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1);}}.ssrcss-1699avy-NavItemHoverState{position:relative;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;}.ssrcss-1699avy-NavItemHoverState::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#FA6400;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.375rem;height:0.125rem;width:66%;opacity:0;}@media (forced-colors: active){.ssrcss-1699avy-NavItemHoverState:hover,.ssrcss-1699avy-NavItemHoverState:focus,.ssrcss-1699avy-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid currentcolor!important;}}.ssrcss-1699avy-NavItemHoverState:hover::after,.ssrcss-1699avy-NavItemHoverState:focus::after,.ssrcss-1699avy-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-1699avy-NavItemHoverState::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-1tezctd-NavigationLink-MenuToggleControlLink{display:block;height:100%;line-height:calc(4rem - 0.5rem);-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:inherit;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center;min-width:1.25rem;margin-top:-0.25rem;}.ssrcss-1tezctd-NavigationLink-MenuToggleControlLink:hover .eki2hvo16::after,.ssrcss-1tezctd-NavigationLink-MenuToggleControlLink:focus .eki2hvo16::after,.ssrcss-1tezctd-NavigationLink-MenuToggleControlLink[data-open='true'] .eki2hvo16::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-1tezctd-NavigationLink-MenuToggleControlLink{text-align:center;min-width:1.5rem;}}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1tezctd-NavigationLink-MenuToggleControlLink{min-width:2.75rem;}}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-1tezctd-NavigationLink-MenuToggleControlLink{min-width:3rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1tezctd-NavigationLink-MenuToggleControlLink{margin-top:0;min-width:3rem;}}.ssrcss-1xquvrf-NavItemHoverState{position:relative;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;}.ssrcss-1xquvrf-NavItemHoverState::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:currentcolor;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.375rem;height:0.125rem;width:66%;opacity:0;}@media (forced-colors: active){.ssrcss-1xquvrf-NavItemHoverState:hover,.ssrcss-1xquvrf-NavItemHoverState:focus,.ssrcss-1xquvrf-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid currentcolor!important;}}.ssrcss-1xquvrf-NavItemHoverState:hover::after,.ssrcss-1xquvrf-NavItemHoverState:focus::after,.ssrcss-1xquvrf-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-1xquvrf-NavItemHoverState::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 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37.5rem){.ssrcss-7jj1a6-LastGlobalNavigationItem{padding-left:0;}}.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;margin-top:-0.25rem;-webkit-align-self:center;-ms-flex-item-align:center;align-self:center;width:2rem;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger{width:auto;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger{-webkit-order:0;-ms-flex-order:0;order:0;}}.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger:hover>*>*::after,.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger:focus>*>*::after,.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger[data-open='true']{width:100%;opacity:100%;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger{width:2.5rem;}}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger{width:3rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger{display:none;}}.ssrcss-1myt22i-BurgerMenuIconWrapper{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;width:1.5rem;height:1.375rem;vertical-align:-0.5em;-webkit-box-pack:space-evenly;-ms-flex-pack:space-evenly;-webkit-justify-content:space-evenly;justify-content:space-evenly;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1myt22i-BurgerMenuIconWrapper{display:none;}}.ssrcss-fbjoge-GlobalNavigationItem{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;margin-top:-0.25rem;-webkit-align-self:center;-ms-flex-item-align:center;align-self:center;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-fbjoge-GlobalNavigationItem{width:auto;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-fbjoge-GlobalNavigationItem{-webkit-order:0;-ms-flex-order:0;order:0;}}.ssrcss-fbjoge-GlobalNavigationItem:hover>*>*::after,.ssrcss-fbjoge-GlobalNavigationItem:focus>*>*::after,.ssrcss-fbjoge-GlobalNavigationItem[data-open='true']{width:100%;opacity:100%;}.ssrcss-payrv3-NavigationLink-SearchLink{display:block;height:100%;line-height:calc(4rem - 0.5rem);-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:inherit;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center;background:none;min-width:1.25rem;text-align:center;margin-top:-0.25rem;position:relative;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;}.ssrcss-payrv3-NavigationLink-SearchLink:hover .eki2hvo16::after,.ssrcss-payrv3-NavigationLink-SearchLink:focus .eki2hvo16::after,.ssrcss-payrv3-NavigationLink-SearchLink[data-open='true'] .eki2hvo16::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-payrv3-NavigationLink-SearchLink{text-align:center;min-width:1.5rem;}}.ssrcss-payrv3-NavigationLink-SearchLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:currentcolor;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.375rem;height:0.125rem;width:66%;opacity:0;}@media (forced-colors: active){.ssrcss-payrv3-NavigationLink-SearchLink:hover,.ssrcss-payrv3-NavigationLink-SearchLink:focus,.ssrcss-payrv3-NavigationLink-SearchLink[data-open='true']{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid currentcolor!important;}}.ssrcss-payrv3-NavigationLink-SearchLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-payrv3-NavigationLink-SearchLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-payrv3-NavigationLink-SearchLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-payrv3-NavigationLink-SearchLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-payrv3-NavigationLink-SearchLink{min-width:2.75rem;}}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-payrv3-NavigationLink-SearchLink{min-width:3rem;width:3rem;text-align:center;}}@media (min-width: 80rem){.ssrcss-payrv3-NavigationLink-SearchLink{background:#F6F6F6;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;height:1rem;padding:0.75rem 0.625rem;margin-left:0.5rem;min-width:11.25rem;outline:0.0625rem solid transparent;}.ssrcss-payrv3-NavigationLink-SearchLink::after{display:none;}.ssrcss-payrv3-NavigationLink-SearchLink:hover,.ssrcss-payrv3-NavigationLink-SearchLink:active,.ssrcss-payrv3-NavigationLink-SearchLink:focus{background:#E6E8EA;color:#000000;}}.ssrcss-1lc3dkf-IconWrapper-SearchIconWrapper{display:inline-block;width:1.625rem;height:1.625rem;vertical-align:middle;width:1.75rem;height:1.8125rem;}@media (min-width: 80rem){.ssrcss-1lc3dkf-IconWrapper-SearchIconWrapper{width:1.375rem;height:1.375rem;}}@media (min-width: 80rem){.ssrcss-1lc3dkf-IconWrapper-SearchIconWrapper{width:1rem;height:1rem;vertical-align:-0.25rem;}}.ssrcss-qefkng-SearchText{padding-left:0.5rem;position:absolute;overflow:hidden;margin:0;width:1px;height:1px;-webkit-clip-path:inset(100%);clip-path:inset(100%);clip:rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);white-space:nowrap;}@media (min-width: 80rem){.ssrcss-qefkng-SearchText{position:static;overflow:visible;width:auto;height:auto;-webkit-clip-path:none;clip-path:none;clip:auto;white-space:inherit;}}.ssrcss-91jqb8-GlobalNavigationDrawer{overflow:hidden;visibility:hidden;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-91jqb8-GlobalNavigationDrawer>*{transition-property:max-height,height;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);transition-delay:0s,0s,0.4s;transition-duration:0.4s,0.4s,0s;transition-property:max-height,height,display;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-91jqb8-GlobalNavigationDrawer>*{transition-duration:0.2s,0.2s,0s;}}}.ssrcss-91jqb8-GlobalNavigationDrawer:focus{outline:5px auto -webkit-focus-ring-color;}.ssrcss-2hb8z7-GlobalNavigationMoreMenu{height:0;}.ssrcss-2hb8z7-GlobalNavigationMoreMenu:target{visibility:visible;display:block;height:auto;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-2hb8z7-GlobalNavigationMoreMenu:target{height:28rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-2hb8z7-GlobalNavigationMoreMenu:target{height:4.0625rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-2hb8z7-GlobalNavigationMoreMenu:target{height:8.125rem;}}@media (min-width: 41.25rem){.ssrcss-2hb8z7-GlobalNavigationMoreMenu:target{height:4.0625rem;}}.ssrcss-1obp207-MenuWrapper{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;}.ssrcss-s02jgx-MenuLinkList{-webkit-flex:auto;-ms-flex:auto;flex:auto;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;}.ssrcss-s02jgx-MenuLinkList:focus{outline:none;}.ssrcss-s02jgx-MenuLinkList>*{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-flex-basis:50%;-ms-flex-preferred-size:50%;flex-basis:50%;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-s02jgx-MenuLinkList>*{-webkit-flex-basis:auto;-ms-flex-preferred-size:auto;flex-basis:auto;}}@supports (display: grid){.ssrcss-s02jgx-MenuLinkList{display:grid;grid-gap:0 0.5rem;gap:0 0.5rem;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-s02jgx-MenuLinkList{grid-template-columns:repeat(2, minmax(7.5rem, 1fr));}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-s02jgx-MenuLinkList{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;}}.ssrcss-s02jgx-MenuLinkList>*{min-width:initial;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-s02jgx-MenuLinkList >:nth-child(1){display:none;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-s02jgx-MenuLinkList >:nth-child(2){display:none;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-s02jgx-MenuLinkList >:nth-child(3){display:none;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-s02jgx-MenuLinkList >:nth-child(4){display:none;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-s02jgx-MenuLinkList >:nth-child(5){display:none;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-s02jgx-MenuLinkList >:nth-child(6){display:none;}}@media (min-width: 40.875rem){.ssrcss-s02jgx-MenuLinkList >:nth-child(7){display:none;}}.ssrcss-1sg011d-MenuLinkListItem{height:1.75rem;margin:0.25rem 0;-webkit-align-items:stretch;-webkit-box-align:stretch;-ms-flex-align:stretch;align-items:stretch;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1sg011d-MenuLinkListItem{height:3.5rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1sg011d-MenuLinkListItem{padding-right:1.25rem;}}.ssrcss-1sg011d-MenuLinkListItem:focus>*::after,.ssrcss-1sg011d-MenuLinkListItem[data-open='true']{width:100%;opacity:100%;}.ssrcss-kffy1u-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0 0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-kffy1u-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:currentcolor;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-kffy1u-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-kffy1u-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-kffy1u-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-kffy1u-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-kffy1u-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-kffy1u-MenuLink{margin:0 0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-kffy1u-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-1wnoiuf-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0 0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-1wnoiuf-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#EB1212;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1wnoiuf-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-1wnoiuf-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-1wnoiuf-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-1wnoiuf-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1wnoiuf-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-1wnoiuf-MenuLink{margin:0 0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-1wnoiuf-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-1fmjesw-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0 0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-1fmjesw-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#FFD230;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1fmjesw-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-1fmjesw-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-1fmjesw-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-1fmjesw-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1fmjesw-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-1fmjesw-MenuLink{margin:0 0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-1fmjesw-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-hvxe5w-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0 0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-hvxe5w-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#AAFF00;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-hvxe5w-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-hvxe5w-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-hvxe5w-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-hvxe5w-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-hvxe5w-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-hvxe5w-MenuLink{margin:0 0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-hvxe5w-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-19ognqy-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0 0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-19ognqy-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#0068FF;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-19ognqy-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-19ognqy-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-19ognqy-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-19ognqy-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-19ognqy-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-19ognqy-MenuLink{margin:0 0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-19ognqy-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-13pa06y-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0 0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-13pa06y-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#0052A1;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-13pa06y-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-13pa06y-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-13pa06y-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-13pa06y-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-13pa06y-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-13pa06y-MenuLink{margin:0 0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-13pa06y-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-1b7djp-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0 