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Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3" title="داماسكيوس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="داماسكيوس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Дамасций – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дамасций" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damasci" title="Damasci – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Damasci" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaskios" title="Damaskios – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Damaskios" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaskios" title="Damaskios – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Damaskios" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Δαμάσκιος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δαμάσκιος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascio" title="Damascio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Damascio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascius" title="Damascius – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Damascius" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3" title="داماسکیوس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="داماسکیوس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascios" title="Damascios – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Damascios" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaskije" title="Damaskije – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Damaskije" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaskios" title="Damaskios – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Damaskios" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascio" title="Damascio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Damascio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1" title="דמאסקיוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דמאסקיוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascius" title="Damascius – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Damascius" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaszkiosz" title="Damaszkiosz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Damaszkiosz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaski%C3%B4sy" title="Damaskiôsy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Damaskiôsy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ഡമാസിയൂസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഡമാസിയൂസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3" title="داماسكيوس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="داماسكيوس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascius" title="Damascius – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Damascius" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%80%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AD%E3%82%AA%E3%82%B9" title="ダマスキオス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ダマスキオス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaskios" title="Damaskios – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Damaskios" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaskios" title="Damaskios – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Damaskios" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam%C3%A1scio" title="Damáscio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Damáscio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascius" title="Damascius – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Damascius" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Дамаский – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дамаский" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Дамаскије – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дамаскије" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaskije" title="Damaskije – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Damaskije" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaskios" title="Damaskios – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Damaskios" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaskius" title="Damaskius – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Damaskius" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaskios" title="Damaskios – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Damaskios" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Damascius</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%;">Δαμάσκιος</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">462<sup id="cite_ref-lgw_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lgw-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">538<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data">458-533</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Damascius</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Δαμάσκιος</span>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 462<sup id="cite_ref-lgw_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lgw-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – after 538), known as "the last of the Athenian Neoplatonists", was the last <a href="/wiki/Scholarch" title="Scholarch">scholarch</a> of the neoplatonic <a href="/wiki/Platonic_Academy" title="Platonic Academy">Athenian school</a>. He was one of the <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">neoplatonic</a> philosophers who left Athens after laws confirmed by emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> forced the closure of the Athenian school in c. 529 AD. After he left Athens, he may have sought refuge in the court of the <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Empire">Persian</a> King <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_I" title="Khosrow I">Chrosroes</a>, before being allowed back into the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>. His surviving works consist of three commentaries on the works of <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysical</a> text entitled <i>Difficulties and Solutions of First Principles</i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damascius&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Much of what is known about Damascius' life comes from his semi-autobiographical work called <i>The Philosophical History</i>, or <i>Life of Isidore</i>, and from a work called <i>Vita Severi</i> written by the 6th-century bishop and historian <a href="/wiki/Zacharias_Rhetor" title="Zacharias Rhetor">Zacharias Scholasticus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhbel-Rappe20103,_423_(note_4)_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhbel-Rappe20103,_423_(note_4)-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Damascius, as his name suggests, was born in <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> in c. 462 AD, and travelled to <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> in the 480s AD to study rhetoric at the coeducational school of the late 5th-century Alexandrian professor<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemesSlaveva-Griffin201435The_Alexandrian_classrooms_excavated_and_sixth-century_philosophy_teaching_by_Sorabji_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemesSlaveva-Griffin201435The_Alexandrian_classrooms_excavated_and_sixth-century_philosophy_teaching_by_Sorabji-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Horapollo" title="Horapollo">Horapollo</a>, where students of different religions and philosophies studied together.