Vaccines | An Open Access Journal from MDPI

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" xmlns:og="http://ogp.me/ns#" xmlns:fb="https://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1"> <meta content="mdpi" name="sso-service" /> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" name="viewport" /> <title>Vaccines | An Open Access Journal from MDPI</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/font-awesome.min.css?eb190a3a77e5e1ee?1732286508"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/jquery.multiselect.css?f56c135cbf4d1483?1732286508"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/chosen.min.css?d7ca5ca9441ef9e1?1732286508"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/main2.css?69b39374e6b554b7?1732286508"> <link rel="mask-icon" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/mask-icon-128.svg?c1c7eca266cd7013?1732286508" color="#4f5671"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-180x180.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png?1732286508"> <link rel="manifest" href="/manifest.json"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <meta name="application-name" content=" "/> <link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/vaccines-logo-sq.png?8600e93ff98dbf14"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/vaccines-logo-sq.png?8600e93ff98dbf14"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/vaccines-logo-sq.png?8600e93ff98dbf14"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/vaccines-logo-sq.png?8600e93ff98dbf14"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="96x96" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/vaccines-logo-sq.png?8600e93ff98dbf14"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/vaccines-logo-sq.png?8600e93ff98dbf14"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="192x192" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/vaccines-logo-sq.png?8600e93ff98dbf14"> <meta name="title" content="Vaccines"> <meta name="description" content="Vaccines, an international, peer-reviewed Open Access journal." /> <link rel="image_src" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/vaccines-logo.png?8600e93ff98dbf14" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Vaccines" /> <meta property="og:type" content="website" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/vaccines" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Vaccines, an international, peer-reviewed Open Access journal." /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/vaccines-logo-social.png?8600e93ff98dbf14" /> <style> h2, #abstract .related_suggestion_title { } .batch_articles a { color: #000; } a, .batch_articles .authors a, a:focus, a:hover, a:active, .batch_articles a:focus, .batch_articles a:hover, li.side-menu-li a { } span.label a { color: #fff; } #main-content a.title-link:hover, #main-content a.title-link:focus, #main-content div.generic-item a.title-link:hover, #main-content div.generic-item a.title-link:focus { } #main-content #middle-column .generic-item.article-item a.title-link:hover, #main-content #middle-column .generic-item.article-item a.title-link:focus { } .art-authors a.toEncode { color: #333; font-weight: 700; } #main-content #middle-column ul li::before { } .accordion-navigation.active a.accordion__title, .accordion-navigation.active a.accordion__title::after { } .accordion-navigation li:hover::before, .accordion-navigation li:hover a, .accordion-navigation li:focus a { } .relative-size-container .relative-size-image .relative-size { } .middle-column__help__fixed a:hover i, } input[type="checkbox"]:checked:after { } input[type="checkbox"]:not(:disabled):hover:before { } #main-content .bolded-text { } #main-content .hypothesis-count-container { } #main-content .hypothesis-count-container:before { } .full-size-menu ul li.menu-item .dropdown-wrapper { } .full-size-menu ul li.menu-item > a.open::after { } #title-story .title-story-orbit .orbit-caption { #background: url('/img/design/000000_background.png') !important; background: url('/img/design/ffffff_background.png') !important; color: rgb(51, 51, 51) !important; } #main-content .content__container__orbit { background-color: #000 !important; } #main-content .content__container__journal { color: #fff; } .html-article-menu .row span { } .html-article-menu .row span.active { } .accordion-navigation__journal .side-menu-li.active::before, .accordion-navigation__journal .side-menu-li.active a { color: rgba(184,65,38,0.75) !important; font-weight: 700; } .accordion-navigation__journal .side-menu-li:hover::before , .accordion-navigation__journal .side-menu-li:hover a { color: rgba(184,65,38,0.75) !important; } .side-menu-ul li.active a, .side-menu-ul li.active, .side-menu-ul li.active::before { color: rgba(184,65,38,0.75) !important; } .side-menu-ul li.active a { } .result-selected, .active-result.highlighted, .active-result:hover, .result-selected, .active-result.highlighted, .active-result:focus { } .search-container.search-container__default-scheme { } nav.tab-bar .open-small-search.active:after { } .search-container.search-container__default-scheme .custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link::after { color: #fff; } @media only screen and (max-width: 50em) { #main-content .content__container.journal-info { color: #fff; } #main-content .content__container.journal-info a { color: #fff; } } .button.button--color { } .button.button--color:hover, .button.button--color:focus { } .button.button--color-journal { position: relative; background-color: rgba(184,65,38,0.75); border-color: #fff; color: #fff !important; } .button.button--color-journal:hover::before { content: ''; position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; height: 100%; width: 100%; background-color: #ffffff; opacity: 0.2; } .button.button--color-journal:visited, .button.button--color-journal:hover, .button.button--color-journal:focus { background-color: rgba(184,65,38,0.75); border-color: #fff; color: #fff !important; } .button.button--color path { } .button.button--color:hover path { fill: #fff; } #main-content #search-refinements .ui-slider-horizontal .ui-slider-range { } .breadcrumb__element:last-of-type a { } #main-header { } #full-size-menu .top-bar, #full-size-menu li.menu-item span.user-email { } .top-bar-section li:not(.has-form) a:not(.button) { } #full-size-menu li.menu-item .dropdown-wrapper li a:hover { } #full-size-menu li.menu-item a:hover, #full-size-menu li.menu.item a:focus, nav.tab-bar a:hover { } #full-size-menu li.menu.item a:active, #full-size-menu li.menu.item a.active { } #full-size-menu li.menu-item a.open-mega-menu.active, #full-size-menu li.menu-item div.mega-menu, a.open-mega-menu.active { } #full-size-menu li.menu-item div.mega-menu li, #full-size-menu li.menu-item div.mega-menu a { border-color: #9a9a9a; } div.type-section h2 { font-size: 20px; line-height: 26px; font-weight: 300; } div.type-section h3 { margin-left: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; font-weight: 300; } .journal-tabs .tab-title.active a { } </style> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="MDPI Publishing - Latest articles" href="https://www.mdpi.com/rss"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="MDPI Publishing - Vaccines - Latest Articles" href="/rss/journal/vaccines"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="PxTlsg7z2S00aHroktQd57fxygEjMiNHydKn3txhvwY"> <meta name="facebook-domain-verification" content="mcoq8dtq6sb2hf7z29j8w515jjoof7" /> <script id="Cookiebot" data-cfasync="false" src="https://consent.cookiebot.com/uc.js" data-cbid="51491ddd-fe7a-4425-ab39-69c78c55829f" type="text/javascript" async></script>  <script type="text/plain" data-cookieconsent="statistics"> (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-WPK7SW5'); </script> <script type="text/plain" data-cookieconsent="statistics"> _linkedin_partner_id = "2846186"; window._linkedin_data_partner_ids = window._linkedin_data_partner_ids || []; window._linkedin_data_partner_ids.push(_linkedin_partner_id); </script><script type="text/javascript"> (function(){var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; var b = document.createElement("script"); b.type = "text/javascript";b.async = true; b.src = "https://snap.licdn.com/li.lms-analytics/insight.min.js"; s.parentNode.insertBefore(b, s);})(); </script> <script type="text/plain" data-cookieconsent="statistics" data-cfasync="false" src="//script.crazyegg.com/pages/scripts/0116/4951.js" async="async" ></script> </head> <body> <div id="menuModal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new reveal-modal-menu" aria-hidden="true" data-reveal role="dialog"> <div class="menu-container"> <div class="UI_NavMenu"> <div class="content__container " > <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link " > <h2>Journals</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="menu-container__links"> <div style="width: 100%; float: left;"> <a href="/about/journals">Active Journals</a> <a href="/about/journalfinder">Find a Journal</a> <a href="/about/journals/proposal">Journal Proposal</a> <a href="/about/proceedings">Proceedings Series</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <a href="/topics"> <h2>Topics</h2> </a> <div class="content__container " > <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link " > <h2>Information</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="menu-container__links"> <div style="width: 100%; max-width: 200px; float: left;"> <a href="/authors">For Authors</a> <a href="/reviewers">For Reviewers</a> <a href="/editors">For Editors</a> <a href="/librarians">For Librarians</a> <a href="/publishing_services">For Publishers</a> <a href="/societies">For Societies</a> <a href="/conference_organizers">For Conference Organizers</a> </div> <div style="width: 100%; max-width: 250px; float: left;"> <a href="/openaccess">Open Access Policy</a> <a href="/ioap">Institutional Open Access Program</a> <a href="/special_issues_guidelines">Special Issues Guidelines</a> <a href="/editorial_process">Editorial Process</a> <a href="/ethics">Research and Publication Ethics</a> <a href="/apc">Article Processing Charges</a> <a href="/awards">Awards</a> <a href="/testimonials">Testimonials</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <a href="/authors/english"> <h2>Editing Services</h2> </a> <div class="content__container " > <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link " > <h2>Initiatives</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="menu-container__links"> <div style="width: 100%; float: left;"> <a href="https://sciforum.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Sciforum</a> <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/books" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">MDPI Books</a> <a href="https://www.preprints.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Preprints.org</a> <a href="https://www.scilit.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Scilit</a> <a href="https://sciprofiles.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">SciProfiles</a> <a href="https://encyclopedia.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Encyclopedia</a> <a href="https://jams.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">JAMS</a> <a href="/about/proceedings">Proceedings Series</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="content__container " > <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link " > <h2>About</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="menu-container__links"> <div style="width: 100%; float: left;"> <a href="/about">Overview</a> <a href="/about/contact">Contact</a> <a href="https://careers.mdpi.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Careers</a> <a href="/about/announcements">News</a> <a href="/about/press">Press</a> <a href="http://blog.mdpi.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Blog</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="menu-container__buttons"> <a class="button UA_SignInUpButton" href="/user/login">Sign In / Sign Up</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id="captchaModal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new reveal-modal-new--small" data-reveal aria-label="Captcha" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"></div> <div id="actionDisabledModal" class="reveal-modal" data-reveal aria-labelledby="actionDisableModalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog" style="width: 300px;"> <h2 id="actionDisableModalTitle">Notice</h2> <form action="/email/captcha" method="post" id="emailCaptchaForm"> <div class="row"> <div id="js-action-disabled-modal-text" class="small-12 columns"> </div> <div id="js-action-disabled-modal-submit" class="small-12 columns" style="margin-top: 10px; display: none;"> You can make submissions to other journals <a href="https://susy.mdpi.com/user/manuscripts/upload">here</a>. </div> </div> </form> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> <div id="rssNotificationModal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="rssNotificationModalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2 id="rssNotificationModalTitle">Notice</h2> <p> You are accessing a machine-readable page. In order to be human-readable, please install an RSS reader. </p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <a class="button button--color js-rss-notification-confirm">Continue</a> <a class="button button--grey" onclick="$(this).closest('.reveal-modal').find('.close-reveal-modal').click(); return false;">Cancel</a> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> <div id="drop-article-label-openaccess" class="f-dropdown medium" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <p> All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. For articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. For more information, please refer to <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess">https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess</a>. </p> </div> <div id="drop-article-label-feature" class="f-dropdown medium" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <p> Feature papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. A Feature Paper should be a substantial original Article that involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for future research directions and describes possible research applications. </p> <p> Feature papers are submitted upon individual invitation or recommendation by the scientific editors and must receive positive feedback from the reviewers. </p> </div> <div id="drop-article-label-choice" class="f-dropdown medium" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <p> Editor’s Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly interesting to readers, or important in the respective research area. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal. <div style="margin-top: -10px;"> <div id="drop-article-label-choice-journal-link" style="display: none; margin-top: -10px; padding-top: 10px;"> </div> </div> </p> </div> <div id="drop-article-label-resubmission" class="f-dropdown medium" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <p> Original Submission Date Received: <span id="drop-article-label-resubmission-date"></span>. </p> </div> <div id="container"> <noscript> <div id="no-javascript"> You seem to have javascript disabled. Please note that many of the page functionalities won't work as expected without javascript enabled. </div> </noscript> <div class="fixed"> <nav class="tab-bar show-for-medium-down"> <div class="row full-width collapse"> <div class="medium-3 small-4 columns"> <a href="/"> <img class="full-size-menu__mdpi-logo" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/mdpi-pub-logo-black-small1.svg?da3a8dcae975a41c?1732286508" style="width: 64px;" title="MDPI Open Access Journals"> </a> </div> <div class="medium-3 small-4 columns right-aligned"> <div class="show-for-medium-down"> <a href="#" style="display: none;"> <i class="material-icons" onclick="$('#menuModal').foundation('reveal', 'close'); return false;">clear</i> </a> <a class="js-toggle-desktop-layout-link" title="Toggle desktop layout" style="display: none;" href="/toggle_desktop_layout_cookie"> <i class="material-icons">zoom_out_map</i> </a> <a href="#" class="js-open-small-search open-small-search"> <i class="material-icons show-for-small only">search</i> </a> <a title="MDPI main page" class="js-open-menu" data-reveal-id="menuModal" href="#"> <i class="material-icons">menu</i> </a> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <section class="main-section"> <header> <div class="full-size-menu show-for-large-up"> <div class="row full-width"> <div class="large-1 columns"> <a href="/"> <img class="full-size-menu__mdpi-logo" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/mdpi-pub-logo-black-small1.svg?da3a8dcae975a41c?1732286508" title="MDPI Open Access Journals"> </a> </div> <div class="large-8 columns text-right UI_NavMenu"> <ul> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/about/journals" data-dropdown="journals-dropdown" aria-controls="journals-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" data-options="is_hover: true; hover_timeout: 200">Journals</a> <ul id="journals-dropdown" class="f-dropdown dropdown-wrapper dropdown-wrapper__small" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <li> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <ul> <li> <a href="/about/journals"> Active Journals </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/journalfinder"> Find a Journal </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/journals/proposal"> Journal Proposal </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/proceedings"> Proceedings Series </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/topics">Topics</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/authors" data-dropdown="information-dropdown" aria-controls="information-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" data-options="is_hover:true; hover_timeout:200">Information</a> <ul id="information-dropdown" class="f-dropdown dropdown-wrapper" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <li> <div class="row"> <div class="small-5 columns right-border"> <ul> <li> <a href="/authors">For Authors</a> </li> <li> <a href="/reviewers">For Reviewers</a> </li> <li> <a href="/editors">For Editors</a> </li> <li> <a href="/librarians">For Librarians</a> </li> <li> <a href="/publishing_services">For Publishers</a> </li> <li> <a href="/societies">For Societies</a> </li> <li> <a href="/conference_organizers">For Conference Organizers</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="small-7 columns"> <ul> <li> <a href="/openaccess">Open Access Policy</a> </li> <li> <a href="/ioap">Institutional Open Access Program</a> </li> <li> <a href="/special_issues_guidelines">Special Issues Guidelines</a> </li> <li> <a href="/editorial_process">Editorial Process</a> </li> <li> <a href="/ethics">Research and Publication Ethics</a> </li> <li> <a href="/apc">Article Processing Charges</a> </li> <li> <a href="/awards">Awards</a> </li> <li> <a href="/testimonials">Testimonials</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/authors/english">Editing Services</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/about/initiatives" data-dropdown="initiatives-dropdown" aria-controls="initiatives-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" data-options="is_hover: true; hover_timeout: 200">Initiatives</a> <ul id="initiatives-dropdown" class="f-dropdown dropdown-wrapper dropdown-wrapper__small" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <li> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <ul> <li> <a href="https://sciforum.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Sciforum </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/books" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> MDPI Books </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.preprints.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Preprints.org </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.scilit.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Scilit </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://sciprofiles.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> SciProfiles </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://encyclopedia.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Encyclopedia </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://jams.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> JAMS </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/proceedings"> Proceedings Series </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/about" data-dropdown="about-dropdown" aria-controls="about-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" data-options="is_hover: true; hover_timeout: 200">About</a> <ul id="about-dropdown" class="f-dropdown dropdown-wrapper dropdown-wrapper__small" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <li> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <ul> <li> <a href="/about"> Overview </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/contact"> Contact </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://careers.mdpi.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Careers </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/announcements"> News </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/press"> Press </a> </li> <li> <a href="http://blog.mdpi.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Blog </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="large-3 columns text-right full-size-menu__buttons"> <div> <a class="button button--default-inversed UA_SignInUpButton" href="/user/login">Sign In / Sign Up</a> <a class="button button--default js-journal-active-only-link js-journal-active-only-submit-link UC_NavSubmitButton" href=" https://susy.mdpi.com/user/manuscripts/upload?journal=vaccines " data-disabledmessage="new submissions are not possible.">Submit</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="header-divider"> </div> <div class="search-container hide-for-small-down row search-container__homepage-scheme"> <form id="basic_search" style="background-color: inherit !important;" class="large-12 medium-12 columns " action="/search" method="get"> <div class="row search-container__main-elements"> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-12 columns text-right1 small-only-text-left"> <div class="show-for-medium-up"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> </div> <span class="search-container__title">Search<span class="hide-for-medium"> for Articles</span><span class="hide-for-small">:</span></span> </div> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content"> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Title / Keyword</div> </div> <input type="text" placeholder="Title / Keyword" id="q" tabindex="1" name="q" value="" /> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Author / Affiliation / Email</div> </div> <input type="text" id="authors" placeholder="Author / Affiliation / Email" tabindex="2" name="authors" value="" /> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Journal</div> </div> <select id="journal" tabindex="3" name="journal" class="chosen-select"> <option value="">All Journals</option> <option value="acoustics" > Acoustics </option> <option value="amh" > Acta Microbiologica Hellenica (AMH) </option> <option value="actuators" > Actuators </option> <option value="admsci" > Administrative Sciences </option> <option value="adolescents" > Adolescents </option> <option value="arm" > Advances in Respiratory Medicine (ARM) </option> <option value="aerobiology" > Aerobiology </option> <option value="aerospace" > Aerospace </option> <option value="agriculture" > Agriculture </option> <option value="agriengineering" > AgriEngineering </option> <option value="agrochemicals" > Agrochemicals </option> <option value="agronomy" > Agronomy </option> <option value="ai" > AI </option> <option value="air" > Air </option> <option value="algorithms" > Algorithms </option> <option value="allergies" > Allergies </option> <option value="alloys" > Alloys </option> <option value="analytica" > Analytica </option> <option value="analytics" > Analytics </option> <option value="anatomia" > Anatomia </option> <option value="anesthres" > Anesthesia Research </option> <option value="animals" > Animals </option> <option value="antibiotics" > Antibiotics </option> <option value="antibodies" > Antibodies </option> <option value="antioxidants" > Antioxidants </option> <option value="applbiosci" > Applied Biosciences </option> <option value="applmech" > Applied Mechanics </option> <option value="applmicrobiol" > Applied Microbiology </option> <option value="applnano" > Applied Nano </option> <option value="applsci" > Applied Sciences </option> <option value="asi" > Applied System Innovation (ASI) </option> <option value="appliedchem" > AppliedChem </option> <option value="appliedmath" > AppliedMath </option> <option value="aquacj" > Aquaculture Journal </option> <option value="architecture" > Architecture </option> <option value="arthropoda" > Arthropoda </option> <option value="arts" > Arts </option> <option value="astronomy" > Astronomy </option> <option value="atmosphere" > Atmosphere </option> <option value="atoms" > Atoms </option> <option value="audiolres" > Audiology Research </option> <option value="automation" > Automation </option> <option value="axioms" > Axioms </option> <option value="bacteria" > Bacteria </option> <option value="batteries" > Batteries </option> <option value="behavsci" > Behavioral Sciences </option> <option value="beverages" > Beverages </option> <option value="BDCC" > Big Data and Cognitive Computing (BDCC) </option> <option value="biochem" > BioChem </option> <option value="bioengineering" > Bioengineering </option> <option value="biologics" > Biologics </option> <option value="biology" > Biology </option> <option value="blsf" > Biology and Life Sciences Forum </option> <option value="biomass" > Biomass </option> <option value="biomechanics" > Biomechanics </option> <option value="biomed" > BioMed </option> <option value="biomedicines" > Biomedicines </option> <option value="biomedinformatics" > BioMedInformatics </option> <option value="biomimetics" > Biomimetics </option> <option value="biomolecules" > Biomolecules </option> <option value="biophysica" > Biophysica </option> <option value="biosensors" > Biosensors </option> <option value="biotech" > BioTech </option> <option value="birds" > Birds </option> <option value="blockchains" > Blockchains </option> <option value="brainsci" > Brain Sciences </option> <option value="buildings" > Buildings </option> <option value="businesses" > Businesses </option> <option value="carbon" > C </option> <option value="cancers" > Cancers </option> <option value="cardiogenetics" > Cardiogenetics </option> <option value="catalysts" > Catalysts </option> <option value="cells" > Cells </option> <option value="ceramics" > Ceramics </option> <option value="challenges" > Challenges </option> <option value="ChemEngineering" > ChemEngineering </option> <option value="chemistry" > Chemistry </option> <option value="chemproc" > Chemistry Proceedings </option> <option value="chemosensors" > Chemosensors </option> <option value="children" > Children </option> <option value="chips" > Chips </option> <option value="civileng" > CivilEng </option> <option value="cleantechnol" > Clean Technologies (Clean Technol.) </option> <option value="climate" > Climate </option> <option value="ctn" > Clinical and Translational Neuroscience (CTN) </option> <option value="clinbioenerg" > Clinical Bioenergetics </option> <option value="clinpract" > Clinics and Practice </option> <option value="clockssleep" > Clocks & Sleep </option> <option value="coasts" > Coasts </option> <option value="coatings" > Coatings </option> <option value="colloids" > Colloids and Interfaces </option> <option value="colorants" > Colorants </option> <option value="commodities" > Commodities </option> <option value="complications" > Complications </option> <option value="compounds" > Compounds </option> <option value="computation" > Computation </option> <option value="csmf" > Computer Sciences & Mathematics Forum </option> <option value="computers" > Computers </option> <option value="condensedmatter" > Condensed Matter </option> <option value="conservation" > Conservation </option> <option value="constrmater" > Construction Materials </option> <option value="cmd" > Corrosion and Materials Degradation (CMD) </option> <option value="cosmetics" > Cosmetics </option> <option value="covid" > COVID </option> <option value="crops" > Crops </option> <option value="cryo" > Cryo </option> <option value="cryptography" > Cryptography </option> <option value="crystals" > Crystals </option> <option value="cimb" > Current Issues in Molecular Biology (CIMB) </option> <option value="curroncol" > Current Oncology </option> <option value="dairy" > Dairy </option> <option value="data" > Data </option> <option value="dentistry" > Dentistry Journal </option> <option value="dermato" > Dermato </option> <option value="dermatopathology" > Dermatopathology </option> <option value="designs" > Designs </option> <option value="diabetology" > Diabetology </option> <option value="diagnostics" > Diagnostics </option> <option value="dietetics" > Dietetics </option> <option value="digital" > Digital </option> <option value="disabilities" > Disabilities </option> <option value="diseases" > Diseases </option> <option value="diversity" > Diversity </option> <option value="dna" > DNA </option> <option value="drones" > Drones </option> <option value="ddc" > Drugs and Drug Candidates (DDC) </option> <option value="dynamics" > Dynamics </option> <option value="earth" > Earth </option> <option value="ecologies" > Ecologies </option> <option value="econometrics" > Econometrics </option> <option value="economies" > Economies </option> <option value="education" > Education Sciences </option> <option value="electricity" > Electricity </option> <option value="electrochem" > Electrochem </option> <option value="electronicmat" > Electronic Materials </option> <option value="electronics" > Electronics </option> <option value="ecm" > Emergency Care and Medicine </option> <option value="encyclopedia" > Encyclopedia </option> <option value="endocrines" > Endocrines </option> <option value="energies" > Energies </option> <option value="esa" > Energy Storage and Applications (ESA) </option> <option value="eng" > Eng </option> <option value="engproc" > Engineering Proceedings </option> <option value="entropy" > Entropy </option> <option value="environsciproc" > Environmental Sciences Proceedings </option> <option value="environments" > Environments </option> <option value="epidemiologia" > Epidemiologia </option> <option value="epigenomes" > Epigenomes </option> <option value="ebj" > European Burn Journal (EBJ) </option> <option value="ejihpe" > European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education (EJIHPE) </option> <option value="fermentation" > Fermentation </option> <option value="fibers" > Fibers </option> <option value="fintech" > FinTech </option> <option value="fire" > Fire </option> <option value="fishes" > Fishes </option> <option value="fluids" > Fluids </option> <option value="foods" > Foods </option> <option value="forecasting" > Forecasting </option> <option value="forensicsci" > Forensic Sciences </option> <option value="forests" > Forests </option> <option value="fossstud" > Fossil Studies </option> <option value="foundations" > Foundations </option> <option value="fractalfract" > Fractal and Fractional (Fractal Fract) </option> <option value="fuels" > Fuels </option> <option value="future" > Future </option> <option value="futureinternet" > Future Internet </option> <option value="futurepharmacol" > Future Pharmacology </option> <option value="futuretransp" > Future Transportation </option> <option value="galaxies" > Galaxies </option> <option value="games" > Games </option> <option value="gases" > Gases </option> <option value="gastroent" > Gastroenterology Insights </option> <option value="gastrointestdisord" > Gastrointestinal Disorders </option> <option value="gastronomy" > Gastronomy </option> <option value="gels" > Gels </option> <option value="genealogy" > Genealogy </option> <option value="genes" > Genes </option> <option value="geographies" > Geographies </option> <option value="geohazards" > GeoHazards </option> <option value="geomatics" > Geomatics </option> <option value="geometry" > Geometry </option> <option value="geosciences" > Geosciences </option> <option value="geotechnics" > Geotechnics </option> <option value="geriatrics" > Geriatrics </option> <option value="glacies" > Glacies </option> <option value="gucdd" > Gout, Urate, and Crystal Deposition Disease (GUCDD) </option> <option value="grasses" > Grasses </option> <option value="hardware" > Hardware </option> <option value="healthcare" > Healthcare </option> <option value="hearts" > Hearts </option> <option value="hemato" > Hemato </option> <option value="hematolrep" > Hematology Reports </option> <option value="heritage" > Heritage </option> <option value="histories" > Histories </option> <option value="horticulturae" > Horticulturae </option> <option value="hospitals" > Hospitals </option> <option value="humanities" > Humanities </option> <option value="humans" > Humans </option> <option value="hydrobiology" > Hydrobiology </option> <option value="hydrogen" > Hydrogen </option> <option value="hydrology" > Hydrology </option> <option value="hygiene" > Hygiene </option> <option value="immuno" > Immuno </option> <option value="idr" > Infectious Disease Reports </option> <option value="informatics" > Informatics </option> <option value="information" > Information </option> <option value="infrastructures" > Infrastructures </option> <option value="inorganics" > Inorganics </option> <option value="insects" > Insects </option> <option value="instruments" > Instruments </option> <option value="iic" > Intelligent Infrastructure and Construction </option> <option value="ijerph" > International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH) </option> <option value="ijfs" > International Journal of Financial Studies (IJFS) </option> <option value="ijms" > International Journal of Molecular Sciences (IJMS) </option> <option value="IJNS" > International Journal of Neonatal Screening (IJNS) </option> <option value="ijpb" > International Journal of Plant Biology (IJPB) </option> <option value="ijt" > International Journal of Topology </option> <option value="ijtm" > International Journal of Translational Medicine (IJTM) </option> <option value="ijtpp" > International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power (IJTPP) </option> <option value="ime" > International Medical Education (IME) </option> <option value="inventions" > Inventions </option> <option value="IoT" > IoT </option> <option value="ijgi" > ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information (IJGI) </option> <option value="J" > J </option> <option value="jal" > Journal of Ageing and Longevity (JAL) </option> <option value="jcdd" > Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease (JCDD) </option> <option value="jcto" > Journal of Clinical & Translational Ophthalmology (JCTO) </option> <option value="jcm" > Journal of Clinical Medicine (JCM) </option> <option value="jcs" > Journal of Composites Science (J. Compos. Sci.) </option> <option value="jcp" > Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy (JCP) </option> <option value="jdad" > Journal of Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease (JDAD) </option> <option value="jdb" > Journal of Developmental Biology (JDB) </option> <option value="jeta" > Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Analyses (JETA) </option> <option value="jfb" > Journal of Functional Biomaterials (JFB) </option> <option value="jfmk" > Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology (JFMK) </option> <option value="jof" > Journal of Fungi (JoF) </option> <option value="jimaging" > Journal of Imaging (J. Imaging) </option> <option value="jintelligence" > Journal of Intelligence (J. Intell.) </option> <option value="jlpea" > Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications (JLPEA) </option> <option value="jmmp" > Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing (JMMP) </option> <option value="jmse" > Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (JMSE) </option> <option value="jmahp" > Journal of Market Access & Health Policy (JMAHP) </option> <option value="jmp" > Journal of Molecular Pathology (JMP) </option> <option value="jnt" > Journal of Nanotheranostics (JNT) </option> <option value="jne" > Journal of Nuclear Engineering (JNE) </option> <option value="ohbm" > Journal of Otorhinolaryngology, Hearing and Balance Medicine (JOHBM) </option> <option value="jop" > Journal of Parks </option> <option value="jpm" > Journal of Personalized Medicine (JPM) </option> <option value="jpbi" > Journal of Pharmaceutical and BioTech Industry (JPBI) </option> <option value="jor" > Journal of Respiration (JoR) </option> <option value="jrfm" > Journal of Risk and Financial Management (JRFM) </option> <option value="jsan" > Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks (JSAN) </option> <option value="joma" > Journal of the Oman Medical Association (JOMA) </option> <option value="jtaer" > Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research (JTAER) </option> <option value="jvd" > Journal of Vascular Diseases (JVD) </option> <option value="jox" > Journal of Xenobiotics (JoX) </option> <option value="jzbg" > Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens (JZBG) </option> <option value="journalmedia" > Journalism and Media </option> <option value="kidneydial" > Kidney and Dialysis </option> <option value="kinasesphosphatases" > Kinases and Phosphatases </option> <option value="knowledge" > Knowledge </option> <option value="labmed" > LabMed </option> <option value="laboratories" > Laboratories </option> <option value="land" > Land </option> <option value="languages" > Languages </option> <option value="laws" > Laws </option> <option value="life" > Life </option> <option value="limnolrev" > Limnological Review </option> <option value="lipidology" > Lipidology </option> <option value="liquids" > Liquids </option> <option value="literature" > Literature </option> <option value="livers" > Livers </option> <option value="logics" > Logics </option> <option value="logistics" > Logistics </option> <option value="lubricants" > Lubricants </option> <option value="lymphatics" > Lymphatics </option> <option value="make" > Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction (MAKE) </option> <option value="machines" > Machines </option> <option value="macromol" > Macromol </option> <option value="magnetism" > Magnetism </option> <option value="magnetochemistry" > Magnetochemistry </option> <option value="marinedrugs" > Marine Drugs </option> <option value="materials" > Materials </option> <option value="materproc" > Materials Proceedings </option> <option value="mca" > Mathematical and Computational Applications (MCA) </option> <option value="mathematics" > Mathematics </option> <option value="medsci" > Medical Sciences </option> <option value="msf" > Medical Sciences Forum </option> <option value="medicina" > Medicina </option> <option value="medicines" > Medicines </option> <option value="membranes" > Membranes </option> <option value="merits" > Merits </option> <option value="metabolites" > Metabolites </option> <option value="metals" > Metals </option> <option value="meteorology" > Meteorology </option> <option value="methane" > Methane </option> <option value="mps" > Methods and Protocols (MPs) </option> <option value="metrics" > Metrics </option> <option value="metrology" > Metrology </option> <option value="micro" > Micro </option> <option value="microbiolres" > Microbiology Research </option> <option value="micromachines" > Micromachines </option> <option value="microorganisms" > Microorganisms </option> <option value="microplastics" > Microplastics </option> <option value="minerals" > Minerals </option> <option value="mining" > Mining </option> <option value="modelling" > Modelling </option> <option value="mmphys" > Modern Mathematical Physics </option> <option value="molbank" > Molbank </option> <option value="molecules" > Molecules </option> <option value="mti" > Multimodal Technologies and Interaction (MTI) </option> <option value="muscles" > Muscles </option> <option value="nanoenergyadv" > Nanoenergy Advances </option> <option value="nanomanufacturing" > Nanomanufacturing </option> <option value="nanomaterials" > Nanomaterials </option> <option value="ndt" > NDT </option> <option value="network" > Network </option> <option value="neuroglia" > Neuroglia </option> <option value="neurolint" > Neurology International </option> <option value="neurosci" > NeuroSci </option> <option value="nitrogen" > Nitrogen </option> <option value="ncrna" > Non-Coding RNA (ncRNA) </option> <option value="nursrep" > Nursing Reports </option> <option value="nutraceuticals" > Nutraceuticals </option> <option value="nutrients" > Nutrients </option> <option value="obesities" > Obesities </option> <option value="oceans" > Oceans </option> <option value="onco" > Onco </option> <option value="optics" > Optics </option> <option value="oral" > Oral </option> <option value="organics" > Organics </option> <option value="organoids" > Organoids </option> <option value="osteology" > Osteology </option> <option value="oxygen" > Oxygen </option> <option value="parasitologia" > Parasitologia </option> <option value="particles" > Particles </option> <option value="pathogens" > Pathogens </option> <option value="pathophysiology" > Pathophysiology </option> <option value="pediatrrep" > Pediatric Reports </option> <option value="pets" > Pets </option> <option value="pharmaceuticals" > Pharmaceuticals </option> <option value="pharmaceutics" > Pharmaceutics </option> <option value="pharmacoepidemiology" > Pharmacoepidemiology </option> <option value="pharmacy" > Pharmacy </option> <option value="philosophies" > Philosophies </option> <option value="photochem" > Photochem </option> <option value="photonics" > Photonics </option> <option value="phycology" > Phycology </option> <option value="physchem" > Physchem </option> <option value="psf" > Physical Sciences Forum </option> <option value="physics" > Physics </option> <option value="physiologia" > Physiologia </option> <option value="plants" > Plants </option> <option value="plasma" > Plasma </option> <option value="platforms" > Platforms </option> <option value="pollutants" > Pollutants </option> <option value="polymers" > Polymers </option> <option value="polysaccharides" > Polysaccharides </option> <option value="populations" > Populations </option> <option value="poultry" > Poultry </option> <option value="powders" > Powders </option> <option value="proceedings" > Proceedings </option> <option value="processes" > Processes </option> <option value="prosthesis" > Prosthesis </option> <option value="proteomes" > Proteomes </option> <option value="psychiatryint" > Psychiatry International </option> <option value="psychoactives" > Psychoactives </option> <option value="psycholint" > Psychology International </option> <option value="publications" > Publications </option> <option value="qubs" > Quantum Beam Science (QuBS) </option> <option value="quantumrep" > Quantum Reports </option> <option value="quaternary" > Quaternary </option> <option value="radiation" > Radiation </option> <option value="reactions" > Reactions </option> <option value="realestate" > Real Estate </option> <option value="receptors" > Receptors </option> <option value="recycling" > Recycling </option> <option value="rsee" > Regional Science and Environmental Economics (RSEE) </option> <option value="religions" > Religions </option> <option value="remotesensing" > Remote Sensing </option> <option value="reports" > Reports </option> <option value="reprodmed" > Reproductive Medicine (Reprod. Med.) </option> <option value="resources" > Resources </option> <option value="rheumato" > Rheumato </option> <option value="risks" > Risks </option> <option value="robotics" > Robotics </option> <option value="ruminants" > Ruminants </option> <option value="safety" > Safety </option> <option value="sci" > Sci </option> <option value="scipharm" > Scientia Pharmaceutica (Sci. Pharm.) </option> <option value="sclerosis" > Sclerosis </option> <option value="seeds" > Seeds </option> <option value="sensors" > Sensors </option> <option value="separations" > Separations </option> <option value="sexes" > Sexes </option> <option value="signals" > Signals </option> <option value="sinusitis" > Sinusitis </option> <option value="smartcities" > Smart Cities </option> <option value="socsci" > Social Sciences </option> <option value="siuj" > Société Internationale d’Urologie Journal (SIUJ) </option> <option value="societies" > Societies </option> <option value="software" > Software </option> <option value="soilsystems" > Soil Systems </option> <option value="solar" > Solar </option> <option value="solids" > Solids </option> <option value="spectroscj" > Spectroscopy Journal </option> <option value="sports" > Sports </option> <option value="standards" > Standards </option> <option value="stats" > Stats </option> <option value="stresses" > Stresses </option> <option value="surfaces" > Surfaces </option> <option value="surgeries" > Surgeries </option> <option value="std" > Surgical Techniques Development </option> <option value="sustainability" > Sustainability </option> <option value="suschem" > Sustainable Chemistry </option> <option value="symmetry" > Symmetry </option> <option value="synbio" > SynBio </option> <option value="systems" > Systems </option> <option value="targets" > Targets </option> <option value="taxonomy" > Taxonomy </option> <option value="technologies" > Technologies </option> <option value="telecom" > Telecom </option> <option value="textiles" > Textiles </option> <option value="thalassrep" > Thalassemia Reports </option> <option value="therapeutics" > Therapeutics </option> <option value="thermo" > Thermo </option> <option value="timespace" > Time and Space </option> <option value="tomography" > Tomography </option> <option value="tourismhosp" > Tourism and Hospitality </option> <option value="toxics" > Toxics </option> <option value="toxins" > Toxins </option> <option value="transplantology" > Transplantology </option> <option value="traumacare" > Trauma Care </option> <option value="higheredu" > Trends in Higher Education </option> <option value="tropicalmed" > Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease (TropicalMed) </option> <option value="universe" > Universe </option> <option value="urbansci" > Urban Science </option> <option value="uro" > Uro </option> <option value="vaccines" selected='selected'> Vaccines </option> <option value="vehicles" > Vehicles </option> <option value="venereology" > Venereology </option> <option value="vetsci" > Veterinary Sciences </option> <option value="vibration" > Vibration </option> <option value="virtualworlds" > Virtual Worlds </option> <option value="viruses" > Viruses </option> <option value="vision" > Vision </option> <option value="waste" > Waste </option> <option value="water" > Water </option> <option value="wild" > Wild </option> <option value="wind" > Wind </option> <option value="women" > Women </option> <option value="world" > World </option> <option value="wevj" > World Electric Vehicle Journal (WEVJ) </option> <option value="youth" > Youth </option> <option value="zoonoticdis" > Zoonotic Diseases </option> </select> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Article Type</div> </div> <select id="article_type" tabindex="4" name="article_type" class="chosen-select"> <option value="">All Article Types</option> <option value="research-article">Article</option> <option value="review-article">Review</option> <option value="rapid-communication">Communication</option> <option value="editorial">Editorial</option> <option value="abstract">Abstract</option> <option value="book-review">Book Review</option> <option value="brief-communication">Brief Communication</option> <option value="brief-report">Brief Report</option> <option value="case-report">Case Report</option> <option value="clinicopathological-challenge">Clinicopathological Challenge</option> <option value="article-commentary">Comment</option> <option value="commentary">Commentary</option> <option value="concept-paper">Concept Paper</option> <option value="conference-report">Conference Report</option> <option value="correction">Correction</option> <option value="creative">Creative</option> <option value="data-descriptor">Data Descriptor</option> <option value="discussion">Discussion</option> <option value="Entry">Entry</option> <option value="essay">Essay</option> <option value="expression-of-concern">Expression of Concern</option> <option value="extended-abstract">Extended Abstract</option> <option value="field-guide">Field Guide</option> <option value="guidelines">Guidelines</option> <option value="hypothesis">Hypothesis</option> <option value="interesting-image">Interesting Images</option> <option value="letter">Letter</option> <option value="books-received">New Book Received</option> <option value="obituary">Obituary</option> <option value="opinion">Opinion</option> <option value="perspective">Perspective</option> <option value="proceedings">Proceeding Paper</option> <option value="project-report">Project Report</option> <option value="protocol">Protocol</option> <option value="registered-report">Registered Report</option> <option value="reply">Reply</option> <option value="retraction">Retraction</option> <option value="note">Short Note</option> <option value="study-protocol">Study Protocol</option> <option value="systematic_review">Systematic Review</option> <option value="technical-note">Technical Note</option> <option value="tutorial">Tutorial</option> <option value="viewpoint">Viewpoint</option> </select> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns small-push-6 medium-reset-order large-reset-order js-search-collapsed-button-container"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> <input type="submit" id="search" value="Search" class="button button--dark button--full-width searchButton1 US_SearchButton" tabindex="12"> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns large-text-left small-only-text-center small-pull-6 medium-reset-order large-reset-order js-search-collapsed-link-container"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> <a class="main-search-clear search-container__link" href="#" onclick="openAdvanced(''); return false;">Advanced<span class="show-for-small-only"> Search</span></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="search-container__advanced" style="margin-top: 0; padding-top: 0px; background-color: inherit; color: inherit;"> <div class="row"> <div class="large-2 medium-2 columns show-for-medium-up"> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Section</div> </div> <select id="section" tabindex="5" name="section" class="chosen-select"> <option value=""></option> </select> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Special Issue</div> </div> <select id="special_issue" tabindex="6" name="special_issue" class="chosen-select"> <option value=""></option> </select> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns "> <div class="search-input-label">Volume</div> <input type="text" id="volume" tabindex="7" name="volume" placeholder="..." value="" /> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns "> <div class="search-input-label">Issue</div> <input type="text" id="issue" tabindex="8" name="issue" placeholder="..." value="" /> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns "> <div class="search-input-label">Number</div> <input type="text" id="number" tabindex="9" name="number" placeholder="..." value="" /> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns "> <div class="search-input-label">Page</div> <input type="text" id="page" tabindex="10" name="page" placeholder="..." value="" /> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 columns small-push-6 medium-reset order large-reset-order medium-reset-order js-search-expanded-button-container"></div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 columns large-text-left small-only-text-center small-pull-6 medium-reset-order large-reset-order js-search-expanded-link-container"></div> </div> </div> </form> <form id="advanced-search" class="large-12 medium-12 columns"> <div class="search-container__advanced"> <div id="advanced-search-template" class="row advanced-search-row"> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-12 columns show-for-medium-up"> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-3 columns connector-div"> <div class="search-input-label"><span class="show-for-medium-up">Logical Operator</span><span class="show-for-small">Operator</span></div> <select class="connector"> <option value="and">AND</option> <option value="or">OR</option> </select> </div> <div class="large-3 medium-3 small-6 columns search-text-div"> <div class="search-input-label">Search Text</div> <input type="text" class="search-text" placeholder="Search text"> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 large-offset-0 medium-offset-0 small-offset-3 columns search-field-div"> <div class="search-input-label">Search Type</div> <select class="search-field"> <option value="all">All fields</option> <option value="title">Title</option> <option value="abstract">Abstract</option> <option value="keywords">Keywords</option> <option value="authors">Authors</option> <option value="affiliations">Affiliations</option> <option value="doi">Doi</option> <option value="full_text">Full Text</option> <option value="references">References</option> </select> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-3 columns"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> <div class="search-action-div"> <div class="search-plus"> <i class="material-icons">add_circle_outline</i> </div> </div> <div class="search-action-div"> <div class="search-minus"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </div> </div> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 large-offset-0 medium-offset-0 small-offset-3 end columns"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> <input class="advanced-search-button button button--dark search-submit" type="submit" value="Search"> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns show-for-medium-up"></div> </div> </div> </form> </div> <div class="header-divider"> </div> <div class="breadcrumb row full-row"> <div style="position: absolute; right: 40px; z-index: 10; top: 5px;"> <div class="iflogo1"> <a href="https://www.scopus.com/sourceid/21100335701" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="text-decoration: none;"> <img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journal_indexing_logos/CS_no_number.svg?62107aae53c39662?1732286508" class="iflogo2"> <div class="iflogo1__citescore-number">8.9</div> </a> </div> <div class="iflogo1" style="/*z-index:30;*/"> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=2076-393X" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journal_indexing_logos/PM.svg?d6a69b922515dcf5?1732286508" class="iflogo2"> </a> </div> <div class="iflogo1"> <a href="/journal/vaccines/stats" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="text-decoration: none;"> <img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journal_indexing_logos/IF_no_number.svg?af8a884fb765d812?1732286508" class="iflogo2"> <div class="iflogo1__if-number">5.2</div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="breadcrumb__element"> <a href="/about/journals">Journals</a> </div> <div class="breadcrumb__element"> <a href="#">Vaccines</a> </div> </div> </header> <div id="main-content" class=""> <div class="row full-width" data-equalizer="three-columns"> <div id="middle-column" class="content__column large-6 large-push-3 medium-6 medium-push-3 small-12 columns end middle-bordered"> <div id="js-small-main-top-container"> </div> <div class="content__container content__container__orbit "> <div id="title-story" class=""> <ul class="title-story-orbit" data-orbit> <li > <a href="/2076-393X/12/10/1198"> <img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/title_story/title_story_1731313949306.jpg?1732286508" alt="Antiviral Effect of Interferon Epsilon in the Respiratory Tract" /> <div class="orbit-caption"> Antiviral Effect of Interferon Epsilon in the Respiratory Tract </div> </a> </li> <li class="hidden"> <a href="/2076-393X/12/10/1176"> <img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/title_story/title_story_17313093894934.jpg?1732286508" alt="Antiretroviral Therapy with Boosted Protease Inhibitors Correlates with Diminished HIV-1 Neutralization" /> <div class="orbit-caption"> Antiretroviral Therapy with Boosted Protease Inhibitors Correlates with Diminished HIV-1 Neutralization </div> </a> </li> <li class="hidden"> <a href="/2076-393X/12/10/1183"> <img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/title_story/title_story_17313093203978.jpg?1732286508" alt="ASIA Syndrome: State-of-the-Art and Future Perspectives" /> <div class="orbit-caption"> ASIA Syndrome: State-of-the-Art and Future Perspectives </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="content__container"> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link show-for-small-only"> <h2 class="no-padding-left no-margin">Journal Description</h2> </div> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="journal__description"> <h1> <em>Vaccines</em> </h1> <div class="journal__description__content"> <em>Vaccines</em> is an international, <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/editorial_process">peer-reviewed</a>, open access journal published monthly online by MDPI. <a href="https://www.asv.org/">The American Society for Virology (ASV)</a> is affiliated with <em>Vaccines</em> and their members receive a discount on the article processing charges.<br /> <ul> <li><span class="label openaccess"><a title="Open Access" href="https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess">Open Access</a></span>— free for readers, with <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/vaccines/apc">article processing charges (APC)</a> paid by authors or their institutions.</li> <li><strong>High Visibility:</strong> indexed within <a href="https://www.scopus.com/sourceid/21100335701#tabs=0">Scopus</a>, <a href="https://mjl.clarivate.com/search-results?issn=2076-393X&hide_exact_match_fl=true&utm_source=mjl&utm_medium=share-by-link&utm_campaign=search-results-share-this-journal">SCIE (Web of Science)</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22vaccines%22%5Bjournal%5D&sort=pubdate">PubMed</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/journals/2764/">PMC</a>, <a href="https://www.embase.com/login">Embase</a>, <a href="https://sso.cas.org/as/authorization.oauth2?response_type=code&client_id=scifinder-n&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fscifinder-n.cas.org%2Fpa%2Foidc%2Fcb&state=eyJ6aXAiOiJERUYiLCJhbGciOiJkaXIiLCJlbmMiOiJBMTI4Q0JDLUhTMjU2Iiwia2lkIjoianMiLCJzdWZmaXgiOiJUYWozcGUu">CAPlus / SciFinder</a>, and <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/vaccines/indexing">other databases</a>.</li> <li><strong><strong>Journal Rank: </strong></strong>JCR - Q1 (</em>Immunology</em>) / CiteScore - Q1 (</em>Pharmacology (medical)</em>)</li> <li><strong>Rapid Publication:</strong> manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 17.6 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 3.3 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the first half of 2024).</li> <li><strong>Recognition of Reviewers:</strong> reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.</li> </ul> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 15px;"> <strong>Impact Factor:</strong> 5.2 (2023); 5-Year Impact Factor: 4.9 (2023) </div> <div> <a href="/journal/vaccines/imprint" class="UI_JournalImprintsInfoButton"> <i class="material-icons spaced-link">subject</i> Imprint Information </a>    <a href="/journal/vaccines/vaccines_flyer.pdf" class="UD_JournalFlyer"> <i class="material-icons spaced-link">get_app</i> Journal Flyer </a>     <a class="oa-link" href="https://www.mdpi.com/about/openaccess"> <i class="material icons spaced-link"></i> Open Access </a>     <strong> ISSN: 2076-393X </strong> </div> <div style="clear: both;"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="content__container content__container--overflow-initial"> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link active"> <h2 class="no-padding-left">Latest Articles</h2> </div> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content"> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item no-border"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1527433" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1527433" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1527433" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2076-393X/12/12/1310/s1?version=1732289308"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 326 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 14 pages, 520 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-393X/12/12/1310/pdf?version=1732289307" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Vaccination Education Deficits and Vaccine Hesitancy Among Healthcare Students in Japan: A Cross-Sectional Study" data-journal="vaccines"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-393X/12/12/1310">Vaccination Education Deficits and Vaccine Hesitancy Among Healthcare Students in Japan: A Cross-Sectional Study</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Aya Saitoh</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hiromi Oku</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Tomohiro Katsuta</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hajime Kamiya</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yoichi Ishikawa</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Mayumi Takaku</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Akihiko Saitoh</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Vaccines</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>12</em>(12), 1310; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12121310">https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12121310</a> - 22 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Background/Objectives: Healthcare professionals’ (HCPs’) accurate knowledge of and positive attitudes toward immunization greatly influence society’s acceptance of it. Early and appropriate immunization education for HCP students is vital. This study aimed to understand current immunization education and vaccine hesitancy among medical, nursing, and <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/12/12/1310/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Background/Objectives: Healthcare professionals’ (HCPs’) accurate knowledge of and positive attitudes toward immunization greatly influence society’s acceptance of it. Early and appropriate immunization education for HCP students is vital. This study aimed to understand current immunization education and vaccine hesitancy among medical, nursing, and pharmacy students in Japan. Methods: An anonymous self-administered online questionnaire was administered to final-year medical, nursing, and pharmacy students in Japan between 6 and 31 March 2023. Survey items assessed current immunization education, preparedness for clinical practice, immunization knowledge, and the degree of vaccine hesitancy. Results: Overall, 525 students (127 (24.2%) medical, 252 (48.0%) nursing, and 146 (27.8%) pharmacy) responded, of whom 39.8% raised concerns regarding new vaccine risks (24.4%,15.9%, and 23.3%, respectively; <i>p </i>= 0.22) and adverse effects (14.2%, 12.7%, and 17.1%, respectively; <i>p </i>= 0.57), including trust in government information (61.4%, 50/4%, and 56.8%, respectively; <i>p </i>= 0.337) or recommended vaccines (57.5%, 4.7%, and 43.8%, respectively; <i>p </i>= 0.113). Preparedness for future clinical practice varied significantly among schools, with medical students (54%) feeling more prepared compared to nursing (34.3%) and pharmacy students (39.1%) (<i>p </i>< 0.001). The average correct immunization knowledge rate was 59.9%, with significant differences between schools (medical 62.7%, nursing 57.6%, and pharmacy 59.6%; <i>p </i>< 0.001). There was no significant correlation between knowledge level and self-assessed preparedness (r = 0.066, <i>p </i>= 0.132). The HCP students wished to receive more immunization education and sought improvements in comprehensive knowledge, communication skills, and practice-based content. Conclusions: For Japan’s HCP students, the enhancement of immunization education focusing on hesitancy and risk–benefit communication is necessary. <a href="/2076-393X/12/12/1310">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/vaccines/special_issues/9RQ1800TLQ ">Strategies to Address Falling Vaccine Coverage and Vaccine Hesitancy</a>)<br/> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="extending-content content-ready"> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 14 pages, 2295 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-393X/12/12/1309/pdf?version=1732286251" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="4-1BBL-Armed Oncolytic Herpes Simplex Virus Exerts Antitumor Effects in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma" data-journal="vaccines"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-393X/12/12/1309">4-1BBL-Armed Oncolytic Herpes Simplex Virus Exerts Antitumor Effects in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Wenrui Gao</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Zhuoqian Zhao</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ying Bi</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jinghua Li</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Na Tian</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Cuizhu Zhang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Shuyuan Pan</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Li Deng</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yuntao Zhang</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Vaccines</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>12</em>(12), 1309; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12121309">https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12121309</a> - 22 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> <b>Background: </b>Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly malignant tumor with a notably poor response to therapy due to its immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) and intrinsic drug resistance. The oncolytic virus (OV) represents a promising therapeutic strategy capable of transforming the “cold” immunological <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/12/12/1309/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> <b>Background: </b>Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly malignant tumor with a notably poor response to therapy due to its immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) and intrinsic drug resistance. The oncolytic virus (OV) represents a promising therapeutic strategy capable of transforming the “cold” immunological profile of PDAC tumors to a “hot” one by reshaping the TME. 4-1BB (CD137), a crucial member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, plays a significant role in T-cell activation and function. <b>Methods:</b> In this study, we constructed an oncolytic herpes simplex virus armed with 4-1BBL (oHSV-4-1BBL), the ligand for the 4-1BB receptor, and investigated its therapeutic effects in two mouse models of pancreatic cancer, Pan02_HVEM and KPC. <b>Results:</b> We found that oHSV-4-1BBL remarkably inhibited tumor growth and extended the median survival time in both models. To amplify the therapeutic effect, we further combined oHSV-4-1BBL with PD-1 antibody. This combination therapy not only further suppressed tumor growth but also extended the median survival time by an additional 11 days compared to oHSV (armed with GFP as a control) combined with PD-1 antibody treatment, with some mice achieving complete tumor regression. <b>Conclusions:</b> Our findings confirm the potential of combining oncolytic viral therapy with 4-1BB targeting in enhancing the treatment of pancreatic cancer. <a href="/2076-393X/12/12/1309">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/vaccines/special_issues/2TK645O2B7 ">Immunotherapy for Cancers</a>)<br/> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 15 pages, 2216 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-393X/12/12/1308/pdf?version=1732269386" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Monitoring the Risk of Type-2 Circulating Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus Emergence During Roll-Out of Type-2 Novel Oral Polio Vaccine" data-journal="vaccines"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-393X/12/12/1308">Monitoring the Risk of Type-2 Circulating Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus Emergence During Roll-Out of Type-2 Novel Oral Polio Vaccine</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Corey M. Peak</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hil Lyons</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Arend Voorman</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Elizabeth J. Gray</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Laura V. Cooper</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Isobel M. Blake</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Kaija M. Hawes</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ananda S. Bandyopadhyay</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Vaccines</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>12</em>(12), 1308; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12121308">https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12121308</a> - 22 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> <b>Background/Objectives:</b> Although wild poliovirus type 2 has been eradicated, the prolonged transmission of the live- attenuated virus contained in the type-2 oral polio vaccine (OPV2) in under-immunized populations has led to the emergence of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 (cVDPV2). The novel OPV2 <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/12/12/1308/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> <b>Background/Objectives:</b> Although wild poliovirus type 2 has been eradicated, the prolonged transmission of the live- attenuated virus contained in the type-2 oral polio vaccine (OPV2) in under-immunized populations has led to the emergence of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 (cVDPV2). The novel OPV2 (nOPV2) was designed to be more genetically stable and reduce the chance of cVDPV2 emergence while retaining comparable immunogenicity to the Sabin monovalent OPV2 (mOPV2). This study aimed to estimate the relative reduction in the emergence risk due to the use of nOPV2 instead of mOPV2. <b>Methods:</b> Data on OPV2 vaccination campaigns from May 2016 to 1 August 2024 were analyzed to estimate type-2 OPV-induced immunity in children under 5 years of age. Poliovirus surveillance data were used to estimate seeding dates and classify cVDPV2 emergences as mOPV2- or nOPV2-derived. The expected number of emergences if mOPV2 was used instead of nOPV2 was estimated, accounting for the timing and volume of nOPV2 doses, the known risk factors for emergence from mOPV2, and censoring due to the incomplete observation period for more recent nOPV2 doses. <b>Results:</b> As of 1 August 2024, over 98% of the approximately 1.19 billion nOPV2 doses administered globally were in Africa. We estimate that approximately 76 (95% confidence interval 69–85) index isolates of cVDPV2 emergences would be expected to be detected by 1 August 2024 if mOPV2 had been used instead of nOPV2 in Africa. The 18 observed nOPV2-derived emergences represent a 76% (74–79%) lower risk of emergence by nOPV2 than mOPV2 in Africa. The crude global analysis produced similar results. Key limitations include the incomplete understanding of the drivers of heterogeneity in emergence risk across geographies and variance in the per-dose risk of emergence may be incompletely captured using known risk factors. <b>Conclusions:</b> These results are consistent with the accumulating clinical and field evidence showing the enhanced genetic stability of nOPV2 relative to mOPV2, and this approach has been implemented in near-real time to contextualize new findings during the roll-out of this new vaccine. While nOPV2 has resulted in new emergences of cVDPV2, the number of cVDPV2 emergences is estimated to be approximately four-fold lower than if mOPV2 had been used instead. <a href="/2076-393X/12/12/1308">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/vaccines/special_issues/9JOUOD63CD ">Recent Scientific Development of Poliovirus Vaccines</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/12/12/1308/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1526959"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1526959"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1526959" data-cycle-prev="#prev1526959" data-cycle-progressive="#images1526959" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1526959-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01308/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01308-g001-550.jpg?1732269464" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1526959" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1526959-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01308/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01308-g002-550.jpg?1732269467'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1526959-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01308/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01308-g003-550.jpg?1732269469'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1526959-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01308/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01308-g004-550.jpg?1732269471'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1526959-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01308/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01308-g0A1-550.jpg?1732269472'><p>Figure A1</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1526959-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01308/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01308-g0A2-550.jpg?1732269476'><p>Figure A2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1526959-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01308/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01308-g0A3-550.jpg?1732269478'><p>Figure A3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1526959-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01308/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01308-g0A4-550.jpg?1732269480'><p>Figure A4</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1526959-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01308/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01308-g001-550.jpg?1732269464" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Quarterly number of OPV2 doses by vaccine product.