CINXE.COM
Lord — Watchtower ONLINE LIBRARY
<!DOCTYPE html> <html dir="ltr" lang="en"> <head> <title>Lord — Watchtower ONLINE LIBRARY</title> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"/> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1"/> <meta name="description" content="This is an authorized Web site of Jehovah’s Witnesses. It is a research tool for publications in various languages produced by Jehovah’s Witnesses."/> <meta name="keywords" content="jehovah's witnesses, jehovah, witness, watchtower, library, online, publications"/> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, minimum-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0, user-scalable=no"/> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"/> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="60x60" href="/icon/apple-touch-icon-60x60.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="/icon/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="/icon/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="/icon/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/icon/apple-touch-icon-180x180.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/icon/favicon-32x32.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/icon/favicon-16x16.png"> <link rel="mask-icon" href="/icon/safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#799FCC"> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/icon/favicon.ico"> <meta name="msapplication-config" content="/icon/browserconfig.xml"> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-title" content="WOL"> <meta name="application-name" content="WOL"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#799fcc"> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-status-bar-style" content="black"/> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="no"/> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://b.jw-cdn.org/code/media-player/v3.0.0/css/media-player.css"/><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/assets/css/+0+974f270baf9554651558d525c4fb9b2bbaba7049.css"/><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/assets/css/+1+eda9e25e8d65b8146f2068ea6cf0d4486172ce3d.css"/><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/assets/css/+2+8bc20ec72a3d6bdee112c222e4724ab91daca5e0.css"/><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/assets/css/+3+5fe81ac8c80b601f07459195d4af94edf92bb720.css"/> <script> var localizedNumbers = ["0","1"]; window.VIDEOJS_NO_DYNAMIC_STYLE = true; </script> <input id="insightApi" type="hidden" value="https://b.jw-cdn.org/apis/insight/events" /> <script src="/assets/js/+0+3b23965c032d57f4d3f2965f87b3740e2c650208.js"></script> </head> <body class="showRuby cc-theme--light DynamicLayout"> <style id="scalableui"></style> <script> if (window.Cookies != null) { // Apply user preferred font size // Doesn't apply to static pages, all of which don't scale text var fontScale = Cookies.get('fontScale'); if (fontScale) { var scalableuiStyleContainer = document.getElementById('scalableui'); var scalableuiStyleSheet = scalableuiStyleContainer.sheet; scalableuiStyleSheet.insertRule( '.scalableui{font-size:' + fontScale * 100 + '%;}', scalableuiStyleSheet.cssRules.length ); } } </script> <div id="wrapper" class="dropShadow50"> <input id="locale" type="hidden" value="en" /> <input id="tooltipContentErrorMessage" type="hidden" value="Please click here to open the document." /> <input id="rsconf" type="hidden" value="r1" /> <input id="lib" type="hidden" value="lp-e" /> <input id="libLang" type="hidden" value="English" /> <input id="libTitle" type="hidden" value="English Publications (1950-2025)" /> <input id="libDir" type="hidden" value="ltr" /> <input id="libLangSym" type="hidden" value="E" /> <input id="libLangScript" type="hidden" value="ROMAN" /> <input id="libLangIsSignLanguage" type="hidden" value="" /> <input id="libraryLocale" type="hidden" value="en" /> <input id="contentLocale" type="hidden" value="en" /> <input id="contentRsconf" type="hidden" value="r1" /> <input id="contentLib" type="hidden" value="lp-e" /> <input id="contentLibLang" type="hidden" value="English" /> <input id="contentLibTitle" type="hidden" value="English Publications (1950-2025)" /> <input id="rubyAvailable" type="hidden" value="false" /> <input id="contentLibDir" type="hidden" value="ltr" /> <input id="contentLibLangSym" type="hidden" value="E" /> <input id="contentLibLangScript" type="hidden" value="ROMAN" /> <input id="contentLibLangIsSignLanguage" type="hidden" value="false" /> <input id="siteCookieDomain" type="hidden" value="wol.jw.org" /> <input id="audioMultiselect" type="hidden" value="" /> <input id="site" type="hidden" value="unified" /> <input id="updatedMediaPlayer" type="hidden" value="1" /> <div id="regionHeader" class="chrome showRuby ml-E ms-ROMAN dir-ltr" lang="en" data-lang="E" dir="ltr"> <div id="siteBanner"> <div class="title"> <a href="/en/wol/h/r1/lp-e"> <span class="logo"><span class="icon"></span></span> <div class="ellipsized label"> <span class="ellipsized titleBig">Watchtower ONLINE LIBRARY</span> <div class="ellipsized titleLittle siteTitleLine1">Watchtower</div> <div class="ellipsized titleLittle siteTitleLine2">ONLINE LIBRARY</div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="language"> <a class="chrome librarySelectionLink spriteLink" data-lang="E" href="/en/wol/li/r1/lp-e"> <span class="icon"></span> <span class="label">English</span> </a> </div> </div> <div id="toolbarFrame"> <div id="standardSearch" class="searchControl"> <form class="searchForm" role="search" method="GET" action="/en/wol/qt/r1/lp-e"> <div class="searchFieldContainer"> <input type="hidden" id="st" name="st" /> <input class="searchField" name="q" accept-charset="utf-8" type="text" title="Search operators: * = any text; ? = any character; " " = exact phrase; & = AND; | = OR; ! = NOT; () = group" aria-label="Type search text or a Bible citation" placeholder="Enter Topic" autocomplete="off" autocapitalize="off" autocorrect="off" autofocus="autofocus" spellcheck="false" maxlength="256" value=""/> <span class="searchFieldCancel"><span