0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-1b7djp-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#589E50;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1b7djp-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-1b7djp-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-1b7djp-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-1b7djp-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1b7djp-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-1b7djp-MenuLink{margin:0 0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-1b7djp-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-1i34t88-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0 0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-1i34t88-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#482878;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1i34t88-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-1i34t88-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-1i34t88-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-1i34t88-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1i34t88-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-1i34t88-MenuLink{margin:0 0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-1i34t88-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-p2g31p-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0 0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-p2g31p-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#002856;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-p2g31p-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-p2g31p-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-p2g31p-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-p2g31p-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-p2g31p-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-p2g31p-MenuLink{margin:0 0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-p2g31p-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-mr2uyx-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0 0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-mr2uyx-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#149EDC;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-mr2uyx-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-mr2uyx-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-mr2uyx-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-mr2uyx-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-mr2uyx-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-mr2uyx-MenuLink{margin:0 0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-mr2uyx-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-1b3a0us-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0 0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-1b3a0us-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#FA6400;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1b3a0us-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-1b3a0us-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-1b3a0us-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-1b3a0us-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1b3a0us-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-1b3a0us-MenuLink{margin:0 0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-1b3a0us-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-1ejv6c9-CloseButtonWrapper{margin-top:0.25rem;}.ssrcss-1ljchhs-CallToActionLink{font-family:ReithSans,Helvetica,Arial,freesans,sans-serif;font-weight:700;font-feature-settings:'ss01' off;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.25;box-sizing:border-box;display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;padding:calc(0.5rem - 2px) calc(0.75rem - 2px);border:2px solid transparent;min-height:2.75rem!important;text-align:center;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;line-height:1.375!important;-webkit-transition:0.2s;transition:0.2s;background:transparent;color:#141414;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1ljchhs-CallToActionLink{font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.222222222222222;}}.ssrcss-1ljchhs-CallToActionLink:focus-visible{outline:none;box-shadow:none;}.ssrcss-1ljchhs-CallToActionLink .call-to-action-link-text-wrapper{border-bottom:2px solid transparent;-webkit-transition:border-bottom 0.2s;transition:border-bottom 0.2s;}@supports (text-underline-offset: 0.25em){.ssrcss-1ljchhs-CallToActionLink .call-to-action-link-text-wrapper{border-bottom:none;-webkit-text-decoration:underline transparent;text-decoration:underline transparent;text-decoration-thickness:2px;text-decoration-skip-ink:none;text-underline-offset:0.3125em;-webkit-transition:text-decoration 0.2s;transition:text-decoration 0.2s;}}.ssrcss-1ljchhs-CallToActionLink:hover,.ssrcss-1ljchhs-CallToActionLink:focus,.ssrcss-1ljchhs-CallToActionLink:active{cursor:pointer;background:#0051AD;color:#FFFFFF;box-shadow:0 0 0 0.125rem #0051AD;}.ssrcss-1ljchhs-CallToActionLink:hover .call-to-action-link-text-wrapper,.ssrcss-1ljchhs-CallToActionLink:focus .call-to-action-link-text-wrapper,.ssrcss-1ljchhs-CallToActionLink:active .call-to-action-link-text-wrapper{border-bottom:2px solid currentcolor;}@supports (text-underline-offset: 0.25em){.ssrcss-1ljchhs-CallToActionLink:hover .call-to-action-link-text-wrapper,.ssrcss-1ljchhs-CallToActionLink:focus .call-to-action-link-text-wrapper,.ssrcss-1ljchhs-CallToActionLink:active .call-to-action-link-text-wrapper{border-bottom:none;-webkit-text-decoration:underline currentcolor;text-decoration:underline currentcolor;text-decoration-thickness:2px;text-decoration-skip-ink:none;text-underline-offset:0.3125em;}}.ssrcss-1ljchhs-CallToActionLink:focus{box-shadow:0 0 0 0.125rem #FFFFFF;outline:0.125rem solid #000000;outline-offset:0.125rem;box-shadow:0 0 0 0.125rem #0051AD,0 0 0 calc(0.125rem + 0.125rem) #FFFFFF;outline-offset:calc(0.125rem + 0.125rem);}.ssrcss-1hfawy1-IconWrapper{display:inline-block;width:1.125rem;height:1.125rem;min-width:1.25rem;vertical-align:middle;}.ssrcss-12njlvq-ProductNavigationContainer{font-family:ReithSans,Helvetica,Arial,freesans,sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-feature-settings:'ss01' off;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;background-color:#B80000;color:#FFFFFF;position:relative;}.ssrcss-nt5ozj-Masthead{font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.1666666666666667;font-family:ReithSans,Helvetica,Arial,freesans,sans-serif;font-weight:700;font-feature-settings:'ss01' off;background:#B80000;color:#FFFFFF;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-nt5ozj-Masthead{font-size:2rem;line-height:1.125;}}.ssrcss-12x0ma7-ContentWrapper{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;}.ssrcss-kpltdl-LogoWrapper{margin:0.25rem 0;}.ssrcss-1vyfvn-LogoLink{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;width:auto;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;color:inherit;}@media all and (-ms-high-contrast: none),(-ms-high-contrast: active){.ssrcss-1vyfvn-LogoLink{width:100%;}}.ssrcss-19cmzaj-LogoIcon{display:block;padding:calc(0.75rem - 0.25rem) 0;height:1.625rem;fill:currentcolor;max-width:10rem;}@media (min-width: 25rem){.ssrcss-19cmzaj-LogoIcon{padding:calc(0.875rem - 0.25rem) 0;height:1.75rem;max-width:15.5rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-19cmzaj-LogoIcon{padding:calc(1rem - 0.25rem) 0;max-width:initial;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-as2ggt-Navigation{border-top:0.0625rem solid #DB7F7F;}}html.no-js .ssrcss-wlpshj-MainNavBarContainer{border-bottom:0.25rem solid #B80000;}.ssrcss-325dy3-MenuContainer-PrimaryNavBarContainer{background-color:#FFFFFF;color:#141414;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-325dy3-MenuContainer-PrimaryNavBarContainer{background-color:#B80000;color:#FFFFFF;}}.ssrcss-tr5xws-PrimaryListContainer{margin:0 -0.5rem;}@media (min-width: 25rem){.ssrcss-tr5xws-PrimaryListContainer{margin:0 -1rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-tr5xws-PrimaryListContainer{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;margin:0;}.ssrcss-tr5xws-PrimaryListContainer .e14xdrat1 .eis6szr3:not(:last-of-type) .eis6szr2 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auto;}}.ssrcss-n0t9s-Placeholder{display:block;position:relative;background-color:#FFFFFF;padding-bottom:66.66666666666666%;}.ssrcss-tvuve5-StyledFigureCopyright{font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1.3333333333333333;text-transform:uppercase;position:absolute;bottom:0;left:0;background:#141414;color:#F6F6F6;padding:0.25rem;text-transform:uppercase;}.ssrcss-179o3th-StyledFigureCaption{font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1.2857142857142858;color:#545658;border-left:1px solid #8A8C8E;padding-left:0.5rem;margin:0.5rem 1.5rem 0 1.5rem;}@media (min-width: 25rem){.ssrcss-179o3th-StyledFigureCaption{margin:0.5rem 1.5rem 0 1.5rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-179o3th-StyledFigureCaption{margin:0.5rem 0 0 0;}}.ssrcss-y7krbn-Stack >*:not([hidden]):not(style):not(.visually-hidden)~*:not([hidden]):not(style):not(.visually-hidden){margin-top:1.5rem;}.ssrcss-z0dilw-ComponentWrapper-HeadlineComponentWrapper{margin:1.5rem auto;max-width:50rem;margin:2.5rem auto 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class="ssrcss-1xg4l7r-Heading e10rt3ze0"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Germany's once-mighty car industry is in crisis. What will it take to fix it?</p></h1></div><div class="ssrcss-p1x80k-MetadataStripWrapper e1wz1n9n7"><ul class="ssrcss-195mc3u-MetadataStripList e1wz1n9n6"><li><span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">Published</span><span class="ssrcss-1pvwv4b-MetadataSnippet e4wm5bw3"><span class="ssrcss-61mhsj-MetadataText e4wm5bw1"><time data-testid="timestamp" dateTime="2025-02-12T00:33:37.518Z">12 February 2025</time></span></span></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="ssrcss-1t9jjvj-ImageBox e1wz1n9n5"><div class="ssrcss-1sk2upk-SquareImageWrapper e1wz1n9n2"><figure class="ssrcss-1vfya96-StyledFigure e34k3c22"><div class="ssrcss-ab5fd8-StyledFigureContainer e34k3c21"><span class="ssrcss-got162-Placeholder etlorgc0"><picture><source srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/400/cpsprodpb/4cf0/live/4b742c10-e87f-11ef-a819-277e390a7a08.png.webp 400w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/640/cpsprodpb/4cf0/live/4b742c10-e87f-11ef-a819-277e390a7a08.png.webp 640w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/960/cpsprodpb/4cf0/live/4b742c10-e87f-11ef-a819-277e390a7a08.png.webp 960w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/1280/cpsprodpb/4cf0/live/4b742c10-e87f-11ef-a819-277e390a7a08.png.webp 1280w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/1440/cpsprodpb/4cf0/live/4b742c10-e87f-11ef-a819-277e390a7a08.png.webp 1440w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/1800/cpsprodpb/4cf0/live/4b742c10-e87f-11ef-a819-277e390a7a08.png.webp 1800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/1920/cpsprodpb/4cf0/live/4b742c10-e87f-11ef-a819-277e390a7a08.png.webp 1920w" type="image/webp" sizes="(min-width: 900px) 50vw, 100vw"/><img alt="A treated image showing an aerial view of cars in grey and others highlighted in red" sizes="(min-width: 900px) 50vw, 100vw" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/2560/cpsprodpb/4cf0/live/4b742c10-e87f-11ef-a819-277e390a7a08.png" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/400/cpsprodpb/4cf0/live/4b742c10-e87f-11ef-a819-277e390a7a08.png 400w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/640/cpsprodpb/4cf0/live/4b742c10-e87f-11ef-a819-277e390a7a08.png 640w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/960/cpsprodpb/4cf0/live/4b742c10-e87f-11ef-a819-277e390a7a08.png 960w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/1280/cpsprodpb/4cf0/live/4b742c10-e87f-11ef-a819-277e390a7a08.png 1280w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/1440/cpsprodpb/4cf0/live/4b742c10-e87f-11ef-a819-277e390a7a08.png 1440w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/1800/cpsprodpb/4cf0/live/4b742c10-e87f-11ef-a819-277e390a7a08.png 1800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/1920/cpsprodpb/4cf0/live/4b742c10-e87f-11ef-a819-277e390a7a08.png 1920w" width="2560" height="2560" class="ssrcss-11yxrdo-Image edrdn950"/></picture></span></div></figure></div></div></header><div class="ssrcss-1l0d712-Wrap e42f8511"><div data-component="byline-block" class="ssrcss-1d4ve09-BylineComponentWrapper e8mq1e90"><div class="ssrcss-qt5zqv-BylineWrapper e19uhciu17"><div class="ssrcss-19r1h8t-ContributorContainer e19uhciu16"><div class="ssrcss-1bsxjdu-Container-ContributorPhoto e19uhciu12"><div class="ssrcss-1f4spe2-ImageWrapper e19uhciu11"><span class="ssrcss-got162-Placeholder etlorgc0"><picture><source srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/160/cpsprodpb/1b16/live/92da97d0-e87d-11ef-bd1b-d536627785f2.png.webp 160w" type="image/webp"/><img alt="Theo Leggett" loading="lazy" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/160/cpsprodpb/1b16/live/92da97d0-e87d-11ef-bd1b-d536627785f2.png" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/160/cpsprodpb/1b16/live/92da97d0-e87d-11ef-bd1b-d536627785f2.png 160w" width="160" height="160" class="ssrcss-11yxrdo-Image edrdn950"/></picture></span></div></div><div class="ssrcss-1qc7pto-Container-ContributorDetails e19uhciu13"><div class="ssrcss-68pt20-Text-TextContributorName e19uhciu6">Theo Leggett</div><div class="ssrcss-84ltp5-Text e19uhciu10">International business correspondent</div></div></div></div><div class="ssrcss-jlwt2c-Divider e19uhciu15"></div></div></div><div class="ssrcss-1l0d712-Wrap e42f8511"><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-5rhf4g-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><div class="ssrcss-1le81vw-ListContainer e5tfeyi0"><ul role="list"><li><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10"><a href="/sounds/play/p0kqplnj" class="ssrcss-f6h2dj-InlineLink e1kn3p7n0">Listen to Theo read this story</a></p></li></ul></div><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10"><b class="ssrcss-1xjjfut-BoldText e5tfeyi3">For decades, car-making has been the jewel in Germany's industrial crown, a powerful symbol of the country's famous post-war economic miracle. Its "Big Three" brands, Volkswagen, Mercedes-Benz, and BMW, have long been praised for their performance, innovation and precision engineering. But today, the German motor industry is struggling. With the faltering economy a key factor in federal elections this month, how can it get back on the road to recovery?</b></p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">When you arrive by train in Wolfsburg, Lower Saxony, the first thing you see is the Volkswagen factory. Its huge facade, emblazoned with a giant VW logo and flanked by four tall chimneys, dominates one bank of the canal that runs through the city. The 6.5 sq km (2.5 sq mile) complex sits adjacent to the Autostadt, a kind of theme park devoted to the automobile and to VW, Europe's biggest carmaker. The Volkswagen Arena, a sports stadium, is a short distance away.