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id="toc-Ludwig_Wittgenstein" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ludwig_Wittgenstein"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Ludwig Wittgenstein</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ludwig_Wittgenstein-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roger_Caillois" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roger_Caillois"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Roger Caillois</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roger_Caillois-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chris_Crawford" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chris_Crawford"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Chris Crawford</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chris_Crawford-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_definitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_definitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Other definitions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gameplay_elements_and_classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gameplay_elements_and_classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Gameplay elements and classification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Gameplay_elements_and_classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Gameplay elements and classification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Gameplay_elements_and_classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Tools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rules_and_aims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rules_and_aims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Rules and aims</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rules_and_aims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skill,_strategy,_and_chance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skill,_strategy,_and_chance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Skill, strategy, and chance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skill,_strategy,_and_chance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Single-player_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Single-player_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Single-player games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Single-player_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multiplayer_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multiplayer_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Multiplayer games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multiplayer_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Game_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Game_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>Game theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Game_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lawn_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lawn_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Lawn games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lawn_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tabletop_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tabletop_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Tabletop games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tabletop_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dexterity_and_coordination_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dexterity_and_coordination_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Dexterity and coordination games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dexterity_and_coordination_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Board_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Board_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Board games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Board_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Card_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Card_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Card games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Card_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dice_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dice_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>Dice games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dice_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domino_and_tile_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domino_and_tile_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.5</span> <span>Domino and tile games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domino_and_tile_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pencil_and_paper_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pencil_and_paper_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.6</span> <span>Pencil and paper games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pencil_and_paper_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guessing_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guessing_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.7</span> <span>Guessing games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guessing_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Video games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Online_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Online games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role-playing_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role-playing_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Role-playing games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role-playing_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Business_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Business games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Simulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Simulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Simulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Simulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Game</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 148 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-148" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">148 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spel" title="Spel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Spel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiel" title="Spiel – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Spiel" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%A8%E1%8B%8B%E1%89%B3%E1%8B%8E%E1%89%BD" title="ጨዋታዎች – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጨዋታዎች" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8" title="لعب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لعب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuego" title="Chuego – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Chuego" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C3%A8s" title="Juès – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Juès" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xuegu" title="Xuegu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xuegu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91embosar%C3%A1i" title="Ñembosarái – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ñembosarái" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyun" title="Oyun – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Oyun" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86" title="اویون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اویون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE_(%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95)" title="খেলা (নিয়মমাফিক) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="খেলা (নিয়মমাফিক)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%BB-h%C3%AC" title="Iû-hì – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Iû-hì" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolanan" title="Dolanan – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Dolanan" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Уйын – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Уйын" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Гульня – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гульня" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Гульня – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гульня" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="खेल – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="खेल" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karawat" title="Karawat – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Karawat" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Игра – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Игра" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%A9%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8D" title="རོལ་རྩེད། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རོལ་རྩེད།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igra" title="Igra – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Igra" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%27hoario%C3%B9" title="C'hoarioù – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="C'hoarioù" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jocs" title="Jocs – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jocs" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%C4%83%D0%B9%C4%83" title="Вăйă – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Вăйă" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hra" title="Hra – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hra" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghjocu" title="Ghjocu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Ghjocu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%AAm" title="Gêm – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gêm" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spil_(leg)" title="Spil (leg) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Spil (leg)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiel" title="Spiel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Spiel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A4ng" title="Mäng – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mäng" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%87%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B9_(%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B1)" title="Παιχνίδι (δραστηριότητα) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παιχνίδι (δραστηριότητα)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juego" title="Juego – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Juego" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludo" title="Ludo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ludo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juegu" title="Juegu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Juegu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joko" title="Joko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Joko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="بازی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بازی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game" title="Game – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Game" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%A6l" title="Spæl – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Spæl" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeu" title="Jeu – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jeu" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spul" title="Spul – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Spul" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BBc" title="Zûc – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Zûc" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluiche" title="Cluiche – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cluiche" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamman" title="Gamman – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Gamman" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geama" title="Geama – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Geama" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xogo" title="Xogo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xogo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%8D%E5%80%8B%E4%BB%94" title="耍個仔 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="耍個仔" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B2%8C%EC%9E%84" title="게임 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="게임" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasa" title="Wasa – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Wasa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%A1%D5%B2" title="Խաղ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Խաղ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE" title="क्रीडा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="क्रीडा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igra" title="Igra – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Igra" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludo" title="Ludo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ludo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permainan" title="Permainan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Permainan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joco" title="Joco – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Joco" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imidlalo" title="Imidlalo – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Imidlalo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spil_(leikur)" title="Spil (leikur) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Spil (leikur)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%97%D7%A7" title="משחק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="משחק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolanan" title="Dolanan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Dolanan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%9F" title="ಆಟ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆಟ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%8E%D0%BD" title="Оюн – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Оюн" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98" title="თამაში – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თამაში" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Ойын – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ойын" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mchezo" title="Mchezo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mchezo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9" title="Jé – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Jé" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%AEstik" title="Lîstik – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Lîstik" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%8E%D0%BD" title="Оюн – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Оюн" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juego" title="Juego – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Juego" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%A1" title="ເກມ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເກມ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludus" title="Ludus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ludus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C4%93le" title="Spēle – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Spēle" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDaidimas" title="Žaidimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žaidimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjpel" title="Sjpel – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Sjpel" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisano" title="Lisano – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Lisano" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jua" title="Jua – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Jua" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elostus" title="Elostus – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Elostus" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A1t%C3%A9k_(pszichol%C3%B3gia)" title="Játék (pszichológia) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Játék (pszichológia)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Игра – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Игра" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilalao" title="Kilalao – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kilalao" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF" title="കളി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കളി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE" title="क्रीडा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="क्रीडा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%B8%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ლაჸაფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლაჸაფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permainan" title="Permainan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Permainan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jogo" title="Jogo – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Jogo" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Тоглоом – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Тоглоом" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spel" title="Spel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Spel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0" title="ゲーム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ゲーム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ловзар – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ловзар" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geiim" title="Geiim – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Geiim" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spill_(lek)" title="Spill (lek) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Spill (lek)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spel" title="Spel – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Spel" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamme" title="Gamme – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Gamme" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B2c" title="Jòc – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Jòc" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%CA%BByin" title="Oʻyin – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Oʻyin" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%AE" title="ਗੇਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗੇਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%84" title="کھیل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کھیل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%87" title="لوبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لوبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giem" title="Giem – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Giem" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jus" title="Jus – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Jus" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speel" title="Speel – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Speel" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gra" title="Gra – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gra" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jogo" title="Jogo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jogo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oy%C4%B1n" title="Oyın – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Oyın" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joc" title="Joc – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Joc" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gieu" title="Gieu – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Gieu" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puklla" title="Puklla – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Puklla" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Гра – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Гра" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Игра – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Игра" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%83%D1%83" title="Оонньуу – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Оонньуу" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE" title="क्रीडा – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="क्रीडा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemme" title="Gemme – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Gemme" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spil" title="Spil – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Spil" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loja" title="Loja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Loja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B2cura" title="Jòcura – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Jòcura" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game" title="Game – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="Game" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game" title="Game – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Game" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hra_(z%C3%A1bava)" title="Hra (zábava) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hra (zábava)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igra" title="Igra – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Igra" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%95" title="کایە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کایە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Игра – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Игра" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igra" title="Igra – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Igra" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaulinan" title="Kaulinan – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kaulinan" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peli" title="Peli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Peli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spel" title="Spel – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Spel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laro" title="Laro – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Laro" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="விளையாட்டு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="விளையாட்டு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Уен – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Уен" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D_(Game)" title="గేమ్ (Game) – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గేమ్ (Game)" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A1" title="เกม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เกม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B7%D3%A3" title="Бозӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бозӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%81%E1%8F%A6%E1%8F%97" title="ᎠᏁᏦᏗ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏁᏦᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyun" title="Oyun – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Oyun" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vwuo" title="Vwuo – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Vwuo" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Гра – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гра" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%85" title="گیم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گیم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zugo" title="Zugo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Zugo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4nd" title="Vänd – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Vänd" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%B2_ch%C6%A1i" title="Trò chơi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trò chơi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A4ng" title="Mäng – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Mäng" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djeu" title="Djeu – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Djeu" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%8A%E6%88%B2" title="遊戲 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="遊戲" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyag" title="Uyag – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Uyag" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%8A%E6%88%B2" title="遊戲 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="遊戲" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ntlangu" title="Ntlangu – Tsonga" lang="ts" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Structured form of play</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Game_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Game (disambiguation)">Game (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gaming_Board_Inscribed_for_Amenhotep_III_with_Separate_Sliding_Drawer,_ca._1390-1353_B.C.E.,49.56a-b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Gaming_Board_Inscribed_for_Amenhotep_III_with_Separate_Sliding_Drawer%2C_ca._1390-1353_B.C.E.%2C49.56a-b.jpg/220px-Gaming_Board_Inscribed_for_Amenhotep_III_with_Separate_Sliding_Drawer%2C_ca._1390-1353_B.C.E.%2C49.56a-b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Gaming_Board_Inscribed_for_Amenhotep_III_with_Separate_Sliding_Drawer%2C_ca._1390-1353_B.C.E.%2C49.56a-b.jpg/330px-Gaming_Board_Inscribed_for_Amenhotep_III_with_Separate_Sliding_Drawer%2C_ca._1390-1353_B.C.E.%2C49.56a-b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Gaming_Board_Inscribed_for_Amenhotep_III_with_Separate_Sliding_Drawer%2C_ca._1390-1353_B.C.E.%2C49.56a-b.jpg/440px-Gaming_Board_Inscribed_for_Amenhotep_III_with_Separate_Sliding_Drawer%2C_ca._1390-1353_B.C.E.%2C49.56a-b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1181" /></a><figcaption>Ancient Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Senet" title="Senet">senet</a> game board inscribed for <a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_III" title="Amenhotep III">Amenhotep III</a> with separate sliding drawer, from 1390 to 1353 BC, made of glazed faience, dimensions: 5.5 × 7.7 × 21 cm, in the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a> (New York City).</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>game</b> is a structured type of <a href="/wiki/Play_(activity)" title="Play (activity)">play</a>, usually undertaken for <a href="/wiki/Entertainment" title="Entertainment">entertainment</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fun" title="Fun">fun</a>, and sometimes used as an educational tool.