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhbel-Rappe20103,_423_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhbel-Rappe20103,_423-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zacharias reports that there was a close relationship between the neoplatonic communities of <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> and Alexandria, as <a href="/wiki/Agapius_of_Athens" title="Agapius of Athens">Agapius of Athens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Severianus_of_Damascus" title="Severianus of Damascus">Severianus of Damascus</a>, students of <a href="/wiki/Proclus" title="Proclus">Proclus</a>' neoplatonic school in Athens, also studied in neoplatonic schools in Alexandria.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhbel-Rappe20103,_423_(note_6)_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhbel-Rappe20103,_423_(note_6)-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Damascius may have travelled to Athens shortly before Proclus died in 485 AD, to teach rhetoric, and travelled back to Alexandria before 488 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemesSlaveva-Griffin201436The_Alexandrian_classrooms_excavated_and_sixth-century_philosophy_teaching_by_Sorabji_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemesSlaveva-Griffin201436The_Alexandrian_classrooms_excavated_and_sixth-century_philosophy_teaching_by_Sorabji-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosaic_of_Justinianus_I_-_Basilica_San_Vitale_(Ravenna).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Mosaic_of_Justinianus_I_-_Basilica_San_Vitale_%28Ravenna%29.jpg/233px-Mosaic_of_Justinianus_I_-_Basilica_San_Vitale_%28Ravenna%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="233" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Mosaic_of_Justinianus_I_-_Basilica_San_Vitale_%28Ravenna%29.jpg/349px-Mosaic_of_Justinianus_I_-_Basilica_San_Vitale_%28Ravenna%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Mosaic_of_Justinianus_I_-_Basilica_San_Vitale_%28Ravenna%29.jpg/466px-Mosaic_of_Justinianus_I_-_Basilica_San_Vitale_%28Ravenna%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1997" /></a><figcaption>6th-century <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaic</a> of <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Vitale" title="Basilica of San Vitale">Basilique San Vitale</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>. Damascius was head of the last neoplatonic school in <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> when the laws of Justinian I forced its closure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhbel-Rappe20104Introduction_to_the_Life_and_Philosophy_of_Damascius_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhbel-Rappe20104Introduction_to_the_Life_and_Philosophy_of_Damascius-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Late 5th-century Alexandria was a tumultuous place; there were conflicting factions of pro-<a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Chalcedonian Christianity">Chalcedonian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysite</a> Christians, and a growing hostile sentiment towards neoplatonists and people of other non-Christian religions and philosophies that sometimes led to rioting and arrests of leaders of non-Christian schools, resulting in students having to flee and go into hiding.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhbel-Rappe20104Introduction_to_the_Life_and_Philosophy_of_Damascius_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhbel-Rappe20104Introduction_to_the_Life_and_Philosophy_of_Damascius-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Damascius' accounts of these times paints a picture of a circle of intellectuals that was under siege, arrested, interrogated and who were sometimes courageous, but at other times capitulated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhbel-Rappe20104Introduction_to_the_Life_and_Philosophy_of_Damascius_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhbel-Rappe20104Introduction_to_the_Life_and_Philosophy_of_Damascius-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Horapollo, the head of the school at which Damascius had studied and taught rhetoric for nine years,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemesSlaveva-Griffin201436The_Alexandrian_classrooms_excavated_and_sixth-century_philosophy_teaching_by_Sorabji_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemesSlaveva-Griffin201436The_Alexandrian_classrooms_excavated_and_sixth-century_philosophy_teaching_by_Sorabji-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was arrested in 489 AD, causing Damascius and the neoplatonic philosopher <a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Alexandria" title="Isidore of Alexandria">Isidore of Alexandria</a> to flee Alexandria and start on a journey to Athens with the aim of studying in the neoplatonic school in Athens.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhbel-Rappe20104Introduction_to_the_Life_and_Philosophy_of_Damascius_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhbel-Rappe20104Introduction_to_the_Life_and_Philosophy_of_Damascius-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>That journey took eight months, and during that time Damascius writes that he lost interest in pursuing a profession as a rhetorician.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhbel-Rappe20104Introduction_to_the_Life_and_Philosophy_of_Damascius_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhbel-Rappe20104Introduction_to_the_Life_and_Philosophy_of_Damascius-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When they finally arrived in Athens, Damascius and Isidore became students of the 5th-century neoplatonist <a href="/wiki/Marinus_of_Neapolis" title="Marinus of Neapolis">Marinus of Neapolis</a>, Proclus' successor, at the neoplatonic school of Athens.