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Wolfsburg is Germany's answer to mid-20th Century Detroit - not so much a city with a car factory as a factory with a city that has grown up around it. Some 60,000 people from across the region work in the plant, while the town itself has a population of around 125,000. Locals say that even if you don't work in the factory yourself, it's certain many of your friends will, along with half of your class from school.</p></div></div></div><div class="ssrcss-1l0d712-Wrap e42f8511"><div data-component="image-block" class="ssrcss-nfzzhy-ComponentWrapper-FullWidthWrapper ep2nwvo1"><figure class="ssrcss-1vfya96-StyledFigure e34k3c22"><div class="ssrcss-ab5fd8-StyledFigureContainer e34k3c21"><span class="ssrcss-n0t9s-Placeholder etlorgc0"><picture><source srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/8139/live/d27b6ed0-e87f-11ef-bd1b-d536627785f2.png.webp 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/8139/live/d27b6ed0-e87f-11ef-bd1b-d536627785f2.png.webp 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/8139/live/d27b6ed0-e87f-11ef-bd1b-d536627785f2.png.webp 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/8139/live/d27b6ed0-e87f-11ef-bd1b-d536627785f2.png.webp 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/8139/live/d27b6ed0-e87f-11ef-bd1b-d536627785f2.png.webp 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/8139/live/d27b6ed0-e87f-11ef-bd1b-d536627785f2.png.webp 976w" type="image/webp"/><img alt="The Volkswagen logo at the German carmakers' main factory " loading="lazy" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/1920/cpsprodpb/8139/live/d27b6ed0-e87f-11ef-bd1b-d536627785f2.png" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/8139/live/d27b6ed0-e87f-11ef-bd1b-d536627785f2.png 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/8139/live/d27b6ed0-e87f-11ef-bd1b-d536627785f2.png 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/8139/live/d27b6ed0-e87f-11ef-bd1b-d536627785f2.png 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/8139/live/d27b6ed0-e87f-11ef-bd1b-d536627785f2.png 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/8139/live/d27b6ed0-e87f-11ef-bd1b-d536627785f2.png 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/8139/live/d27b6ed0-e87f-11ef-bd1b-d536627785f2.png 976w" width="1920" height="1280" class="ssrcss-11yxrdo-Image edrdn950"/></picture></span><span role="text" class="ssrcss-tvuve5-StyledFigureCopyright e34k3c20"><span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">Image source, </span>Getty Images</span></div><figcaption class="ssrcss-179o3th-StyledFigureCaption ehbdhz00"><span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">Image caption, </span><div spacing="6" class="ssrcss-y7krbn-Stack e1y4nx260"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">When you arrive by train in Wolfsburg one of the first things you see is the Volkswagen factory</p></div></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="ssrcss-1l0d712-Wrap e42f8511"><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-5rhf4g-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">"Wolfsburg and Volkswagen - it's kind of a synonym," explains Dieter Landenberger, the VW Group's in-house historian, as he looks lovingly at an early model Beetle. It is one of an array of beautifully restored classic cars in the Zeithaus – a huge, glass-fronted museum in the Autostadt dedicated to icons of the motor industry.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">"We're proud of the plant," he says. "It is a symbol of that period in the 1950s when Germany had to reinvent itself and rebuild after the war. It was a kind of motor for the German economic miracle."</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Today, however, the plant has also come to symbolise some of the main problems affecting the German car industry as a whole. The Wolfsburg factory is capable of building 870,000 cars a year. But by 2023 it was making just 490,000, according to the Cologne-based German Economic Institute. And in Germany it is far from alone. Car factories across the country have been operating well below their maximum capacity. The number of cars produced in Germany declined from 5.65m in 2017 to 4.1m in 2023, according to the International Organisation of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">All of this matters deeply as the German public prepares to go to the polls on 23 February. The car industry is not just a source of national pride; it is also a significant driver of national wealth. Disagreements over how to resolve the country's economic malaise were a factor in the collapse of the coalition government in November. Whoever is in power after the election will inevitably need a plan to revive the economy – and getting the motor industry back in gear is likely to play an important role.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Car-making makes up about a fifth of the country's manufacturing output, and if the supply chain is taken into account, it generates around 6% of GDP, according to Capital Economics. The industry employs some 780,000 people directly – and supports millions of other jobs.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">It's not just production that is down. Sales of cars made by German brands are far lower than they were just a few years ago. Between 2017 and 2023, those of VW fell from 10.7m to 9.2m, while over the same period BMW's went from 2.46m to 2.25m and Mercedes-Benz's went from 2.3m to 2.04m, company reports show.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">All of the Big Three saw their pre-tax profits fall by about a third in the first nine months of 2024, and each warned that their earnings for the year as a whole would be lower than previously forecast.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">The development of electric cars has sucked up huge investment, but the market for them hasn't grown as quickly as expected, while foreign competitors are flexing their muscles. The threat of tariffs being imposed by the US and other governments also looms large.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">"There are so many crises, a whole world of crises. When one crisis is over, another is coming up," is how Simon Shütz, a spokesman for the German Automotive Industry Federation (VDA) puts it.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Car sales across Europe have been declining since 2017, according to Franziska Palmas, a senior Europe economist at Capital Economics. "Lately they've recovered a bit, but they're still around 15 to 20% lower than they were at the peak in 2017," she says. "That's partly due to factors like the pandemic, the energy crisis. But it's also cars lasting longer - and people already have a lot of cars in Europe. So demand has been weak."</p></div></div></div><div class="ssrcss-1l0d712-Wrap e42f8511"><div data-component="subheadline-block" class="ssrcss-z0dilw-ComponentWrapper-HeadlineComponentWrapper egtrm1f0"><h2 id="Electric-dreams" tabindex="-1" class="ssrcss-pbttu9-Heading e10rt3ze0"><span role="text">Electric dreams</span></h2></div></div><div class="ssrcss-1l0d712-Wrap e42f8511"><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-5rhf4g-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Another key factor has been the aforementioned transition to electric cars. Since the diesel emissions scandal of 2015 – in which VW was found to have rigged emissions tests in the US – the industry has been undergoing a technological revolution.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">With the EU and European governments determined to phase out petrol and diesel cars over the next decade, manufacturers have had little choice but to invest tens, and collectively hundreds of billions of Euros on developing electric models and building new production lines.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">However, although electric cars do now make up a significant share of all cars sold – 13.6% in the EU and 19.6% in the UK last year, for example – their market share has not been growing as quickly as anticipated.</p></div></div></div><div class="ssrcss-1l0d712-Wrap e42f8511"><div data-component="image-block" class="ssrcss-nfzzhy-ComponentWrapper-FullWidthWrapper ep2nwvo1"><figure class="ssrcss-1vfya96-StyledFigure e34k3c22"><div class="ssrcss-ab5fd8-StyledFigureContainer e34k3c21"><span class="ssrcss-n0t9s-Placeholder etlorgc0"><picture><source srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/b0e9/live/f087d8a0-e87f-11ef-bd1b-d536627785f2.png.webp 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/b0e9/live/f087d8a0-e87f-11ef-bd1b-d536627785f2.png.webp 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/b0e9/live/f087d8a0-e87f-11ef-bd1b-d536627785f2.png.webp 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/b0e9/live/f087d8a0-e87f-11ef-bd1b-d536627785f2.png.webp 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/b0e9/live/f087d8a0-e87f-11ef-bd1b-d536627785f2.png.webp 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/b0e9/live/f087d8a0-e87f-11ef-bd1b-d536627785f2.png.webp 976w" type="image/webp"/><img alt="Employees work at the assembly line for the Volkswagen (VW) ID 4 electric car of German carmaker " loading="lazy" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/1920/cpsprodpb/b0e9/live/f087d8a0-e87f-11ef-bd1b-d536627785f2.png" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/b0e9/live/f087d8a0-e87f-11ef-bd1b-d536627785f2.png 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/b0e9/live/f087d8a0-e87f-11ef-bd1b-d536627785f2.png 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/b0e9/live/f087d8a0-e87f-11ef-bd1b-d536627785f2.png 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/b0e9/live/f087d8a0-e87f-11ef-bd1b-d536627785f2.png 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/b0e9/live/f087d8a0-e87f-11ef-bd1b-d536627785f2.png 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/b0e9/live/f087d8a0-e87f-11ef-bd1b-d536627785f2.png 976w" width="1920" height="1280" class="ssrcss-11yxrdo-Image edrdn950"/></picture></span><span role="text" class="ssrcss-tvuve5-StyledFigureCopyright e34k3c20"><span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">Image source, </span>Getty Images</span></div><figcaption class="ssrcss-179o3th-StyledFigureCaption ehbdhz00"><span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">Image caption, </span><div spacing="6" class="ssrcss-y7krbn-Stack e1y4nx260"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Car-making makes up about a fifth of Germany's manufacturing output</p></div></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="ssrcss-1l0d712-Wrap e42f8511"><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-5rhf4g-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">And in Germany itself, the sudden removal of generous subsidies for electric car buyers in late 2023 actually contributed to a dramatic 27% fall in sales of all electric cars within the country last year, making life still more difficult for German firms in their home market.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">"The decision to drop subsidies suddenly – that was very bad, because it undermined trust among our customers," says the VDA's Simon Schütz.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">"Going from the combustion engine to electric mobility is very big process. We are investing billions in rebuilding all the factories. And so that takes some time, there's no question about it."</p></div></div></div><div class="ssrcss-1l0d712-Wrap e42f8511"><div data-component="subheadline-block" class="ssrcss-z0dilw-ComponentWrapper-HeadlineComponentWrapper egtrm1f0"><h2 id="An-expensive-business" tabindex="-1" class="ssrcss-pbttu9-Heading e10rt3ze0"><span role="text">An expensive business</span></h2></div></div><div class="ssrcss-1l0d712-Wrap e42f8511"><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-5rhf4g-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">While all of this has been going on, German manufacturers have also been grappling with another serious concern. Doing business in Germany itself, operating factories here and employing hundreds of thousands of people, is very expensive.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Workers in the automotive sector have traditionally enjoyed generous pay and benefits thanks to agreements drawn up between unions and management. According to Capital Economics, in 2023 the average monthly base salary in the German auto industry was about €5,300, compared with €4,300 across the German economy as a whole.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">For years, this approach gave German-based companies certain advantages, for example in avoiding industrial unrest and in attracting and retaining talented staff. However, it also led to German car manufacturers having the highest labour costs in the global industry. In 2023, these averaged €62 per hour, compared to €29 in Spain and €20 in Portugal, according to the VDA.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">The situation for Germany's domestic car industry became more acute following Russia's invasion of Ukraine. This choked off Germany's once-abundant supplies of cheap Russian gas, at the very time when the country was phasing out nuclear power.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">The result was a sharp increase in energy prices. Although they have since subsided, energy costs for industrial users in Germany remain very high by international standards. "Energy prices here are three to five times higher than in the US, or in China – much higher than for our main competitors," says Mr Schütz.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">And this is being felt across the industry, not just at the carmakers themselves. "From the Thysenkrupp and Salzgitter steel mills producing the sheet metal rolls that are later turned into doors and bonnets, to makers of smaller components used in drivetrains, costs have exploded as a result of high energy prices," says Matthias Schmidt of Schmidt Automotive Research.</p></div></div></div><div class="ssrcss-1l0d712-Wrap e42f8511"><div data-component="subheadline-block" class="ssrcss-z0dilw-ComponentWrapper-HeadlineComponentWrapper egtrm1f0"><h2 id="A-very-big-shock" tabindex="-1" class="ssrcss-pbttu9-Heading e10rt3ze0"><span role="text">'A very big shock'</span></h2></div></div><div class="ssrcss-1l0d712-Wrap e42f8511"><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-5rhf4g-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Last year these pressures came to a head. At VW, which has 45% of its global staff in Germany, managers finally decided radical action was needed to bring down costs.