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-393X/12/12/1308'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01308/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01308-g002-550.jpg?1732269467" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Boxplots of SIA size (<b>top</b>, note log axis) and pre-campaign immunity (<b>bottom</b>) for Africa, Nigeria, and DRC. Note that no tOPV was used in Nigeria or DRC during the period from 1 May 2016 to 1 August 2024.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-393X/12/12/1308'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01308/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01308-g003-550.jpg?1732269469" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Countries detecting index isolate of cVDPV2 emergences seeded after April 2016.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-393X/12/12/1308'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01308/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01308-g004-550.jpg?1732269471" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>(<b>Top</b>) Cumulative doses of nOPV2 and mOPV2 or tOPV in Africa; (<b>bottom</b>) cumulative observed and expected cVDPV2 emergences derived from nOPV2 and mOPV2 or tOPV in Africa by virus date of index isolate. Vertical lines indicate date of first nOPV2 use (red) and August 2024 (grey).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-393X/12/12/1308'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01308/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01308-g0A1-550.jpg?1732269472" title=" <strong>Figure A1</strong><br/> <p>Emergence waiting time distributions.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-393X/12/12/1308'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01308/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01308-g0A2-550.jpg?1732269476" title=" <strong>Figure A2</strong><br/> <p>Reporting waiting time distributions. “Other” indicates other countries globally. Red dots indicate monthly mean values at monthly midpoints. Central African Replublic (CAR) and Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) abbreviated for fit.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-393X/12/12/1308'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01308/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01308-g0A3-550.jpg?1732269478" title=" <strong>Figure A3</strong><br/> <p>(<b>Top</b>) Cumulative doses of nOPV2 and mOPV2 in Nigeria; (<b>bottom</b>) Cumulative observed and expected cVDPV2 emergences derived from nOPV2 and mOPV2 in Nigeria by virus date of index isolate. Vertical lines indicate date of first nOPV2 use (red) and April 2024 (grey). Note that no tOPV was used in Nigeria during this period.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-393X/12/12/1308'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01308/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01308-g0A4-550.jpg?1732269480" title=" <strong>Figure A4</strong><br/> <p>(<b>Top</b>) Cumulative doses of nOPV2 and mOPV2 in DRC; (<b>bottom</b>) Cumulative observed and expected cVDPV2 emergences derived from nOPV2 and mOPV2 in DRC by virus date of index isolate. Vertical lines indicate date of first nOPV2 use (red) and April 2024 (grey). Note that no tOPV was used in DRC during this period.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-393X/12/12/1308'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1526853" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1526853" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1526853" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2076-393X/12/12/1307/s1?version=1732266817"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 58 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 13 pages, 991 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-393X/12/12/1307/pdf?version=1732266817" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="The Impact of Obesity on Influenza Vaccine Immunogenicity and Antibody Transfer to the Infant During Pregnancy" data-journal="vaccines"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-393X/12/12/1307">The Impact of Obesity on Influenza Vaccine Immunogenicity and Antibody Transfer to the Infant During Pregnancy</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Michelle Clarke</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Suja M. Mathew</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Lynne C. Giles</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ian G. Barr</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Peter C. Richmond</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Helen S. Marshall</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Vaccines</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>12</em>(12), 1307; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12121307">https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12121307</a> - 22 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Background/Objectives: Influenza vaccination is recommended for pregnant women, offering the dual benefit of protecting pregnant women and their newborn infants against influenza. This study aimed to investigate the impact of body mass index (BMI) on influenza vaccine responses in pregnant women and their <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/12/12/1307/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Background/Objectives: Influenza vaccination is recommended for pregnant women, offering the dual benefit of protecting pregnant women and their newborn infants against influenza. This study aimed to investigate the impact of body mass index (BMI) on influenza vaccine responses in pregnant women and their newborns. Methods: Participants included pregnant women attending the Women’s and Children’s Hospital in South Australia between 2018 and 2021. Maternal blood samples were collected prior to and at 1 and 6 months post-influenza vaccination to measure antibody responses by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay. Cord blood samples were also collected. The percentages of participants achieving HI titre ≥40 were compared between obese and non-obese groups. Results: A total of 73 women were enrolled and received quadrivalent influenza vaccination at a mean age of 32 years (range 21–44 y) and median gestation of 24 weeks (range 11–37 weeks). BMI at vaccination was ≥30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> for 21/73 women (29%). Most pregnant women demonstrated antibody titres ≥ 40 to all four influenza vaccine strains at 1 month post-vaccination regardless of BMI category (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>: 19/20; 95% vs. BMI < 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>: 47/49; 96%). At 6 months post-vaccination, 12/17 (71%) obese women compared to 36/43 (84%) non-obese women (<i>p</i> = 0.25) maintained HI titres ≥ 40. Cord blood serology showed HI titres ≥ 40 for 11/17 (65%) infants born to mothers with BMI ≥ 30 compared to 30/35 (86%) infants delivered by mothers with BMI < 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. Conclusions: A high BMI did not impair influenza vaccine antibody responses in pregnant women at 1 month post-vaccination. However, at 6 months post-vaccination, and in the cord blood samples, the percentages maintaining HI titre ≥ 40 were lower for obese women than for non-obese pregnant women. <a href="/2076-393X/12/12/1307">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/vaccines/special_issues/VJ55X11K40 ">The Recent Development of Influenza Vaccine: 2nd Edition</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/12/12/1307/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1526853"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1526853"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1526853" data-cycle-prev="#prev1526853" data-cycle-progressive="#images1526853" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1526853-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01307/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01307-g001-550.jpg?1732266903" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1526853" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1526853-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01307/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01307-g002-550.jpg?1732266904'><p>Figure 2</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1526853-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01307/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01307-g001-550.jpg?1732266903" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Participant flow chart.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-393X/12/12/1307'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01307/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01307-g002-550.jpg?1732266904" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Pre- and post-vaccination HI titres by BMI category for (<b>a</b>) A/H3N2; (<b>b</b>) A/H1N1; (<b>c</b>) B/Victoria; and (<b>d</b>) B/Yamagata.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-393X/12/12/1307'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 10 pages, 671 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-393X/12/12/1306/pdf?version=1732265835" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Turning Cancer Immunotherapy to the Emerging Immune Checkpoint TIGIT: Will This Break Through the Limitations of the Legacy Approach?" data-journal="vaccines"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Commentary</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-393X/12/12/1306">Turning Cancer Immunotherapy to the Emerging Immune Checkpoint TIGIT: Will This Break Through the Limitations of the Legacy Approach?</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Haozhe Cui</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Eyad Elkord</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Vaccines</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>12</em>(12), 1306; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12121306">https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12121306</a> - 22 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The discovery of immune checkpoints (ICs) has pushed cancer treatment into the next era. As an emerging immune checkpoint, the TIGIT/CD155 axis inhibits the cytotoxicity of T and NK cells through multiple pathways. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting TIGIT are hopefully expected to <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/12/12/1306/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The discovery of immune checkpoints (ICs) has pushed cancer treatment into the next era. As an emerging immune checkpoint, the TIGIT/CD155 axis inhibits the cytotoxicity of T and NK cells through multiple pathways. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting TIGIT are hopefully expected to address the issue of unresponsiveness to anti-PD-(L)1 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) by combination therapy. This paper presents insights on the expression, structure and mechanism of action of TIGIT, as well as the principles and methods of designing mAbs targeting TIGIT and their clinical data. The advantages and disadvantages of targeting TIGIT using mAbs, bispecific and tri-specific antibodies (bsAbs and tsAbs), peptides, and compounds, in addition to potential combination therapies of anti-TIGIT with anti-PD-1 or cancer vaccines, are addressed. Finally, perspectives on current immunotherapies targeting TIGIT are discussed. <a href="/2076-393X/12/12/1306">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/vaccines/special_issues/LP7CFUEV1W ">Cancer Vaccines and Immunotherapy: Latest Advances, Limitations and Prospects</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/12/12/1306/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1526821-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01306/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01306-g001-550.jpg?1732265925" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div></div></div><div id="article-1526821-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01306/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01306-g001-550.jpg?1732265925" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p><b>Mechanisms of immune cell suppression by TIGIT.</b> ① TIGIT delivers inhibitory signals to NK cells via its cytoplasmic tail. ② TIGIT inhibits TCR-mediated T cell activation. ③ TIGIT competes with activating receptor CD226 for their co-ligand CD155. ④ TIGIT disrupts homodimerization of CD226. ⑤ CD155 on DC binds to TIGIT and induces secretion of IL-10 to inhibit T/NK cell responses. ⑥ Tregs upregulate TIGIT, which binds to CD155 on tumor cells, generating a more suppressive phenotype that can inhibit T/NK cells. Created in <a href="https://BioRender.com" target="_blank">https://BioRender.com</a>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-393X/12/12/1306'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 14 pages, 779 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-393X/12/12/1305/pdf?version=1732263202" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="How Attribution of COVID-19 Crisis Responsibility Predicts Hong Kong Citizens’ Intention to Accept Vaccination" data-journal="vaccines"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-393X/12/12/1305">How Attribution of COVID-19 Crisis Responsibility Predicts Hong Kong Citizens’ Intention to Accept Vaccination</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ji Won Kim</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Qinxian Cai</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Lang Kao</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yi-Hui Christine Huang</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Vaccines</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>12</em>(12), 1305; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12121305">https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12121305</a> - 22 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Background: This study aims to illuminate the role of perceived crisis responsibility in shaping vaccination intention. By using the case of Hong Kong during the COVID-19 pandemic, we examined whether and how the allocation of crisis responsibility to the government predicts the public’s <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/12/12/1305/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Background: This study aims to illuminate the role of perceived crisis responsibility in shaping vaccination intention. By using the case of Hong Kong during the COVID-19 pandemic, we examined whether and how the allocation of crisis responsibility to the government predicts the public’s intention to take vaccines, particularly by investigating its underlying mechanism. Method and Results: Based on a population-representative sample of Hong Kong adults (<i>N</i> = 3188), our results indicated that (1) the attribution of crisis responsibility directly led to lower vaccination intention, and (2) it also had indirect influences on vaccination intention through trust and anger; specifically, the crisis attribution resulted in less willingness to take vaccines via a decreased trust in government health agencies. We also found a serial mediation pathway in which anger aroused by the crisis attribution could decrease trust, which, in turn, yielded lower vaccination intentions. Conclusion: The findings of this study offer theoretical insights into the role of attribution of crisis responsibility in affecting vaccination decisions during a public health emergency. Further, these findings provide directions for crisis managers and public health authorities to develop communication strategies to motivate vaccine uptake and formulate an approach to tackle the pandemic crisis. <a href="/2076-393X/12/12/1305">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/vaccines/special_issues/6133H46KY4 ">Vaccine Acceptance and Coverage</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/12/12/1305/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1526755"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1526755"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1526755" data-cycle-prev="#prev1526755" data-cycle-progressive="#images1526755" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1526755-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01305/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01305-g001-550.jpg?1732263345" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1526755" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1526755-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01305/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01305-g002-550.jpg?1732263346'><p>Figure 2</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1526755-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01305/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01305-g001-550.jpg?1732263345" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>The hypothesized model for examining the effect of attribution of Covid-19 crisis responsibility on vaccination intention. Note. H6: Attribution of COVID-19 crisis responsibility → Trust in government health agencies → Vaccination intention; H7: Attribution of COVID-19 crisis responsibility → Anger → Vaccination intention; H8: Attribution of COVID-19 crisis responsibility → Anger → Trust in government health agencies → Vaccination intention.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-393X/12/12/1305'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01305/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01305-g002-550.jpg?1732263346" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>SEM results of the hypothesized model. Note. Model fit: χ<sup>2</sup>/df = 3.40, CFI = 0.993, TLI = 0.990, RMSEA = 0.027, and SRMR = 0.017. Standardized regression coefficients are reported. Control variables include gender, age, education level, monthly household income, and political stance. Covariances between exogenous variables and indicators for latent variables are not shown here in the figure. *** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.001.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-393X/12/12/1305'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1526723" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1526723" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1526723" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2076-393X/12/12/1304/s1?version=1732261653"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 7376 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 13 pages, 3223 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-393X/12/12/1304/pdf?version=1732261652" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Live Attenuated aTJ Vaccine Effectively Protects Pigeons Against Homologous PPMV-1 Challenge" data-journal="vaccines"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-393X/12/12/1304">Live Attenuated aTJ Vaccine Effectively Protects Pigeons Against Homologous PPMV-1 Challenge</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Shan Zhang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Dahu Liu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Baojing Liu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ruinying Liang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Lin Liang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xinming Tang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Shaohua Hou</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Chan Ding</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xusheng Qiu</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jiabo Ding</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Vaccines</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>12</em>(12), 1304; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12121304">https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12121304</a> - 22 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> <b>Background:</b> Pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 (PPMV-1) is a significant pathogen affecting pigeon populations globally. The commonly used La Sota vaccine provides limited protection due to antigenic divergence from circulating PPMV-1 strains. An antigenically matched vaccine is needed to address this challenge. <b>Methods:</b> An <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/12/12/1304/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> <b>Background:</b> Pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 (PPMV-1) is a significant pathogen affecting pigeon populations globally. The commonly used La Sota vaccine provides limited protection due to antigenic divergence from circulating PPMV-1 strains. An antigenically matched vaccine is needed to address this challenge. <b>Methods:</b> An attenuated aTJ strain was developed through reverse genetics by modifying the F protein cleavage site of the virulent TJ-WT strain. Pigeons were immunized twice with the aTJ strain via eyedrop and intranasal routes, followed by a challenge with a virulent PPMV-1 strain ten days after the booster immunization. <b>Results:</b> The attenuated aTJ strain induced robust serum antibody titers post-booster immunization, and vaccinated pigeons showed strong protection upon challenge, with significantly reduced morbidity, mortality, and viral shedding compared to controls. <b>Conclusions:</b> These findings suggest that the aTJ strain is a promising candidate for the promotion of PPMV-1 prevention and control, emphasizing the importance of antigenic matching in optimizing vaccine efficacy. <a href="/2076-393X/12/12/1304">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/vaccines/special_issues/O8FDM4HBKS ">Vaccines against Poultry Viruses</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/12/12/1304/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1526723"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1526723"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1526723" data-cycle-prev="#prev1526723" data-cycle-progressive="#images1526723" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1526723-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01304/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01304-g001-550.jpg?1732261751" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1526723" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1526723-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01304/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01304-g002-550.jpg?1732261753'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1526723-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01304/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01304-g003-550.jpg?1732261754'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1526723-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01304/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01304-g004-550.jpg?1732261755'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1526723-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01304/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01304-g005-550.jpg?1732261756'><p>Figure 5</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1526723-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01304/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01304-g001-550.jpg?1732261751" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Schematic representation of the construction of the full-length genome plasmid TVT-aTJ for reverse genetics of the TJ-WT strain. The TJ-WT genome was divided into five segments (C1, S2, S3, C4, and C5) for sequential ligation into the pTVT vector using homologous recombination. MluI restriction enzyme digestion was employed to facilitate the insertion of the S3, C4, and C5 fragments. The label “F0” indicates the cleavage site of the F protein (Fcs), which was replaced with that of the La Sota strain. This process resulted in the construction of the full-length infectious clone, TVT-aTJ.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-393X/12/12/1304'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01304/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01304-g002-550.jpg?1732261753" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Detection of genetic marker and F protein cleavage site mutations in the recombinant aTJ virus. (<b>A</b>) Agarose gel electrophoresis of PCR products before digestion (BD) and after digestion (AD) with KpnI. Lane M represented the molecular marker. TJ-WT represented the wild-type strain, and aTJ represented the recombinant virus strain. The expected band pattern confirmed the successful digestion at the KpnI site in the recombinant virus. (<b>B</b>) Sequencing chromatogram showing the Fcs. TJ-WT exhibited the virulent cleavage site <sub>112</sub>RRQKRF<sub>117</sub>, whereas the recombinant aTJ strain had the attenuated cleavage site <sub>112</sub>GRQGRL<sub>117</sub>. Red arrows marked the nucleotide changes, and the corresponding amino acid substitutions (in red) represented the introduction of the avirulent cleavage site.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-393X/12/12/1304'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01304/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01304-g003-550.jpg?1732261754" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Viral growth kinetics in BHK21 cells. Cells were infected with each virus at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 1. Supernatants were collected every 12 h, and viral titers were determined using TCID<sub>50</sub> assays. Data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation from three independent experiments.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-393X/12/12/1304'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01304/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01304-g004-550.jpg?1732261755" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers post-immunization. Serum samples were collected at 7, 14, 21, 28, and 31 days post-primary immunization (dpi), and HI titers were measured using aTJ (<b>A</b>) and La Sota (<b>B</b>) as 4 HA unit antigens. Antibody titers are shown as log<sub>2</sub> values, and data are presented as the median and interquartile range (IQR) (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 10/group). A booster immunization was given on 21 dpi. Statistical comparisons were made using the nonparametric Mann–Whitney <span class="html-italic">U</span> test. Significance levels: ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01 and *** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.001. Values without asterisks indicate no statistically significant difference.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-393X/12/12/1304'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01304/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01304-g005-550.jpg?1732261756" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Clinical scores and survival curves post-challenge with the TJ-WT strain. (<b>A</b>) Clinical scores for each group of inactivated vaccines. Clinical scores for each group were expressed as the mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). The clinical symptoms were assessed based on the scoring criteria: 0 points for normal state; 1 point for depression or neck shrinkage; 2 points for drooping wings, torticollis, or ataxia; 3 points for general paralysis or collapse; and 4 points for death. (<b>B</b>) Survival curves for the groups after the challenge. Mortality rates were 100% in the PBS group, while mortality in the aTJ groups was 0%.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-393X/12/12/1304'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1526663" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1526663" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1526663" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2076-393X/12/12/1303/s1?version=1732257526"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 149 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 14 pages, 728 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-393X/12/12/1303/pdf?version=1732257525" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="The Real-World Effectiveness of Inactivated COVID-19 Vaccines in Zimbabwe During the Omicron Variant Dominance: A Test-Negative Case–Control Study" data-journal="vaccines"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-393X/12/12/1303">The Real-World Effectiveness of Inactivated COVID-19 Vaccines in Zimbabwe During the Omicron Variant Dominance: A Test-Negative Case–Control Study</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Azure Tariro Makadzange</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Patricia Gundidza</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Kimberly Cheryl Chido Konono</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Margaret Gurumani</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Chiratidzo Ndhlovu</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Vaccines</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>12</em>(12), 1303; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12121303">https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12121303</a> - 22 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Background/Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted global health, with varying vaccine effectiveness (VE) across different regions and vaccine platforms. In Africa, where vaccination rates are relatively low, inactivated vaccines like BBIP-CorV (Sinopharm) and Coronovac (Sinovac) have been widely used. This study evaluated <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/12/12/1303/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Background/Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted global health, with varying vaccine effectiveness (VE) across different regions and vaccine platforms. In Africa, where vaccination rates are relatively low, inactivated vaccines like BBIP-CorV (Sinopharm) and Coronovac (Sinovac) have been widely used. This study evaluated the real-world effectiveness of licensed inactivated COVID-19 vaccines in Zimbabwe during a period dominated by Omicron variants. Methods: We conducted a prospective, test-negative, case–control study among symptomatic adults across six Zimbabwean provinces from November 2022 to October 2023. Participants were categorized based on vaccination status, and nasopharyngeal swabs were collected for SARS-CoV-2 PCR testing. Vaccine effectiveness was assessed using conditional logistic regression, adjusting for various covariates such as age, sex, and comorbidities. Results: Among 5175 participants, 701 tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 and 4474 tested negative. The overall adjusted VE against symptomatic COVID-19 was 31% (95% CI: 5.3–49.7%) among verified vaccinated individuals. Boosted individuals demonstrated a higher VE of 59.8% (95% CI: 40.3–72.9%). VE decreased significantly to 24% (95% CI: −4.1–44.8%) in individuals vaccinated over a year prior. Similar VE was observed for BBIP-CorV (36.8%, 95% CI: 11.4–54.9%) and Coronovac (38.1%, 95% CI: 16.3–54.2%). Conclusions: This study indicates modest protection from inactivated COVID-19 vaccines against symptomatic Omicron infection, with significant enhancement following booster doses. These findings highlight the need for continued vaccine evaluation, particularly in resource-limited settings, to inform public health strategies and optimize vaccination programs. <a href="/2076-393X/12/12/1303">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/vaccines/special_issues/J9Q3Z036V6 ">COVID-19 Vaccination and Public Health: Addressing Global, Regional and Within-Country Inequalities</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/12/12/1303/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1526663"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1526663"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1526663" data-cycle-prev="#prev1526663" data-cycle-progressive="#images1526663" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1526663-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01303/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01303-g001-550.jpg?1732257599" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1526663" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1526663-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01303/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01303-g002-550.jpg?1732257603'><p>Figure 2</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1526663-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01303/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01303-g001-550.jpg?1732257599" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Consort diagram reflecting enrolment and outcomes for study participants.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-393X/12/12/1303'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01303/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01303-g002-550.jpg?1732257603" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Adjusted vaccine effectiveness (VE) by vaccination status and subgroup. Adjusted VE percentages with 95% confidence intervals for various vaccination statuses and subgroups. Black circles represent verified participants; red squares represent all participants. The <span class="html-italic">x</span>-axis shows VE, ranging from −50% to 100%, with error bars indicating 95% confidence intervals.