<sup id="cite_ref-merriam-webster.com_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-merriam-webster.com-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many games are also considered to be work (such as professional players of spectator sports or games) or art (such as <a href="/wiki/Jigsaw_puzzle" title="Jigsaw puzzle">jigsaw puzzles</a> or games involving an artistic layout such as <a href="/wiki/Mahjong" title="Mahjong">Mahjong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solitaire_(game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solitaire (game)">solitaire</a>, or some <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video games</a>). </p><p>Games are sometimes played purely for enjoyment, sometimes for achievement or reward as well. They can be played alone, in teams, or online; by amateurs or by professionals. The players may have an audience of non-players, such as when people are entertained by watching a <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship" title="World Chess Championship">chess championship</a>. On the other hand, players in a game may constitute their own audience as they take their turn to play. Often, part of the entertainment for children playing a game is deciding who is part of their audience and who is a player. A toy and a game are not the same. Toys generally allow for unrestricted play whereas games present rules for the player to follow. </p><p>Key components of games are goals, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rule" class="extiw" title="wikt:rule">rules</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/challenge" class="extiw" title="wikt:challenge">challenge</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Interactivity" title="Interactivity">interaction</a>. Games generally involve mental or physical stimulation, and often both. Many games help develop practical <a href="/wiki/Skills" class="mw-redirect" title="Skills">skills</a>, serve as a form of exercise, or otherwise perform an educational, <a href="/wiki/Simulation" title="Simulation">simulational</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Psychological" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological">psychological</a> role. </p><p>Attested as early as 2600 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> games are a universal part of human experience and present in all cultures. The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Game_of_Ur" title="Royal Game of Ur">Royal Game of Ur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Senet" title="Senet">Senet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mancala" title="Mancala">Mancala</a> are some of the oldest known games.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/game" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:game">game</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ludwig_Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a> was probably the first academic philosopher to address the definition of the word <i>game</i>. In his <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Investigations" title="Philosophical Investigations">Philosophical Investigations</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-wittgen_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wittgen-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wittgenstein argued that the elements of games, such as <a href="/wiki/Play_(activity)" title="Play (activity)">play</a>, rules, and competition, all fail to adequately define what games are. From this, Wittgenstein concluded that people apply the term <i>game</i> to a range of disparate human activities that bear to one another only what one might call <a href="/wiki/Family_resemblance" title="Family resemblance">family resemblances</a>. As the following game definitions show, this conclusion was not a final one and today many philosophers, like <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hurka" title="Thomas Hurka">Thomas Hurka</a>, think that Wittgenstein was wrong and that Bernard Suits' definition is a good answer to the problem.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roger_Caillois">Roger Caillois</h3></div> <p>French sociologist <a href="/wiki/Roger_Caillois" title="Roger Caillois">Roger Caillois</a>, in his book <i>Les jeux et les hommes (Games and Men)</i>(1961),<sup id="cite_ref-callois_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-callois-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> defined a game as an activity that must have the following characteristics: </p> <ul><li><i>fun</i>: the activity is chosen for its light-hearted character</li> <li><i>separate</i>: it is circumscribed in time and place</li> <li><i>uncertain</i>: the outcome of the activity is unforeseeable</li> <li><i>non-productive</i>: participation does not accomplish anything useful</li> <li><i>governed by rules</i>: the activity has rules that are different from everyday life</li> <li><i>fictitious</i>: it is accompanied by the awareness of a different reality</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chris_Crawford">Chris Crawford</h3></div> <p>Game designer <a href="/wiki/Chris_Crawford_(game_designer)" title="Chris Crawford (game designer)">Chris Crawford</a> defined the term in the context of computers.<sup id="cite_ref-craw_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-craw-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using a series of <a href="/wiki/Dichotomy" title="Dichotomy">dichotomies</a>: </p> <ol><li>Creative expression is <i>art</i> if made for its own beauty, and <i>entertainment</i> if made for money.</li> <li>A piece of entertainment is a <i><a href="/wiki/Play_(activity)" title="Play (activity)">plaything</a></i> if it is <a href="/wiki/Interactive" class="mw-redirect" title="Interactive">interactive</a>. Movies and books are cited as examples of non-interactive entertainment.</li> <li>If no goals are associated with a plaything, it is a <i>toy</i>. <i>(Crawford notes that by his definition, (a) a toy can become a game element if the player makes up rules, and (b) </i><a href="/wiki/The_Sims" title="The Sims">The Sims</a><i> and </i><a href="/wiki/SimCity" title="SimCity">SimCity</a><i> are toys, not games.)</i> If it has goals, a plaything is a <i>challenge</i>.</li> <li>If a challenge has no "active agent against whom you compete", it is a <i><a href="/wiki/Puzzle" title="Puzzle">puzzle</a></i>; if there is one, it is a <i>conflict</i>. <i>(Crawford admits that this is a subjective test. Video games with noticeably <a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithmic</a> <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> can be played as puzzles; these include the patterns used to evade <a href="/wiki/Pac-Man#Ghosts" title="Pac-Man">ghosts in <i>Pac-Man</i></a>.)</i></li> <li>Finally, if the player can only outperform the opponent, but not attack them to interfere with their performance, the conflict is a <i>competition</i>. <i>(Competitions include <a href="/wiki/Racing" title="Racing">racing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Figure_skating" title="Figure skating">figure skating</a>.)</i> However, if attacks are allowed, then the conflict qualifies as a game.</li></ol> <p>Crawford's definition may thus be rendered as: an interactive, goal-oriented activity made for money, with active agents to play against, in which players (including active agents) can interfere with each other. </p><p>Other definitions, however, as well as history, show that entertainment and games are not necessarily undertaken for monetary gain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_definitions">Other definitions</h3></div> <ul><li>"Voluntary effort to overcome unnecessary obstacles." Bernard Suits<sup id="cite_ref-Ross_2018_i790_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ross_2018_i790-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"A game is a form of art in which participants, termed <i>players</i>, make decisions in order to manage resources through game tokens in the pursuit of a goal." (<a href="/wiki/Greg_Costikyan" title="Greg Costikyan">Greg Costikyan</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-no_words_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-no_words-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to this definition, some "games" that do not involve choices, such as <a href="/wiki/Chutes_and_Ladders" class="mw-redirect" title="Chutes and Ladders">Chutes and Ladders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Candy_Land" title="Candy Land">Candy Land</a>, and <a href="/wiki/War_(card_game)" title="War (card game)">War</a> are not technically games any more than a slot machine is.</li> <li>"A game is a form of play with goals and structure." (Kevin J. Maroney)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"A game is a system in which players engage in an artificial conflict, defined by rules, that results in a quantifiable outcome." (<a href="/wiki/Katie_Salen" title="Katie Salen">Katie Salen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eric_Zimmerman" title="Eric Zimmerman">Eric Zimmerman</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"A game is an <i>activity</i> among two or more independent <i>decision-makers</i> seeking to achieve their <i>objectives</i> in some <i>limiting context.</i>" (<a href="/wiki/Clark_C._Abt" title="Clark C. Abt">Clark C. Abt</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Abt1987_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abt1987-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"At its most elementary level then we can define game as an exercise of voluntary control systems in which there is an opposition between forces, confined by a procedure and rules in order to produce a disequilibrial outcome." (Elliot Avedon and <a href="/wiki/Brian_Sutton-Smith" title="Brian Sutton-Smith">Brian Sutton-Smith</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"To play a game is to engage in activity directed toward bringing about a specific state of affairs, using only means permitted by specific rules, where the means permitted by the rules are more limited in scope than they would be in the absence of the rules, and where the sole reason for accepting such limitation is to make possible such activity." (Bernard Suits)<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"When you strip away the genre differences and the technological complexities, all games share four defining traits: a goal, rules, a feedback system, and voluntary participation." (<a href="/wiki/Jane_McGonigal" title="Jane McGonigal">Jane McGonigal</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gameplay_elements_and_classification">Gameplay elements and classification</h2></div> <p>Games can be characterized by "what the player does".<sup id="cite_ref-craw_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-craw-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is often referred to as <a href="/wiki/Gameplay" title="Gameplay">gameplay</a>. Major key elements identified in this context are tools and rules that define the overall context of game. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tools">Tools</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Game_pieces.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Game_pieces.jpg/220px-Game_pieces.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Game_pieces.jpg/330px-Game_pieces.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Game_pieces.jpg/440px-Game_pieces.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1793" data-file-height="2177" /></a><figcaption>A selection of pieces from different games. From top: <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">Chess</a> pawns, <a href="/wiki/Marbles" class="mw-redirect" title="Marbles">marbles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monopoly_(game)" title="Monopoly (game)">Monopoly</a> tokens, <a href="/wiki/Dominoes" title="Dominoes">dominoes</a>, Monopoly hotels, <a href="/wiki/Jacks_(game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacks (game)">jacks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Draughts" class="mw-redirect" title="Draughts">checkers</a> pieces.</figcaption></figure> <p>Games are often <a href="/wiki/Game_classification" title="Game classification">classified</a> by the components required to play them (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Miniatures_game" title="Miniatures game">miniatures</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Ball_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Ball game">ball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Card_game" title="Card game">cards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Board_game" title="Board game">a board and pieces</a>, or a <a href="/wiki/Computer_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer game">computer</a>). In places where the use of leather is well-established, the ball has been a popular game piece throughout recorded history, resulting in a worldwide popularity of ball games such as <a href="/wiki/Rugby_football" title="Rugby football">rugby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soccer_(football)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soccer (football)">soccer (football)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">tennis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">volleyball</a>. Other tools are more idiosyncratic to a certain region. Many countries in Europe, for instance, have unique standard decks of <a href="/wiki/Playing_card" title="Playing card">playing cards</a>. Other games such as <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">chess</a> may be traced primarily through the development and evolution of its game pieces. </p><p>Many game tools are tokens, meant to represent other things. A token may be a pawn on a board, <a href="/wiki/Play_money" title="Play money">play money</a>, or an intangible item such as a point scored. </p><p>Games such as <a href="/wiki/Hide-and-seek" title="Hide-and-seek">hide-and-seek</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tag_(game)" title="Tag (game)">tag</a> do not use any obvious tool; rather, their interactivity is defined by the environment. Games with the same or similar rules may have different gameplay if the environment is altered. For example, hide-and-seek in a school building differs from the same game in a park; an <a href="/wiki/Auto_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Auto race">auto race</a> can be radically different depending on the <a href="/wiki/Race_track" title="Race track">track</a> or <a href="/wiki/Street_racing" title="Street racing">street</a> course, even with the same cars. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rules_and_aims">Rules and aims</h3></div> <p>Games are often characterized by their tools and rules. While rules are <a href="/wiki/House_rules" class="mw-redirect" title="House rules">subject to variations and changes</a>, enough change in the rules usually results in a "new" game. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">baseball</a> can be played with "real" baseballs or with <a href="/wiki/Wiffleball" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiffleball">wiffleballs</a>. However, if the players decide to play with only three bases, they are arguably playing a different game. There are exceptions to this in that some games deliberately involve the changing of their own rules, but even then there are often immutable <a href="/wiki/Meta_(prefix)" title="Meta (prefix)">meta</a>-rules. </p><p>Rules generally determine <a href="/wiki/Turns,_rounds_and_time-keeping_systems_in_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Turns, rounds and time-keeping systems in games">the time-keeping system</a>, the rights and responsibilities of the players, scoring techniques, preset boundaries, and each player's goals. </p><p>The rules of a game may be distinguished from its aims.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For most competitive games, the <i>ultimate</i> aim is winning: in this sense, checkmate is the aim of chess.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Common win conditions are being first to amass a certain quota of points or tokens (as in <a href="/wiki/Settlers_of_Catan" class="mw-redirect" title="Settlers of Catan">Settlers of Catan</a>), having the greatest number of tokens at the end of the game (as in <a href="/wiki/Monopoly_(game)" title="Monopoly (game)">Monopoly</a>), or some relationship of one's game tokens to those of one's opponent (as in chess's <a href="/wiki/Checkmate" title="Checkmate">checkmate</a>). There may also be <i>intermediate</i> aims, which are tasks that move a player toward winning. For instance, an intermediate aim in football is to score goals, because scoring goals will increase one's likelihood of winning the game, but is not alone sufficient to win the game. </p><p>An aim identifies a <a href="/wiki/Sufficient_Condition" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufficient Condition">sufficient condition</a> for successful action, whereas the rule identifies a <a href="/wiki/Necessary_condition" class="mw-redirect" title="Necessary condition">necessary condition</a> for permissible action.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the aim of chess is to checkmate, but although it is expected that players will <i>try</i> to checkmate each other, it is not a rule of chess that a player <i>must</i> checkmate the other player whenever possible. Similarly, it is not a rule of <a href="/wiki/Football" title="Football">football</a> that a player must score a goal on a penalty; while it is expected the player will try, it is not required. While meeting the aims often requires a certain degree of skill and (in some cases) luck, following the rules of a game merely requires knowledge of the rules and some careful attempt to follow them; it rarely (if ever) requires luck or demanding skills. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skill,_strategy,_and_chance"><span id="Skill.2C_strategy.2C_and_chance"></span>Skill, strategy, and chance</h3></div> <p>A game's tools and rules will result in its requiring skill, strategy, <a href="/wiki/Luck" title="Luck">luck</a>, or a combination thereof, and are classified accordingly. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Games_of_skill" class="mw-redirect" title="Games of skill">Games of skill</a> include games of physical skill, such as <a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">wrestling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tug_of_war" title="Tug of war">tug of war</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hopscotch" title="Hopscotch">hopscotch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shooting_sport" class="mw-redirect" title="Shooting sport">target shooting</a>, and stake, and games of mental skill such as <a href="/wiki/Checkers" title="Checkers">checkers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">chess</a>. <a href="/wiki/Games_of_strategy" class="mw-redirect" title="Games of strategy">Games of strategy</a> include checkers, chess, <a href="/wiki/Go_(board_game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Go (board game)">Go</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arimaa" title="Arimaa">arimaa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tic-tac-toe" title="Tic-tac-toe">tic-tac-toe</a>, and often require special equipment to play them. <a href="/wiki/Games_of_chance" class="mw-redirect" title="Games of chance">Games of chance</a> include gambling games (<a href="/wiki/Blackjack" title="Blackjack">blackjack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahjong" title="Mahjong">Mahjong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roulette" title="Roulette">roulette</a>, etc.), as well as <a href="/wiki/Snakes_and_ladders" title="Snakes and ladders">snakes and ladders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rock,_paper,_scissors" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock, paper, scissors">rock, paper, scissors</a>; most require equipment such as cards or <a href="/wiki/Dice" title="Dice">dice</a>. However, most games contain two or all three of these elements. For example, <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">baseball</a> involve both physical skill and strategy while <a href="/wiki/Tiddlywinks" title="Tiddlywinks">tiddlywinks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poker" title="Poker">poker</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Monopoly_(game)" title="Monopoly (game)">Monopoly</a> combine strategy and chance. Many card and board games combine all three; most <a href="/wiki/Trick-taking_game" title="Trick-taking game">trick-taking games</a> involve mental skill, strategy, and an element of chance, as do many strategic board games such as <a href="/wiki/Risk_(game)" title="Risk (game)">Risk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Settlers_of_Catan" class="mw-redirect" title="Settlers of Catan">Settlers of Catan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carcassonne_(board_game)" title="Carcassonne (board game)">Carcassonne</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Single-player_games">Single-player games<span class="anchor" id="Single-player"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Single-player game" redirects here. For single-player video games, see <a href="/wiki/Single-player_video_game" title="Single-player video game">Single-player video game</a>.</div> <p>Most games require multiple players. However, single-player games are unique in respect to the type of challenges a player faces. Unlike a game with multiple players competing with or against each other to reach the game's goal, a one-player game is a battle solely against an element of the environment (an artificial opponent), against one's own skills, against time, or against chance. Playing with a <a href="/wiki/Yo-yo" title="Yo-yo">yo-yo</a> or playing <a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">tennis</a> against a wall is not generally recognized as playing a game due to the lack of any formidable opposition. Many games described as "single-player" may be termed actually <a href="/wiki/Puzzle" title="Puzzle">puzzles</a> or <a href="/wiki/Recreation" title="Recreation">recreations</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multiplayer_games">Multiplayer games<span class="anchor" id="Multiplayer"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Multiplayer game" redirects here. For multiplayer video games, see <a href="/wiki/Multiplayer_video_game" title="Multiplayer video game">Multiplayer video game</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Card_Players_by_Lucas_van_Leyden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/The_Card_Players_by_Lucas_van_Leyden.jpg/220px-The_Card_Players_by_Lucas_van_Leyden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/The_Card_Players_by_Lucas_van_Leyden.jpg/330px-The_Card_Players_by_Lucas_van_Leyden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/The_Card_Players_by_Lucas_van_Leyden.jpg/440px-The_Card_Players_by_Lucas_van_Leyden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="867" data-file-height="603" /></a><figcaption><i>The Card Players</i> by <a href="/wiki/Lucas_van_Leyden" title="Lucas van Leyden">Lucas van Leyden</a> (1520) depicting a multiplayer card game</figcaption></figure> <p>A multiplayer game is a game of several players who may be independent opponents or teams. Games with many independent players are difficult to analyze formally using <a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">game theory</a> as the players may form and switch <a href="/wiki/Coalition" title="Coalition">coalitions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "game" in this context may mean either a true game played for entertainment or a competitive activity describable in principle by mathematical game theory. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Game_theory">Game theory</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">Game theory</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/John_Forbes_Nash" class="mw-redirect" title="John Forbes Nash">John Nash</a> proved that games with several players have a stable solution provided that coalitions between players are disallowed. Nash won the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel prize">Nobel prize</a> for economics for this important result which extended <a href="/wiki/Minimax" title="Minimax">von Neumann's theory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Zero-sum" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero-sum">zero-sum</a> games. Nash's stable solution is known as the <a href="/wiki/Nash_equilibrium" title="Nash equilibrium">Nash equilibrium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-moral_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moral-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If cooperation between players is allowed, then the game becomes more complex; many concepts have been developed to analyze such games. While these have had some partial success in the fields of economics, politics and <a href="/wiki/Conflict_resolution" title="Conflict resolution">conflict</a>, no good general theory has yet been developed.<sup id="cite_ref-moral_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moral-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Quantum_game_theory" title="Quantum game theory">quantum game theory</a>, it has been found that the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Quantum_information" title="Quantum information">quantum information</a> into multiplayer games allows a new type of equilibrium strategy not found in traditional games. The <a href="/wiki/Quantum_entanglement" title="Quantum entanglement">entanglement</a> of player's choices can have the effect of a contract by preventing players from profiting from what is known as <i>betrayal</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_game_genres" title="List of game genres">List of game genres</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tug-of-war.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Tug-of-war.jpg/220px-Tug-of-war.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Tug-of-war.jpg/330px-Tug-of-war.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Tug-of-war.jpg/440px-Tug-of-war.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1350" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tug_of_war" title="Tug of war">Tug of war</a> is an easily organized, impromptu game that requires little equipment.</figcaption></figure> <p>Games can take a variety of forms, from competitive <a href="/wiki/Sport" title="Sport">sports</a> to <a href="/wiki/Board_game" title="Board game">board games</a> and video games. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport" title="Sport">Sport</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UEFA-Women%27s_Cup_Final_2005_at_Potsdam_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/UEFA-Women%27s_Cup_Final_2005_at_Potsdam_1.jpg/220px-UEFA-Women%27s_Cup_Final_2005_at_Potsdam_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/UEFA-Women%27s_Cup_Final_2005_at_Potsdam_1.jpg/330px-UEFA-Women%27s_Cup_Final_2005_at_Potsdam_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/UEFA-Women%27s_Cup_Final_2005_at_Potsdam_1.jpg/440px-UEFA-Women%27s_Cup_Final_2005_at_Potsdam_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Association football is a popular sport worldwide.