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">"It was a very big shock," IG Metall union spokesman Steffen Schmidt tells me over a cup of coffee near the VW factory in Wolfsburg. "The company didn't say anything publicly."</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">It was left to Daniela Cavallo, head of the powerful VW works council and the top employees' representative, to deliver the news. "They held a big meeting outside the gates of the factory. Thousands of workers – and you could have heard a pin drop," says Mr Schmidt.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">"They were stunned. Thousands of people, all completely silent."</p></div></div></div><div class="ssrcss-1l0d712-Wrap e42f8511"><div data-component="image-block" class="ssrcss-nfzzhy-ComponentWrapper-FullWidthWrapper ep2nwvo1"><figure class="ssrcss-1vfya96-StyledFigure e34k3c22"><div class="ssrcss-ab5fd8-StyledFigureContainer e34k3c21"><span class="ssrcss-n0t9s-Placeholder etlorgc0"><picture><source srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/749c/live/2853e760-e880-11ef-a319-fb4e7360c4ec.png.webp 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/749c/live/2853e760-e880-11ef-a319-fb4e7360c4ec.png.webp 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/749c/live/2853e760-e880-11ef-a319-fb4e7360c4ec.png.webp 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/749c/live/2853e760-e880-11ef-a319-fb4e7360c4ec.png.webp 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/749c/live/2853e760-e880-11ef-a319-fb4e7360c4ec.png.webp 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/749c/live/2853e760-e880-11ef-a319-fb4e7360c4ec.png.webp 976w" type="image/webp"/><img alt="Two images: On the left a person on a demonstration, and an image on the right shows people waving union flags " loading="lazy" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/1920/cpsprodpb/749c/live/2853e760-e880-11ef-a319-fb4e7360c4ec.png" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/749c/live/2853e760-e880-11ef-a319-fb4e7360c4ec.png 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/749c/live/2853e760-e880-11ef-a319-fb4e7360c4ec.png 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/749c/live/2853e760-e880-11ef-a319-fb4e7360c4ec.png 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/749c/live/2853e760-e880-11ef-a319-fb4e7360c4ec.png 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/749c/live/2853e760-e880-11ef-a319-fb4e7360c4ec.png 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/749c/live/2853e760-e880-11ef-a319-fb4e7360c4ec.png 976w" width="1920" height="1280" class="ssrcss-11yxrdo-Image edrdn950"/></picture></span><span role="text" class="ssrcss-tvuve5-StyledFigureCopyright e34k3c20"><span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">Image source, </span>Getty Images</span></div><figcaption class="ssrcss-179o3th-StyledFigureCaption ehbdhz00"><span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">Image caption, </span><div spacing="6" class="ssrcss-y7krbn-Stack e1y4nx260"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Not all of the German car industry's problems are confined to Germany itself</p></div></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="ssrcss-1l0d712-Wrap e42f8511"><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-5rhf4g-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">What VW proposed was unprecedented. Union representatives had come to meetings expecting to negotiate an annual pay rise. They were asking for a 7% boost. Instead, they were told, the company needed them to take a 10% pay cut.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Worse was to follow. The company said it might have to close up to three of its factories within Germany itself – and was tearing up a job security agreement that had been in place for decades.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Arne Meiswinkel, VW's chief negotiator, said at the time that the situation it faced in Germany was "very serious" and that "Volkswagen will only be able to prevail if we future-proof the company now in the face of rising costs and the massive increase in competition".</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Volkswagen had never previously closed a German factory in its 87-year history. In the face of intense opposition from unions and politicians, and following short but disruptive "warning strikes" by unionised workers, the idea was ultimately shelved. But the very fact it had been put forward sent a seismic shock through the entire sector.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">In the meantime, the workforce did agree to painful limits on pay and bonuses, and VW said it would cut more than 35,000 jobs by the end of the decade, albeit in a "socially responsible manner" that avoided compulsory redundancies.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Less conspicuously, Mercedes-Benz also launched a cost-cutting drive last year, aimed at saving several billion euros annually - albeit compulsory redundancies in the German workforce are highly unlikely, as a job security agreement effectively rules them out until 2030. Meanwhile Ford, which operates two factories in Germany, recently announced plans to cut 2,800 jobs in the country.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Not all of the German car industry's problems are confined to Germany itself. With the European market saturated, for several decades the continent's manufacturers have looked for growth elsewhere.</p></div></div></div><div class="ssrcss-1l0d712-Wrap e42f8511"><div data-component="subheadline-block" class="ssrcss-z0dilw-ComponentWrapper-HeadlineComponentWrapper egtrm1f0"><h2 id="The-impact-of-China" tabindex="-1" class="ssrcss-pbttu9-Heading e10rt3ze0"><span role="text">The impact of China</span></h2></div></div><div class="ssrcss-1l0d712-Wrap e42f8511"><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-5rhf4g-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">One of the most lucrative markets has been China, where for a while the growing middle class had an apparently insatiable appetite for upmarket European vehicles. VW, Mercedes-Benz and BMW all teamed up with local businesses, setting up factories in China itself to meet local demand.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">But now that source of growth is drying up. The Big Three have all seen sales fall recently – in 2023 VW's China sales were down 9.5% on the previous year, Mercedes-Benz's by 7% and BMW's by 13.4%. Their combined share of the Chinese market has shrunk as well to 18.7%, from a peak of 26.2% in 2019. This appears to be the result of a slowing Chinese economy, falling interest in expensive, foreign-badged cars and the rapid growth of local marques, especially in the electric car market.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">"Not that long ago, Western brands represented quality and trust," explains Mark Rainford, founder of the Inside China Auto website. However, he says, since then the reputation and appeal of Chinese brands has improved beyond recognition.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">All of the Big Three say trends in China have had a significant impact on their earnings.</p></div></div></div><div class="ssrcss-1l0d712-Wrap e42f8511"><div data-component="image-block" class="ssrcss-nfzzhy-ComponentWrapper-FullWidthWrapper ep2nwvo1"><figure class="ssrcss-1vfya96-StyledFigure e34k3c22"><div class="ssrcss-ab5fd8-StyledFigureContainer e34k3c21"><span class="ssrcss-n0t9s-Placeholder etlorgc0"><picture><source srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/a377/live/03848890-e880-11ef-a819-277e390a7a08.png.webp 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/a377/live/03848890-e880-11ef-a819-277e390a7a08.png.webp 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/a377/live/03848890-e880-11ef-a819-277e390a7a08.png.webp 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/a377/live/03848890-e880-11ef-a819-277e390a7a08.png.webp 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/a377/live/03848890-e880-11ef-a819-277e390a7a08.png.webp 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/a377/live/03848890-e880-11ef-a819-277e390a7a08.png.webp 976w" type="image/webp"/><img alt="A Volkswagen Tiguan car stands on an elevator platform inside one of the twin display towers at the Volkswagen factory - cars line up the tower " loading="lazy" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/1920/cpsprodpb/a377/live/03848890-e880-11ef-a819-277e390a7a08.png" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/a377/live/03848890-e880-11ef-a819-277e390a7a08.png 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/a377/live/03848890-e880-11ef-a819-277e390a7a08.png 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/a377/live/03848890-e880-11ef-a819-277e390a7a08.png 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/a377/live/03848890-e880-11ef-a819-277e390a7a08.png 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/a377/live/03848890-e880-11ef-a819-277e390a7a08.png 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/a377/live/03848890-e880-11ef-a819-277e390a7a08.png 976w" width="1920" height="1280" class="ssrcss-11yxrdo-Image edrdn950"/></picture></span><span role="text" class="ssrcss-tvuve5-StyledFigureCopyright e34k3c20"><span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">Image source, </span>Getty Images</span></div><figcaption class="ssrcss-179o3th-StyledFigureCaption ehbdhz00"><span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">Image caption, </span><div spacing="6" class="ssrcss-y7krbn-Stack e1y4nx260"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Sales of cars made by German brands are far lower than they were just a few years ago</p></div></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="ssrcss-1l0d712-Wrap e42f8511"><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-5rhf4g-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Chinese brands are also attempting to build a share of the European market, helped by their much lower operating costs than more established rivals, both because wages are lower in China and because, as pure EV firms, they don't have the same legacy costs carried by manufacturers making the transition from petrol and diesel to battery-powered cars.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">According to the European Commission, Chinese brands also benefit from hefty government subsidies, which allow them to sell cars at artificially low prices. In October, the EU introduced extra tariffs on imports of Chinese-made EVs, in an effort to create a more level playing field.</p></div></div></div><div class="ssrcss-1l0d712-Wrap e42f8511"><div data-component="subheadline-block" class="ssrcss-z0dilw-ComponentWrapper-HeadlineComponentWrapper egtrm1f0"><h2 id="Trade-wars" tabindex="-1" class="ssrcss-pbttu9-Heading e10rt3ze0"><span role="text">Trade wars?</span></h2></div></div><div class="ssrcss-1l0d712-Wrap e42f8511"><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-5rhf4g-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">German firms opposed the EU tariffs, because they feared retaliation from China could affect their own exports. Now they also face the threat of new protectionist measures being introduced by the Trump administration, including possible tariffs on cars shipped from the EU. For an industry that relies heavily on exports, the rise of protectionism is a growing threat.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">"We know that trade wars only create losers on both sides. Tariffs will cost wealth, cost growth and cost jobs," says the VDA's Simon Schütz.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Although some of the pressures facing Germany's car companies were not foreseeable, there was still an element of complacency, believes analyst Matthias Schmidt: "They knew the structural issues were there, but were blindsided by cheap Russian gas," he says.</p></div></div></div><div class="ssrcss-1l0d712-Wrap e42f8511"><div data-component="image-block" class="ssrcss-nfzzhy-ComponentWrapper-FullWidthWrapper ep2nwvo1"><figure class="ssrcss-1vfya96-StyledFigure e34k3c22"><div class="ssrcss-ab5fd8-StyledFigureContainer e34k3c21"><span class="ssrcss-n0t9s-Placeholder etlorgc0"><picture><source srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/3f7d/live/65e13290-e880-11ef-bd1b-d536627785f2.png.webp 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/3f7d/live/65e13290-e880-11ef-bd1b-d536627785f2.png.webp 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/3f7d/live/65e13290-e880-11ef-bd1b-d536627785f2.png.webp 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/3f7d/live/65e13290-e880-11ef-bd1b-d536627785f2.png.webp 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/3f7d/live/65e13290-e880-11ef-bd1b-d536627785f2.png.webp 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/3f7d/live/65e13290-e880-11ef-bd1b-d536627785f2.png.webp 976w" type="image/webp"/><img alt="The Volkswagen AG factory at dusk lit in a blue light, in Wolfsburg, Germany " loading="lazy" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/1920/cpsprodpb/3f7d/live/65e13290-e880-11ef-bd1b-d536627785f2.png" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/3f7d/live/65e13290-e880-11ef-bd1b-d536627785f2.png 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/3f7d/live/65e13290-e880-11ef-bd1b-d536627785f2.png 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/3f7d/live/65e13290-e880-11ef-bd1b-d536627785f2.png 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/3f7d/live/65e13290-e880-11ef-bd1b-d536627785f2.png 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/3f7d/live/65e13290-e880-11ef-bd1b-d536627785f2.png 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/3f7d/live/65e13290-e880-11ef-bd1b-d536627785f2.png 976w" width="1920" height="1280" class="ssrcss-11yxrdo-Image edrdn950"/></picture></span><span role="text" class="ssrcss-tvuve5-StyledFigureCopyright e34k3c20"><span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">Image source, </span>Getty Images</span></div><figcaption class="ssrcss-179o3th-StyledFigureCaption ehbdhz00"><span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">Image caption, </span><div spacing="6" class="ssrcss-y7krbn-Stack e1y4nx260"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">All of the Big Three say trends in China have had a significant impact on their earnings</p></div></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="ssrcss-1l0d712-Wrap e42f8511"><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-5rhf4g-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">"The expansion to China and the high profits being shipped back to Europe plastered over the high labour cost issues, giving unions a joker card to play with.