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-393X/12/12/1303'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 23 pages, 6553 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-393X/12/12/1302/pdf?version=1732265570" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="The Safety and Efficacy of New DIVA Inactivated Vaccines Against Lumpy Skin Disease in Calves" data-journal="vaccines"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-393X/12/12/1302">The Safety and Efficacy of New DIVA Inactivated Vaccines Against Lumpy Skin Disease in Calves</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Gaetano Federico Ronchi</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Mariangela Iorio</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Anna Serroni</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Marco Caporale</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Lilia Testa</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Cristiano Palucci</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Daniela Antonucci</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sara Capista</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sara Traini</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Chiara Pinoni</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ivano Di Matteo</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Caterina Laguardia</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Gisella Armillotta</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Francesca Profeta</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Fabrizia Valleriani</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Elisabetta Di Felice</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Giovanni Di Teodoro</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Flavio Sacchini</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Mirella Luciani</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Chiara Di Pancrazio</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock author-item-hidden js-author-item-hidden"><strong>Michele Podaliri Vulpiani</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock author-item-hidden js-author-item-hidden"><strong>Emanuela Rossi</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock author-item-hidden js-author-item-hidden"><strong>Romolo Salini</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock author-item-hidden js-author-item-hidden"><strong>Daniela Morelli</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock author-item-hidden js-author-item-hidden"><strong>Nicola Ferri</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock author-item-hidden js-author-item-hidden"><strong>Maria Teresa Mercante</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock author-item-hidden js-author-item-hidden"><strong>Mauro Di Ventura</strong></span><a href="#" class="show-full-author-list"><i class="material-icons">add</i> Show full author list </a><a href="#" class="hide-full-author-list"><i class="material-icons">remove</i> Hide full author list </a> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Vaccines</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>12</em>(12), 1302; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12121302">https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12121302</a> - 21 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> <b>Background:</b> Lumpy skin disease virus (<i>Poxviridae</i> family—<i>Capripoxvirus</i> genus) is the aetiological agent of LSD, a disease primarily transmitted by hematophagous biting, affecting principally cattle. Currently, only live attenuated vaccines are commercially available, but their use is limited to endemic areas. There <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/12/12/1302/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> <b>Background:</b> Lumpy skin disease virus (<i>Poxviridae</i> family—<i>Capripoxvirus</i> genus) is the aetiological agent of LSD, a disease primarily transmitted by hematophagous biting, affecting principally cattle. Currently, only live attenuated vaccines are commercially available, but their use is limited to endemic areas. There is a need for safer vaccines, especially in LSD-free countries. This research aims to develop and test a safe and efficacious inactivated vaccine. Moreover, in this study, we used keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) as a positive marker to distinguish infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA). <b>Methods:</b> Lumpy skin disease virus was propagated on primary lamb testis cells and Madin–Darby bovine kidney cells (PLT and MDBK, respectively), and four inactivated vaccines were produced. The vaccines differed from each other with the addition or not of KLH and in cells used for virus propagation. To evaluate the safety and immunogenicity, the vaccines and two placebos were administered to six groups comprising six male calves each, and antibody response was investigated using both an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a serum neutralization (SN) test. In addition, the LSD/γ-interferon test and KLH (IgM-IgG) ELISA were performed on the collected samples. Furthermore, the use of KLH allowed us to distinguish vaccinated animals in the ELISA results, without any interference on the strength of the immune response against the LSDV. Finally, the efficacy of one of four vaccines was investigated through a challenge, in which one group of vaccinated animals and one animal control group were infected with a live field strain of LSDV. <b>Results:</b> Four out of the six control animals showed severe clinical signs suggestive of LSD, and, therefore, were euthanized for overcoming the predetermined limit of clinical score. By contrast, the vaccinated animals showed only mild symptoms, suggesting a reduction in severe disease notwithstanding the incapability of the vaccine in reducing the virus shedding. <b>Conclusion:</b> The vaccines produced were safe and able to elicit both a humoral and a cellular immune response, characteristics that, together with the demonstrated efficacy, make our vaccine a good candidate for countering the LSD spread in disease-free countries, thus also facilitating disease containment throughout the application of a DIVA strategy. <a href="/2076-393X/12/12/1302">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/vaccines/sections/Veterinary_Vaccines">Veterinary Vaccines</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/12/12/1302/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1526538"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1526538"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1526538" data-cycle-prev="#prev1526538" data-cycle-progressive="#images1526538" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1526538-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01302/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01302-g001-550.jpg?1732265641" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1526538" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1526538-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01302/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01302-g002-550.jpg?1732265643'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1526538-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01302/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01302-g003-550.jpg?1732265644'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1526538-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01302/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01302-g004-550.jpg?1732265647'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1526538-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01302/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01302-g005-550.jpg?1732265648'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1526538-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01302/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01302-g006-550.jpg?1732265649'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1526538-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01302/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01302-g007-550.jpg?1732265651'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1526538-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01302/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01302-g008-550.jpg?1732265652'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1526538-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01302/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01302-g009-550.jpg?1732265653'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1526538-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01302/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01302-g010-550.jpg?1732265654'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1526538-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01302/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01302-g011-550.jpg?1732265655'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1526538-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01302/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01302-g012-550.jpg?1732265656'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1526538-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01302/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01302-g013-550.jpg?1732265657'><p>Figure 13</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1526538-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01302/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01302-g014-550.jpg?1732265661'><p>Figure 14</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1526538-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01302/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01302-g001-550.jpg?1732265641" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Mean rectal temperatures over time in the six cattle groups (6 animals/group) after the first and second doses: (<b>A</b>,<b>D</b>) vaccines produced in PLT cells with (group A) or without (group B) KLH; (<b>B</b>,<b>E</b>) vaccines produced in MDBK cells with (group C) or without (group D) KLH; (<b>C</b>,<b>F</b>) placebo with (group E) or without (group F) KLH; d<sub>12</sub> data for one animal in group F are missing. Error bars: standard deviation. Red line: pyrexia. Green lines: range of physiological temperature.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-393X/12/12/1302'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01302/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01302-g002-550.jpg?1732265643" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Mean LSDV ELISA titers (S/P %) measured over time, starting from the first vaccine inoculation (day 0) until the end of the study (day 385): (<b>A</b>) mean ELISA titers, expressed as S/P%), in animals inoculated with vaccine produced on PLT cells with (group A) and without KLH (group B); (<b>B</b>) mean ELISA titers in animals inoculated with vaccine produced on MDBK cells with (group C) and without KLH (group D). Both panels show the two control groups (E and F). The mean values of group C and group F (placebo) were recorded until day 63 when they underwent the challenge. Error bars: standard deviation; red line: cut-off.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-393X/12/12/1302'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01302/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01302-g003-550.jpg?1732265644" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Mean serum LSDV neutralizing titers (log<sub>10</sub>) over time: (<b>A</b>) mean titers of animals inoculated with vaccine produced on PLT cells with (group A) or without (group B) KLH; (<b>B</b>) mean titers of animals inoculated with vaccine produced on MDBK cells with (group C) or without (group D) KLH. The two control groups (groups E-F) are included in both panels. The data concern the entire observational period (day 385) except for groups C and F, which underwent the challenge on day 63. The error bars indicate the standard deviation at each time point.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-393X/12/12/1302'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01302/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01302-g004-550.jpg?1732265647" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Mean interferon-γ values (pg/mL) measured in the six animal groups over time: (<b>A</b>) γ-interferon values in animals inoculated with vaccine produced on PLT cells with KLH (group A); (<b>B</b>) interferon-γ values in animals inoculated with vaccine produced on PLT cells without KLH (group B); (<b>C</b>) interferon-γ values of animals inoculated with vaccine produced on MDBK cells with KLH (group C); (<b>D</b>) interferon-γ values in animals inoculated with vaccine produced on MDBK cells without KLH (group D). The data concern the entire observational period (day 385), starting from the first vaccine inoculation (day 0), except for groups C and F that underwent the challenge at day 63. The two placebo groups (E and F) are included in all the panels. The error bars indicate the standard deviation at each time point.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-393X/12/12/1302'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01302/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01302-g005-550.jpg?1732265648" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>KLH IgM antibody titers, expressed as optical density absorbance at 600 nm, measured over time in the animal groups inoculated with formulations containing the exogenous protein KLH at day 0 and day 28: (<b>A</b>) IgM titers in animal group inoculated with vaccine produced on PLT cells with KLH (group A); (<b>B</b>) IgM titers in animal groups inoculated with vaccine produced on MDBK cells with KLH (group C) and PBS with KLH (group F). The error bars indicate the standard deviation. Groups C and F underwent the challenge on day 63.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-393X/12/12/1302'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01302/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01302-g006-550.jpg?1732265649" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>IgG KLH antibody titers, expressed as optical density absorbance at 600 nm, measured over time in the animal groups inoculated with formulations containing the exogenous protein KLH at day 0 and day 28: (<b>A</b>) IgG titer in the animal group inoculated with vaccine produced on primary lamb testis cells with KLH (group A); (<b>B</b>) IgG titers in animal groups inoculated with vaccine produced on MDBK cells with KLH (group C) and PBS with KLH (group F). The error bars indicate the standard deviation. Groups C and D underwent the challenge on day 63.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-393X/12/12/1302'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01302/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01302-g007-550.jpg?1732265651" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Mean rectal temperatures measured, after challenge (day 0), in group C, inoculated with vaccine produced in MDBK cells with KLH, and group F inoculated with PBS and KLH (placebo). Error bars indicate the standard deviation. Temperatures above the horizontal red line were considered pyrexia. Four animals belonging to group F were euthanized (†) on day 10.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-393X/12/12/1302'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01302/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01302-g008-550.jpg?1732265652" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Mean clinical score values after challenge in the two animal groups (group C and group F). On day 10, four animals were euthanized (†). The error bars represent the standard deviation. The red line represents the human endpoint value set to 13.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-393X/12/12/1302'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01302/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01302-g009-550.jpg?1732265653" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Mean LSDV ELISA titers, expressed as S/P %, measured after the challenge (day 0) in groups C and F (vaccinated and placebo, respectively). The cut-off of the test was set at 30% (red line). On day 10, 4 animals belonging to the control group F were euthanized (†).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-393X/12/12/1302'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01302/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01302-g010-550.jpg?1732265654" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Mean serum LSDV neutralizing titers, expressed as log<sub>10</sub> of the reciprocal of the last positive dilution tested, measured after challenge (day 0), in groups C and F (vaccinated and placebo, respectively). The error bars indicate the standard deviation at each time. Four animals belonging to group F were euthanized (†) on day 10.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-393X/12/12/1302'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01302/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01302-g011-550.jpg?1732265655" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>KLH IgM antibody titers, expressed as optical density absorbance at 600 nm, measured after challenge (day 0) in groups C and F (vaccinated and placebo, respectively). The error bars indicate the standard deviation. On day 10, 4 animals belonging to the control group F were euthanized (†).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-393X/12/12/1302'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01302/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01302-g012-550.jpg?1732265656" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>KLH IgG antibody titers, expressed as optical density absorbance at 600 nm, measured after challenge (day 0) in groups C and F (vaccinated and placebo, respectively). The error bars indicate the standard deviation. On day 10, 4 animals belonging to the control group F were euthanized (†).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-393X/12/12/1302'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01302/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01302-g013-550.jpg?1732265657" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>Mean γ-interferon values (pg/mL) measured after the challenge in the animal groups C and F (vaccinated and placebo, respectively). The error bars indicate the standard deviation at each time. Four animals belonging to group F were euthanized (†) on day 10.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-393X/12/12/1302'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01302/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01302-g014-550.jpg?1732265661" title=" <strong>Figure 14</strong><br/> <p>PCR for capripox viruses in different samples in the two animal groups (group C—panels (<b>B</b>,<b>D</b>,<b>F</b>,<b>H</b>) and group F—panels (<b>A</b>,<b>C</b>,<b>E</b>,<b>G</b>)): (<b>A</b>,<b>B</b>) blood PCR; (<b>C</b>,<b>D</b>) ocular swabs PCR; (<b>E</b>,<b>F</b>) nasal swabs; (<b>G,H</b>) oral swabs. On day 10, four animals in the control group F were euthanized (†). The red line indicates the threshold cut-off, which was set to 40.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-393X/12/12/1302'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 14 pages, 300 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-393X/12/12/1301/pdf?version=1732265884" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Attitude Towards Vaccination Among University Students at a Spanish University: Relationships with Sociodemographic and Academic Variables" data-journal="vaccines"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-393X/12/12/1301">Attitude Towards Vaccination Among University Students at a Spanish University: Relationships with Sociodemographic and Academic Variables</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Francisco Javier Pérez-Rivas</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Laura Esteban-Gonzalo</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>David García-García</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Vaccines</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>12</em>(12), 1301; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12121301">https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12121301</a> - 21 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Objectives: This descriptive, cross-sectional study examines the attitude towards vaccination of students at the Complutense University of Madrid (Spain) and explores its relationship with sociodemographic and academic variables using a bivariate analysis and linear and logistic regression. Methods: The attitude towards vaccination of <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/12/12/1301/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Objectives: This descriptive, cross-sectional study examines the attitude towards vaccination of students at the Complutense University of Madrid (Spain) and explores its relationship with sociodemographic and academic variables using a bivariate analysis and linear and logistic regression. Methods: The attitude towards vaccination of 3577 students of different disciplines was assessed using an online version of the Questionnaire on Attitudes and Behaviours towards Vaccination. In addition, all students were asked if they sought information produced by anti-vaccination groups and whether they identified as “anti-vaccine”. Results: In general, the students showed a favourable attitude towards vaccination. Older students, those in paid employment, and those undertaking non-health-related studies had less favourable attitudes. Spanish-born and female students showed more positive attitudes than foreign-born and non-binary/male students, respectively. Only a small proportion of students identified as anti-vaccine. Conclusions: Despite these positive results, the need for interventions targeting specific groups with less favourable attitudes, such as older students, employed students, and those in non-health-related fields, is clear. <a href="/2076-393X/12/12/1301">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/vaccines/special_issues/1V7SGV8J47 ">Acceptance and Hesitancy in Vaccine Uptake</a>)<br/> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1526271" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1526271" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1526271" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2076-393X/12/12/1300/s1?version=1732193554"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 1327 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 27 pages, 1709 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-393X/12/12/1300/pdf?version=1732193553" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Safety, Immunogenicity and Protective Activity of a Modified Trivalent Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine for Combined Protection Against Seasonal Influenza and COVID-19 in Golden Syrian Hamsters" data-journal="vaccines"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-393X/12/12/1300">Safety, Immunogenicity and Protective Activity of a Modified Trivalent Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine for Combined Protection Against Seasonal Influenza and COVID-19 in Golden Syrian Hamsters</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ekaterina Stepanova</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Victoria Matyushenko</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Daria Mezhenskaya</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ekaterina Bazhenova</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Tatiana Kotomina</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Alexandra Rak</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Svetlana Donina</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Anna Chistiakova</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Arina Kostromitina</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Vlada Novitskaya</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Polina Prokopenko</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Kristina Rodionova</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Konstantin Sivak</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Kirill Kryshen</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Valery Makarov</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Larisa Rudenko</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Irina Isakova-Sivak</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Vaccines</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>12</em>(12), 1300; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12121300">https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12121300</a> - 21 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Background/Objectives: Influenza viruses and SARS-CoV-2 are currently cocirculating with similar seasonality, and both pathogens are characterized by a high mutational rate which results in reduced vaccine effectiveness and thus requires regular updating of vaccine compositions. Vaccine formulations combining seasonal influenza and SARS-CoV-2 strains <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/12/12/1300/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Background/Objectives: Influenza viruses and SARS-CoV-2 are currently cocirculating with similar seasonality, and both pathogens are characterized by a high mutational rate which results in reduced vaccine effectiveness and thus requires regular updating of vaccine compositions. Vaccine formulations combining seasonal influenza and SARS-CoV-2 strains can be considered promising and cost-effective tools for protection against both infections. Methods: We used a licensed seasonal trivalent live attenuated influenza vaccine (3×LAIV) as a basis for the development of a modified 3×LAIV/CoV-2 vaccine, where H1N1 and H3N2 LAIV strains encoded an immunogenic cassette enriched with conserved T-cell epitopes of SARS-CoV-2, whereas a B/Victoria lineage LAIV strain was unmodified. The trivalent LAIV/CoV-2 composition was compared to the classical 3×LAIV in the golden Syrian hamster model. Animals were intranasally immunized with the mixtures of the vaccine viruses, twice, with a 3-week interval. Immunogenicity was assessed on day 42 of the study, and the protective effect was established by infecting vaccinated hamsters with either influenza H1N1, H3N2 or B viruses or with SARS-CoV-2 strains of the Wuhan, Delta and Omicron lineages. Results: Both the classical 3×LAIV and 3×LAIV/CoV-2 vaccine compositions induced similar levels of serum antibodies specific to all three influenza strains, which resulted in comparable levels of protection against challenge from either influenza strain. Protection against SARS-CoV-2 challenge was more pronounced in the 3×LAIV/CoV-2-immunized hamsters compared to the classical 3×LAIV group. These data were accompanied by the higher magnitude of virus-specific cellular responses detected by ELISPOT in the modified trivalent LAIV group. Conclusions: The modified trivalent live attenuated influenza vaccine encoding the T-cell epitopes of SARS-CoV-2 can be considered a promising tool for combined protection against seasonal influenza and COVID-19. <a href="/2076-393X/12/12/1300">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/vaccines/special_issues/VJ55X11K40 ">The Recent Development of Influenza Vaccine: 2nd Edition</a>)<br/> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1526158" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1526158" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1526158" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2076-393X/12/12/1299/s1?version=1732188321"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 2428 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 17 pages, 5223 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-393X/12/12/1299/pdf?version=1732188320" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Geospatial Variation in Vaccination Coverage and Zero-Dose Prevalence at the District, Ward and Health Facility Levels Before and After a Measles Vaccination Campaign in Nigeria" data-journal="vaccines"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-393X/12/12/1299">Geospatial Variation in Vaccination Coverage and Zero-Dose Prevalence at the District, Ward and Health Facility Levels Before and After a Measles Vaccination Campaign in Nigeria</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>C. Edson Utazi</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Iyanuloluwa D. Olowe</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>H. M. Theophilus Chan</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Winfred Dotse-Gborgbortsi</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>John Wagai</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jamila A. Umar</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sulaiman Etamesor</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Brian Atuhaire</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Biyi Fafunmi</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jessica Crawford</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Adeyemi Adeniran</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Andrew J. Tatem</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Vaccines</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>12</em>(12), 1299; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12121299">https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12121299</a> - 21 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Many measles endemic countries with suboptimal coverage levels still rely on vaccination campaigns to fill immunity gaps and boost control efforts. Depending on local epidemiological patterns, national or targeted campaigns are implemented, following which post-campaign coverage surveys (PCCSs) are conducted to evaluate their <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/12/12/1299/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Many measles endemic countries with suboptimal coverage levels still rely on vaccination campaigns to fill immunity gaps and boost control efforts. Depending on local epidemiological patterns, national or targeted campaigns are implemented, following which post-campaign coverage surveys (PCCSs) are conducted to evaluate their performance, particularly in terms of reaching previously unvaccinated children. Due to limited resources, PCCS surveys are designed to be representative at coarse spatial scales, often masking important heterogeneities in coverage that could enhance the identification of areas of poor performance for follow-up via routine immunization strategies. Here, we undertake geospatial analyses of the 2021 measles PCCS in Nigeria to map indicators of coverage measuring the individual and combined performance of the campaign and routine immunization (RI) at 1 × 1 km resolution and the ward and district levels in 13 states. Using additional geospatial datasets, we also produced estimates of numbers of unvaccinated children during the campaign and numbers of measles-containing vaccine (MCV) zero-dose children before and after the campaign at these levels and within health facility catchment areas. Our study revealed that although the campaign reduced the numbers of MCV zero-dose children in all the districts, areas of suboptimal campaign and RI performance with considerable numbers of zero-dose children remained. Our analyses further identified wards and health facility catchment areas with higher numbers of unvaccinated children within these areas. Our outputs provide a robust evidence base to plan and implement follow-up RI strategies and to guide future campaigns at flexible and operationally relevant spatial scales. <a href="/2076-393X/12/12/1299">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/vaccines/sections/Vaccines_PublicHealth">Human Vaccines and Public Health</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/12/12/1299/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1526158"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1526158"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1526158" data-cycle-prev="#prev1526158" data-cycle-progressive="#images1526158" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1526158-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01299/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01299-g001-550.jpg?1732188389" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1526158" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1526158-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01299/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01299-g002-550.jpg?1732188392'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1526158-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01299/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01299-g003-550.jpg?1732188394'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1526158-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01299/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01299-g004-550.jpg?1732188396'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1526158-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01299/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01299-g005-550.jpg?1732188399'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1526158-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01299/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01299-g006-550.jpg?1732188401'><p>Figure 6</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1526158-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01299/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01299-g001-550.jpg?1732188389" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>2021 Measles post-campaign coverage survey cluster-level vaccination coverage data for children aged 9–59 months.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-393X/12/12/1299'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01299/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01299-g002-550.jpg?1732188392" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>1 × 1 km modelled estimates of coverage among children aged 9–59 months for six measles post-campaign coverage survey (PCCS) indicators and associated uncertainty estimates shown as standard deviations.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-393X/12/12/1299'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01299/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01299-g003-550.jpg?1732188394" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Local government area (LGA) level estimates of coverage during the campaign among children aged 9–59 months.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-393X/12/12/1299'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01299/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01299-g004-550.jpg?1732188396" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Estimates of numbers of zero-dose children aged 12–59 months before and after the 2021 measles vaccination campaign at the LGA level.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-393X/12/12/1299'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01299/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01299-g005-550.jpg?1732188399" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Estimates of numbers of unvaccinated children aged 12–59 months at the ward and health facility catchment area levels during the campaign.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-393X/12/12/1299'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01299/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01299-g006-550.jpg?1732188401" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>(<b>Left panel</b>) Estimates of numbers of unvaccinated children during the campaign at the health facility catchment area level in Kano state. Insets show locations of the corresponding health facilities, and the buildings identified within the catchment areas through using Google building footprint data. (<b>Right panel</b>) Estimates of numbers of unvaccinated children before and during the campaign within different walking travel time bands in the state.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-393X/12/12/1299'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 12 pages, 1880 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-393X/12/11/1298/pdf?version=1732111012" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Association Between Influenza Vaccine and Immune Thrombocytopenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" data-journal="vaccines"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Systematic Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-393X/12/11/1298">Association Between Influenza Vaccine and Immune Thrombocytopenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Zhicai Liu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jing Wang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Zhaojun Lu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yuyang Xu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jian Du</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jiayin Han</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xuechao Zhang</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yan Liu</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Vaccines</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>12</em>(11), 1298; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12111298">https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12111298</a> - 20 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Background: Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an uncommon but serious adverse reaction after vaccination. However, its association with vaccines other than the measles–mumps–rubella vaccine remains debatable. This study aimed to analyze ITP cases following influenza vaccination and assess any potential association. Methods: We performed <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/12/11/1298/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Background: Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an uncommon but serious adverse reaction after vaccination. However, its association with vaccines other than the measles–mumps–rubella vaccine remains debatable. This study aimed to analyze ITP cases following influenza vaccination and assess any potential association. Methods: We performed a systematic search of the Web of Science, Embase, and PubMed databases from their inception to 15 April 2024. Cases were characterized qualitatively, and relative risk was assessed using either fixed or random models. Results: A total of 24 studies were analyzed, including 16 patients from 14 case reports. Patients averaged 56.7 years old, half were female, and ten patients had a history of prior illness. The mean time between vaccination and diagnosis was 13.3 days. Treatment primarily involved corticosteroids or intravenous immunoglobulin, with most recovering within a month. The pooled odds ratio for ITP post-influenza vaccination was 0.94 (95%CI: 0.85–1.03). Subgroup analyses conducted according to the study design and vaccine type did not reveal any significant results. Conclusion: No evidence of an association between influenza vaccination and ITP was found. Further observational studies are required to verify this relationship. <a href="/2076-393X/12/11/1298">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/vaccines/special_issues/J1H6N3HYRL ">Influenza Virus Vaccines and Vaccination</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/12/11/1298/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1525310"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1525310"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1525310" data-cycle-prev="#prev1525310" data-cycle-progressive="#images1525310" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1525310-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01298/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01298-g001-550.jpg?1732111081" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1525310" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1525310-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01298/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01298-g002-550.jpg?1732111082'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1525310-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01298/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01298-g003-550.jpg?1732111083'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1525310-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01298/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01298-g004-550.jpg?1732111085'><p>Figure 4</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1525310-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01298/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01298-g001-550.jpg?1732111081" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Flow chart of the included studies.