class="icon"></span></span> </div> <div class="searchControlContainer"> <input type="hidden" name="p" value="par"/> <input type="hidden" name="r" value="occ"/> <input class="searchButton" type="submit" value="SEARCH"/> </div> <div class="searchControlButtons"> <button class="searchIcon menuButton" type="button" aria-label="search"><span class="icon"></span></button> <button class="closeIcon menuButton" type="button" aria-label="cancel"><span class="icon"></span></button> </div> <div class="suggestions hidden"></div> </form> </div> <div id="toolbarMenu"> <ul class="menu" role="menu"> <li id="menuToolsPreferences" class="menuButton iconOnly menuRight" role="menuitem" aria-label="preferences"> <a href="/en/wol/pref/r1/lp-e?url=%2Fen%2Fwol%2Fd%2Fr1%2Flp-e%2F1200002771" rel="nofollow"><span class="icon"></span> </a> </li> <li id="menuToolsShare" class="menuButton iconOnly menuRight" role="menuitem" aria-label="share"> <a id="shareButton" class="shareButtonIcon hidden" href="#"> <span class="icon"></span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div id="menuHome" role="menuitem" class="showRuby ml-E ms-ROMAN dir-ltr" lang="en" data-lang="E" dir="ltr"> <a href="/en/wol/h/r1/lp-e" aria-label="home"> <span class="icon"></span> </a> </div> <div id="menuFrame"> <ul id="menuBar" class="menu" role="menubar"> <li id="menuBible" class="chrome menuButton showRuby ml-E ms-ROMAN dir-ltr" role="menuitem" aria-label="bible" lang="en" data-lang="E" dir="ltr"> <a href="/en/wol/binav/r1/lp-e" role="menuitem" aria-label="bible"><span class="icon"></span><span class="label">BIBLE</span></a> </li> <li id="menuPublications" class="chrome menuButton showRuby ml-E ms-ROMAN dir-ltr" role="menuitem" aria-label="publications" lang="en" data-lang="E" dir="ltr"> <a href="/en/wol/library/r1/lp-e/all-publications" role="menuitem" aria-label="publications"><span class="icon"></span> <span class="label">PUBLICATIONS</span></a> </li> <li id="menuToday" class="chrome menuButton showRuby ml-E ms-ROMAN dir-ltr" role="menuitem" aria-label="meetings" lang="en" data-lang="E" dir="ltr"> <a class="todayNav" href="/en/wol/meetings/r1/lp-e" role="menuitem" aria-label="meetings"><span class="icon"></span><span class="label">MEETINGS</span></a> </li> <li id="menuSynchronizeControls" class="hidden"> <ul> <li id="menuSynchronize" class="chrome menuButton tbSync hidden" role="menuitem" aria-label="synchronize"> <a id="linkSynchronize" href="#" rel="nofollow"> <span class="icon"></span> <span class="label"></span> </a> </li> <li id="menuSynchronizeSwitch" class="chrome menuButton tbSync" role="menuitem"> <a id="linkSynchronizeSwitch" href="#" rel="nofollow"> <span class="icon"></span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="menuSearchHitNext" class="chrome menuButton iconOnly menuRight hidden showRuby ml-E ms-ROMAN dir-ltr" lang="en" data-lang="E" dir="ltr"> <a href="#"><span class="icon"></span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="publicationNavigation" class="chrome"> <div class="secondaryNavToggle"><span class="icon"></span></div> <div class="pubNavTitle"> <div class="chrome showRuby ml-E ms-ROMAN dir-ltr" lang="en" data-lang="E" dir="ltr"> <ul> <li class="resultsNavigationSelected documentLocation navPublications"><a href="/en/wol/library/r1/lp-e/all-publications/insight/l" class="spriteLink ellipsized"><span class="icon"></span>it-2 pp. 265-267</a></li> <li class="resultDocumentPubTitle ellipsized"> Lord </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="chrome forwardBackNavControls resultNavControls"> <ul> <li class="resultNavLeft"><a class="resultsNavDocumentLink" href="/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1200002770"><span class="icon"></span></a></li><li class="resultNavRight"><a class="resultsNavDocumentLink" href="/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1200002772"><span class="icon"></span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="navPosition hidden showRuby ml-E ms-ROMAN dir-ltr" lang="en" data-lang="E" dir="ltr"> <div class="scrollPositionDisplay"></div> </div> </div> <div id="playerwrapper" class="hidden headerPosition"></div> </div> <div id="regionMain" class="unified navLeft showRuby ml-E ms-ROMAN dir-ltr hasSecondaryNav showSecondaryNav" lang="en" data-lang="E" dir="ltr" > <div id="videoWrapperContainer" lang="en" data-lang="E" dir="ltr"> <div id="videoWrapper" class="hidden headerPosition constrainedHeight hasSecondaryNav showSecondaryNav showRuby ml-E ms-ROMAN dir-ltr" lang="en" data-lang="E" dir="ltr"> <div class="topShadow"></div> <div class="videoNoticeContainer"> <p class="noticeText noMarkerNotice">No video available for this selection.</p> <p class="noticeText videoErrorNotice">Sorry, there was an error loading the video.</p> </div> <div id="playerShared" class="uninitialized"></div> </div> </div> <div id="secondaryNavContent" class="chrome showRuby ml-E ms-ROMAN dir-ltr" lang="en" data-lang="E" dir="ltr"> <div id="secondaryNav" role="navigation"> <nav> <div id="resultNavigation"><div class="resultNavTitle"> <ul> <li class="resultsNavigationSelected "><span><span class="navContent">Lord</span></span></li><li class="resultDocumentPubTitle "><span><span class="navContent">Insight on the Scriptures, Volume 2</span></span></li> </ul> </div></div> </nav> <div id="documentNavigation" class="chrome"> <ul class="navigationTabs"> <li class="active tabItem chrome" data-related-content="similarMaterial">Similar Material</li> </ul> <div class="navigationContents"> <div id="similarMaterial" class="active tabContent"> <ul class="results linkCard"> <li class="simDoc"> <a href="/en/wol/dsim/r1/lp-e/1200012598" class="jwac showRuby publication html5 jwac showRuby ml-E ms-ROMAN dir-ltr chrome cardContainer noTooltips cardLine1Prominent lnk" data-nav-scope-data="[]"> <div class="cardThumbnail "> <span class=" cardThumbnailImage thumbnail publication icon-default publication pub-ad cat-bk " data-pub-symbol="ad" ></span> </div> <div class="cardTitleBlock"> <div class=" cardLine1 ellipsized cardHalfHeight cardLine1Prominent"><span class="sectionIcon"></span> Kyrios </div> <div class=" cardLine2 ellipsized cardLine1Prominent"> Aid to Bible Understanding </div> </div> <div class="cardTitleDetail"></div> <div class="cardChevron"> <div class="icon"></div> </div> </a> </li> <li class="simDoc"> <a href="/en/wol/dsim/r1/lp-e/1200012713" class="jwac showRuby publication html5 jwac showRuby ml-E ms-ROMAN dir-ltr chrome cardContainer noTooltips cardLine1Prominent lnk" data-nav-scope-data="[]"> <div class="cardThumbnail "> <span class=" cardThumbnailImage thumbnail publication icon-default publication pub-ad cat-bk " data-pub-symbol="ad" ></span> </div> <div class="cardTitleBlock"> <div class=" cardLine1 ellipsized cardHalfHeight cardLine1Prominent"><span class="sectionIcon"></span> Lord </div> <div class=" cardLine2 ellipsized cardLine1Prominent"> Aid to Bible Understanding </div> </div> <div class="cardTitleDetail"></div> <div class="cardChevron"> <div class="icon"></div> </div> </a> </li> <li class="simDoc"> <a href="/en/wol/dsim/r1/lp-e/1200002391" class="jwac showRuby publication html5 jwac showRuby ml-E ms-ROMAN dir-ltr chrome cardContainer noTooltips cardLine1Prominent lnk" data-nav-scope-data="[]"> <div class="cardThumbnail "> <span class=" cardThumbnailImage thumbnail publication icon-default publication pub-it-2 cat-it " data-pub-symbol="it-2" ></span> </div> <div class="cardTitleBlock"> <div class=" cardLine1 ellipsized cardHalfHeight cardLine1Prominent"><span class="sectionIcon"></span> Jehovah </div> <div class=" cardLine2 ellipsized cardLine1Prominent"> Insight on the Scriptures, Volume 2 </div> </div> <div class="cardTitleDetail"></div> <div class="cardChevron"> <div class="icon"></div> </div> </a> </li> <li class="simDoc"> <a href="/en/wol/dsim/r1/lp-e/1994407" class="jwac showRuby publication html5 jwac showRuby ml-E ms-ROMAN dir-ltr chrome cardContainer noTooltips cardLine1Prominent lnk" data-nav-scope-data="[]"> <div class="cardThumbnail "> <span class=" cardThumbnailImage thumbnail publication icon-default publication pub-w94 cat-w " data-pub-symbol="w94" ></span> </div> <div class="cardTitleBlock"> <div class=" cardLine1 ellipsized cardHalfHeight cardLine1Prominent"><span class="sectionIcon"></span> “Jesus Christ Is Lord”—How and When? </div> <div class=" cardLine2 ellipsized cardLine1Prominent"> The Watchtower Announcing Jehovah’s Kingdom—1994 </div> </div> <div class="cardTitleDetail"></div> <div class="cardChevron"> <div class="icon"></div> </div> </a> </li> </ul> <div class="moreSimDocs"> <a class="spriteLinkRight" href="/en/wol/sim/r1/lp-e/1200002771">See More<span class="icon"></span></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="documentCitationInformation"> <div>Insight on the Scriptures, Volume 2</div> <div><strong>it-2 pp. 265-267</strong></div> </div> <div id="content" class="content"> <div class="articlePositioner" lang="en" data-lang="E" dir="ltr"> <div id="banner" class="documentBanner showRuby ml-E ms-ROMAN dir-ltr" lang="en" data-lang="E" dir="ltr"> </div> <article id="article" class="article document html5 pub- docId-1200002771 pub-it-2 pub- pub-it-2 docClass-2 jwac showRuby ml-E ms-ROMAN dir-ltr includeSecondaryNav" lang="en" data-lang="E" dir="ltr" role="article"> <div class="scalableui"> <header> <h1 id="p1" data-pid="1"><span id="page265" class="pageNum" aria-hidden="true" data-no="265" data-before-text="265"></span><strong>LORD</strong></h1> </header> <p id="p2" data-pid="2" class="sb">The Greek and Hebrew words rendered “lord” (or such related terms as “sir,” “owner,” “master”) are used with reference to Jehovah God (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/0/0" data-bid="1-1" class="b">Eze 3:11</a>), Jesus Christ (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/1/0" data-bid="2-1" class="b">Mt 7:21</a>), one of the elders seen by John in vision (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/2/0" data-bid="3-1" class="b">Re 7:13, 14</a>), angels (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/3/0" data-bid="4-1" class="b">Ge 19:1, 2;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/3/1" data-bid="4-2" class="b"> Da 12:8</a>), men (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/4/0" data-bid="5-1" class="b">1Sa 25:24;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/4/1" data-bid="5-2" class="b"> Ac 16:16,</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/4/2" data-bid="5-3" class="b"> 19,</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/4/3" data-bid="5-4" class="b"> 30</a>), and false deities (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/5/0" data-bid="6-1" class="b">1Co 8:5</a>). Often the designation “lord” denotes one who has ownership or authority and power over persons or things. (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/6/0" data-bid="7-1" class="b">Ge 24:9;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/6/1" data-bid="7-2" class="b"> 42:30;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/6/2" data-bid="7-3" class="b"> 45:8, 9;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/6/3" data-bid="7-4" class="b"> 1Ki 16:24;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/6/4" data-bid="7-5" class="b"> Lu 19:33;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/6/5" data-bid="7-6" class="b"> Ac 25:26;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/6/6" data-bid="7-7" class="b"> Eph 6:5</a>) This title was applied by Sarah to her husband (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/7/0" data-bid="8-1" class="b">Ge 18:12</a>), by children to their fathers (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/8/0" data-bid="9-1" class="b">Ge 31:35;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/8/1" data-bid="9-2" class="b"> Mt 21:28, 29</a>), and by a younger brother to his older brother (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/9/0" data-bid="10-1" class="b">Ge 32:5, 6</a>). It appears as a title of respect addressed to prominent persons, public officials, prophets, and kings. (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/10/0" data-bid="11-1" class="b">Ge 23:6;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/10/1" data-bid="11-2" class="b"> 42:10;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/10/2" data-bid="11-3" class="b"> Nu 11:28;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/10/3" data-bid="11-4" class="b"> 2Sa 1:10;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/10/4" data-bid="11-5" class="b"> 2Ki 8:10-12;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/10/5" data-bid="11-6" class="b"> Mt 27:63</a>) When used in addressing strangers, “lord,” or “sir,” served as a title of courtesy.