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">"Germany has effectively been an export-driven market, and once those markets sneeze, Germany catches a cold, which is what's happened."</p></div></div></div><div class="ssrcss-1l0d712-Wrap e42f8511"><div data-component="subheadline-block" class="ssrcss-z0dilw-ComponentWrapper-HeadlineComponentWrapper egtrm1f0"><h2 id="A-highstakes-challenge" tabindex="-1" class="ssrcss-pbttu9-Heading e10rt3ze0"><span role="text">A high-stakes challenge</span></h2></div></div><div class="ssrcss-1l0d712-Wrap e42f8511"><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-5rhf4g-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">So can Germany's carmakers revive their fortunes? It is a vital question for the manufacturers, for their networks of suppliers and for the country as a whole.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">"The problem for Germany is we are not competitive," says Dr Ferdinand Dudenhöffer, head of the Bochum-based Center for Automotive Research. "Not just in cost terms, but also in terms of the new technologies which will run the world in future".</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">He thinks China has become the centre of gravity for innovation in areas such as digitisation and battery technology. "The solution for the carmakers and for the suppliers, in my view, will be that they take their factories abroad," he says.</p></div></div></div><div class="ssrcss-1l0d712-Wrap e42f8511"><div data-component="links-block" class="ssrcss-1syj6ok-LinksComponentWrapper e3eyuya0"><section class="ssrcss-msolhr-LinksWrapper e3eyuya5"><div class="ssrcss-1lqqmgw-LinksHeadingWrapper e3eyuya4"><h2 type="normal" class="ssrcss-ad2rmd-Heading e10rt3ze0">More from InDepth</h2></div><ul role="list" class="ssrcss-1y914pf-InContentLinksGrid e3eyuya3"><li class="ssrcss-r2yl4r-PromoItem e3eyuya1"><div data-testid="promo" class="ssrcss-j49bjq-Promo e1vyq2e80"><div class="ssrcss-1djxueb-PromoCompact e18gnqux0"><div class="ssrcss-1d68cot-PromoContent exn3ah913"><div spacing="2" class="ssrcss-1f3bvyz-Stack e1y4nx260"><a href="/news/articles/clyzp7j84yro" class="ssrcss-1ijo9ug-PromoLink exn3ah95"><span role="text"><p class="ssrcss-1sen9vx-PromoHeadline exn3ah910"><span aria-hidden="false">The Debate: Do Trump's tariffs mean the end of the post-war free trade world?</span></p></span></a></div><div spacing="2" class="ssrcss-1f3bvyz-Stack e1y4nx260"><div><ul role="list" class="ssrcss-1ik71mx-MetadataStripContainer eh44mf03"><div class="ssrcss-13nu8ri-GroupChildrenForWrapping eh44mf02"><li role="listitem" class="ssrcss-30fcoe-MetadataStripItem eh44mf01"><div class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">Published</div><div class="ssrcss-m5j4pi-MetadataContent eh44mf00"><span class="ssrcss-1pvwv4b-MetadataSnippet e4wm5bw3"><span class="ssrcss-61mhsj-MetadataText e4wm5bw1">11 February</span></span></div></li></div></ul></div></div></div></div></div></li><li class="ssrcss-r2yl4r-PromoItem e3eyuya1"><div data-testid="promo" class="ssrcss-j49bjq-Promo e1vyq2e80"><div class="ssrcss-1djxueb-PromoCompact e18gnqux0"><div class="ssrcss-1d68cot-PromoContent exn3ah913"><div spacing="2" class="ssrcss-1f3bvyz-Stack e1y4nx260"><a href="/news/articles/cy082dn7rkqo" class="ssrcss-1ijo9ug-PromoLink exn3ah95"><span role="text"><p class="ssrcss-1sen9vx-PromoHeadline exn3ah910"><span aria-hidden="false">Why more young men in Germany are turning to the far right</span></p></span></a></div><div spacing="2" class="ssrcss-1f3bvyz-Stack e1y4nx260"><div><ul role="list" class="ssrcss-1ik71mx-MetadataStripContainer eh44mf03"><div class="ssrcss-13nu8ri-GroupChildrenForWrapping eh44mf02"><li role="listitem" class="ssrcss-30fcoe-MetadataStripItem eh44mf01"><div class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">Published</div><div class="ssrcss-m5j4pi-MetadataContent eh44mf00"><span class="ssrcss-1pvwv4b-MetadataSnippet e4wm5bw3"><span class="ssrcss-61mhsj-MetadataText e4wm5bw1">10 February</span></span></div></li></div></ul></div></div></div></div></div></li><li class="ssrcss-r2yl4r-PromoItem e3eyuya1"><div data-testid="promo" class="ssrcss-j49bjq-Promo e1vyq2e80"><div class="ssrcss-1djxueb-PromoCompact e18gnqux0"><div class="ssrcss-1d68cot-PromoContent exn3ah913"><div spacing="2" class="ssrcss-1f3bvyz-Stack e1y4nx260"><a href="/news/articles/cd60v8zj678o" class="ssrcss-1ijo9ug-PromoLink exn3ah95"><span role="text"><p class="ssrcss-1sen9vx-PromoHeadline exn3ah910"><span aria-hidden="false">How Jaguar lost its way - long before that polarising advert</span></p></span></a></div><div spacing="2" class="ssrcss-1f3bvyz-Stack e1y4nx260"><div><ul role="list" class="ssrcss-1ik71mx-MetadataStripContainer eh44mf03"><div class="ssrcss-13nu8ri-GroupChildrenForWrapping eh44mf02"><li role="listitem" class="ssrcss-30fcoe-MetadataStripItem eh44mf01"><div class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">Published</div><div class="ssrcss-m5j4pi-MetadataContent eh44mf00"><span class="ssrcss-1pvwv4b-MetadataSnippet e4wm5bw3"><span class="ssrcss-61mhsj-MetadataText e4wm5bw1">8 December 2024</span></span></div></li></div></ul></div></div></div></div></div></li></ul></section></div></div><div class="ssrcss-1l0d712-Wrap e42f8511"><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-5rhf4g-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Simon Schütz is more optimistic. He thinks the industry can prosper, but only if it gets the support it needs from the government after the elections later this month.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">"Our automotive industry will be world-leading, I am sure of that," he says.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">"The question is, where will the future jobs be? Will they be in Germany, because we can build cars here, or will our companies go elsewhere?'</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">For union rep Steffen Schmidt, however, the solution is to go back to Germany's traditional industrial values. "We have to become a leader in innovation and technology again," he says. "Then we can keep high pay and good conditions for workers."</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">He thinks the path ahead for the new government is very clear: "Invest, invest, invest. In infrastructure, in technology, in green energy and in education."</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">For tens of thousands of workers in Wolfsburg, and in Germany's other "car towns" such as Ingolstadt, Weissach, Munich, Stuttgart and Zwickau, the stakes could not be higher.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10"><i class="ssrcss-xbdn93-ItalicText e5tfeyi2">Top picture credit: Getty images</i></p></div></div></div><div class="ssrcss-1l0d712-Wrap e42f8511"><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-5rhf4g-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10"><a href="/news/bbcindepth" class="ssrcss-f6h2dj-InlineLink e1kn3p7n0"><i class="ssrcss-xbdn93-ItalicText e5tfeyi2">BBC InDepth</i></a><i class="ssrcss-xbdn93-ItalicText e5tfeyi2"> is the home on the website and app for the best analysis, with fresh perspectives that challenge assumptions and deep reporting on the biggest issues of the day. 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Its \\\"Big Three\\\" brands, Volkswagen, Mercedes-Benz, and BMW, have long been praised for their performance, innovation and precision engineering. But today, the German motor industry is struggling. With the faltering economy a key factor in federal elections this month, how can it get back on the road to recovery?\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"For decades, car-making has been the jewel in Germany's industrial crown, a powerful symbol of the country's famous post-war economic miracle. Its \\\"Big Three\\\" brands, Volkswagen, Mercedes-Benz, and BMW, have long been praised for their performance, innovation and precision engineering. But today, the German motor industry is struggling. With the faltering economy a key factor in federal elections this month, how can it get back on the road to recovery?\",\"attributes\":[\"bold\"]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"When you arrive by train in Wolfsburg, Lower Saxony, the first thing you see is the Volkswagen factory. Its huge facade, emblazoned with a giant VW logo and flanked by four tall chimneys, dominates one bank of the canal that runs through the city. The 6.5 sq km (2.5 sq mile) complex sits adjacent to the Autostadt, a kind of theme park devoted to the automobile and to VW, Europe's biggest carmaker. The Volkswagen Arena, a sports stadium, is a short distance away.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"When you arrive by train in Wolfsburg, Lower Saxony, the first thing you see is the Volkswagen factory. Its huge facade, emblazoned with a giant VW logo and flanked by four tall chimneys, dominates one bank of the canal that runs through the city. The 6.5 sq km (2.5 sq mile) complex sits adjacent to the Autostadt, a kind of theme park devoted to the automobile and to VW, Europe's biggest carmaker. The Volkswagen Arena, a sports stadium, is a short distance away.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Wolfsburg is Germany's answer to mid-20th Century Detroit - not so much a city with a car factory as a factory with a city that has grown up around it. Some 60,000 people from across the region work in the plant, while the town itself has a population of around 125,000. Locals say that even if you don't work in the factory yourself, it's certain many of your friends will, along with half of your class from school.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Wolfsburg is Germany's answer to mid-20th Century Detroit - not so much a city with a car factory as a factory with a city that has grown up around it. Some 60,000 people from across the region work in the plant, while the town itself has a population of around 125,000. Locals say that even if you don't work in the factory yourself, it's certain many of your friends will, along with half of your class from school.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"caption\":{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"When you arrive by train in Wolfsburg one of the first things you see is the Volkswagen factory\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"When you arrive by train in Wolfsburg one of the first things you see is the Volkswagen factory\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},\"image\":{\"alt\":\"The Volkswagen logo at the German carmakers' main factory \\n\",\"copyright\":\"Getty Images\",\"height\":1280,\"width\":1920,\"src\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/1920/cpsprodpb/8139/live/d27b6ed0-e87f-11ef-bd1b-d536627785f2.png\",\"srcSet\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/8139/live/d27b6ed0-e87f-11ef-bd1b-d536627785f2.png.webp 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/8139/live/d27b6ed0-e87f-11ef-bd1b-d536627785f2.png.webp 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/8139/live/d27b6ed0-e87f-11ef-bd1b-d536627785f2.png.webp 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/8139/live/d27b6ed0-e87f-11ef-bd1b-d536627785f2.png.webp 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/8139/live/d27b6ed0-e87f-11ef-bd1b-d536627785f2.png.webp 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/8139/live/d27b6ed0-e87f-11ef-bd1b-d536627785f2.png.webp 976w\",\"mimeType\":\"image/webp\",\"fallbackSrcSets\":[{\"mimeType\":\"image/png\",\"srcSet\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/8139/live/d27b6ed0-e87f-11ef-bd1b-d536627785f2.png 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/8139/live/d27b6ed0-e87f-11ef-bd1b-d536627785f2.png 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/8139/live/d27b6ed0-e87f-11ef-bd1b-d536627785f2.png 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/8139/live/d27b6ed0-e87f-11ef-bd1b-d536627785f2.png 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/8139/live/d27b6ed0-e87f-11ef-bd1b-d536627785f2.png 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/8139/live/d27b6ed0-e87f-11ef-bd1b-d536627785f2.png 976w\"}],\"loading\":\"lazy\"}}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"suitableForAbridgement\":false,\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"Wolfsburg and Volkswagen - it's kind of a synonym,\\\" explains Dieter Landenberger, the VW Group's in-house historian, as he looks lovingly at an early model Beetle. It is one of an array of beautifully restored classic cars in the Zeithaus – a huge, glass-fronted museum in the Autostadt dedicated to icons of the motor industry.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"Wolfsburg and Volkswagen - it's kind of a synonym,\\\" explains Dieter Landenberger, the VW Group's in-house historian, as he looks lovingly at an early model Beetle. It is one of an array of beautifully restored classic cars in the Zeithaus – a huge, glass-fronted museum in the Autostadt dedicated to icons of the motor industry.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"We're proud of the plant,\\\" he says. \\\"It is a symbol of that period in the 1950s when Germany had to reinvent itself and rebuild after the war. It was a kind of motor for the German economic miracle.\\\"\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"We're proud of the plant,\\\" he says. \\\"It is a symbol of that period in the 1950s when Germany had to reinvent itself and rebuild after the war. It was a kind of motor for the German economic miracle.\\\"\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Today, however, the plant has also come to symbolise some of the main problems affecting the German car industry as a whole. The Wolfsburg factory is capable of building 870,000 cars a year. But by 2023 it was making just 490,000, according to the Cologne-based German Economic Institute. And in Germany it is far from alone. Car factories across the country have been operating well below their maximum capacity. The number of cars produced in Germany declined from 5.65m in 2017 to 4.1m in 2023, according to the International Organisation of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Today, however, the plant has also come to symbolise some of the main problems affecting the German car industry as a whole. The Wolfsburg factory is capable of building 870,000 cars a year. But by 2023 it was making just 490,000, according to the Cologne-based German Economic Institute. And in Germany it is far from alone. Car factories across the country have been operating well below their maximum capacity. The number of cars produced in Germany declined from 5.65m in 2017 to 4.1m in 2023, according to the International Organisation of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"All of this matters deeply as the German public prepares to go to the polls on 23 February. The car industry is not just a source of national pride; it is also a significant driver of national wealth. Disagreements over how to resolve the country's economic malaise were a factor in the collapse of the coalition government in November. Whoever is in power after the election will inevitably need a plan to revive the economy – and getting the motor industry back in gear is likely to play an important role.