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-393X/12/11/1298'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01298/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01298-g002-550.jpg?1732111082" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Forest plot of the association between influenza vaccination and ITP. Black diamonds: overall effect size and its 95% confidence interval. Red graph: effect size of each study and its weight.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-393X/12/11/1298'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01298/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01298-g003-550.jpg?1732111083" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Funnel plot for the assessment of publication bias.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-393X/12/11/1298'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01298/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01298-g004-550.jpg?1732111085" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Sensitivity analysis of influenza vaccination and the risk of ITP. 0.85–1.04 represents the 95% confidence interval for the pooled effect size. The circle represents the effect size after removing the study, and the two short vertical lines in the same row as the circle represent the 95% confidence interval of the effect size after removing the study.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-393X/12/11/1298'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 14 pages, 2430 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-393X/12/11/1297/pdf?version=1732103373" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Preliminary Study on Type I Interferon as a Mucosal Adjuvant for Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus F Protein" data-journal="vaccines"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-393X/12/11/1297">Preliminary Study on Type I Interferon as a Mucosal Adjuvant for Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus F Protein</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hongqiao Hu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Li Zhang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Lei Cao</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jie Jiang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yuqing Shi</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hong Guo</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yang Wang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hai Li</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yan Zhang</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Vaccines</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>12</em>(11), 1297; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12111297">https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12111297</a> - 20 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> <b>Background: </b>Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) imposes a significant disease burden on infants and the elderly. Intranasal immunization using attenuated live vaccines and certain vector vaccines against HRSV has completed phase II clinical trials with good safety and efficacy.Recombinant protein vaccines for mucosal <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/12/11/1297/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> <b>Background: </b>Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) imposes a significant disease burden on infants and the elderly. Intranasal immunization using attenuated live vaccines and certain vector vaccines against HRSV has completed phase II clinical trials with good safety and efficacy.Recombinant protein vaccines for mucosal immunization require potent mucosal adjuvants. Type I interferon (IFN), as a natural mucosal adjuvant, significantly enhances antigen-presenting cell processing and antigen presentation, promoting the production of T and B cells. <b>Methods: </b>This study utilized human α2b interferon (IFN-human) and mouse α2 interferon (IFN-mouse) as nasal mucosal adjuvants in combination with fusion protein (F). Intranasal immunization was performed on BALB/c mice to evaluate the immunogenicity of the formulation in vivo. <b>Results: </b>Compared to the F protein immunization group, mice in the F + IFN-Human and F + IFN-Mouse experimental groups exhibited significantly increased neutralizing antibody titers and augmented secretion of IFN-γ and IL-4 by lymphocytes,  and both of them could induce the production of high-titer specific IgA antibodies in mice (<i>p</i> < 0.001).The F + IFN-Human immunization induced the highest IgG and IgG1 antibody titers in mice; however, the F + IFN-Mouse immunization group elicited the highest neutralizing antibody titers (598), lowest viral loads in the lungs (Ct value of 31), and fastest weight recovery in mice. Moreover, mice in the F + IFN-Mouse immunization group displayed the mildest lung pathological damage (Total score of pathological injury was 2). <b>Conclusions: </b>In conclusion, IFN-Mouse, as a mucosal adjuvant for HRSV recombinant protein vaccines, demonstrated superior protective effects in mice compared to IFN-Human adjuvants. <a href="/2076-393X/12/11/1297">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/12/11/1297/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1525204"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1525204"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1525204" data-cycle-prev="#prev1525204" data-cycle-progressive="#images1525204" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1525204-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01297/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01297-g001-550.jpg?1732103471" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1525204" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1525204-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01297/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01297-g002-550.jpg?1732103472'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1525204-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01297/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01297-g003-550.jpg?1732103474'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1525204-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01297/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01297-g004-550.jpg?1732103476'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1525204-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01297/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01297-g005-550.jpg?1732103480'><p>Figure 5</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1525204-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01297/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01297-g001-550.jpg?1732103471" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Schematic diagram of HEK293 cells expressing two IFN proteins. SDS-PAGE and Western blot were used to confirm that the protein sizes of (<b>A</b>) IFN-Mouse and (<b>B</b>) IFN-Human were accurate.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-393X/12/11/1297'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01297/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01297-g002-550.jpg?1732103472" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Humoral and cellular immune responses were induced in mice after immunization (<b>A</b>): Serum-specific IgG antibody level after immunization. The data represent the geometric means ± SD. LD indicates the limit of detection, which is half of the lowest dilution of serum, and for this experiment, LD = 50. (<b>B</b>) The level of serum-neutralizing antibody after immunization: The data represent the geometric means ± SD. LD indicates the limit of detection, which is half of the lowest dilution of serum, and for this experiment, LD = 8. (<b>C</b>) The number of cytokines that induce mice spleen lymphocytes to secrete IFN-γ after immunization. (<b>D</b>) Cytokine number of IL-4 secreted by spleen lymphocytes of mice after immunization: The data of cytokine secreting cells represent the difference between the number of spots per 3 × 10<sup>5</sup> cells in the Pre F stimulation hole and the number of spots per 3 × 10<sup>5</sup> cells in the medium treatment hole. Data represent average ± SD. Statistically significant differences were measured by appropriate one-way ANOVA (* <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05; ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01; *** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.001). For the experimental data in this study, each group was set up with replicates to ensure the reproducibility of the results, and the average values were used for subsequent statistical analysis. Data represent two independent experiments.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-393X/12/11/1297'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01297/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01297-g003-550.jpg?1732103474" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Bias of induced immune response in mice after immunization: (<b>A</b>) The antibody level of serum specific IgG 1 after immunization; (<b>B</b>) the serum specific IgG 2a antibody level of mice after immunization. The data represent the geometric means ± SD, LD indicates the limit of detection, which is half of the lowest dilution of serum, and for this experiment, LD = 50; (<b>C</b>) the ratio of serum-specific antibody IgG 1 to IgG 2a after immunization; (<b>D</b>) the ratio of cytokine IL-4/IFN-γ secreted by spleen lymphocytes of mice after immunization; statistically significant differences were measured by appropriate one-way ANOVA (* <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05; ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-393X/12/11/1297'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01297/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01297-g004-550.jpg?1732103476" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Changes in IgA antibody titers, viral lung load, and body weight in mice after challenge: (<b>A</b>) Serum-specific IgA antibody level of mice after 4d challenge. The data represent the geometric means ± SD, LD indicates the limit of detection, which is half of the lowest dilution of serum, and for this experiment, LD = 10; (<b>B</b>) CT values of viral lung load of mice after 4d challenge. The data represent the geometric means ± SD; (<b>C</b>) changes in body weight of mice after 4d challenge. The average relative body weight ± SEM of all mice in each group (compared with control group); one-way ANOVA analysis was performed using the one-way ANOVA function in GraphPad Prism, followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test to further analyze the differences between different groups on the same day post-infection (* <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05; ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01; *** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.001), and the color indicates the group.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-393X/12/11/1297'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01297/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01297-g005-550.jpg?1732103480" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Degree of pathological injury to the lung in mice after challenge: (<b>A</b>) pathological sections of mouse lungs after challenge; (<b>B</b>) total score of pathological injury to the lungs of mice after challenge, * <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-393X/12/11/1297'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 14 pages, 10252 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-393X/12/11/1296/pdf?version=1732085126" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Childhood Mandatory Vaccinations: Current Situation in European Countries and Changes Occurred from 2014 to 2024" data-journal="vaccines"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-393X/12/11/1296">Childhood Mandatory Vaccinations: Current Situation in European Countries and Changes Occurred from 2014 to 2024</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sara Farina</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Alessandra Maio</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Maria Rosaria Gualano</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Walter Ricciardi</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Leonardo Villani</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Vaccines</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>12</em>(11), 1296; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12111296">https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12111296</a> - 20 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> <b>Background/Objectives</b>: Vaccination is one of the most effective public health interventions, preventing millions of deaths globally each year. However, vaccine hesitancy, driven by misinformation and reduced disease risk perception, has led to declining vaccination rates and the resurgence of vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs) <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/12/11/1296/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> <b>Background/Objectives</b>: Vaccination is one of the most effective public health interventions, preventing millions of deaths globally each year. However, vaccine hesitancy, driven by misinformation and reduced disease risk perception, has led to declining vaccination rates and the resurgence of vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs) in Europe. In response to this, countries have implemented various strategies, including mandatory and recommended vaccination programs. The objective of this study is to map the current European landscape of pediatric vaccination policies, and the variations that have occurred in the last decade. <b>Methods</b>: This rapid review was conducted on PubMed, Google, and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control website, to collect all vaccination schedules in EU/EEA countries in 2024 and all documents focusing on the introduction of mandatory vaccines during the last decade. <b>Results</b>: As of 2024, 13 countries had at least one mandatory pediatric vaccination, with France, Hungary, and Latvia requiring all but one vaccine. In contrast, 17 countries had no mandatory vaccinations, relying only on recommendations. Between 2014 and 2024, six countries (Croatia, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, and Poland) introduced or extended mandatory vaccinations. <b>Conclusions</b>: European vaccination policies show significant variation. Effective programs depend on robust healthcare systems, public trust, and adaptable strategies to address vaccine hesitancy and the resurgence of VPDs. <a href="/2076-393X/12/11/1296">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/vaccines/special_issues/EFX7PL2YJD ">Advance Public Health through Vaccination</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/12/11/1296/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1524733"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1524733"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1524733" data-cycle-prev="#prev1524733" data-cycle-progressive="#images1524733" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1524733-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01296/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01296-g001-550.jpg?1732085324" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1524733" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1524733-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01296/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01296-g002-550.jpg?1732085324'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1524733-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01296/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01296-g003-550.jpg?1732085327'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1524733-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01296/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01296-g004-550.jpg?1732085328'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1524733-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01296/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01296-g005-550.jpg?1732085329'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1524733-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01296/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01296-g006-550.jpg?1732085330'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1524733-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01296/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01296-g007-550.jpg?1732085332'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1524733-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01296/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01296-g008-550.jpg?1732085333'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1524733-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01296/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01296-g009-550.jpg?1732085335'><p>Figure 9</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1524733-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01296/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01296-g001-550.jpg?1732085324" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Childhood vaccination policies in EU/EEA countries in 2024 for (<b>a</b>) mumps-rubella and (<b>b</b>) measles.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-393X/12/11/1296'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01296/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01296-g002-550.jpg?1732085324" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Childhood vaccination policies in EU/EEA countries in 2024 for varicella.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-393X/12/11/1296'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01296/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01296-g003-550.jpg?1732085327" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Childhood vaccination policies in EU/EEA countries in 2024 for (<b>a</b>) tetanus-diphtheria and (<b>b</b>) pertussis.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-393X/12/11/1296'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01296/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01296-g004-550.jpg?1732085328" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Childhood vaccination policies in EU/EEA countries in 2024 for Haemophilus influenza type B.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-393X/12/11/1296'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01296/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01296-g005-550.jpg?1732085329" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Childhood vaccination policies in EU/EEA countries in 2024 for Hepatitis B.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-393X/12/11/1296'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01296/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01296-g006-550.jpg?1732085330" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Childhood vaccination policies in EU/EEA countries in 2024 for Poliomyelitis.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-393X/12/11/1296'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01296/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01296-g007-550.jpg?1732085332" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Childhood vaccination policies in EU/EEA countries in 2024 for meningococcal disease.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-393X/12/11/1296'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01296/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01296-g008-550.jpg?1732085333" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Childhood vaccination policies in EU/EEA countries in 2024 for Pneumococcal disease.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-393X/12/11/1296'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01296/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01296-g009-550.jpg?1732085335" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>PRISMA flow chart for records selection.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-393X/12/11/1296'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1524578" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1524578" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1524578" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2076-393X/12/11/1295/s1?version=1732032343"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 244 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 14 pages, 1260 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-393X/12/11/1295/pdf?version=1732032342" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Incidence of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among European Healthcare Workers and Effectiveness of the First Booster COVID-19 Vaccine, VEBIS HCW Observational Cohort Study, May 2021–May 2023" data-journal="vaccines"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-393X/12/11/1295">Incidence of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among European Healthcare Workers and Effectiveness of the First Booster COVID-19 Vaccine, VEBIS HCW Observational Cohort Study, May 2021–May 2023</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Camelia Savulescu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Albert Prats-Uribe</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Kim Brolin</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Zvjezdana Lovrić Makarić</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Anneli Uusküla</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Georgios Panagiotakopoulos</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Colm Bergin</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Catherine Fleming</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Antonella Agodi</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Paolo Bonfanti</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Rita Murri</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Viesturs Zvirbulis</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Dace Zavadska</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Konstanty Szuldrzynski</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ausenda Machado</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Corneliu Petru Popescu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Mihai Craiu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Maria Cisneros</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Miriam Latorre-Millán</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Goranka Petrović</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock author-item-hidden js-author-item-hidden"><strong>Liis Lohur</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock author-item-hidden js-author-item-hidden"><strong>Kyriaki Tryfinopoulou</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock author-item-hidden js-author-item-hidden"><strong>Jonathan McGrath</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock author-item-hidden js-author-item-hidden"><strong>Lauren Ferguson</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock author-item-hidden js-author-item-hidden"><strong>Martina Barchitta</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock author-item-hidden js-author-item-hidden"><strong>Anna Spolti</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock author-item-hidden js-author-item-hidden"><strong>Katleen de Gaetano Donati</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock author-item-hidden js-author-item-hidden"><strong>Ilze Abolina</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock author-item-hidden js-author-item-hidden"><strong>Dagne Gravele</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock author-item-hidden js-author-item-hidden"><strong>Vânia Gaio</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock author-item-hidden js-author-item-hidden"><strong>Simin Aysel Florescu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock author-item-hidden js-author-item-hidden"><strong>Mihaela Lazar</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock author-item-hidden js-author-item-hidden"><strong>Pilar Subirats</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock author-item-hidden js-author-item-hidden"><strong>Laura Clusa Cuesta</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock author-item-hidden js-author-item-hidden"><strong>Gordan Sarajlić</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock author-item-hidden js-author-item-hidden"><strong>Marina Amerali</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock author-item-hidden js-author-item-hidden"><strong>Jacklyn Sui</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock author-item-hidden js-author-item-hidden"><strong>Claire Kenny</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock author-item-hidden js-author-item-hidden"><strong>Venerando Rapisarda</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock author-item-hidden js-author-item-hidden"><strong>Marianna Rossi</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock author-item-hidden js-author-item-hidden"><strong>Silvia Lamonica</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock author-item-hidden js-author-item-hidden"><strong>Dainis Krievins</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock author-item-hidden js-author-item-hidden"><strong>Elza Anna Barzdina</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock author-item-hidden js-author-item-hidden"><strong>Ana Palmira Amaral</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock author-item-hidden js-author-item-hidden"><strong>Alma Gabriela Kosa</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock author-item-hidden js-author-item-hidden"><strong>Victor Daniel Miron</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock author-item-hidden js-author-item-hidden"><strong>Carmen Muñoz-Almagro</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock author-item-hidden js-author-item-hidden"><strong>Ana María Milagro</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock author-item-hidden js-author-item-hidden"><strong>Sabrina Bacci</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock author-item-hidden js-author-item-hidden"><strong>Piotr Kramarz</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock author-item-hidden js-author-item-hidden"><strong>Anthony Nardone</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock author-item-hidden js-author-item-hidden"><strong>the VEBIS HCW VE Study Group</strong></span><a href="#" class="show-full-author-list"><i class="material-icons">add</i> Show full author list </a><a href="#" class="hide-full-author-list"><i class="material-icons">remove</i> Hide full author list </a> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Vaccines</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>12</em>(11), 1295; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12111295">https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12111295</a> - 19 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> <b>Background:</b> European countries have included healthcare workers (HCWs) among priority groups for COVID-19 vaccination. We established a multi-country hospital network to measure the SARS-CoV-2 incidence and effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines among HCWs against laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. <b>Methods:</b> HCWs from 19 hospitals in 10 <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/12/11/1295/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> <b>Background:</b> European countries have included healthcare workers (HCWs) among priority groups for COVID-19 vaccination. We established a multi-country hospital network to measure the SARS-CoV-2 incidence and effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines among HCWs against laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. <b>Methods:</b> HCWs from 19 hospitals in 10 countries participated in a dynamic prospective cohort study, providing samples for SARS-CoV-2 testing at enrolment and during weekly/fortnightly follow-up. We measured the incidence during pre-Delta (2 May–6 September 2021), Delta (7 September–14 December 2021), and Omicron (15 December 2021–2 May 2023) waves. Using Cox regression, we measured the relative vaccine effectiveness (rVE) of the first COVID-19 booster dose versus primary course alone during Delta and Omicron waves. <b>Results:</b> We included a total of 3015 HCWs. Participants were mostly female (2306; 79%), with a clinical role (2047; 68%), and had a median age of 44 years. The overall incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection was 3.01/10,000 person-days during pre-Delta, 4.21/10,000 during Delta, and 23.20/10,000 during Omicron waves. rVE was 59% (95% CI: −25; 86) during Delta and 22% (1; 39) during Omicron waves. rVE was 51% (30; 65) 7–90 days after the first booster dose during the Omicron wave. <b>Conclusions:</b> The incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection among HCWs was higher during the Omicron circulation period. The first COVID-19 vaccine booster provided additional protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to primary course vaccination when recently vaccinated <90 days. This multi-country HCW cohort study addressing infection as the main outcome is crucial for informing public health interventions for HCWs. <a href="/2076-393X/12/11/1295">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/vaccines/special_issues/1QSUKNG420 ">COVID Vaccines: Design, Development, and Immune Response Studies: 2nd Edition</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/12/11/1295/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1524578"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1524578"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1524578" data-cycle-prev="#prev1524578" data-cycle-progressive="#images1524578" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1524578-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01295/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01295-g001-550.jpg?1732032420" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1524578" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1524578-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01295/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01295-g002-550.jpg?1732032421'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1524578-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01295/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01295-g003-550.jpg?1732032422'><p>Figure 3</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1524578-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01295/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01295-g001-550.jpg?1732032420" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Data inclusion and exclusion flow chart, VEBIS HCW study, 2 May 2023.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-393X/12/11/1295'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01295/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01295-g002-550.jpg?1732032421" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>COVID-19 vaccine brands by dose and time, multi-country VEBIS HCW COVID-19 VE study, May 2021–May 2023.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-393X/12/11/1295'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01295/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01295-g003-550.jpg?1732032422" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Incidence rate of laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and number of samples sequenced in 11/19 sites, VEBIS HCW study, May 2021–May 2023.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-393X/12/11/1295'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1524492" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1524492" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1524492" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2076-393X/12/11/1294/s1?version=1732162569"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 439 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 16 pages, 2872 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-393X/12/11/1294/pdf?version=1732162568" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Multiparameter Flow Cytometric Analysis of the Conventional and Monocyte-Derived DC Compartment in the Murine Spleen" data-journal="vaccines"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Protocol</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-393X/12/11/1294">Multiparameter Flow Cytometric Analysis of the Conventional and Monocyte-Derived DC Compartment in the Murine Spleen</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ronald A. Backer</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hans Christian Probst</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Björn E. Clausen</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Vaccines</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>12</em>(11), 1294; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12111294">https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12111294</a> - 19 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Dendritic cells (DCs) are present in almost all tissues, where they act as sentinels involved in innate recognition and the initiation of adaptive immune responses. The DC family consists of several cell lineages that are heterogenous in their development, phenotype, and function. Within <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/12/11/1294/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Dendritic cells (DCs) are present in almost all tissues, where they act as sentinels involved in innate recognition and the initiation of adaptive immune responses. The DC family consists of several cell lineages that are heterogenous in their development, phenotype, and function. Within these DC lineages, further subdivisions exist, resulting in smaller, less characterized subpopulations, each with its unique immunomodulatory capabilities. Given the interest in utilizing DC for experimental studies and for vaccination purposes, it becomes increasingly crucial to thoroughly classify and characterize these diverse DC subpopulations. This understanding is vital for comprehending their relative contribution to the initiation, regulation, and propagation of immune responses. To facilitate such investigation, we here provide an easy and ready-to-use multicolor flow cytometry staining panel for the analysis of conventional DC, plasmacytoid DC, and monocyte-derived DC populations isolated from mouse spleens. This adaptable panel can be easily customized for the analysis of other tissue-specific DC populations, providing a valuable tool for DC research. <a href="/2076-393X/12/11/1294">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/vaccines/special_issues/7Z22K5C023 ">Dendritic Cells (DCs) and Cancer Immunotherapy</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/12/11/1294/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1524492"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1524492"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1524492" data-cycle-prev="#prev1524492" data-cycle-progressive="#images1524492" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1524492-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01294/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01294-g001-550.jpg?1732162784" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1524492" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1524492-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01294/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01294-g002-550.jpg?1732162786'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1524492-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01294/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01294-g003-550.jpg?1732162788'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1524492-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01294/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01294-g004-550.jpg?1732162789'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1524492-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01294/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01294-g005-550.jpg?1732162790'><p>Figure 5</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1524492-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01294/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01294-g001-550.jpg?1732162784" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Identification of the major leukocyte and cDC populations in the steady-state murine spleen using a conserved 26-color core-marker FACS panel. (<b>A</b>) Unbiased dimensionality reduction analysis via t-stochastic neighborhood embedding (t-SNE) of all living CD45<sup>+</sup> splenocytes categorizes the major distinct lymphocyte populations (CD4<sup>+</sup> and CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells, B cells), myeloid cell populations (monocytes, macrophages), and DC populations (cDC1s, cDC2s, pDCs). (<b>B</b>) Mapping of XCR1<sup>+</sup> cDC1s and SIRPα<sup>+</sup> cDC2s demonstrates a clear separation of the two main cDC populations in the spleen and illustrates the heterogeneity within each population. Data acquisition was performed using a BD FACSymphony flow cytometer, and data were evaluated using FlowJo software. For t-SNE, CD11c<sup>+</sup>MHC-II<sup>+</sup> cDCs of three wild-type mice were concatenated in FLowJo with 4.000 events per sample. All markers shown in <a href="#vaccines-12-01294-t001" class="html-table">Table 1</a>, as well as FSC-A and SSC-A, were utilized.