín mac Cináeda">Constantine I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ed_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Áed mac Cináeda">Áed</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Giric" title="Giric">Giric</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eochaid_ab_Rhun" title="Eochaid ab Rhun">Eochaid</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_II_of_Scotland" title="Donald II of Scotland">Donald II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_of_Scotland" title="Constantine II of Scotland">Constantine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_I_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm I of Scotland">Malcolm I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indulf" title="Indulf">Indulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dub,_King_of_Scotland" title="Dub, King of Scotland">Dub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuil%C3%A9n" title="Cuilén">Cuilén</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb,_King_of_Scotland" title="Amlaíb, King of Scotland">Amlaíb</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_II_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth II of Scotland">Kenneth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_of_Scotland" title="Constantine III of Scotland">Constantine III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_III_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth III of Scotland">Kenneth III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_II_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm II of Scotland">Malcolm II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_I_of_Scotland" title="Duncan I of Scotland">Duncan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth,_King_of_Scotland" title="Macbeth, King of Scotland">Macbeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lulach" title="Lulach">Lulach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_III_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm III of Scotland">Malcolm III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_III_of_Scotland" title="Donald III of Scotland">Donald III</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Duncan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_Scotland" title="Edgar, King of Scotland">Edgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Scotland" title="Alexander I of Scotland">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland" title="David I of Scotland">David I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_IV_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm IV of Scotland">Malcolm IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Lion" title="William the Lion">William I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Scotland" title="Alexander II of Scotland">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Scotland" title="Alexander III of Scotland">Alexander III</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Margaret,_Maid_of_Norway" title="Margaret, Maid of Norway">Margaret</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Balliol" title="John Balliol">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce" title="Robert the Bruce">Robert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_II_of_Scotland" title="David II of Scotland">David II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edward_Balliol" title="Edward Balliol">Edward Balliol</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_II_of_Scotland" title="Robert II of Scotland">Robert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_III_of_Scotland" title="Robert III of Scotland">Robert III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_I_of_Scotland" title="James I of Scotland">James I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland" title="James II of Scotland">James II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_III_of_Scotland" title="James III of Scotland">James III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland" title="James IV of Scotland">James IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_V" title="James V">James V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Monarchs_of_England_and_Scotland_after_the_Union_of_the_Crowns_from_160384"> <ul><li><b>Monarchs of England and Scotland after the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a> from 1603</b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I & VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protectorate" title="The Protectorate">The Protectorate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cromwell" title="Richard Cromwell">Richard Cromwell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II & VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III & II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_II" title="Mary II">Mary II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_British_monarchs_after_the_Acts_of_Union_170757"> <ul><li><b>British monarchs after the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union 1707</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV">William IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Debated or disputed rulers are in italics.</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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