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhbel-Rappe20104Introduction_to_the_Life_and_Philosophy_of_Damascius_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhbel-Rappe20104Introduction_to_the_Life_and_Philosophy_of_Damascius-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 515 AD, Damascius had become head of the neoplatonic school in Athens, succeeding Marinus of Neapolis successor Isidore,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemes200829Introduction_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemes200829Introduction-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and continued Isidore's path of steering the school back to the philosophical studies of Aristotle, Plato, Orphic theogony and the Chaldean Oracles, and away from theurgy and rituals, which were previously being favoured, most likely due to the increasing external pressure on the school's philosophical teachings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhbel-Rappe20104-5Introduction_to_the_Life_and_Philosophy_of_Damascius_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhbel-Rappe20104-5Introduction_to_the_Life_and_Philosophy_of_Damascius-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Damascius was still the head of the school in 529 AD after the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine emperor">Byzantine emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> confirmed his <i><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Justinian" title="Code of Justinian">Novum Justinianeum Codicem</a></i>, or <i><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Justinian" title="Code of Justinian">Codex Justinianus</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhbel-Rappe2010424_(note_17)Notes_to_Pages_4-7_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhbel-Rappe2010424_(note_17)Notes_to_Pages_4-7-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the 7th of April 529 AD;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1870667Justinianus_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1870667Justinianus-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and administrators<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangMacroMcGinnis20014_(note_9)Introduction_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangMacroMcGinnis20014_(note_9)Introduction-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> enforcing the new laws, after they had legal force on the 16th of April 529 AD,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1870667Justinianus_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1870667Justinianus-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> closed the last neoplatonic school in Athens.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhbel-Rappe20104Introduction_to_the_Life_and_Philosophy_of_Damascius_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhbel-Rappe20104Introduction_to_the_Life_and_Philosophy_of_Damascius-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the 6th-century historian <a href="/wiki/Agathias" title="Agathias">Agathias</a>, soon after the school closed in 529 AD, Damascius, Isidore and the 6th-century neoplatonic philosophers <a href="/wiki/Simplicius_of_Cilicia" title="Simplicius of Cilicia">Simplicius of Cilicia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eulamius" title="Eulamius">Eulamius of Phrygia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Priscian_of_Lydia" title="Priscian of Lydia">Priscianus of Lydia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hermias_(philosopher)" title="Hermias (philosopher)">Hermias</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diogenes_of_Phoenicia" title="Diogenes of Phoenicia">Diogenes of Phoenicia</a> left Athens and travelled to Persia, where they had heard that the intellectual climate might be more suited to them,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhbel-Rappe2010424_(note_18)Notes_to_Pages_4-7_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhbel-Rappe2010424_(note_18)Notes_to_Pages_4-7-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhbel-Rappe20105–6Introduction_to_the_Life_and_Philosophy_of_Damascius_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhbel-Rappe20105–6Introduction_to_the_Life_and_Philosophy_of_Damascius-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> under the refuge of the Persian King <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_I" title="Khosrow I">Chosroes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemes200830Introduction_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemes200830Introduction-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not known if Damascius and his retinue of philosophers arrived in Persia, although late 20th- and early 21st-century scholarship by the French historian and philosopher <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Hadot" title="Pierre Hadot">Pierre Hadot</a>, French scholar <a href="/wiki/Michel_Tardieu" title="Michel Tardieu">Michel Tardieu</a> and German historian and philosopher <a href="/wiki/Ilsetraut_Hadot" title="Ilsetraut Hadot">Ilsetraut Hadot</a> advanced the establishment of a neoplatonic school in Charrae (present-day <a href="/wiki/Harran" title="Harran">Harran</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhbel-Rappe2010423_(note_3)Notes_to_Pages_3-4_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhbel-Rappe2010423_(note_3)Notes_to_Pages_3-4-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>) in the Persian Empire,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhbel-Rappe20106Introduction_to_the_Life_and_Philosophy_of_Damascius_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhbel-Rappe20106Introduction_to_the_Life_and_Philosophy_of_Damascius-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a view that is disputed by other 21st-century scholarship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhbel-Rappe20108,_425_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhbel-Rappe20108,_425-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last known trace of Damascius is an epigram carved in <a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">stele</a> in <a href="/wiki/Homs" title="Homs">Emesa</a> that confirms Damascius returned to Syria in 538 AD, and that is also the year scholars say he died.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhbel-Rappe20103,_8Introduction_to_the_Life_and_Philosophy_of_Damascius_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhbel-Rappe20103,_8Introduction_to_the_Life_and_Philosophy_of_Damascius-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Damascius composed a number of works, and a significant number of his works in fragments or derived from his writings survived, the more complete works being: the literary work <i>Life of Isidore</i>, or <i>Philosophical History</i>, preserved by <a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photius</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemes200830Introduction_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemes200830Introduction-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the philosophical works: <i>Problems and Solutions Concerning First Principles</i>; <i>Commentary on the <a href="/wiki/Parmenides_(dialogue)" title="Parmenides (dialogue)">Parmenides</a></i>; <i>Commentary on the <a href="/wiki/Phaedo" title="Phaedo">Phaedo</a></i>; and <i>Lectures on the <a