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"All of this matters deeply as the German public prepares to go to the polls on 23 February. The car industry is not just a source of national pride; it is also a significant driver of national wealth. Disagreements over how to resolve the country's economic malaise were a factor in the collapse of the coalition government in November. Whoever is in power after the election will inevitably need a plan to revive the economy – and getting the motor industry back in gear is likely to play an important role.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Car-making makes up about a fifth of the country's manufacturing output, and if the supply chain is taken into account, it generates around 6% of GDP, according to Capital Economics. The industry employs some 780,000 people directly – and supports millions of other jobs.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Car-making makes up about a fifth of the country's manufacturing output, and if the supply chain is taken into account, it generates around 6% of GDP, according to Capital Economics. The industry employs some 780,000 people directly – and supports millions of other jobs.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"It's not just production that is down. Sales of cars made by German brands are far lower than they were just a few years ago. Between 2017 and 2023, those of VW fell from 10.7m to 9.2m, while over the same period BMW's went from 2.46m to 2.25m and Mercedes-Benz's went from 2.3m to 2.04m, company reports show.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"It's not just production that is down. Sales of cars made by German brands are far lower than they were just a few years ago. Between 2017 and 2023, those of VW fell from 10.7m to 9.2m, while over the same period BMW's went from 2.46m to 2.25m and Mercedes-Benz's went from 2.3m to 2.04m, company reports show.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"All of the Big Three saw their pre-tax profits fall by about a third in the first nine months of 2024, and each warned that their earnings for the year as a whole would be lower than previously forecast.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"All of the Big Three saw their pre-tax profits fall by about a third in the first nine months of 2024, and each warned that their earnings for the year as a whole would be lower than previously forecast.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The development of electric cars has sucked up huge investment, but the market for them hasn't grown as quickly as expected, while foreign competitors are flexing their muscles. The threat of tariffs being imposed by the US and other governments also looms large.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The development of electric cars has sucked up huge investment, but the market for them hasn't grown as quickly as expected, while foreign competitors are flexing their muscles. The threat of tariffs being imposed by the US and other governments also looms large.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"There are so many crises, a whole world of crises. When one crisis is over, another is coming up,\\\" is how Simon Shütz, a spokesman for the German Automotive Industry Federation (VDA) puts it.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"There are so many crises, a whole world of crises. When one crisis is over, another is coming up,\\\" is how Simon Shütz, a spokesman for the German Automotive Industry Federation (VDA) puts it.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Car sales across Europe have been declining since 2017, according to Franziska Palmas, a senior Europe economist at Capital Economics. \\\"Lately they've recovered a bit, but they're still around 15 to 20% lower than they were at the peak in 2017,\\\" she says. \\\"That's partly due to factors like the pandemic, the energy crisis. But it's also cars lasting longer - and people already have a lot of cars in Europe. So demand has been weak.\\\"\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Car sales across Europe have been declining since 2017, according to Franziska Palmas, a senior Europe economist at Capital Economics. \\\"Lately they've recovered a bit, but they're still around 15 to 20% lower than they were at the peak in 2017,\\\" she says. \\\"That's partly due to factors like the pandemic, the energy crisis. But it's also cars lasting longer - and people already have a lot of cars in Europe. So demand has been weak.\\\"\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"subheadline\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Electric dreams\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Electric dreams\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}],\"level\":2,\"fontScale\":\"headlineSmall\",\"id\":\"Electric-dreams\",\"isFocusable\":true}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"suitableForAbridgement\":false,\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Another key factor has been the aforementioned transition to electric cars. Since the diesel emissions scandal of 2015 – in which VW was found to have rigged emissions tests in the US – the industry has been undergoing a technological revolution.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Another key factor has been the aforementioned transition to electric cars. Since the diesel emissions scandal of 2015 – in which VW was found to have rigged emissions tests in the US – the industry has been undergoing a technological revolution.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"With the EU and European governments determined to phase out petrol and diesel cars over the next decade, manufacturers have had little choice but to invest tens, and collectively hundreds of billions of Euros on developing electric models and building new production lines.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"With the EU and European governments determined to phase out petrol and diesel cars over the next decade, manufacturers have had little choice but to invest tens, and collectively hundreds of billions of Euros on developing electric models and building new production lines.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"However, although electric cars do now make up a significant share of all cars sold – 13.6% in the EU and 19.6% in the UK last year, for example – their market share has not been growing as quickly as anticipated.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"However, although electric cars do now make up a significant share of all cars sold – 13.6% in the EU and 19.6% in the UK last year, for example – their market share has not been growing as quickly as anticipated.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"caption\":{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Car-making makes up about a fifth of Germany's manufacturing output\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Car-making makes up about a fifth of Germany's manufacturing output\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},\"image\":{\"alt\":\"Employees work at the assembly line for the Volkswagen (VW) ID 4 electric car of German carmaker \\n\",\"copyright\":\"Getty Images\",\"height\":1280,\"width\":1920,\"src\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/1920/cpsprodpb/b0e9/live/f087d8a0-e87f-11ef-bd1b-d536627785f2.png\",\"srcSet\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/b0e9/live/f087d8a0-e87f-11ef-bd1b-d536627785f2.png.webp 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/b0e9/live/f087d8a0-e87f-11ef-bd1b-d536627785f2.png.webp 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/b0e9/live/f087d8a0-e87f-11ef-bd1b-d536627785f2.png.webp 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/b0e9/live/f087d8a0-e87f-11ef-bd1b-d536627785f2.png.webp 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/b0e9/live/f087d8a0-e87f-11ef-bd1b-d536627785f2.png.webp 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/b0e9/live/f087d8a0-e87f-11ef-bd1b-d536627785f2.png.webp 976w\",\"mimeType\":\"image/webp\",\"fallbackSrcSets\":[{\"mimeType\":\"image/png\",\"srcSet\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/b0e9/live/f087d8a0-e87f-11ef-bd1b-d536627785f2.png 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/b0e9/live/f087d8a0-e87f-11ef-bd1b-d536627785f2.png 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/b0e9/live/f087d8a0-e87f-11ef-bd1b-d536627785f2.png 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/b0e9/live/f087d8a0-e87f-11ef-bd1b-d536627785f2.png 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/b0e9/live/f087d8a0-e87f-11ef-bd1b-d536627785f2.png 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/b0e9/live/f087d8a0-e87f-11ef-bd1b-d536627785f2.png 976w\"}],\"loading\":\"lazy\"}}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"suitableForAbridgement\":false,\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"And in Germany itself, the sudden removal of generous subsidies for electric car buyers in late 2023 actually contributed to a dramatic 27% fall in sales of all electric cars within the country last year, making life still more difficult for German firms in their home market.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"And in Germany itself, the sudden removal of generous subsidies for electric car buyers in late 2023 actually contributed to a dramatic 27% fall in sales of all electric cars within the country last year, making life still more difficult for German firms in their home market.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"The decision to drop subsidies suddenly – that was very bad, because it undermined trust among our customers,\\\" says the VDA's Simon Schütz.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"The decision to drop subsidies suddenly – that was very bad, because it undermined trust among our customers,\\\" says the VDA's Simon Schütz.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"Going from the combustion engine to electric mobility is very big process. We are investing billions in rebuilding all the factories. And so that takes some time, there's no question about it.\\\"\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"Going from the combustion engine to electric mobility is very big process. We are investing billions in rebuilding all the factories. And so that takes some time, there's no question about it.\\\"\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"subheadline\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"An expensive business\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"An expensive business\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}],\"level\":2,\"fontScale\":\"headlineSmall\",\"id\":\"An-expensive-business\",\"isFocusable\":true}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"suitableForAbridgement\":false,\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"While all of this has been going on, German manufacturers have also been grappling with another serious concern. Doing business in Germany itself, operating factories here and employing hundreds of thousands of people, is very expensive.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"While all of this has been going on, German manufacturers have also been grappling with another serious concern. Doing business in Germany itself, operating factories here and employing hundreds of thousands of people, is very expensive.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Workers in the automotive sector have traditionally enjoyed generous pay and benefits thanks to agreements drawn up between unions and management. According to Capital Economics, in 2023 the average monthly base salary in the German auto industry was about €5,300, compared with €4,300 across the German economy as a whole.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Workers in the automotive sector have traditionally enjoyed generous pay and benefits thanks to agreements drawn up between unions and management. According to Capital Economics, in 2023 the average monthly base salary in the German auto industry was about €5,300, compared with €4,300 across the German economy as a whole.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"For years, this approach gave German-based companies certain advantages, for example in avoiding industrial unrest and in attracting and retaining talented staff. However, it also led to German car manufacturers having the highest labour costs in the global industry. In 2023, these averaged €62 per hour, compared to €29 in Spain and €20 in Portugal, according to the VDA.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"For years, this approach gave German-based companies certain advantages, for example in avoiding industrial unrest and in attracting and retaining talented staff. However, it also led to German car manufacturers having the highest labour costs in the global industry. In 2023, these averaged €62 per hour, compared to €29 in Spain and €20 in Portugal, according to the VDA.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The situation for Germany's domestic car industry became more acute following Russia's invasion of Ukraine. This choked off Germany's once-abundant supplies of cheap Russian gas, at the very time when the country was phasing out nuclear power.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The situation for Germany's domestic car industry became more acute following Russia's invasion of Ukraine. This choked off Germany's once-abundant supplies of cheap Russian gas, at the very time when the country was phasing out nuclear power.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The result was a sharp increase in energy prices. Although they have since subsided, energy costs for industrial users in Germany remain very high by international standards. \\\"Energy prices here are three to five times higher than in the US, or in China – much higher than for our main competitors,\\\" says Mr Schütz.