—<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/11/0" data-bid="12-1" class="b">Joh 12:21;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/11/1" data-bid="12-2" class="b"> 20:15;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/11/2" data-bid="12-3" class="b"> Ac 16:30</a>.</p> <p id="p3" data-pid="3" class="sb"><strong>Jehovah God.</strong> Jehovah God is the “Lord of heaven and earth,” being the Universal Sovereign by reason of his Creatorship. (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/12/0" data-bid="13-1" class="b">Mt 11:25;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/12/1" data-bid="13-2" class="b"> Re 4:11</a>) Heavenly creatures speak of him as “Lord,” as reported at <a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/13/0" data-bid="14-1" class="b">Revelation 11:15</a>, which says: “Loud voices occurred in heaven, saying: ‘The kingdom of the world did become the kingdom of our Lord [Jehovah] and of his Christ.’” Faithful servants of God on earth addressed him as “Sovereign Lord,” and this title appears over 300 times in the inspired Scriptures. (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/14/0" data-bid="15-1" class="b">Ge 15:2;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/14/1" data-bid="15-2" class="b"> Re 6:10</a>) He is also appropriately described as “the true Lord.” (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/15/0" data-bid="16-1" class="b">Isa 1:24</a>) It is at his direction that people are gathered, or harvested, for life. So petitions for more workers to assist in the harvest must be made to him as the “Master [Lord] of the harvest.”—<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/16/0" data-bid="17-1" class="b">Mt 9:37, 38</a>; see <em>NW</em> appendix, pp. 1566-1568.</p> <p id="p4" data-pid="4" class="sb"><strong>Jesus Christ.</strong> While on earth, Jesus Christ referred to himself as “Lord of the sabbath.” (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/17/0" data-bid="18-1" class="b">Mt 12:8</a>) Appropriately, he used the Sabbath for <span id="page266" class="pageNum" aria-hidden="true" data-no="266" data-before-text="266"></span>doing the work commanded by his heavenly Father. That work included healing the sick. (Compare <a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/18/0" data-bid="19-1" class="b">Mt 8:16, 17</a>.) Jesus knew that the Mosaic Law, with its Sabbath requirement, was “a shadow of the good things to come.” (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/19/0" data-bid="20-1" class="b">Heb 10:1</a>) In connection with those “good things to come,” there is a sabbath of which he is to be the Lord.—See <a class="it" href="/en/wol/tc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/0">SABBATH DAY</a> (“Lord of the Sabbath”).</p> <p id="p5" data-pid="5" class="sb">While Jesus Christ was on earth, persons besides his disciples called him “Lord,” or “Sir.” (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/20/0" data-bid="21-1" class="b">Mt 8:2;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/20/1" data-bid="21-2" class="b"> Joh 4:11</a>) In these cases the designation was primarily a title of respect or courtesy. However, to his apostles Jesus showed that calling him “Lord” involved more than this. Said he: “You address me, ‘Teacher,’ and, ‘Lord,’ and you speak rightly, for I am such.” (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/21/0" data-bid="22-1" class="b">Joh 13:13</a>) As his disciples, these apostles were his learners, or pupils. Thus he was their Lord, or Master.</p> <p id="p6" data-pid="6" class="sb">Especially after Jesus’ death and resurrection did his title Lord take on great significance. By means of his sacrificial death, he purchased his followers, this making him their Owner. (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/22/0" data-bid="23-1" class="b">Joh 15:13, 14;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/22/1" data-bid="23-2" class="b"> 1Co 7:23;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/22/2" data-bid="23-3" class="b"> 2Pe 2:1;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/22/3" data-bid="23-4" class="b"> Jude 4;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/22/4" data-bid="23-5" class="b"> Re 5:9, 10</a>) He was also their King and Bridegroom to whom they were subject as their Lord. (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/23/0" data-bid="24-1" class="b">Ac 17:7;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/23/1" data-bid="24-2" class="b"> Eph 5:22-27</a>; compare <a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/24/0" data-bid="25-1" class="b">Joh 3:28, 29;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/24/1" data-bid="25-2" class="b"> 2Co 11:2;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/24/2" data-bid="25-3" class="b"> Re 21:9-14</a>.) When Jehovah rewarded his Son for faithfulness to the point of dying a shameful death on a stake, he “exalted him to a superior position and kindly gave him the name that is above every other name, so that in the name of Jesus every knee should bend of those in heaven and those on earth and those under the ground, and every tongue should openly acknowledge that Jesus Christ is Lord to the glory of God the Father.” (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/25/0" data-bid="26-1" class="b">Php 2:9-11</a>) Acknowledgment of Jesus Christ as Lord means more than simply calling him “Lord.” It requires that an individual recognize Jesus’ position and follow a course of obedience. (Compare <a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/26/0" data-bid="27-1" class="b">Joh 14:21</a>.) As Jesus himself said: “Not everyone saying to me, ‘Lord, Lord,’ will enter into the kingdom of the heavens, but the one doing the will of my Father who is in the heavens will.”