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-393X/12/11/1294'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01294/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01294-g002-550.jpg?1732162786" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p><b>Flow cytometry analysis of the steady-state splenic myeloid cell network.</b> Splenocytes from 8-week-old mice were stained with the described DC panel (<a href="#vaccines-12-01294-t001" class="html-table">Table 1</a> and <a href="#app1-vaccines-12-01294" class="html-app">Supplementary Table S1</a>). (<b>A</b>) Cells were initially gated on single cells using FSC-A and SSC-A gating to eliminate doublets and to exclude debris. Subsequently, living CD45<sup>+</sup> leukocytes were selected using viability-negative gating, followed by the exclusion of T cells (CD90.2<sup>+</sup> cells), B cells (CD19<sup>+</sup> cells), and NK/NKT cells (NK1.1<sup>+</sup>, CD49b<sup>+</sup> cells). (<b>B</b>) Within this lineage-negative cell population, the expression of F4/80 and CD64 marked splenic red pulp macrophages. (<b>C</b>) Subsequently, cDCs are characterized as cells expressing MHC class II (MHC-II) and CD11c. (<b>D</b>) pDCs were identified as positive for PDCA1, while displaying intermediate levels of CD11c. Additionally, pDCs displayed variable expression of CD8α, which might indicate differences in the activation status of these cells. Splenic cDCs can either be separated into CD4<sup>+</sup>CD8α<sup>−</sup>, CD4<sup>−</sup>CD8α<sup>+</sup> and double-negative DCs (<b>E, <span class="html-italic">left</span></b>), or, alternatively, into conventional cDC type 1 (cDC1; XCR1<sup>+</sup>; SIRPα<sup>−</sup>) and type 2 (cDC2; XCR1<sup>−</sup>; SIRPα<sup>+</sup>) subsets (<b>E, <span class="html-italic">right</span></b>). (<b>I</b>) Monocytes were identified as CD11c<sup>−</sup>CX3CR1<sup>+</sup>CD1b<sup>+</sup> cells among the remaining cells and comprise Ly6C<sup>+</sup> (‘pro-inflammatory’) and Ly6C<sup>−</sup> (‘patrolling’) populations (<b>J</b>). (<b>F</b>) Terminally differentiated cDC1s expressed CD8α and (<b>G</b>) consisted of Langerin<sup>+</sup> and Langerin<sup>−</sup> subpopulations. (<b>H</b>) cDC2s comprised two dominant lineages, cDC2As and cDC2Bs, based on the mutually exclusive expression of ESAM and Clec12A, respectively. (<b>K</b>) Next to cDC and pDC the newly characterized non-canonical transitional DC (tDC) are identified as CD11b<sup>−</sup>CX3CR1<sup>+</sup> cells. tDC are further divided into Ly6C positive (‘pDC-like’) and Ly6C negative (‘cDC-like’) populations, each with different functional characteristics. Depicted is one exemplary gating strategy. Data acquisition was performed using a BD FACSymphony flow cytometer, and data analysis was conducted using FlowJo software.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-393X/12/11/1294'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01294/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01294-g003-550.jpg?1732162788" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p><b>Phenotypic characterization of cDC1 and cDC2 subpopulations in the murine spleen.</b> (<b>A</b>) Expression of cDC1 markers CD24, CD26, CD103, CD205, and MHC-II on either Langerin<sup>+</sup> (filled, light blue) or Langerin<sup>−</sup> (dark blue lines) cDC1s. (<b>B</b>) Expression of cDC2 markers CD4, CD11b, CD26, CX3CR1, Ly6C, and MHC-II on either ESAM<sup>+</sup> (dark green lines) or ESAM<sup>−</sup> (filled, light green) cDC2s. Single-cell suspensions from the spleen were prepared as described in <a href="#sec2dot2-vaccines-12-01294" class="html-sec">Section 2.2</a> and stained as described in <a href="#vaccines-12-01294-f001" class="html-fig">Figure 1</a> and <a href="#vaccines-12-01294-f002" class="html-fig">Figure 2</a>. Isotype-matched control antibody stainings are indicated with gray lines in the histogram plots. Data acquisition was performed using a BD FACSymphony flow cytometer, and data analysis was carried out using FlowJo software.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-393X/12/11/1294'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01294/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01294-g004-550.jpg?1732162789" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p><b>Phenotypic characterization of MoDCs and Inf-cDC2s in the steady-state murine spleen.</b> Frequency of Ly6C<sup>+</sup>CD64<sup>+</sup> MoDCs (<b>A</b>) and MAR-01<sup>+</sup>CD64<sup>+</sup> Inf-cDC2s (<b>B</b>) in the murine spleen. DCs were pre-gated as CD11c<sup>hi</sup>MHCII<sup>+</sup> cells. The gating strategy is based on the expression of either Ly6C<sup>+</sup>CD64<sup>+</sup> or MAR-01<sup>+</sup>CD64<sup>+</sup> on macrophages (CD11c<sup>int</sup>MHCII<sup>+</sup> cells). The FACS plots show one representative mouse/group. Data acquisition was performed using a BD FACSymphony flow cytometer, and data analysis was performed using FlowJo software.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-393X/12/11/1294'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01294/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01294-g005-550.jpg?1732162790" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p><b>Characterization of distinct DC populations.</b> This figure summarizes the differentiation pathways and defining markers of the various DC subsets. Conventional DCs (cDCs) differentiate into two main populations: cDC1s and cDC2s, originating from the common DC precursor-derived pre-DC1s and pre-DC2s, respectively. Monocyte-derived DCs (MoDCs) develop from Ly6C<sup>hi</sup> monocytes. In lymphoid organs, cDC1s are characterized by the expression of CD8α, CD24, and XCR1. Within the cDC1 population, a subset expressing CD103 and Langerin can be identified. The cDC2 population constitutes at least 2 distinct subpopulations: ESAM<sup>+</sup> cDC2As and Clec12a<sup>+</sup> cDC2Bs. The exact relationship between inflammatory cDC2s (Inf-cDC2s) and other DCs remains unclear. Key lineage-defining markers for each DC population are highlighted and identifiable through the outlined protocol.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-393X/12/11/1294'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 14 pages, 681 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-393X/12/11/1293/pdf?version=1732067110" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccination: Progress, Challenges, and Future Directions in Global Immunization Strategies" data-journal="vaccines"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-393X/12/11/1293">Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccination: Progress, Challenges, and Future Directions in Global Immunization Strategies</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Francesco Branda</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Grazia Pavia</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Alessandra Ciccozzi</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Angela Quirino</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Nadia Marascio</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Simona Gigliotti</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Giovanni Matera</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Chiara Romano</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Chiara Locci</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ilenia Azzena</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Noemi Pascale</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Daria Sanna</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Marco Casu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Giancarlo Ceccarelli</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Massimo Ciccozzi</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Fabio Scarpa</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Vaccines</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>12</em>(11), 1293; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12111293">https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12111293</a> - 19 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a widespread viral pathogen, responsible for a significant burden of cervical and other cancers worldwide. Over the past decades, the development and widespread adoption of prophylactic HPV vaccines have dramatically reduced the incidence of HPV-related diseases. However, despite the <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/12/11/1293/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a widespread viral pathogen, responsible for a significant burden of cervical and other cancers worldwide. Over the past decades, the development and widespread adoption of prophylactic HPV vaccines have dramatically reduced the incidence of HPV-related diseases. However, despite the efficacy of these vaccines, global immunization efforts still face several obstacles, including low vaccination coverage in low- and middle-income countries, vaccine hesitancy, and disparities in access to healthcare. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of HPV vaccines, including their mechanisms of action, safety profiles, and real-world efficacy. We will explore the impact of HPV vaccines on cancer prevention, examine the challenges related to vaccine distribution and uptake, and assess the role of public health policies in improving global vaccination rates. Additionally, the review will highlight the latest advancements in therapeutic HPV vaccines, ongoing research into next-generation vaccines, and the potential of HPV vaccination strategies in the context of personalized medicine. By examining these factors, we aim to provide insights into the future directions of HPV vaccination and its role in global public health. <a href="/2076-393X/12/11/1293">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/vaccines/special_issues/G39E2RHR8J ">Vaccines and Vaccination: HIV, Hepatitis Viruses, and HPV</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/12/11/1293/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1524106-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01293/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01293-g001-550.jpg?1732067294" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div></div></div><div id="article-1524106-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01293/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01293-g001-550.jpg?1732067294" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Anatomical sites of main HPV-related lesions.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-393X/12/11/1293'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1524088" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1524088" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1524088" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2076-393X/12/11/1292/s1?version=1732008791"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 560 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 19 pages, 3264 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-393X/12/11/1292/pdf?version=1732008791" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Sindbis Virus Replicon-Based SARS-CoV-2 and Dengue Combined Vaccine Candidates Elicit Immune Responses and Provide Protective Immunity in Mice" data-journal="vaccines"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-393X/12/11/1292">Sindbis Virus Replicon-Based SARS-CoV-2 and Dengue Combined Vaccine Candidates Elicit Immune Responses and Provide Protective Immunity in Mice</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yihan Zhu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Wenfeng He</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Rui Hu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xiahua Liu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Mengzhu Li</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yuan Liu</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Vaccines</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>12</em>(11), 1292; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12111292">https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12111292</a> - 19 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> <b>Background/Objectives</b>: Since its emergence in 2019, the rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 led to the global pandemic. Recent large-scale dengue fever outbreaks overlapped with the COVID-19 pandemic, leading to increased cases of co-infection and posing severe public health risks. Accordingly, the development of <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/12/11/1292/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> <b>Background/Objectives</b>: Since its emergence in 2019, the rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 led to the global pandemic. Recent large-scale dengue fever outbreaks overlapped with the COVID-19 pandemic, leading to increased cases of co-infection and posing severe public health risks. Accordingly, the development of effective combined SARS-CoV-2 and dengue virus (DENV) vaccines is necessary to control the spread and prevalence of both viruses. <b>Methods</b>: In this study, we designed Sindbis virus (SINV) replicon-based SARS-CoV-2 and DENV chimeric vaccines using two delivery strategies: DNA-launched self-replicating RNA replicon (DREP) and viral replicon particle (VRP) systems. <b>Results</b>: Cellular and animal experiments confirmed that the vaccines effectively produced viral proteins and elicited strong immunogenicity. These vaccines induced robust immune responses and neutralizing activity against live SARS-CoV-2, DENV1, and DENV2 viruses. In addition, passively transferred sera from BALB/c mice immunized with these vaccines into AG129 mice provided significant protection against lethal DENV2 challenge. The transferred sera protected the mice from physical symptoms, reduced viral loads in the kidney, spleen, liver, and intestine, and prevented DENV2-induced vascular leakage in these tissues. <b>Conclusions</b>: Therefore, combined vaccines based on the SINV replicon system are promising candidates for pandemic control. These results lay a foundation for further development of a safe and effective combination vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 and DENV. <a href="/2076-393X/12/11/1292">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/vaccines/sections/COVID-19_vaccines_vaccination">COVID-19 Vaccines and Vaccination</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/12/11/1292/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1524088"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1524088"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1524088" data-cycle-prev="#prev1524088" data-cycle-progressive="#images1524088" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1524088-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01292/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01292-g001-550.jpg?1732009029" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1524088" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1524088-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01292/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01292-g002-550.jpg?1732009031'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1524088-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01292/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01292-g003-550.jpg?1732009032'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1524088-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01292/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01292-g004-550.jpg?1732009034'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1524088-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01292/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01292-g005-550.jpg?1732009038'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1524088-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01292/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01292-g006-550.jpg?1732009039'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1524088-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01292/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01292-g007-550.jpg?1732009040'><p>Figure 7</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1524088-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01292/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01292-g001-550.jpg?1732009029" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Schematic of the chimeric vaccine antigen design and delivery. (<b>A</b>) Antigen combinations for the vaccine. (<b>B</b>) Schematic of the vaccine expression system. To target SARS-CoV-2 and DENV, we replaced SINV viral structural genes with genes encoding the corresponding viral proteins. Two methods were used for vaccine production: VRP and DREP vaccines. Abbreviations: RBD, receptor-binding domain; HR, heptad repeat; S, spike; CMV, cytomegalovirus promoter; T7, T7 promoter; SGP, subgenomic promoter; HDV, hepatitis delta virus; poly A, polyadenylation signal; SP, signal peptide.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-393X/12/11/1292'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01292/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01292-g002-550.jpg?1732009031" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>In vitro expression of antigens from the DREP combined vaccine. (<b>A</b>,<b>B</b>) BHK-21 cells were transfected with DREP constructs containing antigen fragments and immune-stained after 48 h. Antigen expression and localization on the BHK-21 cell surface were observed using fluorescence microscopy (scale bar = 50 µm). Cell nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue), and antigens with FLAG fusion protein tags were stained with a FLAG antibody (green). (<b>C</b>,<b>D</b>) BHK-21 cells were transfected with DREP constructs containing the conjugated antigen fragments, and cell protein samples were collected after 48 h. Lysates were analyzed using Western blotting with a FLAG-tagged antibody. The controls were transfected with SINV replicon plasmids without antigen segment insert.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-393X/12/11/1292'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01292/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01292-g003-550.jpg?1732009032" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Replication kinetics, viral titers, and in vitro antigen expression of VRP vaccine-infected BHK-21 cells. (<b>A</b>) BHK-21 cells were co-transfected with in vitro-transcribed RNAs from a SINV replicon plasmid encoding the vaccine antigen and the helper plasmid expressing SINV structural proteins, and the RNA expression dynamics were examined using RT-qPCR from 4 to 16 h. (<b>B</b>) BHK-21 cells were co-transfected with the SINV replicon plasmid encoding the vaccine antigen and the helper plasmid expressing SINV structural proteins, and the supernatant of the cells was collected after 24 h. The titer was determined using a plaque assay, n = 2. Data represent mean ± SD. (<b>C</b>,<b>D</b>) BHK-21 cells were co-transfected with the SINV replicon plasmid encoding vaccine antigens and helper plasmid expressing SINV structural proteins and immune-stained 24 h later. The antigen expression and localization on the surface of BHK-21 cells were observed using fluorescence microscopy (scale bar = 50 µm). Cell nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue), and antigens were stained with FLAG antibody (green). Antigen expression was detected using immunofluorescence. (<b>E</b>,<b>F</b>) Antigen expression was assessed using Western blotting. The controls were co-transfected with in vitro-transcribed RNAs from SINV replicon plasmid without antigen insert and a helper plasmid expressing SINV structural proteins.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-393X/12/11/1292'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01292/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01292-g004-550.jpg?1732009034" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Mouse anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody and immune responses. (<b>A</b>) Schematic of the immunization and sampling process in mice. BALB/c mice (n = 3 per group) were immunized with DREP or VRP vaccines. Mice vaccinated with only SINV replicon plasmids served as DREP vaccine controls; mice vaccinated with only SINV replicon viral particles served as VRP vaccine controls; and mice which received only PBS were used to assess the immunological effects of the SINV replicon delivery vector. Blood samples were collected 21 days post-immunization, and liver, spleen, and lung tissues were also collected. Individual serum samples were assessed using ELISA with plates coated with the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron S antigen. (<b>B</b>,<b>C</b>) Mouse sera were collected 21 days post-immunization, and IgG antibody levels were determined using ELISA. Levels of serum antibody binding were measured as absorbance (450 nm, n = 3). All experimental groups were compared with the control group. The DREP vaccine control (<b>B</b>) was inoculated with SINV replicon plasmids without an antigen insert; the VRP vaccine control (<b>C</b>) was inoculated with SINV replicon virus particles only. (<b>D</b>–<b>F</b>) RT-qPCR assays of IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-γ, CXCL-10, TNF-α, and IL-6 expression in the liver (<b>D</b>), spleen (<b>E</b>), and lung (<b>F</b>) tissues of the mice immunized with the VRP vaccine for 21 days, n = 3. All experimental groups were compared with a control group that received SINV replicon virus particles. Data are presented as mean ± SD. Each data point represents one individual mouse (<b>B</b>,<b>C</b>). Statistical analyses were performed using a one-way (<b>B</b>,<b>C</b>) and a two-way (<b>D</b>–<b>F</b>) ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparison test, respectively. * <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05, ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01, *** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.001, and **** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.0001.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-393X/12/11/1292'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01292/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01292-g005-550.jpg?1732009038" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Evaluation of neutralizing antibody responses and authentic virus neutralization assay. (<b>A</b>,<b>B</b>) Neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in the sera of mice immunized with DREP and VRP vaccines, detected using ELISA, n = 3. (<b>C</b>,<b>D</b>) Neutralizing effect of sera from mice immunized with DREP vaccines (<b>C</b>) and VRP vaccines (<b>D</b>) against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron strain, evaluated using RT-qPCR, n = 3. (<b>E</b>,<b>F</b>) Neutralizing effect of sera from mice immunized with DREP vaccines (<b>E</b>) and VRP vaccines (<b>F</b>) against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron strain, evaluated using an immunofluorescence assay. Green: SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid staining; blue: DAPI-stained nuclei. (<b>G</b>,<b>H</b>) Neutralizing effect of sera from mice immunized with DREP vaccines (<b>G</b>) and VRP vaccines (<b>H</b>) against DENV1, evaluated using a plaque assay, n = 3. DREP vaccine controls (<b>A</b>,<b>C</b>,<b>E</b>,<b>G</b>,<b>I</b>) were inoculated with SINV replicon plasmids without antigen insert; VRP vaccine controls (<b>B</b>,<b>D</b>,<b>F</b>,<b>H</b>,<b>J</b>) were inoculated with SINV replicon virus particles only. (<b>I</b>,<b>J</b>) Neutralizing effect of sera from mice immunized with DREP vaccines (<b>I</b>) and VRP vaccines (<b>J</b>) against DENV2, evaluated using a plaque assay, n = 3. (<b>K</b>,<b>L</b>) Neutralizing effect of sera from mice immunized with DREP vaccines (<b>K</b>) and VRP vaccines (<b>L</b>) against SINV, evaluated using RT-qPCR, n = 2. The control group received only PBS in the SINV neutralization assay (<b>K</b>,<b>L</b>). Data are presented as mean ± SD. The scale bars in <b>E</b>,<b>F</b> are 50 μm. All experimental groups were compared with the control group. Statistical analyses were performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparison test (<b>A</b>–<b>D</b>,<b>G</b>–<b>L</b>). * <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05, ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01, *** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.001, and **** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.0001.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-393X/12/11/1292'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01292/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01292-g006-550.jpg?1732009039" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Vaccine safety assessment. (<b>A</b>,<b>B</b>) The mice were immunized with (<b>A</b>) DREP and (<b>B</b>) VRP vaccines, and their body weights were measured weekly for 5 weeks, n = 5. Data are presented as mean ± SD.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-393X/12/11/1292'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-12-01292/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-12-01292-g007-550.jpg?1732009040" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>A passive immunization experiment evaluating the protective effect of sera from BALB/c mice immunized with vaccines against the DENV2 challenge in AG129 mice. (<b>A</b>) Schematic of the passive immunization experiment in AG129 mice. (<b>B</b>–<b>D</b>) AG129 mice passively received 100 μL of immune serum from BALB/c mice immunized with VRP vaccine RBD-DENV2-80E or HR1HR2-DENV2-NS1. The control group was passively immunized with serum from BALB/c mice injected with SINV replicon virus particles, followed by the intravenous injection of a sublethal dose of DENV2 (10<sup>4</sup> PFU/mouse) 2 h later (n = 6). The mice were monitored daily for changes in (<b>B</b>) body weight, (<b>C</b>) clinical symptoms, (<b>D</b>) and survival rate. (<b>E</b>–<b>H</b>) Plaque assays were performed to evaluate viral titers in the (<b>E</b>) kidney, (<b>F</b>) spleen, (<b>G</b>) liver, and (<b>H</b>) intestine of AG129 mice infected with DENV2, n = 3. (<b>I</b>) Vascular leakage levels in various tissues of AG129 mice were measured using the Evans blue assay, n = 3. All experimental groups were compared with the control group. Data on daily body weight and clinical symptom scores of the mice were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA, followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparison test (<b>B</b>,<b>C</b>). Survival analysis was performed using the log-rank (Mantel–Cox) test (<b>D</b>). Additional statistical analyses were performed using a one-way ANOVA, followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparison test (<b>E</b>–<b>H</b>). * <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05; ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01; *** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.001.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-393X/12/11/1292'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 22 pages, 359 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-393X/12/11/1291/pdf?version=1732002524" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Human Papillomavirus-Related Cancer Vaccine Strategies" data-journal="vaccines"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-393X/12/11/1291">Human Papillomavirus-Related Cancer Vaccine Strategies</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xia Cai</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ling Xu</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Vaccines</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>12</em>(11), 1291; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12111291">https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12111291</a> - 19 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) persistent infection is a major pathogenic factor for HPV-related cancers, such as cervical cancer (CC), vaginal cancer, vulvar cancer, anal cancer, penile cancer, and head and neck cancer (HNC). Since the introduction of the world’s first prophylactic HPV vaccine, <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/12/11/1291/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) persistent infection is a major pathogenic factor for HPV-related cancers, such as cervical cancer (CC), vaginal cancer, vulvar cancer, anal cancer, penile cancer, and head and neck cancer (HNC). Since the introduction of the world’s first prophylactic HPV vaccine, there has been a decline in the incidence of HPV infections and associated cancers. This article reviews the latest literature on the research progress, efficacy, and safety of HPV vaccines for these cancers, providing a reference for HPV vaccination strategy. Methods: By utilizing databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, CNKI, and Wanfang, we conducted a literature search on research papers related to HPV vaccines from 2014 to 2024, employing keywords such as “HPV”, “HPV vaccine”, “CC”, ”vaginal cancer”, “vulvar cancer”, “anal cancer”, “penile cancer” and “HNC”. Additionally, we reviewed the latest information available on official websites, including the World Health Organization (WHO). Based on the quality and relevance of the papers, we selected over 100 of the most representative articles for further summarization and analysis. Results: Vaccination against HPV can effectively block the transmission of the virus and prevent HPV-related cancers. Current studies have confirmed the efficacy and safety of prophylactic HPV vaccination. However, numerous challenges remain. The global vaccination rate for preventive vaccines remains low, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Nonetheless, in the future, we can enhance the accessibility, affordability, and coverage of HPV vaccines by expanding the indications of already licensed vaccines, continuously developing new vaccines. Conclusions: The HPV vaccine is an extremely effective measure for the prevention and treatment of HPV-related cancers. Although there are many challenges in expanding the coverage of the HPV vaccine. It is believed that in the not-too-distant future, both prophylactic and therapeutic HPV vaccines will achieve commendable results. <a href="/2076-393X/12/11/1291">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/vaccines/special_issues/4EH2KQF8H2 ">Vaccine Strategies for HPV-Related Cancers</a>)<br/> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item last-item"> <a class="bold" href="/search?q=&journal=vaccines&sort=pubdate&page_count=50">More Articles...</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="left-column" class="content__column large-3 large-pull-6 medium-3 medium-pull-6 small-12 columns"> <div id="js-large-main-top-container"> <div id="js-main-top-container" class="content__container"> <a href="/journal/vaccines"> <img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/vaccines-logo.png?8600e93ff98dbf14" alt="vaccines-logo" title="Vaccines" style="max-height: 60px; margin: 0 0 0 0;"> </a> <div class="generic-item no-border" style="position: relative;"> <div class=""> <a class="button button--color button--color-journal button--full-width js-journal-active-only-link js-journal-active-only-submit-link UC_JournalSubmitButton" href="https://susy.mdpi.com/user/manuscripts/upload?form[journal_id]=76" data-disabledmessage="creating new submissions is not possible."> Submit to <i>Vaccines</i> </a> <a class="button button--color button--full-width js-journal-active-only-link UC_JournalReviewButton" href="https://susy.mdpi.com/volunteer/journals/review" data-disabledmessage="volunteering as journal reviewer is not possible."> Review for <em>Vaccines</em> </a> </div> <div class="journal-share-links"> <div class="journal-share-links-social"> <a class="button button--color UA_JournalShareButtons" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://twitter.com/MDPIOpenAccess"> <svg width="25" height="26" viewBox="0 0 1200 1227" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="padding: 6px;"> <path d="M714.163 519.284L1160.89 0H1055.03L667.137 450.887L357.328 0H0L468.492 681.821L0 1226.37H105.866L515.491 750.218L842.672 1226.37H1200L714.137 519.284H714.163ZM569.165 687.828L521.697 619.934L144.011 79.6944H306.615L611.412 515.685L658.88 583.579L1055.08 1150.3H892.476L569.165 687.854V687.828Z" fill="black" /> </svg> </a> <a class="button button--color UA_JournalShareButtons" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.facebook.com/MDPIOpenAccessPublishing"> <svg width="26" height="26" viewBox="0 0 26 26" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="margin-top: 1px; margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 1px;"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M14.1193 20.3917V13.0007H16.1262L16.3921 10.4537H14.1193L14.1228 9.17886C14.1228 8.51456 14.1848 8.15862 15.1233 8.15862H16.3779V5.61133H14.3708C11.96 5.61133 11.1114 6.8469 11.1114 8.92474V10.4539H9.60864V13.0009H11.1114V20.3917H14.1193Z" fill="black"/> </svg> </a> <a class="button button--color UA_JournalShareButtons" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/mdpi"> <svg width="26" height="26" viewBox="0 0 26 26" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M9.43155 10.0654H6.26343V19.5981H9.43155V10.0654Z" fill="black"/> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M9.64005 7.11532C9.61949 6.18065 8.95207 5.46875 7.86827 5.46875C6.78448 5.46875 6.07593 6.18065 6.07593 7.11532C6.07593 8.03064 6.76353 8.76304 7.82715 8.76304H7.84739C8.95207 8.76304 9.64005 8.03064 9.64005 7.11532Z" fill="black"/> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M20.8571 14.1306C20.8571 11.2026 19.2942 9.83984 17.2094 9.83984C15.5274 9.83984 14.7743 10.7651 14.3538 11.4142V10.0639H11.1853C11.2271 10.9584 11.1853 19.5966 11.1853 19.5966H14.3538V14.2728C14.3538 13.9879 14.3744 13.7037 14.4581 13.4997C14.6871 12.9305 15.2084 12.3412 16.0837 12.3412C17.2306 12.3412 17.689 13.2154 17.689 14.4964V19.5964H20.857L20.8571 14.1306Z" fill="black"/> </svg> </a> </div> <div class="journal-share-links-generic"> <a class="button button--color button--full-width UA_JournalShareButtons" href="#" data-reveal-id="main-share-modal"> Share </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item condensed-small UI_JournalMenu"> <h2 class="show-for-medium-up">Journal Menu</h2> <a href="#" class="bolded-text link-journal-menu show-for-small"> <span class="closed">►</span> <span class="open" style="display: none;">▼</span> Journal Menu </a> <ul class="accordion__dummy accordion__menu hide-small-down-initially" style="margin-top: 10px;"> <li class="accordion-navigation accordion-navigation__journal"> <ul> <li class="side-menu-li active "> <a href="/journal/vaccines"><em>Vaccines</em> Home </a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/vaccines/about">Aims & Scope</a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/vaccines/editors"> Editorial Board </a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/vaccines/submission_reviewers">Reviewer Board</a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/vaccines/topical_advisory_panel">Topical Advisory Panel</a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/vaccines/instructions">Instructions for Authors</a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/vaccines/special_issues">Special Issues</a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li"> <a href="/topics?journal=vaccines">Topics</a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/vaccines/sections">Sections & Collections</a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/vaccines/apc">Article Processing Charge</a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/vaccines/indexing">Indexing & Archiving</a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/vaccines/editors_choice">Editor’s Choice Articles</a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/vaccines/most_cited">Most Cited & Viewed</a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/vaccines/stats">Journal Statistics</a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/vaccines/history">Journal History</a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/vaccines/awards">Journal Awards</a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/vaccines/societies">Society Collaborations</a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/vaccines/events">Conferences</a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/vaccines/editorial_office">Editorial Office</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> <h2 class="show-for-medium-up">Journal Browser</h2> <a href="#" class="bolded-text link-journal-browser show-for-small" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> <span class="closed">►</span> <span class="open" style="display: none;">▼</span> Journal Browser </a> <div class="show-for-medium-up"> <div class="generic-item last-item no-border"> <form method="post" action="/journal/vaccines" id="qckvi" onsubmit="return !