</figcaption></figure> <p>Many sports require special equipment and dedicated playing fields, leading to the involvement of a community much larger than the group of players. A city or town may set aside such resources for the organization of sports leagues. </p><p>Popular sports may have <a href="/wiki/Spectator_sport" title="Spectator sport">spectators</a> who are entertained just by watching games. A community will often align itself with a local sports team that supposedly represents it (even if the team or most of its players only recently moved in); they often align themselves against their opponents or have traditional rivalries. The concept of <a href="/wiki/Fan_(aficionado)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fan (aficionado)">fandom</a> began with sports fans. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lawn_games">Lawn games</h4></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Lawn_game" title="Lawn game">Lawn games</a> are outdoor games that can be played on a <a href="/wiki/Lawn" title="Lawn">lawn</a>; an area of mowed grass (or alternately, on graded soil) generally smaller than a <a href="/wiki/Sports_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports field">sports field</a> (pitch). Variations of many games that are traditionally played on a sports field are <a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">marketed</a> as "lawn games" for home use in a front or back yard. Common lawn games include <a href="/wiki/Horseshoes_(game)" title="Horseshoes (game)">horseshoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sholf" title="Sholf">sholf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croquet" title="Croquet">croquet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bocce" title="Bocce">bocce</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lawn_bowls" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawn bowls">lawn bowls</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tabletop_games">Tabletop games</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tabletop_game" title="Tabletop game">Tabletop game</a></div> <p>A tabletop game is a game where the elements of play are confined to a small area and require little physical exertion, usually simply placing, picking up and moving game pieces. Most of these games are played at a table around which the players are seated and on which the game's elements are located. However, many games falling into this category, particularly <a href="/wiki/Party_game" title="Party game">party games</a>, are more free-form in their play and can involve physical activity such as mime. Still, these games do not require a large area in which to play them, large amounts of strength or stamina, or specialized equipment other than what comes in a box. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dexterity_and_coordination_games">Dexterity and coordination games</h4></div> <p>This class of games includes any game in which the skill element involved relates to manual dexterity or hand-eye coordination, but excludes the class of video games (see below). Games such as <a href="/wiki/Knucklebones" title="Knucklebones">jacks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paper_football" title="Paper football">paper football</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jenga" title="Jenga">Jenga</a> require only very portable or improvised equipment and can be played on any flat level surface, while other examples, such as <a href="/wiki/Pinball" title="Pinball">pinball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Billiards" class="mw-redirect" title="Billiards">billiards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air_hockey" title="Air hockey">air hockey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foosball" class="mw-redirect" title="Foosball">foosball</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Table_hockey_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Table hockey games">table hockey</a> require specialized tables or other self-contained modules on which the game is played. The advent of home video game systems largely replaced some of these, such as table hockey, however air hockey, billiards, pinball and foosball remain popular fixtures in private and public game rooms. These games and others, as they require reflexes and coordination, are generally performed more poorly by intoxicated persons but are unlikely to result in injury because of this; as such the games are popular as <a href="/wiki/Drinking_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Drinking games">drinking games</a>. In addition, dedicated drinking games such as <a href="/wiki/Quarters_(drinking_game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quarters (drinking game)">quarters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beer_pong" title="Beer pong">beer pong</a> also involve physical coordination and are popular for similar reasons. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Board_games">Board games</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Board_game" title="Board game">Board game</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clann.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Clann.jpg/220px-Clann.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Clann.jpg/330px-Clann.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Clann.jpg/440px-Clann.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1028" data-file-height="689" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Parcheesi" title="Parcheesi">Parcheesi</a> is an American adaptation of a <a href="/wiki/Pachisi" title="Pachisi">Pachisi</a>, originating in India.</figcaption></figure> <p>Board games use as a central tool a board on which the players' status, resources, and progress are tracked using physical tokens. Many also involve <a href="/wiki/Dice" title="Dice">dice</a> or cards. Most games that simulate war are board games (though a large number of video games have been created to simulate strategic combat), and the board may be a map on which the players' tokens move. Virtually all board games involve "turn-based" play; one player contemplates and then makes a move, then the next player does the same, and a player can only act on their turn. This is opposed to "real-time" play as is found in some card games, most sports and most video games. </p><p>Some games, such as <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">chess</a> and <a href="/wiki/Go_(game)" title="Go (game)">Go</a>, are entirely deterministic, relying only on the strategy element for their interest. Such games are usually described as having "<a href="/wiki/Perfect_information" title="Perfect information">perfect information</a>"; the only unknown is the exact thought processes of one's opponent, not the outcome of any unknown event inherent in the game (such as a card draw or die roll). Children's games, on the other hand, tend to be very luck-based, with games such as <a href="/wiki/Candy_Land" title="Candy Land">Candy Land</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chutes_and_Ladders" class="mw-redirect" title="Chutes and Ladders">Chutes and Ladders</a> having virtually no decisions to be made. By some definitions, such as that by <a href="/wiki/Greg_Costikyan" title="Greg Costikyan">Greg Costikyan</a>, they are not games since there are no decisions to make which affect the outcome.<sup id="cite_ref-no_words_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-no_words-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many other games involving a high degree of luck do not allow direct attacks between opponents; the random event simply determines a gain or loss in the standing of the current player within the game, which is independent of any other player; the "game" then is actually a "race" by definitions such as Crawford's. </p><p>Most other board games combine strategy and luck factors; the game of <a href="/wiki/Backgammon" title="Backgammon">backgammon</a> requires players to decide the best strategic move based on the roll of two <a href="/wiki/Dice" title="Dice">dice</a>. Trivia games have a great deal of randomness based on the questions a person gets. <a href="/wiki/German-style_board_game" class="mw-redirect" title="German-style board game">German-style board games</a> are notable for often having rather less of a luck factor than many board games. </p><p>Board game groups include <a href="/wiki/Race_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Race games">race games</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Roll-and-move_board_games" title="Category:Roll-and-move board games">roll-and-move</a> games, <a href="/wiki/Abstract_strategy_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstract strategy games">abstract strategy games</a>, <a href="/wiki/Word_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Word games">word games</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wargaming" class="mw-redirect" title="Wargaming">wargames</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Trivia" title="Trivia">trivia</a> and other elements. Some board games fall into multiple groups or incorporate elements of other genres: <a href="/wiki/Cranium_(game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cranium (game)">Cranium</a> is one popular example, where players must succeed in each of four skills: artistry, live performance, trivia, and language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Card_games">Card games</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Card_game" title="Card game">Card game</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Collectible_card_game" title="Collectible card game">Collectible card game</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaartspelers,_Theodoor_Rombouts,_17de_eeuw,_Koninklijk_Museum_voor_Schone_Kunsten_Antwerpen,_358.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Kaartspelers%2C_Theodoor_Rombouts%2C_17de_eeuw%2C_Koninklijk_Museum_voor_Schone_Kunsten_Antwerpen%2C_358.jpg/220px-Kaartspelers%2C_Theodoor_Rombouts%2C_17de_eeuw%2C_Koninklijk_Museum_voor_Schone_Kunsten_Antwerpen%2C_358.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Kaartspelers%2C_Theodoor_Rombouts%2C_17de_eeuw%2C_Koninklijk_Museum_voor_Schone_Kunsten_Antwerpen%2C_358.jpg/330px-Kaartspelers%2C_Theodoor_Rombouts%2C_17de_eeuw%2C_Koninklijk_Museum_voor_Schone_Kunsten_Antwerpen%2C_358.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Kaartspelers%2C_Theodoor_Rombouts%2C_17de_eeuw%2C_Koninklijk_Museum_voor_Schone_Kunsten_Antwerpen%2C_358.jpg/440px-Kaartspelers%2C_Theodoor_Rombouts%2C_17de_eeuw%2C_Koninklijk_Museum_voor_Schone_Kunsten_Antwerpen%2C_358.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6978" data-file-height="5178" /></a><figcaption><i>Playing Cards</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Theodoor_Rombouts" title="Theodoor Rombouts">Theodoor Rombouts</a>, 17th century</figcaption></figure> <p>Card games use a deck of cards as their central tool. These cards may be a standard <a href="/wiki/Playing_card#Anglo-American" title="Playing card">Anglo-American</a> (52-card) deck of <a href="/wiki/Playing_cards" class="mw-redirect" title="Playing cards">playing cards</a> (such as for <a href="/wiki/Contract_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Contract Bridge">bridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poker" title="Poker">poker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rummy" title="Rummy">Rummy</a>, etc.), a regional deck using 32, 36 or 40 cards and different suit signs (such as for the popular German game <a href="/wiki/Skat_(card_game)" title="Skat (card game)">skat</a>), a <a href="/wiki/Tarot_card_games" title="Tarot card games">tarot deck</a> of 78 cards (used in Europe to play a variety of <a href="/wiki/Trick-taking_game" title="Trick-taking game">trick-taking games</a> collectively known as Tarot, Tarock or Tarocchi games), or a deck specific to the individual game (such as <i><a href="/wiki/Set_(game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Set (game)">Set</a></i> or <a href="/wiki/1000_Blank_White_Cards" title="1000 Blank White Cards">1000 Blank White Cards</a>). <a href="/wiki/Uno_(card_game)" title="Uno (card game)">Uno</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rook_(card_game)" title="Rook (card game)">Rook</a> are examples of games that were originally played with a standard deck and have since been commercialized with customized decks. Some <a href="/wiki/Collectible_card_game" title="Collectible card game">collectible card games</a> such as <i><a href="/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering" title="Magic: The Gathering">Magic: The Gathering</a></i> are played with a small selection of cards that have been collected or purchased individually from large available sets. </p><p>Some board games include a deck of cards as a gameplay element, normally for randomization or to keep track of game progress. Conversely, some card games such as <a href="/wiki/Cribbage" title="Cribbage">Cribbage</a> use a board with movers, normally to keep score. The differentiation between the two genres in such cases depends on which element of the game is foremost in its play; a board game using cards for random actions can usually use some other method of randomization, while Cribbage can just as easily be scored on paper. These elements as used are simply the traditional and easiest methods to achieve their purpose. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dice_games">Dice games</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dice_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Dice game">Dice game</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Math_games_-_Big_Brother_Mouse_activity_day.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Math_games_-_Big_Brother_Mouse_activity_day.jpg/220px-Math_games_-_Big_Brother_Mouse_activity_day.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Math_games_-_Big_Brother_Mouse_activity_day.jpg/330px-Math_games_-_Big_Brother_Mouse_activity_day.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Math_games_-_Big_Brother_Mouse_activity_day.jpg/440px-Math_games_-_Big_Brother_Mouse_activity_day.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="855" /></a><figcaption>Students using dice to improve numeracy skills. They roll three dice, then use basic math operations to combine those into a new number which they cover on the board. The goal is to cover four squares in the row.</figcaption></figure> <p>Dice games use a number of <a href="/wiki/Dice" title="Dice">dice</a> as their central element. Board games often use dice for a randomization element, and thus each roll of the dice has a profound impact on the outcome of the game, however dice games are differentiated in that the dice do not determine the success or failure of some other element of the game; they instead are the central indicator of the person's standing in the game. Popular dice games include <i><a href="/wiki/Yahtzee" title="Yahtzee">Yahtzee</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Farkle" title="Farkle">Farkle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bunco" title="Bunco">Bunco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liar%27s_dice" title="Liar's dice">Liar's dice</a>/<a href="/wiki/Perudo" class="mw-redirect" title="Perudo">Perudo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Poker_dice" title="Poker dice">Poker dice</a>. As dice are, by their very nature, designed to produce <a href="/wiki/Random_number_generator" class="mw-redirect" title="Random number generator">apparently random numbers</a>, these games usually involve a high degree of luck, which can be directed to some extent by the player through more strategic elements of play and through tenets of <a href="/wiki/Probability_theory" title="Probability theory">probability theory</a>. Such games are thus popular as gambling games; the game of <a href="/wiki/Craps" title="Craps">Craps</a> is perhaps the most famous example, though Liar's dice and Poker dice were originally conceived of as gambling games. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Domino_and_tile_games">Domino and tile games</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Tile-based_game" title="Tile-based game">Tile-based game</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dominoes" title="Dominoes">Dominoes</a></div> <p>Domino games are similar in many respects to card games, but the generic device is instead a set of tiles called <a href="/wiki/Dominoes" title="Dominoes">dominoes</a>, which traditionally each have two ends, each with a given number of dots, or "pips", and each combination of two possible end values as it appears on a tile is unique in the set. The games played with dominoes largely center around playing a domino from the player's "hand" onto the matching end of another domino, and the overall object could be to always be able to make a play, to make all open endpoints sum to a given number or multiple, or simply to play all dominoes from one's hand onto the board. Sets vary in the number of possible dots on one end, and thus of the number of combinations and pieces; the most common set historically is <i>double-six</i>, though in more recent times "extended" sets such as <i>double-nine</i> have been introduced to increase the number of dominoes available, which allows larger hands and more players in a game. <a href="/wiki/Muggins" title="Muggins">Muggins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Train" title="Mexican Train">Mexican Train</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chicken_Foot_(domino_game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicken Foot (domino game)">Chicken Foot</a> are very popular domino games. <a href="/wiki/Texas_42" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas 42">Texas 42</a> is a domino game more similar in its play to a "trick-taking" <a href="/wiki/Card_game" title="Card game">card game</a>. </p><p>Variations of traditional dominoes abound: <a href="/wiki/Triominoes" title="Triominoes">Triominoes</a> are similar in theory but are triangular and thus have three values per tile. Similarly, a game known as <a href="/wiki/Quad-Ominos" class="mw-redirect" title="Quad-Ominos">Quad-Ominos</a> uses four-sided tiles. </p><p>Some other games use tiles in place of cards; <a href="/wiki/Rummikub" title="Rummikub">Rummikub</a> is a variant of the <a href="/wiki/Rummy" title="Rummy">Rummy</a> card game family that uses tiles numbered in ascending rank among four colors, very similar in makeup to a 2-deck "pack" of Anglo-American <a href="/wiki/Playing_cards" class="mw-redirect" title="Playing cards">playing cards</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mahjong" title="Mahjong">Mahjong</a> is another game very similar to <a href="/wiki/Rummy" title="Rummy">Rummy</a> that uses a set of tiles with card-like values and art. </p><p>Lastly, some games use graphical tiles to form a board layout, on which other elements of the game are played. <a href="/wiki/Settlers_of_Catan" class="mw-redirect" title="Settlers of Catan">Settlers of Catan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carcassonne_(board_game)" title="Carcassonne (board game)">Carcassonne</a> are examples. In each, the "board" is made up of a series of tiles; in Settlers of Catan the starting layout is random but static, while in Carcassonne the game is played by "building" the board tile-by-tile. <a href="/wiki/Hive_(game)" title="Hive (game)">Hive</a>, an abstract strategy game using tiles as moving pieces, has mechanical and strategic elements similar to <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">chess</a>, although it has no board; the pieces themselves both form the layout and can move within it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pencil_and_paper_games">Pencil and paper games</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Paper-and-pencil_game" title="Paper-and-pencil game">Paper-and-pencil game</a></div> <p>Pencil and paper games require little or no specialized equipment other than writing materials, though some such games have been commercialized as board games (<i><a href="/wiki/Scrabble" title="Scrabble">Scrabble</a></i>, for instance, is based on the idea of a <a href="/wiki/Crossword_puzzle" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossword puzzle">crossword puzzle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tic-tac-toe" title="Tic-tac-toe">tic-tac-toe</a> sets with a boxed grid and pieces are available commercially). These games vary widely, from games centering on a design being drawn such as <i><a href="/wiki/Pictionary" title="Pictionary">Pictionary</a></i> and "connect-the-dots" games like <a href="/wiki/Sprouts_(game)" title="Sprouts (game)">sprouts</a>, to letter and word games such as <i><a href="/wiki/Boggle" title="Boggle">Boggle</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Scattergories" title="Scattergories">Scattergories</a></i>, to solitaire and logic puzzle games such as <a href="/wiki/Sudoku" title="Sudoku">Sudoku</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crossword_puzzles" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossword puzzles">crossword puzzles</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Guessing_games">Guessing games</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Guessing_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Guessing game">Guessing game</a></div> <p>A guessing game has as its core a piece of information that one player knows, and the object is to coerce others into guessing that piece of information without actually divulging it in text or spoken word. <a href="/wiki/Charades" title="Charades">Charades</a> is probably the most well-known game of this type, and has spawned numerous commercial variants that involve differing rules on the type of communication to be given, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Catch_Phrase_(game)" title="Catch Phrase (game)">Catch Phrase</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Taboo_(game)" title="Taboo (game)">Taboo</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pictionary" title="Pictionary">Pictionary</a></i>, and similar. The genre also includes many <a href="/wiki/Game_shows" class="mw-redirect" title="Game shows">game shows</a> such as <i><a href="/wiki/Win,_Lose_or_Draw" title="Win, Lose or Draw">Win, Lose or Draw</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Password_(American_game_show)" title="Password (American game show)">Password</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/$25,000_Pyramid" class="mw-redirect" title="$25,000 Pyramid">$25,000 Pyramid</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video_games">Video games</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">Video game</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Electronic_game" title="Electronic game">Electronic game</a></div> <p>Video games are computer- or <a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessor</a>-controlled games. Computers can create virtual spaces for a wide variety of game types. Some video games simulate conventional game objects like cards or dice, while others can simulate environs either grounded in reality or fantastical in design, each with its own set of rules or goals. </p><p>A computer or video game uses one or more <a href="/wiki/Input_device" title="Input device">input devices</a>, typically a <a href="/wiki/Button_(control)" class="mw-redirect" title="Button (control)">button</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joystick" title="Joystick">joystick</a> combination (on <a href="/wiki/Arcade_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcade games">arcade games</a>); a <a href="/wiki/Computer_keyboard" title="Computer keyboard">keyboard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_mouse" title="Computer mouse">mouse</a> or <a href="/wiki/Trackball" title="Trackball">trackball</a> (<a href="/wiki/Computer_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer games">computer games</a>); or a <a href="/wiki/Game_controller" title="Game controller">controller</a> or a motion sensitive tool (<a href="/wiki/Video_game_console" title="Video game console">console games</a>). More esoteric devices such as <a href="/wiki/Paddle_(game_controller)" title="Paddle (game controller)">paddle controllers</a> have also been used for input. </p><p>There are many genres of video game; the first commercial video game, <i><a href="/wiki/Pong" title="Pong">Pong</a></i>, was a simple simulation of <a href="/wiki/Table_tennis" title="Table tennis">table tennis</a>. As processing power increased, new genres such as adventure and action games were developed that involved a player guiding a character from a third person perspective through a series of obstacles. This "real-time" element cannot be easily reproduced by a board game, which is generally limited to "turn-based" strategy; this advantage allows video games to simulate situations such as combat more realistically. Additionally, the playing of a video game does not require the same physical skill, strength or danger as a real-world representation of the game, and can provide either very realistic, exaggerated or impossible physics, allowing for elements of a fantastical nature, games involving physical violence, or simulations of sports. Lastly, a computer can, with varying degrees of success, simulate one or more human opponents in traditional table games such as <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">chess</a>, leading to simulations of such games that can be played by a single player. </p><p>In more open-ended video games, such as <a href="/wiki/Sandbox_game" title="Sandbox game">sandbox games</a>, a virtual environment is provided in which the player may be free to do whatever they like within the confines of a particular game's universe. Sometimes, there is a lack of goals or opposition, which has stirred some debate on whether these should be considered "games" or "toys". (Crawford specifically mentions <a href="/wiki/Will_Wright_(game_designer)" title="Will Wright (game designer)">Will Wright</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/SimCity" title="SimCity">SimCity</a></i> as an example of a toy.)<sup id="cite_ref-craw_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-craw-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Online_games">Online games</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Online_game" title="Online game">Online game</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Online_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Online games">Online games</a> have been part of culture from the very earliest days of <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">networked</a> and <a href="/wiki/Time-share" class="mw-redirect" title="Time-share">time-shared</a> computers. Early commercial systems such as <a href="/wiki/PLATO_(computer_system)" title="PLATO (computer system)">Plato</a> were at least as widely famous for their games as for their strictly educational value. In 1958, <i><a href="/wiki/Tennis_for_Two" title="Tennis for Two">Tennis for Two</a></i> dominated Visitor's Day and drew attention to the <a href="/wiki/Oscilloscope" title="Oscilloscope">oscilloscope</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Brookhaven_National_Laboratory" title="Brookhaven National Laboratory">Brookhaven National Laboratory</a>; during the 1980s, <a href="/wiki/Xerox_PARC" class="mw-redirect" title="Xerox PARC">Xerox PARC</a> was known mainly for <i><a href="/wiki/Maze_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Maze War">Maze War</a></i>, which was offered as a hands-on demo to visitors. </p><p>Modern online games are played using an Internet connection; some have dedicated <a href="/wiki/Client_(computing)" title="Client (computing)">client</a> programs, while <a href="/wiki/Browser_game" title="Browser game">others</a> require only a <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a>. Some simpler browser games appeal to more casual game-playing demographic groups (notably older audiences) that otherwise play very few video games.