—<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/27/0" data-bid="28-1" class="b">Mt 7:21</a>.</p> <p id="p7" data-pid="7" class="sb">Jehovah God also granted immortality to his faithful Son. Therefore, although many men have ruled as kings or lords, only Jesus Christ, the “King of kings and Lord of lords,” has immortality.—<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/28/0" data-bid="29-1" class="b">1Ti 6:14-16;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/28/1" data-bid="29-2" class="b"> Re 19:16</a>.</p> <p id="p8" data-pid="8" class="sb">Since Jesus has the keys of death and Hades (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/29/0" data-bid="30-1" class="b">Re 1:17, 18</a>), he is in position to release mankind from the common grave (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/30/0" data-bid="31-1" class="b">Joh 5:28, 29</a>) and from the death inherited from Adam. (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/31/0" data-bid="32-1" class="b">Ro 5:12,</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/31/1" data-bid="32-2" class="b"> 18</a>) He is therefore also the ‘Lord over the dead,’ including King David, one of his earthly ancestors.—<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/32/0" data-bid="33-1" class="b">Ac 2:34-36;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/32/1" data-bid="33-2" class="b"> Ro 14:9</a>.</p> <p id="p9" data-pid="9" class="sb"><strong>A Title of Respect.</strong> The fact that Christians have only the “one Lord” Jesus Christ (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/33/0" data-bid="34-1" class="b">Eph 4:5</a>) does not rule out their applying “lord” (or, “sir”) to others as a title of respect, courtesy, or authority. The apostle Peter even cited Sarah as a good example for Christian wives because of her obedience to Abraham, “calling him ‘lord.’” (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/34/0" data-bid="35-1" class="b">1Pe 3:1-6</a>) This was no mere formality on Sarah’s part. It was a sincere reflection of her submissiveness, for she spoke of him as such “inside herself.” (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/35/0" data-bid="36-1" class="b">Ge 18:12</a>) On the other hand, since all Christians are brothers, it would be wrong for them to call one of their number “Leader” or “Lord,” viewing that one as a spiritual leader.—<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/36/0" data-bid="37-1" class="b">Mt 23:8-10</a>; see <a href="/en/wol/tc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/1">AXIS LORDS</a>; <a class="it" href="/en/wol/tc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/2">JEHOVAH</a>; <a class="it" href="/en/wol/tc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/3">JESUS CHRIST</a>.</p> <p id="p10" data-pid="10" class="sb"><strong>The Greek “Kyrios.”</strong> This Greek word is an adjective, signifying the possessing of power (<em>kyʹros</em>) or authority, and it is also used as a noun. It appears in each book of the Christian Greek Scriptures except Titus and the letters of John. The term corresponds to the Hebrew <em>ʼA·dhohnʹ.</em> As God’s created Son and Servant, Jesus Christ properly addresses his Father and God (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/37/0" data-bid="38-1" class="b">Joh 20:17</a>) as “Lord” (<em>ʼAdho·naiʹ</em> or <em>Kyʹri·os</em>), the One having superior power and authority, his Head. (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/38/0" data-bid="39-1" class="b">Mt 11:25;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/38/1" data-bid="39-2" class="b"> 1Co 11:3</a>) As the one exalted to his Father’s right hand, Jesus is “Lord of lords” as respects all except his Father, God the Almighty.—<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/39/0" data-bid="40-1" class="b">Re 17:14;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/39/1" data-bid="40-2" class="b"> 19:15, 16</a>; compare <a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/40/0" data-bid="41-1" class="b">1Co 15:27, 28</a>.</p> <p id="p11" data-pid="11" class="sb"><strong><em>Its use in place of the divine name.</em></strong> During the second or third century of the Common Era, the scribes substituted the words <em>Kyʹri·os</em> (Lord) and <em>The·osʹ</em> (God) for the divine name, Jehovah, in copies of the Greek <em>Septuagint</em> translation of the Hebrew Scriptures. Other translations, such as the Latin <em>Vulgate,</em> the <em>Douay Version</em> (based on the <em>Vulgate</em>), and the <em>King James Version,</em> as well as numerous modern translations (<em>NE, AT, RS, NIV, TEV, NAB</em>), followed a similar practice. The divine name was replaced by the terms “God” and “Lord,” generally in all-capital letters in English to indicate the substitution for the Tetragrammaton, or divine name.</p> <p id="p12" data-pid="12" class="sb">In departing from this practice, the translation committee of the <em>American Standard Version</em> of 1901 stated: “The American Revisers, after a careful consideration, were brought to the unanimous conviction that a Jewish superstition, which regarded the Divine Name as too sacred to be uttered, ought no longer to dominate in the English or any other version of the Old Testament, as it fortunately does not in the numerous versions made by modern missionaries. . . . This personal name [Jehovah], with its wealth of sacred associations, is now restored to the place in the sacred <span id="page267" class="pageNum" aria-hidden="true" data-no="267" data-before-text="267"></span>text to which it has an unquestionable claim.”—<em>AS</em> preface, p. iv.