$('#journal-browser-go').hasClass('button--grey');"> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px;" class="UI_JournalBrowser_Volume"> <select id="journal-browser-volume" name="volume" style="width: 100%; margin-bottom: 0;" class="chosen-select"> <option value='' data-id="0">volume</option> <option onclick="$('#journal-browser-namesystem').val($(this).data('namesystem'));" data-namesystem="vaccines" value="12"> 12 </option> <option onclick="$('#journal-browser-namesystem').val($(this).data('namesystem'));" data-namesystem="vaccines" value="11"> 11 </option> <option onclick="$('#journal-browser-namesystem').val($(this).data('namesystem'));" data-namesystem="vaccines" value="10"> 10 </option> <option onclick="$('#journal-browser-namesystem').val($(this).data('namesystem'));" data-namesystem="vaccines" value="9"> 9 </option> <option onclick="$('#journal-browser-namesystem').val($(this).data('namesystem'));" data-namesystem="vaccines" value="8"> 8 </option> <option onclick="$('#journal-browser-namesystem').val($(this).data('namesystem'));" data-namesystem="vaccines" value="7"> 7 </option> <option onclick="$('#journal-browser-namesystem').val($(this).data('namesystem'));" data-namesystem="vaccines" value="6"> 6 </option> <option onclick="$('#journal-browser-namesystem').val($(this).data('namesystem'));" data-namesystem="vaccines" value="5"> 5 </option> <option onclick="$('#journal-browser-namesystem').val($(this).data('namesystem'));" data-namesystem="vaccines" value="4"> 4 </option> <option onclick="$('#journal-browser-namesystem').val($(this).data('namesystem'));" data-namesystem="vaccines" value="3"> 3 </option> <option onclick="$('#journal-browser-namesystem').val($(this).data('namesystem'));" data-namesystem="vaccines" value="2"> 2 </option> <option onclick="$('#journal-browser-namesystem').val($(this).data('namesystem'));" data-namesystem="vaccines" value="1"> 1 </option> </select> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px;" class="UI_JournalBrowser_Issue"> <select id="journal-browser-issue" name="issue" style="width: 100%; margin-bottom: 0;" class="chosen-select"> <option value='' class="volume-0">issue</option> <option value="1" class="volume-12" style="display: none;"> 1 </option> <option value="2" class="volume-12" style="display: none;"> 2 </option> <option value="3" class="volume-12" style="display: none;"> 3 </option> <option value="4" class="volume-12" style="display: none;"> 4 </option> <option value="5" class="volume-12" style="display: none;"> 5 </option> <option value="6" class="volume-12" style="display: none;"> 6 </option> <option value="7" class="volume-12" style="display: none;"> 7 </option> <option value="8" class="volume-12" style="display: none;"> 8 </option> <option value="9" class="volume-12" style="display: none;"> 9 </option> <option value="10" class="volume-12" style="display: none;"> 10 </option> <option value="11" class="volume-12" style="display: none;"> 11 </option> <option value="12" class="volume-12" style="display: none;"> 12 </option> <option value="1" class="volume-11" style="display: none;"> 1 </option> <option value="2" class="volume-11" style="display: none;"> 2 </option> <option value="3" class="volume-11" style="display: none;"> 3 </option> <option value="4" class="volume-11" style="display: none;"> 4 </option> <option value="5" class="volume-11" style="display: none;"> 5 </option> <option value="6" class="volume-11" style="display: none;"> 6 </option> <option value="7" class="volume-11" style="display: none;"> 7 </option> <option value="8" class="volume-11" style="display: none;"> 8 </option> <option value="9" class="volume-11" style="display: none;"> 9 </option> <option value="10" class="volume-11" style="display: none;"> 10 </option> <option value="11" class="volume-11" style="display: none;"> 11 </option> <option value="12" class="volume-11" style="display: none;"> 12 </option> <option value="1" class="volume-10" style="display: none;"> 1 </option> <option value="2" class="volume-10" style="display: none;"> 2 </option> <option value="3" class="volume-10" style="display: none;"> 3 </option> <option value="4" class="volume-10" style="display: none;"> 4 </option> <option value="5" class="volume-10" style="display: none;"> 5 </option> <option value="6" class="volume-10" style="display: none;"> 6 </option> <option value="7" class="volume-10" style="display: none;"> 7 </option> <option value="8" class="volume-10" style="display: none;"> 8 </option> <option value="9" class="volume-10" style="display: none;"> 9 </option> <option value="10" class="volume-10" style="display: none;"> 10 </option> <option value="11" class="volume-10" style="display: none;"> 11 </option> <option value="12" class="volume-10" style="display: none;"> 12 </option> <option value="1" class="volume-9" style="display: none;"> 1 </option> <option value="2" class="volume-9" style="display: none;"> 2 </option> <option value="3" class="volume-9" style="display: none;"> 3 </option> <option value="4" class="volume-9" style="display: none;"> 4 </option> <option value="5" class="volume-9" style="display: none;"> 5 </option> <option value="6" class="volume-9" style="display: none;"> 6 </option> <option value="7" class="volume-9" style="display: none;"> 7 </option> <option value="8" class="volume-9" style="display: none;"> 8 </option> <option value="9" class="volume-9" style="display: none;"> 9 </option> <option value="10" class="volume-9" style="display: none;"> 10 </option> <option value="11" class="volume-9" style="display: none;"> 11 </option> <option value="12" class="volume-9" style="display: none;"> 12 </option> <option value="1" class="volume-8" style="display: none;"> 1 </option> <option value="2" class="volume-8" style="display: none;"> 2 </option> <option value="3" class="volume-8" style="display: none;"> 3 </option> <option value="4" class="volume-8" style="display: none;"> 4 </option> <option value="1" class="volume-7" style="display: none;"> 1 </option> <option value="2" class="volume-7" style="display: none;"> 2 </option> <option value="3" class="volume-7" style="display: none;"> 3 </option> <option value="4" class="volume-7" style="display: none;"> 4 </option> <option value="1" class="volume-6" style="display: none;"> 1 </option> <option value="2" class="volume-6" style="display: none;"> 2 </option> <option value="3" class="volume-6" style="display: none;"> 3 </option> <option value="4" class="volume-6" style="display: none;"> 4 </option> <option value="1" class="volume-5" style="display: none;"> 1 </option> <option value="2" class="volume-5" style="display: none;"> 2 </option> <option value="3" class="volume-5" style="display: none;"> 3 </option> <option value="4" class="volume-5" style="display: none;"> 4 </option> <option value="1" class="volume-4" style="display: none;"> 1 </option> <option value="2" class="volume-4" style="display: none;"> 2 </option> <option value="3" class="volume-4" style="display: none;"> 3 </option> <option value="4" class="volume-4" style="display: none;"> 4 </option> <option value="1" class="volume-3" style="display: none;"> 1 </option> <option value="2" class="volume-3" style="display: none;"> 2 </option> <option value="3" class="volume-3" style="display: none;"> 3 </option> <option value="4" class="volume-3" style="display: none;"> 4 </option> <option value="1" class="volume-2" style="display: none;"> 1 </option> <option value="2" class="volume-2" style="display: none;"> 2 </option> <option value="3" class="volume-2" style="display: none;"> 3 </option> <option value="4" class="volume-2" style="display: none;"> 4 </option> <option value="1" class="volume-1" style="display: none;"> 1 </option> <option value="2" class="volume-1" style="display: none;"> 2 </option> <option value="3" class="volume-1" style="display: none;"> 3 </option> <option value="4" class="volume-1" style="display: none;"> 4 </option> </select> </div> <input type="hidden" name="_token" value="QJUXsYBcrRsaqqTj6NlzuCQGSq5GPqCepMZjIj7m0XM"> <input type="hidden" id="journal-browser-namesystem" name="namesystem" value="vaccines"> <input type="hidden" name="getIssueByVI" value="1"> <input type="submit" id="journal-browser-go" value="Go" style="" class="button button--grey button--full-width UI_JournalBrowser_GoButton"> </form> <div style="clear:both;"></div> </div> <div class="generic-item last-item first-item no-border"> <ul class="side-menu-ul"> <li class="side-menu-li side-menu-li__padded"> <a href="/2076-393X/12/12"> <i class="material-icons arrow" style="display: inline-block"> arrow_forward_ios </i> <strong>Forthcoming issue</strong> </a> <br/> <a href="/2076-393X/12/11"> <i class="material-icons arrow" style="display: inline-block"> arrow_forward_ios </i> <strong>Current issue</strong> </a> </li> <div class="show-for-medium-up"> <div class=""> <div class="journal-browser-volumes "> <li class="side-menu-li"> <a href="/2076-393X/12"> Vol. 12 (2024) </a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li"> <a href="/2076-393X/11"> Vol. 11 (2023) </a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li"> <a href="/2076-393X/10"> Vol. 10 (2022) </a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li"> <a href="/2076-393X/9"> Vol. 9 (2021) </a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li"> <a href="/2076-393X/8"> Vol. 8 (2020) </a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li"> <a href="/2076-393X/7"> Vol. 7 (2019) </a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li"> <a href="/2076-393X/6"> Vol. 6 (2018) </a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li"> <a href="/2076-393X/5"> Vol. 5 (2017) </a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li"> <a href="/2076-393X/4"> Vol. 4 (2016) </a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li"> <a href="/2076-393X/3"> Vol. 3 (2015) </a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li"> <a href="/2076-393X/2"> Vol. 2 (2014) </a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li"> <a href="/2076-393X/1"> Vol. 1 (2013) </a> </li> </div> </div> </div> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="show-for-medium-up"> <div class="content__container banner-container" style="padding:0px;"> <div> <div class="generic-item1"> <div id="bestAwardPaperAD" style="padding: 0px; width: 100%;"> <div id="banner1" class="adserver-banner" data-zone="4" data-repeat-interval="10" style="width: 100%; padding:0px;margin:0px;"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="content__container extending-content" data-url="/journal/ajax/most_accessed_articles/76"> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link"> <h2>Highly Accessed Articles</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="last-item generic-item"> <a class="bold" href="/search?q=&journal=vaccines&sort=articles_stats_art_view_page&page_count=50">View More...</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="content__container extending-content" data-url="/journal/ajax/latest_books/vaccines"> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link"> <h2 class="show-for-small-only">Latest Books</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/books_logo_new.svg?76e680e5363e99ba?1732286508"> <div class="last-item generic-item"> <a class="bold" href="https://www.mdpi.com/books/search?type%5B%5D=Reprint&journal_facet%5B%5D=Vaccines" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">More Books and Reprints...</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="right-column" class="content__column large-25 medium-3 small-12 columns"> <div class="content__container"> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link"> <h2>E-Mail Alert</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div id="journal-alerts" class="generic-item last-item no-border condensed-small"> <form method="post" action="/subscribe" id="subscribeForm" style="margin:0; padding:0;" onsubmit="return false;"> <div style="margin-bottom: 5px;">Add your e-mail address to receive forthcoming issues of this journal:</div> <input name="email" type="email" placeholder="Enter Your E-Mail Address..." required="required"> <input name="journals[]" type="hidden" value="vaccines"> <input type="hidden" name="_token" value="sAlUaD3GZw5GZ7qzYWirh-0CzfNv46ad8qTk6L0Kv6Q"> <input id="Email-Subscribe" class="button button--color button--full-width genericCaptcha UA_JournalSubscribeButton" name="email-button" value="Subscribe" type="submit"> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="content__container"> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link"> <h2>News</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="generic-item news-item no-border"> <span class="text-information">5 November 2024</span> <br/> <a class="title-link" href="/journal/vaccines/announcements/9690">MDPI INSIGHTS: The CEO's Letter #17 - OA Week, Basel Open Day, Beijing Graphene Forum</a> </div> <div class="generic-item news-item "> <span class="text-information">16 October 2024</span> <br/> <a class="title-link" href="/journal/vaccines/announcements/9594"><strong>MDPI's Newly Launched Journals in September 2024</strong></a> </div> <div class="generic-item news-item "> <span class="text-information">4 October 2024</span> <br/> <a class="title-link" href="/journal/vaccines/announcements/9530">MDPI INSIGHTS: The CEO's Letter #16 - UNGA79 Science Summit, OASPA, Peer Review Week</a> <a href="/journal/vaccines/announcements/9530"><img style="margin: 5px 0; display: block; max-width: 100%; height: auto;" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/announcement/9530.jpg?1732286508" /></a> </div> <div class="generic-item last-item UI_NewsAnnounce"> <a class="bold" href="/journal/vaccines/announcements">More News & Announcements...</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="content__container selected-special-issues"> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link"> <h2>Topics</h2> </div> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="generic-item button-type no-border"> <a class="button button--color button--full-width submit-manuscript" href="/topics/proposal"> Propose a Topic </a> </div> <div class="generic-item"><div><span class="text-information times"> Topic in <span class="text-information italics times">Cancers</span>, <span class="text-information italics times">Current Oncology</span>, <span class="text-information italics times">Diseases</span>, <span class="text-information italics times">JCM</span>, <span class="text-information italics times">Vaccines</span></span></div><a class="title-link bold" href="/topics/8AV677I39Q"> Gut Microbiota and Cancer </a><span class="text-information color-grey-dark">Topic Editors: Dong Tang, Takeo Fukagawa<br/></span><span class="text-information highlight">Deadline: 25 November 2024</span></div> <div class="generic-item"><div><span class="text-information times"> Topic in <span class="text-information italics times">Antibiotics</span>, <span class="text-information italics times">Biomedicines</span>, <span class="text-information italics times">Microorganisms</span>, <span class="text-information italics times">Parasitologia</span>, <span class="text-information italics times">Pathogens</span>, <span class="text-information italics times">Vaccines</span></span></div><a class="title-link bold" href="/topics/X66IH7XM49"> Advances in Vaccines and Antimicrobial Therapy </a><span class="text-information color-grey-dark">Topic Editors: Roberto Paganelli, Raffaele D’Amelio<br/></span><span class="text-information highlight">Deadline: 31 December 2024</span></div> <div class="generic-item"><div><span class="text-information times"> Topic in <span class="text-information italics times">Animals</span>, <span class="text-information italics times">Arthropoda</span>, <span class="text-information italics times">Insects</span>, <span class="text-information italics times">Pathogens</span>, <span class="text-information italics times">Vaccines</span>, <span class="text-information italics times">Veterinary Sciences</span></span></div><a class="title-link bold" href="/topics/81Q9337HUT"> Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens </a><span class="text-information color-grey-dark">Topic Editors: Alina Rodriguez-Mallon, Alejandro Cabezas-Cruz<br/></span><span class="text-information highlight">Deadline: 31 March 2025</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="show-for-medium-up"> <div id="adBannerContent" class="content__container banner-container" style="text-align:center;"> <div id="banner2" class="adserver-banner" data-zone="2" data-repeat-interval="10" style="height: 600px; width: 160px; position: relative; margin: 0 auto;"> <img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/loading_circle.gif?9a82694213036313?1732286508" alt="loading..." style="position: absolute;top: 50%;left: 50%;"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="show-for-small"> <div class="content__container banner-container"> <div id="adBannerContentMobile" style="margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px; width: 100%;"> <div id="banner3" class="adserver-banner" data-zone="7" style="width: 100%;"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="content__container"> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link"> <h2>Conferences</h2> </div> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="generic-item button-type no-border"> <a class="button button--color button--full-width submit-manuscript" href="/events/add"> Announce Your Conference </a> </div> <div class="generic-item"><span class="text-information"> 27–29 November 2024 </span><a href="/journal/vaccines/events/17080" class="title-link bold">The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Vaccines</a><a href="/journal/vaccines/events/17080"><img style="margin: 5px 0; max-width: 100%; height: auto;" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/misc/event_1728720430388.jpg?1732286508" border="0"></a></div> <div class="generic-item last-item"> <a href="/journal/vaccines/events" class="bold">More Conferences...</a><br/> </div> </div> </div> <div class="content__container selected-special-issues"> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link"> <h2>Special Issues</h2> </div> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="generic-item button-type no-border"> <a class="button button--color button--full-width submit-manuscript" href="/journalproposal/sendproposalspecialissue/vaccines" data-path="/journal/vaccines"> Propose a Special Issue </a> </div> <div class="generic-item"><div><span class="text-information times"> Special Issue in </span><span class="text-information italics times">Vaccines</span></div><a class="title-link bold" href="/journal/vaccines/special_issues/Vaccine_Epidemiology"> Research in Vaccine Epidemiology: Immunogenicity, Effectiveness, and Safety </a><span class="text-information color-grey-dark">Guest Editors: Francesco Paolo Bianchi, Silvio Tafuri<br/></span><span class="text-information highlight">Deadline: 28 November 2024</span></div> <div class="generic-item"><div><span class="text-information times"> Special Issue in </span><span class="text-information italics times">Vaccines</span></div><a class="title-link bold" href="/journal/vaccines/special_issues/JY6U2A0698"> Vaccination with Public Health Perspective: Prevention and Control Strategies </a><span class="text-information color-grey-dark">Guest Editors: Filippo Ansaldi, Amicizia Daniela<br/></span><span class="text-information highlight">Deadline: 30 November 2024</span></div> <div class="generic-item"><div><span class="text-information times"> Special Issue in </span><span class="text-information italics times">Vaccines</span></div><a class="title-link bold" href="/journal/vaccines/special_issues/89V57K42UV"> Humoral and Cellular Response after Vaccination </a><span class="text-information color-grey-dark">Guest Editors: Adrian Onu, Iuliana Caras<br/></span><span class="text-information highlight">Deadline: 30 November 2024</span></div> <div class="generic-item"><div><span class="text-information times"> Special Issue in </span><span class="text-information italics times">Vaccines</span></div><a class="title-link bold" href="/journal/vaccines/special_issues/58R8544E6W"> Novel HIV Immunization Regimens and Immune Implications </a><span class="text-information color-grey-dark">Guest Editors: Hongying Duan, Rui Kong<br/></span><span class="text-information highlight">Deadline: 30 November 2024</span></div> <div class="generic-item last-item"> <a href="/journal/vaccines/special_issues" class="bold">More Special Issues</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="content__container selected-special-issues"> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link"> <h2>Topical Collections</h2> </div> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="generic-item"><div><span class="text-information times"> Topical Collection in </span><span class="text-information italics times">Vaccines</span></div><a class="title-link bold" href="/journal/vaccines/topical_collections/Prophylaxis_vaccines"> Research on Monoclonal Antibodies and Antibody Engineering </a><span class="text-information color-grey-dark">Collection Editor: Tatsuya Yamazaki<br/></span></div> <div class="generic-item"><div><span class="text-information times"> Topical Collection in </span><span class="text-information italics times">Vaccines</span></div><a class="title-link bold" href="/journal/vaccines/topical_collections/HPV-Vaccines_vaccines"> HPV-Vaccines </a><span class="text-information color-grey-dark">Collection Editor: Gloria Calagna<br/></span></div> <div class="generic-item"><div><span class="text-information times"> Topical Collection in </span><span class="text-information italics times">Vaccines</span></div><a class="title-link bold" href="/journal/vaccines/topical_collections/Vaccines_Infectious"> Vaccines against Infectious Diseases </a><span class="text-information color-grey-dark">Collection Editor: E.Diane Williamson<br/></span></div> <div class="generic-item"><div><span class="text-information times"> Topical Collection in </span><span class="text-information italics times">Vaccines</span></div><a class="title-link bold" href="/journal/vaccines/topical_collections/49BK2MQF44"> The Safety and Immunogenicity of the Bivalent Omicron-Containing mRNA-1273.214 Booster Vaccine </a><span class="text-information color-grey-dark">Collection Editors: Lalit Batra, Shailendra Kumar Verma<br/></span></div> <div class="generic-item last-item"> <a href="/journal/vaccines/topical_collections" class="bold">More Topical Collections</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="column-padding"></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <div id="footer"> <div class="journal-info"> <span> <em><a class="Var_JournalInfo" href="/journal/vaccines">Vaccines</a></em>, EISSN 2076-393X, Published by MDPI </span> <div class="large-right"> <span> <a href="/rss/journal/vaccines" class="rss-link">RSS</a> </span> <span> <a href="/journal/vaccines/toc-alert">Content Alert</a> </span> </div> </div> <div class="row full-width footer-links" data-equalizer="footer" data-equalizer-mq="small"> <div class="large-2 large-push-4 medium-3 small-6 columns" data-equalizer-watch="footer"> <h3> Further Information </h3> <a href="/apc"> Article Processing Charges </a> <a href="/about/payment"> Pay an Invoice </a> <a href="/openaccess"> Open Access Policy </a> <a href="/about/contact"> Contact MDPI </a> <a href="https://careers.mdpi.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Jobs at MDPI </a> </div> <div class="large-2 large-push-4 medium-3 small-6 columns" data-equalizer-watch="footer"> <h3> Guidelines </h3> <a href="/authors"> For Authors </a> <a href="/reviewers"> For Reviewers </a> <a href="/editors"> For Editors </a> <a href="/librarians"> For Librarians </a> <a href="/publishing_services"> For Publishers </a> <a href="/societies"> For Societies </a> <a href="/conference_organizers"> For Conference Organizers </a> </div> <div class="large-2 large-push-4 medium-3 small-6 columns"> <h3> MDPI Initiatives </h3> <a href="https://sciforum.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Sciforum </a> <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/books" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> MDPI Books </a> <a href="https://www.preprints.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Preprints.org </a> <a href="https://www.scilit.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Scilit </a> <a href="https://sciprofiles.com?utm_source=mpdi.com&utm_medium=bottom_menu&utm_campaign=initiative" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> SciProfiles </a> <a href="https://encyclopedia.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Encyclopedia </a> <a href="https://jams.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> JAMS </a> <a href="/about/proceedings"> Proceedings Series </a> </div> <div class="large-2 large-push-4 medium-3 small-6 right-border-large-without columns UA_FooterFollowMDPI"> <h3> Follow MDPI </h3> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/mdpi" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> LinkedIn </a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/MDPIOpenAccessPublishing" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Facebook </a> <a href="https://twitter.com/MDPIOpenAccess" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Twitter </a> </div> <div id="footer-subscribe" class="large-4 large-pull-8 medium-12 small-12 left-border-large columns"> <div class="footer-subscribe__container"> <img class="show-for-large-up" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/mdpi-pub-logo-white-small.png?71d18e5f805839ab?1732286508" alt="MDPI" title="MDPI Open Access Journals" style="height: 50px; margin-bottom: 10px;"> <form id="newsletter" method="POST" action="/subscribe"> <p> Subscribe to receive issue release notifications and newsletters from MDPI journals </p> <select multiple id="newsletter-journal" class="foundation-select" name="journals[]"> <option value="acoustics">Acoustics</option> <option value="amh">Acta Microbiologica Hellenica</option> <option value="actuators">Actuators</option> <option value="admsci">Administrative Sciences</option> <option value="adolescents">Adolescents</option> <option value="arm">Advances in Respiratory Medicine</option> <option value="aerobiology">Aerobiology</option> <option value="aerospace">Aerospace</option> <option value="agriculture">Agriculture</option> <option value="agriengineering">AgriEngineering</option> <option value="agrochemicals">Agrochemicals</option> <option value="agronomy">Agronomy</option> <option value="ai">AI</option> <option value="air">Air</option> <option value="algorithms">Algorithms</option> <option value="allergies">Allergies</option> <option value="alloys">Alloys</option> <option value="analytica">Analytica</option> <option value="analytics">Analytics</option> <option value="anatomia">Anatomia</option> <option value="anesthres">Anesthesia Research</option> <option value="animals">Animals</option> <option value="antibiotics">Antibiotics</option> <option value="antibodies">Antibodies</option> <option value="antioxidants">Antioxidants</option> <option value="applbiosci">Applied Biosciences</option> <option value="applmech">Applied Mechanics</option> <option value="applmicrobiol">Applied Microbiology</option> <option value="applnano">Applied Nano</option> <option value="applsci">Applied Sciences</option> <option value="asi">Applied System Innovation</option> <option value="appliedchem">AppliedChem</option> <option value="appliedmath">AppliedMath</option> <option value="aquacj">Aquaculture Journal</option> <option value="architecture">Architecture</option> <option value="arthropoda">Arthropoda</option> <option value="arts">Arts</option> <option value="astronomy">Astronomy</option> <option value="atmosphere">Atmosphere</option> <option value="atoms">Atoms</option> <option value="audiolres">Audiology Research</option> <option value="automation">Automation</option> <option value="axioms">Axioms</option> <option value="bacteria">Bacteria</option> <option value="batteries">Batteries</option> <option value="behavsci">Behavioral Sciences</option> <option value="beverages">Beverages</option> <option value="BDCC">Big Data and Cognitive Computing</option> <option value="biochem">BioChem</option> <option value="bioengineering">Bioengineering</option> <option value="biologics">Biologics</option> <option value="biology">Biology</option> <option value="blsf">Biology and Life Sciences Forum</option> <option value="biomass">Biomass</option> <option value="biomechanics">Biomechanics</option> <option value="biomed">BioMed</option> <option value="biomedicines">Biomedicines</option> <option value="biomedinformatics">BioMedInformatics</option> <option value="biomimetics">Biomimetics</option> <option value="biomolecules">Biomolecules</option> <option value="biophysica">Biophysica</option> <option value="biosensors">Biosensors</option> <option value="biotech">BioTech</option> <option value="birds">Birds</option> <option value="blockchains">Blockchains</option> <option value="brainsci">Brain Sciences</option> <option value="buildings">Buildings</option> <option value="businesses">Businesses</option> <option value="carbon">C</option> <option value="cancers">Cancers</option> <option value="cardiogenetics">Cardiogenetics</option> <option value="catalysts">Catalysts</option> <option value="cells">Cells</option> <option value="ceramics">Ceramics</option> <option value="challenges">Challenges</option> <option value="ChemEngineering">ChemEngineering</option> <option value="chemistry">Chemistry</option> <option value="chemproc">Chemistry Proceedings</option> <option value="chemosensors">Chemosensors</option> <option value="children">Children</option> <option value="chips">Chips</option> <option value="civileng">CivilEng</option> <option value="cleantechnol">Clean Technologies</option> <option value="climate">Climate</option> <option value="ctn">Clinical and Translational Neuroscience</option> <option value="clinbioenerg">Clinical Bioenergetics</option> <option value="clinpract">Clinics and Practice</option> <option value="clockssleep">Clocks & Sleep</option> <option value="coasts">Coasts</option> <option value="coatings">Coatings</option> <option value="colloids">Colloids and Interfaces</option> <option value="colorants">Colorants</option> <option value="commodities">Commodities</option> <option value="complications">Complications</option> <option value="compounds">Compounds</option> <option value="computation">Computation</option> <option value="csmf">Computer Sciences & Mathematics Forum</option> <option value="computers">Computers</option> <option value="condensedmatter">Condensed Matter</option> <option value="conservation">Conservation</option> <option value="constrmater">Construction Materials</option> <option value="cmd">Corrosion and Materials Degradation</option> <option value="cosmetics">Cosmetics</option> <option value="covid">COVID</option> <option value="crops">Crops</option> <option value="cryo">Cryo</option> <option value="cryptography">Cryptography</option> <option value="crystals">Crystals</option> <option value="cimb">Current Issues in Molecular Biology</option> <option value="curroncol">Current Oncology</option> <option value="dairy">Dairy</option> <option value="data">Data</option> <option value="dentistry">Dentistry Journal</option> <option value="dermato">Dermato</option> <option value="dermatopathology">Dermatopathology</option> <option value="designs">Designs</option> <option value="diabetology">Diabetology</option> <option value="diagnostics">Diagnostics</option> <option value="dietetics">Dietetics</option> <option value="digital">Digital</option> <option value="disabilities">Disabilities</option> <option value="diseases">Diseases</option> <option value="diversity">Diversity</option> <option value="dna">DNA</option> <option value="drones">Drones</option> <option value="ddc">Drugs and Drug Candidates</option> <option value="dynamics">Dynamics</option> <option value="earth">Earth</option> <option value="ecologies">Ecologies</option> <option value="econometrics">Econometrics</option> <option value="economies">Economies</option> <option value="education">Education Sciences</option> <option value="electricity">Electricity</option> <option value="electrochem">Electrochem</option> <option value="electronicmat">Electronic Materials</option> <option value="electronics">Electronics</option> <option value="ecm">Emergency Care and Medicine</option> <option value="encyclopedia">Encyclopedia</option> <option value="endocrines">Endocrines</option> <option value="energies">Energies</option> <option value="esa">Energy Storage and Applications</option> <option value="eng">Eng</option> <option value="engproc">Engineering Proceedings</option> <option value="entropy">Entropy</option> <option value="environsciproc">Environmental Sciences Proceedings</option> <option value="environments">Environments</option> <option value="epidemiologia">Epidemiologia</option> <option value="epigenomes">Epigenomes</option> <option value="ebj">European Burn Journal</option> <option value="ejihpe">European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education</option> <option value="fermentation">Fermentation</option> <option value="fibers">Fibers</option> <option value="fintech">FinTech</option> <option value="fire">Fire</option> <option value="fishes">Fishes</option> <option value="fluids">Fluids</option> <option value="foods">Foods</option> <option value="forecasting">Forecasting</option> <option value="forensicsci">Forensic Sciences</option> <option value="forests">Forests</option> <option value="fossstud">Fossil Studies</option> <option value="foundations">Foundations</option> <option value="fractalfract">Fractal and Fractional</option> <option value="fuels">Fuels</option> <option value="future">Future</option> <option value="futureinternet">Future Internet</option> <option value="futurepharmacol">Future Pharmacology</option> <option value="futuretransp">Future Transportation</option> <option value="galaxies">Galaxies</option> <option value="games">Games</option> <option value="gases">Gases</option> <option value="gastroent">Gastroenterology Insights</option> <option value="gastrointestdisord">Gastrointestinal Disorders</option> <option value="gastronomy">Gastronomy</option> <option value="gels">Gels</option> <option value="genealogy">Genealogy</option> <option value="genes">Genes</option> <option value="geographies">Geographies</option> <option value="geohazards">GeoHazards</option> <option value="geomatics">Geomatics</option> <option value="geometry">Geometry</option> <option value="geosciences">Geosciences</option> <option value="geotechnics">Geotechnics</option> <option value="geriatrics">Geriatrics</option> <option value="glacies">Glacies</option> <option value="gucdd">Gout, Urate, and Crystal Deposition Disease</option> <option value="grasses">Grasses</option> <option value="hardware">Hardware</option> <option value="healthcare">Healthcare</option> <option value="hearts">Hearts</option> <option value="hemato">Hemato</option> <option value="hematolrep">Hematology Reports</option> <option value="heritage">Heritage</option> <option value="histories">Histories</option> <option value="horticulturae">Horticulturae</option> <option value="hospitals">Hospitals</option> <option value="humanities">Humanities</option> <option value="humans">Humans</option> <option value="hydrobiology">Hydrobiology</option> <option value="hydrogen">Hydrogen</option> <option value="hydrology">Hydrology</option> <option value="hygiene">Hygiene</option> <option value="immuno">Immuno</option> <option value="idr">Infectious Disease Reports</option> <option value="informatics">Informatics</option> <option value="information">Information</option> <option value="infrastructures">Infrastructures</option> <option value="inorganics">Inorganics</option> <option value="insects">Insects</option> <option value="instruments">Instruments</option> <option value="iic">Intelligent Infrastructure and Construction</option> <option value="ijerph">International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health</option> <option value="ijfs">International Journal of Financial Studies</option> <option value="ijms">International Journal of Molecular Sciences</option> <option value="IJNS">International Journal of Neonatal Screening</option> <option value="ijpb">International Journal of Plant Biology</option> <option value="ijt">International Journal of Topology</option> <option value="ijtm">International Journal of Translational Medicine</option> <option value="ijtpp">International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power</option> <option value="ime">International Medical Education</option> <option value="inventions">Inventions</option> <option value="IoT">IoT</option> <option