href="/wiki/Philebus" title="Philebus">Philebus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhbel-Rappe20103-4,_10-12Introduction_to_the_Life_and_Philosophy_of_Damascius_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhbel-Rappe20103-4,_10-12Introduction_to_the_Life_and_Philosophy_of_Damascius-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writings">Writings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damascius&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Writings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>His chief treatise is entitled <i>Difficulties and Solutions of First Principles</i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἀπορίαι καὶ λύσεις περὶ τῶν πρώτων ἀρχῶν</span></span>). It examines the nature and attributes of <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> and the human <a href="/wiki/Soul_(spirit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soul (spirit)">soul</a>. This examination is, in two respects, in striking contrast to that of certain other Neoplatonist writers. It is conspicuously free from Oriental <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mysticism</a>, and it contains no polemic against <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, to the doctrines of which, in fact, there is no allusion. Hence the charge of impiety which <a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photius</a> brings against him. In this treatise Damascius inquires into the first principle of all things, which he finds to be an unfathomable and unspeakable divine depth, being all in one, but undivided. His main result is that God is infinite, and as such, incomprehensible; that his attributes of goodness, knowledge and power are credited to him only by inference from their effects; that this inference is logically valid and sufficient for human thought. He insists throughout on the unity and the indivisibility of God.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This work is, moreover, of great importance for the history of philosophy, because of the great number of accounts which it contains concerning former philosophers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The rest of Damascius's writings are for the most part commentaries on works of <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>. Surviving commentaries include: </p> <ul><li>Commentary on Plato's <i>Parmenides</i>.</li> <li>Commentary on Plato's <i>Phaedo</i>. This work has been erroneously ascribed to <a href="/wiki/Olympiodorus_the_Younger" title="Olympiodorus the Younger">Olympiodorus of Alexandria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-reale1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reale1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Commentary on Plato's <i>Philebus</i>. Also erroneously ascribed to Olympiodorus.<sup id="cite_ref-reale1_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reale1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Lost or fragmentary works include: </p> <ul><li>Commentaries on Plato's <i>Timaeus</i>, <i>First Alcibiades</i>, and other dialogues.</li> <li>Commentaries on Aristotle's <i>De Caelo</i>, and other works. The writings of Damascius on Time, Space, and Number, cited by <a href="/wiki/Simplicius_of_Cilicia" title="Simplicius of Cilicia">Simplicius</a> in his commentary on Aristotle's <i>Physica</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are perhaps parts of his commentaries on Aristotle's writings.</li> <li><i>Life of Isidore.</i> Damascius's biography of his teacher <a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Alexandria" title="Isidore of Alexandria">Isidore</a> (perhaps a part of the <i>Philosophos Historia</i> attributed to Damascius by the <a href="/wiki/Suda" title="Suda">Suda</a>), of which <a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photius</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> preserved a considerable fragment. It is considered the source containing most details about the life of <a href="/wiki/Ammonius_Hermiae" title="Ammonius Hermiae">Ammonius Hermiae</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is also a primary source for the life of <a href="/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia">Hypatia</a>. Incorporating material from both the Suda and Photius, a reconstructed text was translated into English by <a href="/wiki/Polymnia_Athanassiadi" title="Polymnia Athanassiadi">Polymnia Athanassiadi</a> and published in 1999 as <i>Damascius. The Philosophical History.</i><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Logoi Paradoxoi</i>, in 4 books, of which <a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photius</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> gives an account and specifies the respective titles of the books.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Damascius_and_the_Corpus_Dionysiacum">Damascius and the <i>Corpus Dionysiacum</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damascius&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Damascius and the Corpus Dionysiacum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Starting from an article published in 2006, Byzantine philologist Carlo Maria Mazzucchi has argued that Damascius was the author of the <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudo-Dionysius">Pseudo-Dionysian corpus</a>, the "last counter-offensive of Paganism" (<i>l'ultima controffensiva del paganesimo</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mazzucchi's theory, which faced some criticism,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMazzucchi2013249–250_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazzucchi2013249–250-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was later improved with more arguments.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damascius&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonius_Saccas" title="Ammonius Saccas">Ammonius Saccas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azone" title="Azone">Azone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Greco-Roman_polytheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline of Greco-Roman polytheism">Decline of Greco-Roman polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iamblichus" title="Iamblichus">Iamblichus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympiodorus_the_Younger" title="Olympiodorus the Younger">Olympiodorus the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_of_Emesa" title="Theodora of Emesa">Theodora of Emesa</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damascius&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-lgw-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lgw_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lgw_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWesterink2009" class="citation book cs1">Westerink, L. G. (2009). <i>The Greek Commentaries on Plato's Phaedo, Volume II: Damascius</i> (Revised Second ed.). Wiltshire, UK: The Prometheus Trust. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978_1_898910_47_3" title="Special:BookSources/978 1 898910 47 3"><bdi>978 1 898910 47 3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greek+Commentaries+on+Plato%27s+Phaedo%2C+Volume+II%3A+Damascius&rft.place=Wiltshire%2C+UK&rft.pages=7&rft.edition=Revised+Second&rft.pub=The+Prometheus+Trust&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781898910473&rft.aulast=Westerink&rft.aufirst=L.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhbel-Rappe20103,_423_(note_4)-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhbel-Rappe20103,_423_(note_4)_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAhbel-Rappe2010">Ahbel-Rappe 2010</a>, p. 3, 423 (note 4).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERemesSlaveva-Griffin201435The_Alexandrian_classrooms_excavated_and_sixth-century_philosophy_teaching_by_Sorabji-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemesSlaveva-Griffin201435The_Alexandrian_classrooms_excavated_and_sixth-century_philosophy_teaching_by_Sorabji_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRemesSlaveva-Griffin2014">Remes & Slaveva-Griffin 2014</a>, p. 35, The Alexandrian classrooms excavated and sixth-century philosophy teaching by Sorabji.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhbel-Rappe20103,_423-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhbel-Rappe20103,_423_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAhbel-Rappe2010">Ahbel-Rappe 2010</a>, p. 3, 423.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhbel-Rappe20103,_423_(note_6)-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhbel-Rappe20103,_423_(note_6)_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAhbel-Rappe2010">Ahbel-Rappe 2010</a>, p. 3, 423 (note 6).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERemesSlaveva-Griffin201436The_Alexandrian_classrooms_excavated_and_sixth-century_philosophy_teaching_by_Sorabji-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemesSlaveva-Griffin201436The_Alexandrian_classrooms_excavated_and_sixth-century_philosophy_teaching_by_Sorabji_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemesSlaveva-Griffin201436The_Alexandrian_classrooms_excavated_and_sixth-century_philosophy_teaching_by_Sorabji_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRemesSlaveva-Griffin2014">Remes & Slaveva-Griffin 2014</a>, p. 36, The Alexandrian classrooms excavated and sixth-century philosophy teaching by Sorabji.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhbel-Rappe20104Introduction_to_the_Life_and_Philosophy_of_Damascius-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhbel-Rappe20104Introduction_to_the_Life_and_Philosophy_of_Damascius_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhbel-Rappe20104Introduction_to_the_Life_and_Philosophy_of_Damascius_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhbel-Rappe20104Introduction_to_the_Life_and_Philosophy_of_Damascius_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhbel-Rappe20104Introduction_to_the_Life_and_Philosophy_of_Damascius_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhbel-Rappe20104Introduction_to_the_Life_and_Philosophy_of_Damascius_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhbel-Rappe20104Introduction_to_the_Life_and_Philosophy_of_Damascius_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhbel-Rappe20104Introduction_to_the_Life_and_Philosophy_of_Damascius_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAhbel-Rappe2010">Ahbel-Rappe 2010</a>, p. 4, Introduction to the Life and Philosophy of Damascius.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERemes200829Introduction-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemes200829Introduction_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRemes2008">Remes 2008</a>, p. 29, Introduction.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhbel-Rappe20104-5Introduction_to_the_Life_and_Philosophy_of_Damascius-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhbel-Rappe20104-5Introduction_to_the_Life_and_Philosophy_of_Damascius_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAhbel-Rappe2010">Ahbel-Rappe 2010</a>, p. 4-5, Introduction to the Life and Philosophy of Damascius.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhbel-Rappe2010424_(note_17)Notes_to_Pages_4-7-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhbel-Rappe2010424_(note_17)Notes_to_Pages_4-7_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAhbel-Rappe2010">Ahbel-Rappe 2010</a>, p. 424 (note 17), Notes to Pages 4-7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1870667Justinianus-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1870667Justinianus_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1870667Justinianus_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1870">Smith 1870</a>, p. 667, Justinianus.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangMacroMcGinnis20014_(note_9)Introduction-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangMacroMcGinnis20014_(note_9)Introduction_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLangMacroMcGinnis2001">Lang, Macro & McGinnis 2001</a>, p. 4 (note 9), Introduction.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhbel-Rappe2010424_(note_18)Notes_to_Pages_4-7-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhbel-Rappe2010424_(note_18)Notes_to_Pages_4-7_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAhbel-Rappe2010">Ahbel-Rappe 2010</a>, p. 424 (note 18), Notes to Pages 4-7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhbel-Rappe20105–6Introduction_to_the_Life_and_Philosophy_of_Damascius-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhbel-Rappe20105–6Introduction_to_the_Life_and_Philosophy_of_Damascius_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAhbel-Rappe2010">Ahbel-Rappe 2010</a>, pp. 5–6, Introduction to the Life and Philosophy of Damascius.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERemes200830Introduction-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemes200830Introduction_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemes200830Introduction_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRemes2008">Remes 2008</a>, p. 30, Introduction.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhbel-Rappe2010423_(note_3)Notes_to_Pages_3-4-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhbel-Rappe2010423_(note_3)Notes_to_Pages_3-4_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAhbel-Rappe2010">Ahbel-Rappe 2010</a>, p. 423 (note 3), Notes to Pages 3-4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhbel-Rappe20106Introduction_to_the_Life_and_Philosophy_of_Damascius-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhbel-Rappe20106Introduction_to_the_Life_and_Philosophy_of_Damascius_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAhbel-Rappe2010">Ahbel-Rappe 2010</a>, p. 6, Introduction to the Life and Philosophy of Damascius.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhbel-Rappe20108,_425-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhbel-Rappe20108,_425_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAhbel-Rappe2010">Ahbel-Rappe 2010</a>, p. 8, 425.