</p> <p id="p13" data-pid="13" class="sb">A number of translations since then (<em>An, JB</em> [English and French], <em>NC, BC</em> [both in Spanish], and others) have consistently rendered the Tetragrammaton as “Yahweh” or have used a similar form.</p> <p id="p14" data-pid="14" class="sb">Under the heading <a class="it" href="/en/wol/tc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/4">JEHOVAH</a> (In the Christian Greek Scriptures), evidence is also presented to show that the divine name, Jehovah, was used in the original writings of the Christian Greek Scriptures, from Matthew to Revelation. On this basis, the <em>New World Translation,</em> used throughout this work, has restored the divine name in its translation of the Christian Greek Scriptures, doing so a total of 237 times. Other translations had made similar restorations, particularly when translating the Christian Greek Scriptures into Hebrew.</p> <p id="p15" data-pid="15" class="sb">When discussing “Restoring the Divine Name,” the New World Bible Translation Committee states: “To know where the divine name was replaced by the Greek words Κύριος and Θεός, we have determined where the inspired Christian writers have quoted verses, passages and expressions from the Hebrew Scriptures and then we have referred back to the Hebrew text to ascertain whether the divine name appears there. In this way we determined the identity to give <em>Kyʹri·os</em> and <em>The·osʹ</em> and the personality with which to clothe them.” Explaining further, the Committee said: “To avoid overstepping the bounds of a translator into the field of exegesis, we have been most cautious about rendering the divine name in the Christian Greek Scriptures, always carefully considering the Hebrew Scriptures as a background. We have looked for agreement from the Hebrew versions to confirm our rendering.” Such agreement from Hebrew versions exists in all the 237 places that the New World Bible Translation Committee has rendered the divine name in the body of its translation.—<em>NW</em> appendix, pp. 1564-1566.</p> <p id="p16" data-pid="16" class="sb"><strong>The Hebrew “Adhohn” and “Adhonai.”</strong> The Hebrew word <em>ʼa·dhohnʹ</em> occurs 334 times in the Hebrew Scriptures. It carries the thought of ownership or headship and is used of God and of men. The plural form <em>ʼadho·nimʹ</em> sometimes denotes the simple numerical plural and is then translated “lords” or “masters.” (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/41/0" data-bid="42-1" class="b">Ps 136:3;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/41/1" data-bid="42-2" class="b"> Isa 26:13</a>) At other places the plural form denotes excellence, or majesty, whether of God or of man (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/42/0" data-bid="43-1" class="b">Ps 8:1;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/42/1" data-bid="43-2" class="b"> Ge 39:2</a>), and in such cases any appositional pronouns or modifying adjectives are in the singular number. (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/43/0" data-bid="44-1" class="b">Ps 45:11;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/43/1" data-bid="44-2" class="b"> 147:5</a>) In some places, two plurals are used side by side to distinguish Jehovah by the plural of excellence from the numerous other lords.—<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/44/0" data-bid="45-1" class="b">De 10:17;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/44/1" data-bid="45-2" class="b"> Ps 136:3</a>; compare <a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/45/0" data-bid="46-1" class="b">1Co 8:5, 6</a>.</p> <p id="p17" data-pid="17" class="sb">The titles <em>ʼA·dhohnʹ</em> and <em>ʼAdho·nimʹ</em> are applied to Jehovah 25 times in the Scriptures. In nine places in the Masoretic text, <em>ʼA·dhohnʹ</em> has the definite article <em>ha</em> before it, so limiting application of the title to Jehovah. (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/46/0" data-bid="47-1" class="b">Ex 23:17;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/46/1" data-bid="47-2" class="b"> 34:23;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/46/2" data-bid="47-3" class="b"> Isa 1:24;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/46/3" data-bid="47-4" class="b"> 3:1;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/46/4" data-bid="47-5" class="b"> 10:16,</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/46/5" data-bid="47-6" class="b"> 33;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/46/6" data-bid="47-7" class="b"> 19:4;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/46/7" data-bid="47-8" class="b"> Mic 4:13;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/46/8" data-bid="47-9" class="b"> Mal 3:1</a>) At all six places where <em>ʼA·dhohnʹ</em> without the definite article refers to Jehovah, it describes him as Lord (Owner) of the earth and so is not ambiguous. (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/47/0" data-bid="48-1" class="b">Jos 3:11,</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/47/1" data-bid="48-2" class="b"> 13;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/47/2" data-bid="48-3" class="b"> Ps 97:5;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/47/3" data-bid="48-4" class="b"> 114:7;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/47/4" data-bid="48-5" class="b"> Zec 4:14;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/47/5" data-bid="48-6" class="b"> 6:5</a>) At the ten places where <em>ʼAdho·nimʹ</em> is used of Jehovah, the immediate context makes certain his identity.—<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/48/0" data-bid="49-1" class="b">De 10:17;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/48/1" data-bid="49-2" class="b"> Ne 8:10;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/48/2" data-bid="49-3" class="b"> 10:29;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/48/3" data-bid="49-4" class="b"> Ps 8:1,</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/48/4" data-bid="49-5" class="b"> 9;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/48/5" data-bid="49-6" class="b"> 135:5;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/48/6" data-bid="49-7" class="b"> 136:3;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/48/7" data-bid="49-8" class="b"> 147:5;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/48/8" data-bid="49-9" class="b"> Isa 51:22;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/48/9" data-bid="49-10" class="b"> Ho 12:14</a>.