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role-playing_games">Role-playing games</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Role-playing_game" title="Role-playing game">Role-playing game</a></div> <p>Role-playing games, often abbreviated as RPGs, are a type of game in which the participants (usually) assume the roles of characters acting in a fictional setting. The original role playing games – or at least those explicitly marketed as such – are played with a handful of participants, usually face-to-face, and keep track of the developing fiction with pen and paper. Together, the players may collaborate on a story involving those characters; create, develop, and "explore" the setting; or vicariously experience an adventure outside the bounds of everyday life. Pen-and-paper role-playing games include, for example, <i><a href="/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons" title="Dungeons & Dragons">Dungeons & Dragons</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/GURPS" title="GURPS">GURPS</a></i>. </p><p>The term <i>role-playing game</i> has also been appropriated by the video game industry to describe <a href="/wiki/Role-playing_video_game" title="Role-playing video game">a genre of video games</a>. These may be single-player games where one player experiences a programmed environment and story, or they may allow players to interact through the internet. The experience is usually quite different from traditional role-playing games. Single-player games include <i><a href="/wiki/Final_Fantasy" title="Final Fantasy">Final Fantasy</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Fable_(2004_video_game)" title="Fable (2004 video game)">Fable</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Elder_Scrolls" title="The Elder Scrolls">The Elder Scrolls</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Mass_Effect" title="Mass Effect">Mass Effect</a></i>. Online multi-player games, often referred to as <a href="/wiki/Massively_multiplayer_online_game" title="Massively multiplayer online game">massively multiplayer online role playing games</a>, or MMORPGs, include <i><a href="/wiki/RuneScape" title="RuneScape">RuneScape</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/EverQuest_2" class="mw-redirect" title="EverQuest 2">EverQuest 2</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Guild_Wars" title="Guild Wars">Guild Wars</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/MapleStory" title="MapleStory">MapleStory</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Anarchy_Online" title="Anarchy Online">Anarchy Online</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Dofus" title="Dofus">Dofus</a></i>. As of 2009<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Game&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the most successful MMORPG has been <i><a href="/wiki/World_of_Warcraft" title="World of Warcraft">World of Warcraft</a></i>, which controls the vast majority of the market.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Business_games">Business games</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Team_building" title="Team building">Team building</a></div> <p>Business games can take a variety of forms, from interactive board games to interactive games involving different props (balls, ropes, hoops, etc.) and different kinds of activities. The purpose of these games is to link to some aspect of organizational performance and to generate discussions about business improvement. Many business games focus on organizational behaviors. Some of these are computer simulations while others are simple designs for play and debriefing. Team building is a common focus of such activities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Simulation">Simulation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Simulation_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Simulation game">Simulation game</a></div> <p>The term "game" can include simulation<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or re-enactment of various activities or use in "real life" for various purposes: e.g., <a href="/wiki/Training" title="Training">training</a>, analysis, prediction. Well-known examples are <a href="/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">war games</a> and <a href="/wiki/Role-playing" title="Role-playing">role-playing</a>. The root of this meaning may originate in the human prehistory of games deduced by <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a> from observing <a href="/wiki/Primitive_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Primitive culture">primitive cultures</a>, in which children's games mimic the activities of adults to a significant degree: <a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">hunting</a>, warring, <a href="/wiki/Nursing" title="Nursing">nursing</a>, etc. These kinds of games are preserved in modern times.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (February 2009)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kbackgammon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Nuvola_apps_kbackgammon.png/28px-Nuvola_apps_kbackgammon.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Nuvola_apps_kbackgammon.png/42px-Nuvola_apps_kbackgammon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Nuvola_apps_kbackgammon.png/56px-Nuvola_apps_kbackgammon.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Games" title="Portal:Games">Games portal</a></span></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Game" class="extiw" title="commons:Game"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Game</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_games" title="Outline of games">Outline of games</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Game_club" class="mw-redirect" title="Game club">Game club</a> – Association of people united by a common interest or goal<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_mechanics" title="Game mechanics">Game mechanics</a> – Construct, rule, or method designed for interaction with a game's state</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamer" title="Gamer">Gamer</a> – Hobbyist who plays video games</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girls%27_games_and_toys" class="mw-redirect" title="Girls' games and toys">Girls' games and toys</a> – Subset of toy and games that appeal to female children<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_games" title="History of games">History of games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learning_through_play" title="Learning through play">Learning through play</a> – Concept in education and psychology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_games" class="mw-redirect" title="List of games">List of games</a> – Overview of and topical guide to games<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludeme" title="Ludeme">Ludeme</a> – Basic unit of play</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludibrium" title="Ludibrium">Ludibrium</a> – Latin word<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludology" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludology">Ludology</a> – Study of games and the act of playing them</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludomania" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludomania">Ludomania</a> – Repetitive gambling despite demonstrable harm and adverse consequences<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_game" title="Mobile game">Mobile game</a> – Video game played on a mobile device</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-player_game" title="N-player game">N-player game</a> – a game with n-players, typically used in contrast to 2-player games<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_computer_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal computer game">Personal computer game</a> – Electronic game played on a personal computer<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-merriam-webster.com-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-merriam-webster.com_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/game">"Definition of GAME"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster&rft.atitle=Definition+of+GAME&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fgame&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGame" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoubeyrand2000" class="citation web cs1">Soubeyrand, Catherine (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamecabinet.com/history/Ur.html">"The Royal Game of Ur"</a>. The Game Cabinet<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Game+of+Ur&rft.pub=The+Game+Cabinet&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Soubeyrand&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamecabinet.com%2Fhistory%2FUr.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGame" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2008" class="citation news cs1">Green, William (19 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080620125518/http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/article/0,28804,1815747_1815707_1815665,00.html">"Big Game Hunter"</a>. <i>2008 Summer Journey</i>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/article/0,28804,1815747_1815707_1815665,00.html">the original</a> on 20 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=2008+Summer+Journey&rft.atitle=Big+Game+Hunter&rft.date=2008-06-19&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fspecials%2F2007%2Farticle%2F0%2C28804%2C1815747_1815707_1815665%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGame" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historicgames.com/gamestimeline.html">"History of Games"</a>. MacGregor Historic Games. 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Oxford: Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-23127-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-23127-1"><bdi>978-0-631-23127-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophical+Investigations&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1953&rft.isbn=978-0-631-23127-1&rft.aulast=Wittgenstein&rft.aufirst=Ludwig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGame" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://virtualphilosopher.com/2007/12/was-wittgenstei.html">"Was Wittgenstein Wrong About Games?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Warburton" title="Nigel Warburton">Nigel Warburton</a>. 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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New Riders. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88134-117-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88134-117-1"><bdi>978-0-88134-117-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chris+Crawford+on+Game+Design&rft.pub=New+Riders&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-88134-117-1&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGame" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ross_2018_i790-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ross_2018_i790_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss2018" class="citation web cs1">Ross, Greg (4 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.futilitycloset.com/2018/06/04/podcast-episode-203-notes-and-queries/">"Podcast Episode 203: Notes and Queries"</a>. <i>Futility Closet</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.costik.com/nowords.html">the original</a> on 12 August 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=I+Have+No+Words+%26+I+Must+Design&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Costikyan&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.costik.com%2Fnowords.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGame" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaroney2001" class="citation journal cs1">Maroney, Kevin (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081121181715/http://www.thegamesjournal.com/articles/MyEntireWakingLife.shtml">"My Entire Waking Life"</a>. <i>The Games Journal</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thegamesjournal.com/articles/MyEntireWakingLife.shtml">the original</a> on 21 November 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Games+Journal&rft.atitle=My+Entire+Waking+Life&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Maroney&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegamesjournal.com%2Farticles%2FMyEntireWakingLife.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGame" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalenZimmerman2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Katie_Salen" title="Katie Salen">Salen, Katie</a>; <a href="/wiki/Eric_Zimmerman" title="Eric Zimmerman">Zimmerman, Eric</a> (2003). <a href="/wiki/Rules_of_Play" title="Rules of Play"><i>Rules of Play: Game Design Fundamentals</i></a>. MIT Press. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-24045-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-24045-1"><bdi>978-0-262-24045-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rules+of+Play%3A+Game+Design+Fundamentals&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-262-24045-1&rft.aulast=Salen&rft.aufirst=Katie&rft.au=Zimmerman%2C+Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGame" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abt1987-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Abt1987_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark_C._Abt1987" class="citation book cs1">Clark C. Abt (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=axUs9HA-hF8C"><i>Serious Games</i></a>. 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J. Wiley. p. 405. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-03839-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-03839-9"><bdi>978-0-471-03839-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Study+of+Games&rft.pages=405&rft.pub=J.+Wiley&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-471-03839-9&rft.aulast=Avedon&rft.aufirst=Elliot&rft.au=Sutton-Smith%2C+Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGame" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuits1967" class="citation journal cs1">Suits, Bernard (1967). "What Is a Game?". <i>Philosophy of Science</i>. <b>34</b> (2): 148–156. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F288138">10.1086/288138</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-8248">0031-8248</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/186102">186102</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119699909">119699909</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+of+Science&rft.atitle=What+Is+a+Game%3F&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=148-156&rft.date=1967&rft.issn=0031-8248&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119699909%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F186102%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F288138&rft.aulast=Suits&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGame" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGonigal2011" class="citation book cs1">McGonigal, Jane (2011). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780143120612"><i>Reality is Broken</i></a></span>. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-312061-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-312061-2"><bdi>978-0-14-312061-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reality+is+Broken&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-14-312061-2&rft.aulast=McGonigal&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780143120612&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGame" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwyzer1969" class="citation journal cs1">Schwyzer, Hubert (October 1969). "Rules and Practices". <i>The Philosophical Review</i>. <b>78</b> (4): 451–467. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2184198">10.2307/2184198</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-8108">0031-8108</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2184198">2184198</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Philosophical+Review&rft.atitle=Rules+and+Practices&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=451-467&rft.date=1969-10&rft.issn=0031-8108&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2184198%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2184198&rft.aulast=Schwyzer&rft.aufirst=Hubert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGame" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarsili2018" class="citation journal cs1">Marsili, Neri (12 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/127177/7/MARTAA-35v1.pdf">"Truth and assertion: rules versus aims"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Analysis</i>. <b>78</b> (4): 638–648. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fanalys%2Fany008">10.1093/analys/any008</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-2638">0003-2638</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Analysis&rft.atitle=Truth+and+assertion%3A+rules+versus+aims&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=638-648&rft.date=2018-06-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fanalys%2Fany008&rft.issn=0003-2638&rft.aulast=Marsili&rft.aufirst=Neri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.whiterose.ac.uk%2F127177%2F7%2FMARTAA-35v1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGame" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKemp2007" class="citation journal cs1">Kemp, Gary (2007). "Assertion as a practice". <i>Truth and Speech Acts: Studies in the Philosophy of Language</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Truth+and+Speech+Acts%3A+Studies+in+the+Philosophy+of+Language&rft.atitle=Assertion+as+a+practice&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Kemp&rft.aufirst=Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGame" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK.G._Binmore1994" class="citation book cs1">K.G. Binmore (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gametheorysocial0001binm_1994"><i>Game Theory and the Social Contract</i></a></span>. MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-02444-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-02444-0"><bdi>978-0-262-02444-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Game+Theory+and+the+Social+Contract&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-262-02444-0&rft.au=K.G.+Binmore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgametheorysocial0001binm_1994&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGame" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-moral-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-moral_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-moral_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaszlo_MeroAnna_C._Gosi-GregussDavid_Kramer1998" class="citation book cs1">Laszlo Mero; Anna C. Gosi-Greguss; David Kramer (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kqQjX-S1idsC"><i>Moral calculations: game theory, logic, and human frailty</i></a>. New York: Copernicus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-98419-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-98419-3"><bdi>978-0-387-98419-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moral+calculations%3A+game+theory%2C+logic%2C+and+human+frailty&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Copernicus&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-387-98419-3&rft.au=Laszlo+Mero&rft.au=Anna+C.+Gosi-Greguss&rft.au=David+Kramer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkqQjX-S1idsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGame" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon_C._BenjaminPatrick_M._Hayden2001" class="citation journal cs1">Simon C. Benjamin & Patrick M. Hayden (13 August 2001). "Multiplayer quantum games". <i><a href="/wiki/Physical_Review_A" title="Physical Review A">Physical Review A</a></i>. <b>64</b> (3): 030301. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0007038">quant-ph/0007038</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001PhRvA..64c0301B">2001PhRvA..64c0301B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevA.64.030301">10.1103/PhysRevA.64.030301</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32056578">32056578</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+A&rft.atitle=Multiplayer+quantum+games&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=030301&rft.date=2001-08-13&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fquant-ph%2F0007038&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A32056578%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevA.64.030301&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001PhRvA..64c0301B&rft.au=Simon+C.+Benjamin&rft.au=Patrick+M.+Hayden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGame" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Schutter2011" class="citation journal cs1">De Schutter, Bob (March 2011). "Never Too Old to Play: The Appeal of Digital Games to an Older Audience". <i>Games and Culture</i>. <b>6</b> (2): 155–170. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1555412010364978">10.1177/1555412010364978</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1555-4120">1555-4120</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220317720">220317720</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Games+and+Culture&rft.atitle=Never+Too+Old+to+Play%3A+The+Appeal+of+Digital+Games+to+an+Older+Audience&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=155-170&rft.date=2011-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A220317720%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1555-4120&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1555412010364978&rft.aulast=De+Schutter&rft.aufirst=Bob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGame" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodcock2008" class="citation web cs1">Woodcock, Bruce Sterling (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mmogchart.com/analysis-and-conclusions/">"An Analysis of MMOG Subscription Growth"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Analysis+of+MMOG+Subscription+Growth&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Woodcock&rft.aufirst=Bruce+Sterling&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mmogchart.com%2Fanalysis-and-conclusions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGame" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080205122144/http://www.roleplaysim.org/papers/">"Roleplay Simulation for Teaching and Learning"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roleplaysim.org/papers/">the original</a> on 5 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roleplay+Simulation+for+Teaching+and+Learning&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.roleplaysim.org%2Fpapers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGame" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.playburg.com">"Roleplay Simulation Gamer Site"</a>. Playburg.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roleplay+Simulation+Gamer+Site&rft.pub=Playburg.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.playburg.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGame" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Avedon, Elliot; <a href="/wiki/Brian_Sutton-Smith" title="Brian Sutton-Smith">Sutton-Smith, Brian</a>. <i>The Study of Games</i> (Philadelphia: Wiley, 1971), reprinted Krieger, 1979. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89874-045-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-89874-045-2">0-89874-045-2</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Game_genres" title="Template:Game genres"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Game_genres" title="Template talk:Game genres"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Game_genres" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Game genres"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Game_genres" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Game</a> genres</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_children%27s_games" title="List of children's games">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_of_chance" title="Game of chance">Chance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling" title="Gambling">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guessing_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Guessing game">Guessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_game" title="Party game">Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemption_game" title="Redemption game">Redemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role-playing_game" title="Role-playing game">Role-playing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_of_skill" title="Game of skill">Skill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport" title="Sport">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategy_game" title="Strategy game">Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_game" title="Street game">Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabletop_game" title="Tabletop game">Tabletop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_sports_and_games" title="Traditional sports and games">Traditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">Video</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_game_genres" title="List of game genres">List of game genres</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11410#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11410#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11410#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Spiel"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4056218-9">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01052178">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="hry"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph114716&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="hra"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph125799&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000048536&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000269369&P_CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/016325">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span 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