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhbel-Rappe20103,_8Introduction_to_the_Life_and_Philosophy_of_Damascius-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhbel-Rappe20103,_8Introduction_to_the_Life_and_Philosophy_of_Damascius_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAhbel-Rappe2010">Ahbel-Rappe 2010</a>, p. 3, 8, Introduction to the Life and Philosophy of Damascius.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhbel-Rappe20103-4,_10-12Introduction_to_the_Life_and_Philosophy_of_Damascius-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhbel-Rappe20103-4,_10-12Introduction_to_the_Life_and_Philosophy_of_Damascius_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAhbel-Rappe2010">Ahbel-Rappe 2010</a>, p. 3-4, 10-12, Introduction to the Life and Philosophy of Damascius.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Damascius" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Damascius">Damascius</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 783–784.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Damascius&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=783-784&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reale1-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-reale1_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-reale1_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Giovanni Reale, John R. Catan, 1989, <i>A History of Ancient Philosophy: The Schools of the Imperial Age</i>, page 546. SUNY Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simplicius, fol. 189, b., 153, a., 183, b.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Photius, Cod. 242, comp. 181; in volume 6 of the edition by Rene Henry.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ammonius">"Ammonius"</a>. <i>Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ammonius&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fammonius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Polymnia Athanassiadi (ed.), Damascius. The Philosophical History. Athens: Apamea Cultural Association, 1999. Pp. 403. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/960-85325-2-3" title="Special:BookSources/960-85325-2-3">960-85325-2-3</a>.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2000/2000-01-23.html">BMCR review</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Photius, Cod. 130</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazzucchi2006" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mazzucchi, Carlo Maria (2006). "Damascio, autore del <i>Corpus Dionysiacum</i>, e il dialogo ΠΕΡΙ ΠΟΛΙΤΙΚΗΣ ΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΗ" [Damascius, author of the <i>Corpus Dionysiacum</i>, and the dialogue ΠΕΡΙ ΠΟΛΙΤΙΚΗΣ ΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΗ]. <i>Aevum</i> (in Italian). <b>80</b> (2): 299–334. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1827-787X">1827-787X</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0001-9593">0001-9593</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20861842">20861842</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aevum&rft.atitle=Damascio%2C+autore+del+Corpus+Dionysiacum%2C+e+il+dialogo+%CE%A0%CE%95%CE%A1%CE%99+%CE%A0%CE%9F%CE%9B%CE%99%CE%A4%CE%99%CE%9A%CE%97%CE%A3+%CE%95%CE%A0%CE%99%CE%A3%CE%A4%CE%97%CE%9C%CE%97&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=299-334&rft.date=2006&rft.issn=0001-9593&rft.eissn=1827-787X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20861842%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mazzucchi&rft.aufirst=Carlo+Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazzucchi2013249–250-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMazzucchi2013249–250_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMazzucchi2013">Mazzucchi 2013</a>, p. 249–250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>E.g.</i> Fiori, Emiliano Bronislaw (2008). In <i>Adamantius</i> (in Italian). <b>14</b>: 670–673; Napoli, Valerio (2008). <i>Ἐπέκεινα τοῦ ἑνὸς. Il principio totalmente ineffabile tra dialettica ed esegesi in Damascio</i>. Catania – Napoli: CUECM – Officina di Studi Medievali: 124, n. 217; and Curiello, Gioacchino (2013). "Pseudo-Dionysius and Damascius, an impossible identification". In <i>Dionysius</i>. N.s. <b>XXXI</b>: 101–116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazzucchi2013" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mazzucchi, Carlo Maria (2013). "Iterum de Damascio Areopagita" [Again on Damascius the Areopagite]. <i>Aevum</i> (in Latin). <b>87</b> (1): 249–266. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1827-787X">1827-787X</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0001-9593">0001-9593</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26453874">26453874</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aevum&rft.atitle=Iterum+de+Damascio+Areopagita&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=249-266&rft.date=2013&rft.issn=0001-9593&rft.eissn=1827-787X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26453874%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mazzucchi&rft.aufirst=Carlo+Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazzucchi2014" class="citation journal cs1">Mazzucchi, Carlo Maria (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/tc-2014-0009/html">"John of Scythopolis' marginal commentary on the Corpus Dionysiacum"</a>. <i>Trends in Classics</i>. <b>6</b> (1): 170–175. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Ftc-2014-0009">10.1515/tc-2014-0009</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170313964">170313964</a> – via De Gruyter Online Journals.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Classics&rft.atitle=John+of+Scythopolis%27+marginal+commentary+on+the+Corpus+Dionysiacum&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=170-175&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Ftc-2014-0009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170313964%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Mazzucchi&rft.aufirst=Carlo+Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2Ftc-2014-0009%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazzucchi2017" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mazzucchi, Carlo Maria (2017). "Impudens societas, sive Iohannes Scythopolitanus conscius Areopagiticae fraudi" [An insolent coven, or: John of Scythopolis being aware of the Areopagite fraud]. <i>Aevum</i> (in Latin). <b>91</b> (2): 289–294. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1827-787X">1827-787X</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0001-9593">0001-9593</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26497004">26497004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aevum&rft.atitle=Impudens+societas%2C+sive+Iohannes+Scythopolitanus+conscius+Areopagiticae+fraudi&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=289-294&rft.date=2017&rft.issn=0001-9593&rft.eissn=1827-787X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26497004%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mazzucchi&rft.aufirst=Carlo+Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazzucchi2020" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mazzucchi, Carlo Maria (2020). "Areopagitica nova" [News on the Areopagite]. <i>Aevum</i> (in Latin). <b>94</b> (1): 209–214. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.26350%2F000193_000069">10.26350/000193_000069</a>. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1827-787X">1827-787X</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0001-9593">0001-9593</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aevum&rft.atitle=Areopagitica+nova&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=209-214&rft.date=2020&rft.issn=0001-9593&rft.eissn=1827-787X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.26350%2F000193_000069&rft.aulast=Mazzucchi&rft.aufirst=Carlo+Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazzucchi2023" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mazzucchi, Carlo Maria (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.casalini.it/10.26350/000193_000159">"Areopagiticum novissimum"</a> [Further news on the Areopagite]. <i>Aevum</i> (in Latin). <b>97</b> (1): 175–178. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.26350%2F000193_000159">10.26350/000193_000159</a>. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1827-787X">1827-787X</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0001-9593">0001-9593</a> – via Torrossa.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aevum&rft.atitle=Areopagiticum+novissimum&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=175-178&rft.date=2023&rft.issn=0001-9593&rft.eissn=1827-787X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.26350%2F000193_000159&rft.aulast=Mazzucchi&rft.aufirst=Carlo+Maria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.casalini.it%2F10.26350%2F000193_000159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damascius&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhbel-Rappe2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2"><i>Damascius' Problems and Solutions Concerning First Principles</i> (in English and Ancient Greek). Translated by Ahbel-Rappe, Sara. New York: Oxford University Press, Inc. 2010. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195150292" title="Special:BookSources/9780195150292"><bdi>9780195150292</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Damascius%27+Problems+and+Solutions+Concerning+First+Principles&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780195150292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Sara Ahbel-Rappe, <i>Scepticism in the sixth century? Damascius' 'Doubts and Solutions Concerning First Principles,' </i> <i>Journal of the History of Philosophy</i> 36 (1998), pp. 337–363.</li> <li>Polymnia Athanassiadi, <i>Persecution and Response in late Paganism. The evidence of Damascius</i>. In: <i>Journal of Hellenic Studies</i> 113 (1993), pp. 1–29.</li> <li>Polymnia Athanassiadi (editor and translator), <i>Damascius. The Philosophical History.</i> Athens: Apamea Cultural Association, 1999.</li> <li>Cosmin Andron, <i>Damascius on Knowledge and its Object</i>. In: <i>Rhizai</i> 1 (2004) pp. 107–124</li> <li>Sebastian R. P. Gertz, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/title/20281"><i>Death and Immortality in Late Neoplatonism: Studies on the Ancient Commentaries on Plato's Phaedo</i></a>, Leiden: Brill, 2011.</li> <li>Sebastian R. P. Gertz, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004289543/B9789004289543_012.xml">"From 'Immortal' to 'Imperishable': Damascius on the Final Argument in Plato's Phaedo"</a>. In: <i>Ancient Readings of Plato's Phaedo</i> (Leiden: 2015), 240–55.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolitsis2023" class="citation book cs1">Golitsis, Pantelis (2023). <i>Damascius' philosophy of time</i>. Berlin Boston: De Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783111053189" title="Special:BookSources/9783111053189"><bdi>9783111053189</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Damascius%27+philosophy+of+time&rft.place=Berlin+Boston&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9783111053189&rft.aulast=Golitsis&rft.aufirst=Pantelis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Raban von Haehling, <i>Damascius und die heidnische Opposition im 5. Jahrhundert nach Christus</i>. In: <i>Jahrbuch für Antike und Christentum</i> 23 (1980), pp. 82–85.</li> <li>Udo Hartmann, <i>Geist im Exil. Römische Philosophen am Hof der Sasaniden</i>. In: Udo Hartmann/Andreas Luther/Monika Schuol (eds.), <i>Grenzüberschreitungen. Formen des Kontakts zwischen Orient und Okzident im Altertum</i>. Stuttgart 2002, pp. 123–160.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartmann2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hartmann, Udo (2018). <i>Der spätantike Philosoph. Die Lebenswelten der paganen Gelehrten und ihre hagiographische Ausgestaltung in den Philosophenviten von Porphyrios bis Damaskios</i> (in German). Bonn: Habelt. pp. 246–354. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7749-4172-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7749-4172-4"><bdi>978-3-7749-4172-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+sp%C3%A4tantike+Philosoph.+Die+Lebenswelten+der+paganen+Gelehrten+und+ihre+hagiographische+Ausgestaltung+in+den+Philosophenviten+von+Porphyrios+bis+Damaskios&rft.place=Bonn&rft.pages=246-354&rft.pub=Habelt&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-7749-4172-4&rft.aulast=Hartmann&rft.aufirst=Udo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Androniki Kalogiratou, <i>The Portrayal of Socrates by Damascius</i>. In: <i>Phronimon: Journal of the South African Society for Greek Philosophy and the Humanities</i> 7 (1) 2006, pp. 45–54.</li> <li>Androniki Kalogiratou, <i>Theology in Philosophy: The Case of the Late Antique Neoplatonist Damascius</i>. In <i>Skepsis: A Journal for Philosophy and Interdisciplinary Research</i> XVIII, i-ii, 2007, pp. 58–79.</li> <li>Robert Lamberton, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2000/2000.01.23">"<i>Damascius. The Philosophical History</i>"</a> (book review), <i>Bryn Mawr Classical Review</i>, January 1, 2000.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRemesSlaveva-Griffin2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2">Remes, Pauliina; Slaveva-Griffin, Svetla, eds. (2014). <i>The Routledge Handbook of Neoplatonism</i> (in English and Ancient Greek). H. Tarrant, R. Sorabji, G. Reydams-Schils, F. Ferrari, J. D. Turner, V. Adluri, H. Baltussen, A. Smith, L. Brisson, M. Martijn, S. Ahbel-Rappe, J. Halfwassen, C. O’Brien, T. Arnold, T. Ratzsch, S. Slaveva-Griffin, R. Chiaradonna, J-M. Narbonne, R. M. Berg, L. P. Gerson, J. F. Finamore, F. M. Schroeder, G. Aubry, P. Lautner, A. Linguiti, J. Wilberding, K. Corrigan, S. Stern-Gillet, B. Collette-Dučić, P. Adamson, P. Remes, D. J. O’Meara, P. Vassilopoulou, D. Moran, D. Y. Dimitrov, S. Pessin. Oxford; New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781315744186" title="Special:BookSources/9781315744186"><bdi>9781315744186</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Handbook+of+Neoplatonism&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781315744186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangMacroMcGinnis2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2"><i>On the Eternity of the World, De Aeternitate Mundi, Proclus</i> (in English and Ancient Greek). Translated by Lang, Helen S.; Macro, A. D.; McGinnis, Jon. Berkeley; Los Angeles; London: University of California Press. 