value="ijgi">ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information</option> <option value="J">J</option> <option value="jal">Journal of Ageing and Longevity</option> <option value="jcdd">Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease</option> <option value="jcto">Journal of Clinical & Translational Ophthalmology</option> <option value="jcm">Journal of Clinical Medicine</option> <option value="jcs">Journal of Composites Science</option> <option value="jcp">Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy</option> <option value="jdad">Journal of Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease</option> <option value="jdb">Journal of Developmental Biology</option> <option value="jeta">Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Analyses</option> <option value="jfb">Journal of Functional Biomaterials</option> <option value="jfmk">Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology</option> <option value="jof">Journal of Fungi</option> <option value="jimaging">Journal of Imaging</option> <option value="jintelligence">Journal of Intelligence</option> <option value="jlpea">Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications</option> <option value="jmmp">Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing</option> <option value="jmse">Journal of Marine Science and Engineering</option> <option value="jmahp">Journal of Market Access & Health Policy</option> <option value="jmp">Journal of Molecular Pathology</option> <option value="jnt">Journal of Nanotheranostics</option> <option value="jne">Journal of Nuclear Engineering</option> <option value="ohbm">Journal of Otorhinolaryngology, Hearing and Balance Medicine</option> <option value="jop">Journal of Parks</option> <option value="jpm">Journal of Personalized Medicine</option> <option value="jpbi">Journal of Pharmaceutical and BioTech Industry</option> <option value="jor">Journal of Respiration</option> <option value="jrfm">Journal of Risk and Financial Management</option> <option value="jsan">Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks</option> <option value="joma">Journal of the Oman Medical Association</option> <option value="jtaer">Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research</option> <option value="jvd">Journal of Vascular Diseases</option> <option value="jox">Journal of Xenobiotics</option> <option value="jzbg">Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens</option> <option value="journalmedia">Journalism and Media</option> <option value="kidneydial">Kidney and Dialysis</option> <option value="kinasesphosphatases">Kinases and Phosphatases</option> <option value="knowledge">Knowledge</option> <option value="labmed">LabMed</option> <option value="laboratories">Laboratories</option> <option value="land">Land</option> <option value="languages">Languages</option> <option value="laws">Laws</option> <option value="life">Life</option> <option value="limnolrev">Limnological Review</option> <option value="lipidology">Lipidology</option> <option value="liquids">Liquids</option> <option value="literature">Literature</option> <option value="livers">Livers</option> <option value="logics">Logics</option> <option value="logistics">Logistics</option> <option value="lubricants">Lubricants</option> <option value="lymphatics">Lymphatics</option> <option value="make">Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction</option> <option value="machines">Machines</option> <option value="macromol">Macromol</option> <option value="magnetism">Magnetism</option> <option value="magnetochemistry">Magnetochemistry</option> <option value="marinedrugs">Marine Drugs</option> <option value="materials">Materials</option> <option value="materproc">Materials Proceedings</option> <option value="mca">Mathematical and Computational Applications</option> <option value="mathematics">Mathematics</option> <option value="medsci">Medical Sciences</option> <option value="msf">Medical Sciences Forum</option> <option value="medicina">Medicina</option> <option value="medicines">Medicines</option> <option value="membranes">Membranes</option> <option value="merits">Merits</option> <option value="metabolites">Metabolites</option> <option value="metals">Metals</option> <option value="meteorology">Meteorology</option> <option value="methane">Methane</option> <option value="mps">Methods and Protocols</option> <option value="metrics">Metrics</option> <option value="metrology">Metrology</option> <option value="micro">Micro</option> <option value="microbiolres">Microbiology Research</option> <option value="micromachines">Micromachines</option> <option value="microorganisms">Microorganisms</option> <option value="microplastics">Microplastics</option> <option value="minerals">Minerals</option> <option value="mining">Mining</option> <option value="modelling">Modelling</option> <option value="mmphys">Modern Mathematical Physics</option> <option value="molbank">Molbank</option> <option value="molecules">Molecules</option> <option value="mti">Multimodal Technologies and Interaction</option> <option value="muscles">Muscles</option> <option value="nanoenergyadv">Nanoenergy Advances</option> <option value="nanomanufacturing">Nanomanufacturing</option> <option value="nanomaterials">Nanomaterials</option> <option value="ndt">NDT</option> <option value="network">Network</option> <option value="neuroglia">Neuroglia</option> <option value="neurolint">Neurology International</option> <option value="neurosci">NeuroSci</option> <option value="nitrogen">Nitrogen</option> <option value="ncrna">Non-Coding RNA</option> <option value="nursrep">Nursing Reports</option> <option value="nutraceuticals">Nutraceuticals</option> <option value="nutrients">Nutrients</option> <option value="obesities">Obesities</option> <option value="oceans">Oceans</option> <option value="onco">Onco</option> <option value="optics">Optics</option> <option value="oral">Oral</option> <option value="organics">Organics</option> <option value="organoids">Organoids</option> <option value="osteology">Osteology</option> <option value="oxygen">Oxygen</option> <option value="parasitologia">Parasitologia</option> <option value="particles">Particles</option> <option value="pathogens">Pathogens</option> <option value="pathophysiology">Pathophysiology</option> <option value="pediatrrep">Pediatric Reports</option> <option value="pets">Pets</option> <option value="pharmaceuticals">Pharmaceuticals</option> <option value="pharmaceutics">Pharmaceutics</option> <option value="pharmacoepidemiology">Pharmacoepidemiology</option> <option value="pharmacy">Pharmacy</option> <option value="philosophies">Philosophies</option> <option value="photochem">Photochem</option> <option value="photonics">Photonics</option> <option value="phycology">Phycology</option> <option value="physchem">Physchem</option> <option value="psf">Physical Sciences Forum</option> <option value="physics">Physics</option> <option value="physiologia">Physiologia</option> <option value="plants">Plants</option> <option value="plasma">Plasma</option> <option value="platforms">Platforms</option> <option value="pollutants">Pollutants</option> <option value="polymers">Polymers</option> <option value="polysaccharides">Polysaccharides</option> <option value="populations">Populations</option> <option value="poultry">Poultry</option> <option value="powders">Powders</option> <option value="proceedings">Proceedings</option> <option value="processes">Processes</option> <option value="prosthesis">Prosthesis</option> <option value="proteomes">Proteomes</option> <option value="psychiatryint">Psychiatry International</option> <option value="psychoactives">Psychoactives</option> <option value="psycholint">Psychology International</option> <option value="publications">Publications</option> <option value="qubs">Quantum Beam Science</option> <option value="quantumrep">Quantum Reports</option> <option value="quaternary">Quaternary</option> <option value="radiation">Radiation</option> <option value="reactions">Reactions</option> <option value="realestate">Real Estate</option> <option value="receptors">Receptors</option> <option value="recycling">Recycling</option> <option value="rsee">Regional Science and Environmental Economics</option> <option value="religions">Religions</option> <option value="remotesensing">Remote Sensing</option> <option value="reports">Reports</option> <option value="reprodmed">Reproductive Medicine</option> <option value="resources">Resources</option> <option value="rheumato">Rheumato</option> <option value="risks">Risks</option> <option value="robotics">Robotics</option> <option value="ruminants">Ruminants</option> <option value="safety">Safety</option> <option value="sci">Sci</option> <option value="scipharm">Scientia Pharmaceutica</option> <option value="sclerosis">Sclerosis</option> <option value="seeds">Seeds</option> <option value="sensors">Sensors</option> <option value="separations">Separations</option> <option value="sexes">Sexes</option> <option value="signals">Signals</option> <option value="sinusitis">Sinusitis</option> <option value="smartcities">Smart Cities</option> <option value="socsci">Social Sciences</option> <option value="siuj">Société Internationale d’Urologie Journal</option> <option value="societies">Societies</option> <option value="software">Software</option> <option value="soilsystems">Soil Systems</option> <option value="solar">Solar</option> <option value="solids">Solids</option> <option value="spectroscj">Spectroscopy Journal</option> <option value="sports">Sports</option> <option value="standards">Standards</option> <option value="stats">Stats</option> <option value="stresses">Stresses</option> <option value="surfaces">Surfaces</option> <option value="surgeries">Surgeries</option> <option value="std">Surgical Techniques Development</option> <option value="sustainability">Sustainability</option> <option value="suschem">Sustainable Chemistry</option> <option value="symmetry">Symmetry</option> <option value="synbio">SynBio</option> <option value="systems">Systems</option> <option value="targets">Targets</option> <option value="taxonomy">Taxonomy</option> <option value="technologies">Technologies</option> <option value="telecom">Telecom</option> <option value="textiles">Textiles</option> <option value="thalassrep">Thalassemia Reports</option> <option value="therapeutics">Therapeutics</option> <option value="thermo">Thermo</option> <option value="timespace">Time and Space</option> <option value="tomography">Tomography</option> <option value="tourismhosp">Tourism and Hospitality</option> <option value="toxics">Toxics</option> <option value="toxins">Toxins</option> <option value="transplantology">Transplantology</option> <option value="traumacare">Trauma Care</option> <option value="higheredu">Trends in Higher Education</option> <option value="tropicalmed">Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease</option> <option value="universe">Universe</option> <option value="urbansci">Urban Science</option> <option value="uro">Uro</option> <option value="vaccines">Vaccines</option> <option value="vehicles">Vehicles</option> <option value="venereology">Venereology</option> <option value="vetsci">Veterinary Sciences</option> <option value="vibration">Vibration</option> <option value="virtualworlds">Virtual Worlds</option> <option value="viruses">Viruses</option> <option value="vision">Vision</option> <option value="waste">Waste</option> <option value="water">Water</option> <option value="wild">Wild</option> <option value="wind">Wind</option> <option value="women">Women</option> <option value="world">World</option> <option value="wevj">World Electric Vehicle Journal</option> <option value="youth">Youth</option> <option value="zoonoticdis">Zoonotic Diseases</option> </select> <input name="email" type="email" placeholder="Enter your email address..." required="required" /> <button class="genericCaptcha button button--dark UA_FooterNewsletterSubscribeButton" type="submit">Subscribe</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div id="footer-copyright"> <div class="row"> <div class="columns large-6 medium-6 small-12 text-left"> © 1996-2024 MDPI (Basel, Switzerland) unless otherwise stated </div> <div class="columns large-6 medium-6 small-12 small-text-left medium-text-right large-text-right"> <a data-dropdown="drop-view-disclaimer" aria-controls="drop-view-disclaimer" aria-expanded="false" data-options="align:top; is_hover:true; hover_timeout:2000;"> Disclaimer </a> <div id="drop-view-disclaimer" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide text-left" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. </div> <a href="/about/terms-and-conditions"> Terms and Conditions </a> <a href="/about/privacy"> Privacy Policy </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="cookie-notification" class="js-allow-cookies" style="display: none;"> <div class="columns large-10 medium-10 small-12"> We use cookies on our website to ensure you get the best experience.<br class="show-for-medium-up"/> Read more about our cookies <a href="/about/privacy">here</a>. </div> <div class="columns large-2 medium-2 small-12 small-only-text-left text-right"> <a class="button button--default" href="/accept_cookies">Accept</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id="main-share-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new reveal-modal-new--small" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2 style="margin: 0;">Share Link</h2> </div> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div class="social-media-links UA_ShareModalLinks" style="text-align: left;"> <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#a39c85c2ced398d0d6c1c9c6c0d79ee5d1ccce869193eee7f3ea8690e286919386919185d2d6ccd79885c2ced398c1ccc7da9ecbd7d7d3d0998c8cd4d4d48dcec7d3ca8dc0ccce8cc9ccd6d1cdc2cf8cd5c2c0c0cacdc6d08690e28693e28693e2a9a9" title="Email"> <i class="fa fa-envelope-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=&hashtags=mdpivaccines&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2Fjournal%2Fvaccines&via=MDPIOpenAccess" onclick="windowOpen(this.href,600,800); return false" title="Twitter" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-twitter-x-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href=" http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2Fjournal%2Fvaccines&title=%26source%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com" onclick="windowOpen(this.href,600,800); return false" title="LinkedIn" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-linkedin-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https://www.mdpi.com/journal/vaccines" title="facebook" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-facebook-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="javascript:void(0);" title="Wechat" data-reveal-id="weixin-share-modal"> <i class="fa fa-weixin-square" style="font-size: 26px;"></i> </a> <a href="http://www.reddit.com/submit?url=https://www.mdpi.com/journal/vaccines" title="Reddit" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-reddit-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="http://www.mendeley.com/import/?url=https://www.mdpi.com/journal/vaccines" title="Mendeley" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-mendeley-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="http://www.citeulike.org/posturl?url=https://www.mdpi.com/journal/vaccines" title="CiteULike" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-citeulike-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> </div> </div> <div class="small-9 columns"> <input id="js-clipboard-text" type="text" readonly value="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/vaccines" /> </div> <div class="small-3 columns text-left"> <a class="button button--color js-clipboard-copy" data-clipboard-target="#js-clipboard-text">Copy</a> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> <div id="weixin-share-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="weixin-share-modal-title" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2 id="weixin-share-modal-title" style="margin: 0;">Share</h2> </div> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div class="weixin-qr-code-section"> <?xml version="1.0" standalone="no"?> <!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN" "http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd"> <svg width="348" height="348" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <desc>https://www.mdpi.com/journal/vaccines</desc> <g id="elements" fill="black" stroke="none"> <rect x="0" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="300" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="312" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="324" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="336" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="336" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="300" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="312" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="336" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="300" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="312" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="336" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="300" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="312" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="336" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="336" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="300" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="312" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="324" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="336" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="84" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="84" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="84" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="84" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="84" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="84" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="336" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="312" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="324" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="312" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="300" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="336" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="336" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="300" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="312" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="324" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="336" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="312" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="336" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="312" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="336" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="300" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="312" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="324" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="300" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="336" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="300" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="312" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="300" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="312" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="324" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="300" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="300" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="324" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="336" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="300" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="336" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="300" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="300" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="300" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="300" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="300" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="300" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="300" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="300" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="300" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="300" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="300" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="300" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="300" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="300" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="300" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="300" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="336" y="300" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="312" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="312" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="312" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="312" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="312" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="312" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="312" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="312" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="312" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="312" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="312" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="312" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="312" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="312" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="312" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="312" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="312" y="312" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="324" y="312" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="336" y="312" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="324" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="324" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="324" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="324" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="324" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="324" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="300" y="324" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="312" y="324" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="336" y="324" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="336" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="336" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="336" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="336" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="336" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="336" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="336" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="336" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="336" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="336" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="336" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="336" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="336" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="336" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="300" y="336" width="12" height="12" /> </g> </svg> </div> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> <a href="#" class="back-to-top"><span class="show-for-medium-up">Back to Top</span><span class="show-for-small">Top</span></a> <script data-cfasync="false" src="/cdn-cgi/scripts/5c5dd728/cloudflare-static/email-decode.min.js"></script><script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/modernizr-2.8.3.min.js?5227e0738f7f421d?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/jquery-1.12.4.min.js?4f252523d4af0b47?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/foundation-5.5.3.min.js?6b2ec41c18b29054?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/foundation-5.5.3.equalizer.min.js?0f6c549b75ec554c?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/jquery.multiselect.js?0edd3998731d1091?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/jquery.cycle2.min.js?63413052928f97ee?1732286508"></script> <script> // old browser fix - this way the console log rows won't throw (silent) errors in browsers not supporting console log if (!window.console) window.console = {}; if (!window.console.log) window.console.log = function () { }; var currentJournalNameSystem = "vaccines"; $(document).ready(function() { $('select.foundation-select').multiselect({ search: true, minHeight: 130, maxHeight: 130, }); $(document).foundation({ orbit: { timer_speed: 4000, }, reveal: { animation: 'fadeAndPop', animation_speed: 100, } }); $(".chosen-select").each(function(element) { var maxSelected = (undefined !== $(this).data('maxselectedoptions') ? $(this).data('maxselectedoptions') : 100); $(this).on('chosen:ready', function(event, data) { var select = $(data.chosen.form_field); if (select.attr('id') === 'journal-browser-volume') { $(data.chosen.dropdown).addClass('UI_JournalBrowser_Volume_Options'); } if (select.attr('id') === 'journal-browser-issue') { $(data.chosen.dropdown).addClass('UI_JournalBrowser_Issue_Options'); } }).chosen({ display_disabled_options: false, disable_search_threshold: 7, max_selected_options: maxSelected, width: "100%" }); }); $(".toEncode").each(function(e) { var oldHref = $(this).attr("href"); var newHref = oldHref.replace('.botdefense.please.enable.javascript.','@'); $(this).attr("href", newHref); if (!$(this).hasClass("emailCaptcha")) { $(this).html(newHref.replace('mailto:', '')); } $(this).removeClass("visibility-hidden"); }); $(document).on('opened.fndtn.reveal', '[data-reveal]', function() { $(document).foundation('equalizer', 'reflow'); }); // fix the images that have tag height / width defined // otherwise the default foundation styles overwrite the tag definitions $("img").each(function() { if ($(this).attr('width') != undefined || $(this).attr('height') != undefined) { $(this).addClass("img-fixed"); } }); $("#basic_search, #advanced_search").submit(function(e) { var searchArguments = false; $(this).find("input,select").not("#search,.search-button").each(function() { if (undefined === $(this).val() || "" === $(this).val()) { $(this).attr('name', null); } else { $(this).attr('name'); searchArguments = true; } }); if (!searchArguments) { window.location = $(this).attr('action'); return false; } }); $(".hide-show-desktop-option").click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); var parentDiv = $(this).closest("div"); $.ajax({ url: $(this).attr('href'), success: function(msg) { parentDiv.removeClass().hide(); } }); }); $(".generic-toggleable-header").click(function(e) { $(this).toggleClass("active"); $(this).next(".generic-toggleable-content").toggleClass("active"); }); /* * handle whole row as a link if the row contains only one visible link */ $("table.new tr").hover(function() { if ($(this).find("td:visible a").length == 1) { $(this).addClass("single-link"); } }, function() { $(this).removeClass("single-link"); }); $("table.new:not(.table-of-tables)").on("click", "tr.single-link", function(e) { var target = $(e.target); if (!e.ctrlKey && !target.is("a")) { $(this).find("td:visible a")[0].click(); } }); $(document).on("click", ".custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link", function(e) { if ($(this).closest("#basic_search").length > 0) { if ($(".search-container__advanced").first().is(":visible")) { openAdvanced() } } if (Foundation.utils.is_small_only()) { if ($(this).hasClass("active")) { $(this).removeClass("active"); $(this).next(".custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content").addClass("show-for-medium-up"); } else { $(this).addClass("active"); $(this).next(".custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content").removeClass("show-for-medium-up"); $(document).foundation('orbit', 'reflow'); } } if (undefined !== $(this).data("callback")) { var customCallback = $(this).data("callback"); func = window[customCallback]; func(); } }); $(document).on("click", ".js-open-small-search", function(e) { e.preventDefault(); $(this).toggleClass("active").closest(".tab-bar").toggleClass("active"); $(".search-container").toggleClass("hide-for-small-down"); }); $(document).on("click", ".js-open-menu", function(e) { $(".search-container").addClass("hide-for-small-down"); }); $(window).on('resize', function() { recalculate_main_browser_position(); recalculate_responsive_moving_containers(); }); updateSearchLabelVisibilities(); recalculate_main_browser_position(); recalculate_responsive_moving_containers(); if (window.document.documentMode == 11) { $("<link/>", { rel: "stylesheet", type: "text/css", href: "https://fonts.googleapis.com/icon?family=Material+Icons"}).appendTo("head"); } }); function recalculate_main_browser_position() { if (Foundation.utils.is_small_only()) { if ($("#js-main-top-container").parent("#js-large-main-top-container").length > 0) { $("#js-main-top-container").appendTo($("#js-small-main-top-container")); } } else { if ($("#js-main-top-container").parent("#js-small-main-top-container").length > 0) { $("#js-main-top-container").appendTo($("#js-large-main-top-container")); } } } function recalculate_responsive_moving_containers() { $(".responsive-moving-container.large").each(function() { var previousParent = $(".responsive-moving-container.active[data-id='"+$(this).data("id")+"']"); var movingContent = previousParent.html(); if (Foundation.utils.is_small_only()) { var currentParent = $(".responsive-moving-container.small[data-id='"+$(this).data("id")+"']"); } else if (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only()) { var currentParent = $(".responsive-moving-container.medium[data-id='"+$(this).data("id")+"']"); } else { var currentParent = $(".responsive-moving-container.large[data-id='"+$(this).data("id")+"']"); } if (previousParent.attr("class") !== currentParent.attr("class")) { currentParent.html(movingContent); previousParent.html(); currentParent.addClass("active"); previousParent.removeClass("active"); } }); } // cookies allowed is checked from a) local storage and b) from server separately so that the footer bar doesn't // get included in the custom page caches function checkCookiesAllowed() { var cookiesEnabled = localStorage.getItem("mdpi_cookies_enabled"); if (null === cookiesEnabled) { $.ajax({ url: "/ajax_cookie_value/mdpi_cookies_accepted", success: function(data) { if (data.value) { localStorage.setItem("mdpi_cookies_enabled", true); checkDisplaySurvey(); } else { $(".js-allow-cookies").show(); } } }); } else { checkDisplaySurvey(); } } function checkDisplaySurvey() { } window.addEventListener('CookiebotOnAccept', function (e) { var CookieDate = new Date; if (Cookiebot.consent.preferences) { CookieDate.setFullYear(CookieDate.getFullYear() + 1); document.cookie = "mdpi_layout_type_v2=mobile; path=/; expires=" + CookieDate.toUTCString() + ";"; $(".js-toggle-desktop-layout-link").css("display", "inline-block"); } }, false); window.addEventListener('CookiebotOnDecline', function (e) { if (!Cookiebot.consent.preferences) { $(".js-toggle-desktop-layout-link").hide(); if ("" === "desktop") { window.location = "/toggle_desktop_layout_cookie"; } } }, false); var hash = $(location).attr('hash'); if ("#share" === hash) { if (1 === $("#main-share-modal").length) { $('#main-share-modal').foundation('reveal', 'open'); } } </script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/lib.js?f8d3d71b3a772f9d?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/mdpi.js?c267ce58392b15da?1732286508"></script> <script>var banners_url = 'https://serve.mdpi.com';</script> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/ifvisible.min.js?c621d19ecb761212?1732286508'></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/affix.js?ac4ea55275297c15?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/clipboard.min.js?3f3688138a1b9fc4?1732286508"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> $(document).ready(function() { var helpFunctions = $(".middle-column__help__fixed"); var leftColumnAffix = $(".left-column__fixed"); var middleColumn = $("#middle-column"); var clone = null; helpFunctions.affix({ offset: { top: function() { return middleColumn.offset().top - 8 - (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only() ? 30 : 0); }, bottom: function() { return $("#footer").innerHeight() + 74 + (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only() ? 0 : 0); } } }); if (leftColumnAffix.length > 0) { clone = leftColumnAffix.clone(); clone.addClass("left-column__fixed__affix"); clone.insertBefore(leftColumnAffix); clone.css('width', leftColumnAffix.outerWidth() + 50); clone.affix({ offset: { top: function() { return leftColumnAffix.offset().top - 30 - (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only() ? 50 : 0); }, bottom: function() { return $("#footer").innerHeight() + 92 + (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only() ? 0 : 0); } } }); } $(window).on("resize", function() { if (clone !== null) { clone.css('width', leftColumnAffix.outerWidth() + 50); } }); new ClipboardJS('.js-clipboard-copy'); }); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> $(document).ready(function() { // create the left hand menu dynamically from the content var items = $("#middle-column h1, #middle-column h2"); if ($("#dynamic-menu").length == 1 && items.length > 1) { // menu container div var div = $("div#dynamic-menu"); div.addClass("generic-item"); // menu header var header = $("<h2></h2>"); header.text("Menu"); div.append(header); // menu list var ul = $("<ul></ul>"); ul.addClass("side-menu-ul"); div.append(ul); // menu list items (create additional anchors for page) items.each(function() { var header_title = $(this).text(); var link_title = header_title.replace(/ |-/gi, "_").toLowerCase(); var li = $("<li></li>"); li.addClass("side-menu-li"); ul.append(li); var a = $("<a></a>"); a.html(header_title); a.prop("href", "#" + link_title); li.append(a); var a = $("<a></a>"); a.prop("name", link_title); $(this).prepend(a); }); div.append(ul); div.show(); } }); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/magnific-popup.min.css?04d343e036f8eecd?1732286508"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/jquery-ui-1.10.4.custom.min.css?80647d88647bf347?1732286508"> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/jquery-ui-1.13.2.min.js?1e2047978946a1d2?1732286508"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/magnific-popup.min.js?2be3d9e7dc569146?1732286508"></script> <script> var mainColumn1 = "#right-column"; var extendingReady = true; $(document).ready(function() { $("#journal-browser-go").toggleClass("button--grey", "" === $("#journal-browser-volume").val()); $("#journal-browser-go").toggleClass("button--color", "" !== $("#journal-browser-volume").val()); $("#journal-browser-volume").change(function(e) { $('#journal-browser-issue').find('option').not('.volume-0').hide(); $('#journal-browser-issue').find('.volume-' + $(this).val()).show(); $('#journal-browser-issue').find('option:first').prop('selected', 'selected'); $("#journal-browser-issue").trigger("chosen:updated"); $('#journal-browser-go').toggleClass('button--grey', '' === $(this).val()); $('#journal-browser-go').toggleClass('button--color', '' !== $(this).val()); }); // add resize event for the window (to recalculate side column elements) // TODO: is it better to use resize end or resize here? $(window).on('resize', function() { mdpi_column_height_module.calculateColumnHeights(false, mainColumn1); }); $(".link-journal-menu").click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); $(this).find('span').toggle(); $(this).next("ul").toggleClass("active"); $("#social-media-links").toggle(); $("#journal-alerts").toggle(); }); $(".link-journal-browser").click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); $(this).find('span').toggle(); $(this).next("div").toggleClass('show-for-medium-up'); }); }); </script>   <script type="text/plain" data-cookieconsent="marketing"> !function(e,t,n,s,u,a){e.twq||(s=e.twq=function(){s.exe?s.exe.apply(s,arguments):s.queue.push(arguments); },s.version='1.1',s.queue=[],u=t.createElement(n),u.async=!0,u.src='//static.ads-twitter.com/uwt.js', a=t.getElementsByTagName(n)[0],a.parentNode.insertBefore(u,a))}(window,document,'script'); // Insert Twitter Pixel ID and Standard Event data below twq('init','o2pip'); twq('track','PageView'); </script>  <script>(function(){function c(){var b=a.contentDocument||a.contentWindow.document;if(b){var d=b.createElement('script');d.innerHTML="window.__CF$cv$params={r:'8e6dfa79c8b88952',t:'MTczMjMzMTU1Ni4wMDAwMDA='};var a=document.createElement('script');a.nonce='';a.src='/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/scripts/jsd/main.js';document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(a);";b.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(d)}}if(document.body){var a=document.createElement('iframe');a.height=1;a.width=1;a.style.position='absolute';a.style.top=0;a.style.left=0;a.style.border='none';a.style.visibility='hidden';document.body.appendChild(a);if('loading'!==document.readyState)c();else if(window.addEventListener)document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',c);else{var e=document.onreadystatechange||function(){};document.onreadystatechange=function(b){e(b);'loading'!==document.readyState&&(document.onreadystatechange=e,c())}}}})();</script></body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Vaccines | An Open Access Journal from MDPI