</p> <p id="p18" data-pid="18" class="sb">The ending <em>ai</em> added to the Hebrew word <em>ʼa·dhohnʹ</em> is a different form of the plural of excellence. When <em>ʼAdho·naiʹ</em> appears without an additional suffix in Hebrew, it is used exclusively of Jehovah and indicates that he is the Sovereign Lord. According to <em>The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia</em> (1986, Vol. 3, p. 157), “the form highlights the power and sovereignty of Yahweh as ‘Lord.’” Its use by men in addressing him suggests submissive acknowledgment of that great fact.—<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/49/0" data-bid="50-1" class="b">Ge 15:2,</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/49/1" data-bid="50-2" class="b"> 8;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/49/2" data-bid="50-3" class="b"> De 3:24;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/49/3" data-bid="50-4" class="b"> Jos 7:7</a>.</p> <p id="p19" data-pid="19" class="sb">Evidently by early in the Common Era the divine name, <em>YHWH,</em> had come to be regarded by the Jewish rabbis as too sacred to be pronounced. Instead, they substituted <em>ʼAdho·naiʹ</em> (sometimes <em>ʼElo·himʹ</em>) when reading the Scriptures aloud. The Sopherim, or scribes, went even further by replacing the divine name in the written text with <em>ʼAdho·naiʹ</em> 134 times (133 in <em>Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia</em>). From about the fifth to the ninth centuries of our Common Era, the Masoretes copied the text with great care. They noted in the Masora (their notes on the text) where the Sopherim had made such changes. Hence, these 134 changes are known. (For a list see <em>NW</em> appendix, p. 1562.) Taking this into account, there remain 306 places where <em>ʼAdho·naiʹ</em> did originally appear in the text.</p> <p id="p20" data-pid="20" class="sb">The title <em>ʼAdho·naiʹ</em> is used mostly by the prophets, and much more frequently by Ezekiel than by any other. Nearly every time, he combines it with the divine name to form <em>ʼAdho·naiʹ Yehwihʹ,</em> “Sovereign Lord Jehovah.” Another combination title, appearing 16 times, is <em>ʼAdho·naiʹ Yehwihʹ tseva·ʼohthʹ,</em> “Sovereign Lord, Jehovah of armies,” and all but two of its occurrences (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/50/0" data-bid="51-1" class="b">Ps 69:6;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1200002771/50/1" data-bid="51-2" class="b"> Am 9:5</a>) are in Isaiah and Jeremiah. The title is used to reveal Jehovah as the one with the power and determination not only to avenge his oppressed people but also to punish them for their unfaithfulness.</p> <p id="p21" data-pid="21" class="sb"></p> <!-- Root element of lightbox --> <div class="pswp" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="pswp__bg"></div> <div class="pswp__scroll-wrap"> <!-- Container that holds slides. --> <div class="pswp__container"> <div class="pswp__item"></div> <div class="pswp__item"></div> <div class="pswp__item"></div> </div> <div class="pswp__ui pswp__ui--hidden"> <div class="pswp__top-bar"> <div class="pswp__counter"></div> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--close" title="Close (Esc)"></button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--fs" title="Toggle fullscreen"></button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--zoom" title="Zoom in/out"></button> <div class="pswp__preloader"> <div class="pswp__preloader__icn"> <div class="pswp__preloader__cut"> <div class="pswp__preloader__donut"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="pswp__share-modal pswp__share-modal--hidden pswp__single-tap"> <div class="pswp__share-tooltip"></div> </div> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--arrow--left" title="Previous (arrow left)"> </button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--arrow--right" title="Next (arrow right)"> </button> <div class="pswp__caption"> <div class="pswp__caption__center"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="questionContainer"> <ul></ul> </div> <div id="galleryModalContainer" class="underlay full fadeOut"> <div id="galleryModal"> <div class="header"> <div class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div> <div class="galleryHeaderButtons"> <div class="galleryPlayCaption"> <div class="galleryBtn playPauseBtn hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div> </div> <div class="galleryBtn galleryClose"> <div class="closeBtn"><span class="icon"></span></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="contents"> <div class="gallery"> <div class="galleryWrapper"> <div class="navWrapper"> <div class="itemContainer"></div> </div> <div class="carouselContainer noTooltips"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <input type="hidden" id="bibleDocumentNavigationChapterManyVerseFormat" value="{BibleBookName} {BibleChapter}:{StartingBibleVerse}-{EndingBibleVerse}"/> <input type="hidden" id="bibleDocumentNavigationChapterVerseFormat" value="{BibleBookName} {BibleChapter}:{BibleVerse}"/> <input type="hidden" id="bibleDocumentNavigationChapterVerseRangeFormat" value="{BibleBookName} {StartingBibleChapter}:{StartingBibleVerse}-{EndingBibleChapter}:{EndingBibleVerse}"/> <input type="hidden" id="bibleDocumentNavigationSingleChapterManyVerseFormat" value="{BibleBookName} {StartingBibleVerse}-{EndingBibleVerse}"/> <input type="hidden" id="bibleDocumentNavigationSingleChapterSingleVerseFormat" value="{BibleBookName} {BibleVerse}"/> <input type="hidden" id="documentNavigationMultiplePagesPositionFormat" value="Insight on the Scriptures, Volume 2 p. {StartingPageNumber}-{EndingPageNumber}"/> <input