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The result was a sharp increase in energy prices. Although they have since subsided, energy costs for industrial users in Germany remain very high by international standards. \\\"Energy prices here are three to five times higher than in the US, or in China – much higher than for our main competitors,\\\" says Mr Schütz.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"And this is being felt across the industry, not just at the carmakers themselves. \\\"From the Thysenkrupp and Salzgitter steel mills producing the sheet metal rolls that are later turned into doors and bonnets, to makers of smaller components used in drivetrains, costs have exploded as a result of high energy prices,\\\" says Matthias Schmidt of Schmidt Automotive Research.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"And this is being felt across the industry, not just at the carmakers themselves. \\\"From the Thysenkrupp and Salzgitter steel mills producing the sheet metal rolls that are later turned into doors and bonnets, to makers of smaller components used in drivetrains, costs have exploded as a result of high energy prices,\\\" says Matthias Schmidt of Schmidt Automotive Research.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"subheadline\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"'A very big shock'\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"'A very big shock'\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}],\"level\":2,\"fontScale\":\"headlineSmall\",\"id\":\"A-very-big-shock\",\"isFocusable\":true}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"suitableForAbridgement\":false,\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Last year these pressures came to a head. At VW, which has 45% of its global staff in Germany, managers finally decided radical action was needed to bring down costs.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Last year these pressures came to a head. At VW, which has 45% of its global staff in Germany, managers finally decided radical action was needed to bring down costs.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"It was a very big shock,\\\" IG Metall union spokesman Steffen Schmidt tells me over a cup of coffee near the VW factory in Wolfsburg. \\\"The company didn't say anything publicly.\\\"\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"It was a very big shock,\\\" IG Metall union spokesman Steffen Schmidt tells me over a cup of coffee near the VW factory in Wolfsburg. \\\"The company didn't say anything publicly.\\\"\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"It was left to Daniela Cavallo, head of the powerful VW works council and the top employees' representative, to deliver the news. \\\"They held a big meeting outside the gates of the factory. Thousands of workers – and you could have heard a pin drop,\\\" says Mr Schmidt.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"It was left to Daniela Cavallo, head of the powerful VW works council and the top employees' representative, to deliver the news. \\\"They held a big meeting outside the gates of the factory. Thousands of workers – and you could have heard a pin drop,\\\" says Mr Schmidt.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"They were stunned. Thousands of people, all completely silent.\\\"\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"They were stunned. Thousands of people, all completely silent.\\\"\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"caption\":{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Not all of the German car industry's problems are confined to Germany itself\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Not all of the German car industry's problems are confined to Germany itself\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},\"image\":{\"alt\":\"Two images: On the left a person on a demonstration, and an image on the right shows people waving union flags \",\"copyright\":\"Getty Images\",\"height\":1280,\"width\":1920,\"src\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/1920/cpsprodpb/749c/live/2853e760-e880-11ef-a319-fb4e7360c4ec.png\",\"srcSet\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/749c/live/2853e760-e880-11ef-a319-fb4e7360c4ec.png.webp 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/749c/live/2853e760-e880-11ef-a319-fb4e7360c4ec.png.webp 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/749c/live/2853e760-e880-11ef-a319-fb4e7360c4ec.png.webp 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/749c/live/2853e760-e880-11ef-a319-fb4e7360c4ec.png.webp 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/749c/live/2853e760-e880-11ef-a319-fb4e7360c4ec.png.webp 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/749c/live/2853e760-e880-11ef-a319-fb4e7360c4ec.png.webp 976w\",\"mimeType\":\"image/webp\",\"fallbackSrcSets\":[{\"mimeType\":\"image/png\",\"srcSet\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/749c/live/2853e760-e880-11ef-a319-fb4e7360c4ec.png 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/749c/live/2853e760-e880-11ef-a319-fb4e7360c4ec.png 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/749c/live/2853e760-e880-11ef-a319-fb4e7360c4ec.png 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/749c/live/2853e760-e880-11ef-a319-fb4e7360c4ec.png 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/749c/live/2853e760-e880-11ef-a319-fb4e7360c4ec.png 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/749c/live/2853e760-e880-11ef-a319-fb4e7360c4ec.png 976w\"}],\"loading\":\"lazy\"}}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"suitableForAbridgement\":false,\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"What VW proposed was unprecedented. Union representatives had come to meetings expecting to negotiate an annual pay rise. They were asking for a 7% boost. Instead, they were told, the company needed them to take a 10% pay cut.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"What VW proposed was unprecedented. Union representatives had come to meetings expecting to negotiate an annual pay rise. They were asking for a 7% boost. Instead, they were told, the company needed them to take a 10% pay cut.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Worse was to follow. The company said it might have to close up to three of its factories within Germany itself – and was tearing up a job security agreement that had been in place for decades.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Worse was to follow. The company said it might have to close up to three of its factories within Germany itself – and was tearing up a job security agreement that had been in place for decades.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Arne Meiswinkel, VW's chief negotiator, said at the time that the situation it faced in Germany was \\\"very serious\\\" and that \\\"Volkswagen will only be able to prevail if we future-proof the company now in the face of rising costs and the massive increase in competition\\\".\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Arne Meiswinkel, VW's chief negotiator, said at the time that the situation it faced in Germany was \\\"very serious\\\" and that \\\"Volkswagen will only be able to prevail if we future-proof the company now in the face of rising costs and the massive increase in competition\\\".\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Volkswagen had never previously closed a German factory in its 87-year history. In the face of intense opposition from unions and politicians, and following short but disruptive \\\"warning strikes\\\" by unionised workers, the idea was ultimately shelved. But the very fact it had been put forward sent a seismic shock through the entire sector.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Volkswagen had never previously closed a German factory in its 87-year history. In the face of intense opposition from unions and politicians, and following short but disruptive \\\"warning strikes\\\" by unionised workers, the idea was ultimately shelved. But the very fact it had been put forward sent a seismic shock through the entire sector.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"In the meantime, the workforce did agree to painful limits on pay and bonuses, and VW said it would cut more than 35,000 jobs by the end of the decade, albeit in a \\\"socially responsible manner\\\" that avoided compulsory redundancies.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"In the meantime, the workforce did agree to painful limits on pay and bonuses, and VW said it would cut more than 35,000 jobs by the end of the decade, albeit in a \\\"socially responsible manner\\\" that avoided compulsory redundancies.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Less conspicuously, Mercedes-Benz also launched a cost-cutting drive last year, aimed at saving several billion euros annually - albeit compulsory redundancies in the German workforce are highly unlikely, as a job security agreement effectively rules them out until 2030. Meanwhile Ford, which operates two factories in Germany, recently announced plans to cut 2,800 jobs in the country.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Less conspicuously, Mercedes-Benz also launched a cost-cutting drive last year, aimed at saving several billion euros annually - albeit compulsory redundancies in the German workforce are highly unlikely, as a job security agreement effectively rules them out until 2030. Meanwhile Ford, which operates two factories in Germany, recently announced plans to cut 2,800 jobs in the country.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Not all of the German car industry's problems are confined to Germany itself. With the European market saturated, for several decades the continent's manufacturers have looked for growth elsewhere.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Not all of the German car industry's problems are confined to Germany itself. With the European market saturated, for several decades the continent's manufacturers have looked for growth elsewhere.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"subheadline\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The impact of China\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The impact of China\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}],\"level\":2,\"fontScale\":\"headlineSmall\",\"id\":\"The-impact-of-China\",\"isFocusable\":true}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"suitableForAbridgement\":false,\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"One of the most lucrative markets has been China, where for a while the growing middle class had an apparently insatiable appetite for upmarket European vehicles. VW, Mercedes-Benz and BMW all teamed up with local businesses, setting up factories in China itself to meet local demand.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"One of the most lucrative markets has been China, where for a while the growing middle class had an apparently insatiable appetite for upmarket European vehicles. VW, Mercedes-Benz and BMW all teamed up with local businesses, setting up factories in China itself to meet local demand.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"But now that source of growth is drying up. The Big Three have all seen sales fall recently – in 2023 VW's China sales were down 9.5% on the previous year, Mercedes-Benz's by 7% and BMW's by 13.4%. Their combined share of the Chinese market has shrunk as well to 18.7%, from a peak of 26.2% in 2019. This appears to be the result of a slowing Chinese economy, falling interest in expensive, foreign-badged cars and the rapid growth of local marques, especially in the electric car market.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"But now that source of growth is drying up. The Big Three have all seen sales fall recently – in 2023 VW's China sales were down 9.5% on the previous year, Mercedes-Benz's by 7% and BMW's by 13.4%. Their combined share of the Chinese market has shrunk as well to 18.7%, from a peak of 26.2% in 2019. This appears to be the result of a slowing Chinese economy, falling interest in expensive, foreign-badged cars and the rapid growth of local marques, especially in the electric car market.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"Not that long ago, Western brands represented quality and trust,\\\" explains Mark Rainford, founder of the Inside China Auto website. However, he says, since then the reputation and appeal of Chinese brands has improved beyond recognition.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"Not that long ago, Western brands represented quality and trust,\\\" explains Mark Rainford, founder of the Inside China Auto website. However, he says, since then the reputation and appeal of Chinese brands has improved beyond recognition.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"All of the Big Three say trends in China have had a significant impact on their earnings.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"All of the Big Three say trends in China have had a significant impact on their earnings.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"caption\":{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Sales of cars made by German brands are far lower than they were just a few years ago\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Sales of cars made by German brands are far lower than they were just a few years ago\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},\"image\":{\"alt\":\"A Volkswagen Tiguan car stands on an elevator platform inside one of the twin display towers at the Volkswagen factory - cars line up the tower \",\"copyright\":\"Getty Images\",\"height\":1280,\"width\":1920,\"src\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/1920/cpsprodpb/a377/live/03848890-e880-11ef-a819-277e390a7a08.png\",\"srcSet\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/a377/live/03848890-e880-11ef-a819-277e390a7a08.png.webp 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/a377/live/03848890-e880-11ef-a819-277e390a7a08.png.webp 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/a377/live/03848890-e880-11ef-a819-277e390a7a08.png.webp 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/a377/live/03848890-e880-11ef-a819-277e390a7a08.png.webp 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/a377/live/03848890-e880-11ef-a819-277e390a7a08.png.webp 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/a377/live/03848890-e880-11ef-a819-277e390a7a08.png.webp 976w\",\"mimeType\":\"image/webp\",\"fallbackSrcSets\":[{\"mimeType\":\"image/png\",\"srcSet\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/a377/live/03848890-e880-11ef-a819-277e390a7a08.png 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/a377/live/03848890-e880-11ef-a819-277e390a7a08.png 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/a377/live/03848890-e880-11ef-a819-277e390a7a08.png 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/a377/live/03848890-e880-11ef-a819-277e390a7a08.png 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/a377/live/03848890-e880-11ef-a819-277e390a7a08.png 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/a377/live/03848890-e880-11ef-a819-277e390a7a08.png 976w\"}],\"loading\":\"lazy\"}}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"suitableForAbridgement\":false,\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Chinese brands are also attempting to build a share of the European market, helped by their much lower operating costs than more established rivals, both because wages are lower in China and because, as pure EV firms, they don't have the same legacy costs carried by manufacturers making the transition from petrol and diesel to battery-powered cars.