type="hidden" id="documentNavigationSinglePagePositionFormat" value="Insight on the Scriptures, Volume 2 p. {PageNumber}"/> <input type="hidden" id="documentDescription" value="Insight on the Scriptures, Volume 2"/> <input type="hidden" id="englishSym" value="it-2"/> <input type="hidden" id="pubMediaServer" value="https://b.jw-cdn.org/apis/pub-media/GETPUBMEDIALINKS"/> <input type="hidden" id="audioPubSym" value="it-2"/> <input type="hidden" id="chapNo" value="-1"/> <input type="hidden" id="issue" value=""/> <input type="hidden" id="docId" value="1200002771"/> <input type="hidden" id="documentInBible" value=""/> <input type="hidden" id="hasRuby" value="false" /> <input type="hidden" id="isRuby" value="false" /> <input type="hidden" id="shareBaseUrl" value="https://www.jw.org/finder?wtlocale=E&docid=1200002771&srctype=wol&srcid=share"/> <input type="hidden" id="shareType" value="document"/> <input type="hidden" id="contentTitle" value="Lord"/> <input type="hidden" id="parentTitle" value="Insight on the Scriptures, Volume 2"/> <input type="hidden" id="contentThumbnail" value="/img/document@3x.png"/> </article> </div></div> </div> <div id="regionFooter" class="chrome showRuby ml-E ms-ROMAN dir-ltr" lang="en" data-lang="E" dir="ltr"> <input id="returnToLibrary" type="hidden" value="Return to {LibraryName}" /> <div id="userStatus" class="hidden" data-library-color=""> <div class="ellipsized currentLibrary"> <a class="chrome librarySelectionLink spriteLink" data-lang="E" href="/en/wol/li/r1/lp-e"> <span class="icon"></span> <span class="label ellipsized showRuby ml-E ms-ROMAN dir-ltr" lang="en" data-lang="E" dir="ltr">English Publications (1950-2025)</span> </a> <div id="cookieLibrary"> </div> </div> <div class="currentUser ellipsized"> <a id="userStatusLabel" class="statusLabel" href="#"> <span class="userName ellipsized"></span> </a> <div id="userControls" class="userControls hidden"> <span id="headerLogout" class="hidden"> <a class="statusItem userLogoutLink" href="#">Log Out</a> </span> </div> </div> <div id="headerLogin" class="hidden"> <a class="statusButton userLoginLink" href="#">Log In</a> </div> </div> <div id="contentFooterNavigation" role="navigation" class=" showRuby ml-E ms-ROMAN dir-ltr" lang="en" data-lang="E" dir="ltr"> <ul class="contentFooterIcons" role="menubar" class="chrome"> <li id="libraryTitle" class="chrome" role="menuitem" lang="en" data-lang="E" dir="ltr"> <a class="spriteLink" data-lang="E" href="/en/wol/li/r1/lp-e"> <span class="icon"></span> <span class="label">English</span> </a> </li> <li id="contentFooterShare" role="menuitem" aria-label="share"> <a id="shareButtonFooter" class="shareButtonFooterIcon spriteLink hidden" href="#"> <span class="icon"></span> <span class="label">Share</span> </a> </li> <li id="contentFooterPreferences" role="menuitem" aria-label="preferences"> <a class="spriteLink" href="/en/wol/pref/r1/lp-e?url=%2Fen%2Fwol%2Fd%2Fr1%2Flp-e%2F1200002771" rel="nofollow"> <span class="icon"></span> <span class="label">Preferences</span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div id="contentFooterLegal" class=" showRuby ml-E ms-ROMAN dir-ltr" lang="en" data-lang="E" dir="ltr"> <ul class="contentFooterList" role="menubar"> <li class="showRuby ml-E ms-ROMAN dir-ltr" lang="en" data-lang="E" dir="ltr"> <a href="https://www.jw.org/finder?prefer=content&wtlocale=E&docid=1011511" target="_blank">Copyright</a> © 2024 Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania </li> <li> <a href="https://www.jw.org/finder?prefer=content&wtlocale=E&docid=1011511" target="_blank">Terms of Use</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.jw.org/finder?prefer=content&wtlocale=E&docid=1011512" target="_blank">Privacy Policy</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.jw.org/finder?prefer=content&wtlocale=E&docid=1011512" id="privacySettingsButton" class="hidden" target="_blank">Privacy Settings</a> </li> <li id="jworg" role="menuitem" aria-label="jw.org"> <a id="jworgLogo" class="spriteLink" target="_blank" href="https://www.jw.org/finder?wtlocale=E&docid=1011200"> <span class="icon"></span> <span class="label">JW.ORG</span> </a> </li> <li id="footerLogin" class="clickable hidden"> <a class="statusButton userLoginLink" href="#">Log In</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="dialogContainer" class=" showRuby ml-E ms-ROMAN dir-ltr" lang="en" data-lang="E" dir="ltr"></div> <div id="modalUnderlayContainer" class="underlay" tabindex="-1"></div> <div id="underlayContainer" class="underlay" touch-action="none"></div> <!-- share dialog --> <input type="hidden" id="mobileNativeShare" value=""/> <div class="jwac showRuby ml-E ms-ROMAN dir-ltr" lang="en" data-lang="E" dir="ltr"> <div id="shareForm" class="hidden"> <div> <div class="header chrome"> Share <div class="closeBtn" aria-label="close" onclick="app.modal.removeModals();"> <span class="icon"></span> </div> </div> <form class="content"> <div class="shareFormWrapper"> <div> <img class="sharePublicationImage" /> </div> <div class="shareInfoContainer"> <div class="jwac showRuby ml-E ms-ROMAN dir-ltr" lang="en" data-lang="E" dir="ltr"> <div class="shareContentParentTitle"></div> <div class="shareContentTitle"></div> </div> <input id="shareLink" class="shareLink" type="text" readonly dir="ltr" /> <button type="button" class="grayButton small shareCopyButton" aria-label="copy" onClick="app.utilities.copyToClipboard(document.getElementById('shareLink').value)"> <span class="icon"></span> </button> <div class="shareButtonContainer"> <button type="button" class="grayButton shareMailButton" onClick="app.share.sendEmail();"> <span class="icon"></span> Share Via Email </button> </div> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> <!-- end share dialog --> </div> <input type="hidden" id="newMeetingsPage" value="yes"/> <script src="https://b.jw-cdn.org/code/media-player/v3.0.0/js/media-player.min.js"></script> <script src="/assets/js/+1+d47041617fdb857d64eb29a3250d908664adf0ef.js"></script> <script src="/assets/js/+2+78d2ab9b80a87e1396c3a1b7455ec10cece44b68.js"></script> </body> </html>