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Chinese brands are also attempting to build a share of the European market, helped by their much lower operating costs than more established rivals, both because wages are lower in China and because, as pure EV firms, they don't have the same legacy costs carried by manufacturers making the transition from petrol and diesel to battery-powered cars.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"According to the European Commission, Chinese brands also benefit from hefty government subsidies, which allow them to sell cars at artificially low prices. In October, the EU introduced extra tariffs on imports of Chinese-made EVs, in an effort to create a more level playing field.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"According to the European Commission, Chinese brands also benefit from hefty government subsidies, which allow them to sell cars at artificially low prices. In October, the EU introduced extra tariffs on imports of Chinese-made EVs, in an effort to create a more level playing field.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"subheadline\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Trade wars?\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Trade wars?\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}],\"level\":2,\"fontScale\":\"headlineSmall\",\"id\":\"Trade-wars\",\"isFocusable\":true}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"suitableForAbridgement\":false,\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"German firms opposed the EU tariffs, because they feared retaliation from China could affect their own exports. Now they also face the threat of new protectionist measures being introduced by the Trump administration, including possible tariffs on cars shipped from the EU. For an industry that relies heavily on exports, the rise of protectionism is a growing threat.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"German firms opposed the EU tariffs, because they feared retaliation from China could affect their own exports. Now they also face the threat of new protectionist measures being introduced by the Trump administration, including possible tariffs on cars shipped from the EU. For an industry that relies heavily on exports, the rise of protectionism is a growing threat.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"We know that trade wars only create losers on both sides. Tariffs will cost wealth, cost growth and cost jobs,\\\" says the VDA's Simon Schütz.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"We know that trade wars only create losers on both sides. Tariffs will cost wealth, cost growth and cost jobs,\\\" says the VDA's Simon Schütz.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Although some of the pressures facing Germany's car companies were not foreseeable, there was still an element of complacency, believes analyst Matthias Schmidt: \\\"They knew the structural issues were there, but were blindsided by cheap Russian gas,\\\" he says.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Although some of the pressures facing Germany's car companies were not foreseeable, there was still an element of complacency, believes analyst Matthias Schmidt: \\\"They knew the structural issues were there, but were blindsided by cheap Russian gas,\\\" he says.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"caption\":{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"All of the Big Three say trends in China have had a significant impact on their earnings\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"All of the Big Three say trends in China have had a significant impact on their earnings\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},\"image\":{\"alt\":\"The Volkswagen AG factory at dusk lit in a blue light, in Wolfsburg, Germany\\n\",\"copyright\":\"Getty Images\",\"height\":1280,\"width\":1920,\"src\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/1920/cpsprodpb/3f7d/live/65e13290-e880-11ef-bd1b-d536627785f2.png\",\"srcSet\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/3f7d/live/65e13290-e880-11ef-bd1b-d536627785f2.png.webp 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/3f7d/live/65e13290-e880-11ef-bd1b-d536627785f2.png.webp 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/3f7d/live/65e13290-e880-11ef-bd1b-d536627785f2.png.webp 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/3f7d/live/65e13290-e880-11ef-bd1b-d536627785f2.png.webp 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/3f7d/live/65e13290-e880-11ef-bd1b-d536627785f2.png.webp 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/3f7d/live/65e13290-e880-11ef-bd1b-d536627785f2.png.webp 976w\",\"mimeType\":\"image/webp\",\"fallbackSrcSets\":[{\"mimeType\":\"image/png\",\"srcSet\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/3f7d/live/65e13290-e880-11ef-bd1b-d536627785f2.png 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/3f7d/live/65e13290-e880-11ef-bd1b-d536627785f2.png 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/3f7d/live/65e13290-e880-11ef-bd1b-d536627785f2.png 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/3f7d/live/65e13290-e880-11ef-bd1b-d536627785f2.png 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/3f7d/live/65e13290-e880-11ef-bd1b-d536627785f2.png 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/3f7d/live/65e13290-e880-11ef-bd1b-d536627785f2.png 976w\"}],\"loading\":\"lazy\"}}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"suitableForAbridgement\":false,\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"The expansion to China and the high profits being shipped back to Europe plastered over the high labour cost issues, giving unions a joker card to play with.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"The expansion to China and the high profits being shipped back to Europe plastered over the high labour cost issues, giving unions a joker card to play with.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"Germany has effectively been an export-driven market, and once those markets sneeze, Germany catches a cold, which is what's happened.\\\"\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"Germany has effectively been an export-driven market, and once those markets sneeze, Germany catches a cold, which is what's happened.\\\"\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"subheadline\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"A high-stakes challenge\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"A high-stakes challenge\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}],\"level\":2,\"fontScale\":\"headlineSmall\",\"id\":\"A-highstakes-challenge\",\"isFocusable\":true}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"suitableForAbridgement\":false,\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"So can Germany's carmakers revive their fortunes? It is a vital question for the manufacturers, for their networks of suppliers and for the country as a whole.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"So can Germany's carmakers revive their fortunes? It is a vital question for the manufacturers, for their networks of suppliers and for the country as a whole.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"The problem for Germany is we are not competitive,\\\" says Dr Ferdinand Dudenhöffer, head of the Bochum-based Center for Automotive Research. \\\"Not just in cost terms, but also in terms of the new technologies which will run the world in future\\\".\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"The problem for Germany is we are not competitive,\\\" says Dr Ferdinand Dudenhöffer, head of the Bochum-based Center for Automotive Research. \\\"Not just in cost terms, but also in terms of the new technologies which will run the world in future\\\".\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"He thinks China has become the centre of gravity for innovation in areas such as digitisation and battery technology. \\\"The solution for the carmakers and for the suppliers, in my view, will be that they take their factories abroad,\\\" he says.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"He thinks China has become the centre of gravity for innovation in areas such as digitisation and battery technology. \\\"The solution for the carmakers and for the suppliers, in my view, will be that they take their factories abroad,\\\" he says.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"links\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"link\",\"model\":{\"headline\":\"The Debate: Do Trump's tariffs mean the end of the post-war free trade world?\",\"metadataStripItems\":[{\"label\":\"Published\",\"text\":\"11 February\"}],\"url\":\"/news/articles/clyzp7j84yro\",\"service\":\"news\"}},{\"type\":\"link\",\"model\":{\"headline\":\"Why more young men in Germany are turning to the far right\",\"metadataStripItems\":[{\"label\":\"Published\",\"text\":\"10 February\"}],\"url\":\"/news/articles/cy082dn7rkqo\",\"service\":\"news\"}},{\"type\":\"link\",\"model\":{\"headline\":\"How Jaguar lost its way - long before that polarising advert\",\"metadataStripItems\":[{\"label\":\"Published\",\"text\":\"8 December 2024\"}],\"url\":\"/news/articles/cd60v8zj678o\",\"service\":\"news\"}}],\"isAfterContent\":false,\"title\":\"More from InDepth\"}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"suitableForAbridgement\":false,\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Simon Schütz is more optimistic. He thinks the industry can prosper, but only if it gets the support it needs from the government after the elections later this month.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Simon Schütz is more optimistic. He thinks the industry can prosper, but only if it gets the support it needs from the government after the elections later this month.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"Our automotive industry will be world-leading, I am sure of that,\\\" he says.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"Our automotive industry will be world-leading, I am sure of that,\\\" he says.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"The question is, where will the future jobs be? Will they be in Germany, because we can build cars here, or will our companies go elsewhere?'\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"The question is, where will the future jobs be? Will they be in Germany, because we can build cars here, or will our companies go elsewhere?'\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"For union rep Steffen Schmidt, however, the solution is to go back to Germany's traditional industrial values. \\\"We have to become a leader in innovation and technology again,\\\" he says. \\\"Then we can keep high pay and good conditions for workers.\\\"\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"For union rep Steffen Schmidt, however, the solution is to go back to Germany's traditional industrial values. \\\"We have to become a leader in innovation and technology again,\\\" he says. \\\"Then we can keep high pay and good conditions for workers.\\\"\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"He thinks the path ahead for the new government is very clear: \\\"Invest, invest, invest. In infrastructure, in technology, in green energy and in education.\\\"\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"He thinks the path ahead for the new government is very clear: \\\"Invest, invest, invest. In infrastructure, in technology, in green energy and in education.\\\"\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"For tens of thousands of workers in Wolfsburg, and in Germany's other \\\"car towns\\\" such as Ingolstadt, Weissach, Munich, Stuttgart and Zwickau, the stakes could not be higher.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"For tens of thousands of workers in Wolfsburg, and in Germany's other \\\"car towns\\\" such as Ingolstadt, Weissach, Munich, Stuttgart and Zwickau, the stakes could not be higher.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Top picture credit: Getty images\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Top picture credit: Getty images\",\"attributes\":[\"italic\"]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"suitableForAbridgement\":false,\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"BBC InDepth is the home on the website and app for the best analysis, with fresh perspectives that challenge assumptions and deep reporting on the biggest issues of the day. And we showcase thought-provoking content from across BBC Sounds and iPlayer too. You can send us your feedback on the InDepth section by clicking on the button below.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"BBC InDepth\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"BBC InDepth\",\"attributes\":[\"italic\"]}}],\"locator\":\"/news/bbcindepth\",\"isExternal\":false}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" is the home on the website and app for the best analysis, with fresh perspectives that challenge assumptions and deep reporting on the biggest issues of the day. And we showcase thought-provoking content from across BBC Sounds and iPlayer too. You can send us your feedback on the InDepth section by clicking on the button below.\",\"attributes\":[\"italic\"]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"uploader\",\"model\":{\"buttonIcon\":\"participate:communication\",\"formRequiresSignIn\":false,\"hasChildren\":false,\"hasDataToEmbedForm\":true,\"headingText\":\"Get in touch\",\"isAcceptingSubmissions\":true,\"linkText\":\"Contact form\",\"linkUrl\":\"/send/u174592277\",\"textBlock\":{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"InDepth is the home for the best analysis from across BBC News. Tell us what you think.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"InDepth is the home for the best analysis from across BBC News. 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