2001. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520225546" title="Special:BookSources/0520225546"><bdi>0520225546</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Eternity+of+the+World%2C+De+Aeternitate+Mundi%2C+Proclus&rft.place=Berkeley%3B+Los+Angeles%3B+London&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0520225546&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRemes2008" class="citation book cs1">Remes, Pauliina (2008). <i>Neoplatonism</i>. Stocksfield, United Kingdom: Acumen Publishing Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781844651252" title="Special:BookSources/9781844651252"><bdi>9781844651252</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neoplatonism&rft.place=Stocksfield%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Acumen+Publishing+Limited&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781844651252&rft.aulast=Remes&rft.aufirst=Pauliina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>John R. Martindale, John Morris, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Prosopography_of_the_Later_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire">The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire</a> II</i>. Cambridge 1980, pp. 342f.</li> <li>Carlo Maria Mazzucchi, <i>Damascio, Autore del Corpus Dionysiacum, e il dialogo Περι Πολιτικης Επιστημης</i>. In: <i>Aevum: Rassegna di scienze storiche linguistiche e filologiche</i> 80, Nº 2 (2006), pp. 299–334.</li> <li>Carlo Maria Mazzucchi, <i>Iterum de Damascio Areopagita</i>. In: <i>Aevum: Rassegna di scienze storiche linguistiche e filologiche</i> 87, Nº 1 (2013), pp. 249–265.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1870" class="citation book cs1">Smith, William, ed. (1870). <i>Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology</i>. Vol. 2. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company. p. 667. ark:/13960/t9f47mp93.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Greek+and+Roman+Biography+and+Mythology&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=667&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown%2C+and+Company&rft.date=1870&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Marilena Vlad, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vrin.fr/book.php?title_url=Damascius_et_l_ineffable_Recit_de_l_impossible_discours_9782711628735&search_back=&editor_back=%&page=3">Damascius et l'ineffable. Récit de l'impossible discours</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200429015106/http://vrin.fr/book.php?title_url=Damascius_et_l_ineffable_Recit_de_l_impossible_discours_9782711628735&search_back=&editor_back=%&page=3">Archived</a> 2020-04-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> (Paris, Vrin, 2019)</li> <li>Tiziano F. Ottobrini (a cura di), <i>Damascio</i> <i>Intorno ai principi primi - Aporie e soluzioni,</i> Editrice Morcelliana, (2022), pp. 835</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Academics" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Platonic_Academy" title="Platonic Academy">Academics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Old</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudoxus_of_Cnidus" title="Eudoxus of Cnidus">Eudoxus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Opus" title="Philip of Opus">Philip of Opus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristonymus_of_Athens" title="Aristonymus of Athens">Aristonymus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriscus_of_Scepsis" title="Coriscus of Scepsis">Coriscus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erastus_of_Scepsis" title="Erastus of Scepsis">Erastus of Scepsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_of_Amphipolis" title="Demetrius of Amphipolis">Demetrius of Amphipolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euaeon_of_Lampsacus" title="Euaeon of Lampsacus">Euaeon of Lampsacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclides_of_Aenus" title="Heraclides of Aenus">Heraclides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Python_of_Aenus" title="Python of Aenus">Python of Aenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hestiaeus_of_Perinthus" title="Hestiaeus of Perinthus">Hestiaeus of Perinthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lastheneia_of_Mantinea" title="Lastheneia of Mantinea">Lastheneia of Mantinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timolaus_of_Cyzicus" title="Timolaus of Cyzicus">Timolaus of Cyzicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speusippus" title="Speusippus">Speusippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiothea_of_Phlius" title="Axiothea of Phlius">Axiothea of Phlius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclides_Ponticus" title="Heraclides Ponticus">Heraclides Ponticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menedemus_of_Pyrrha" title="Menedemus of Pyrrha">Menedemus of Pyrrha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenocrates" title="Xenocrates">Xenocrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crantor" title="Crantor">Crantor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polemon_(scholarch)" title="Polemon (scholarch)">Polemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crates_of_Athens" title="Crates of Athens">Crates of Athens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Academic_skepticism" title="Academic skepticism">Skeptics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcesilaus" title="Arcesilaus">Arcesilaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocles_of_Cnidus" title="Diocles of Cnidus">Diocles of Cnidus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacydes_of_Cyrene" title="Lacydes of Cyrene">Lacydes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecles" title="Telecles">Telecles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evander_(philosopher)" title="Evander (philosopher)">Evander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegesinus_of_Pergamon" title="Hegesinus of Pergamon">Hegesinus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carneades" title="Carneades">Carneades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagnon_of_Tarsus" title="Hagnon of Tarsus">Hagnon of Tarsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrodorus_of_Stratonicea" title="Metrodorus of Stratonicea">Metrodorus of Stratonicea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clitomachus_(philosopher)" title="Clitomachus (philosopher)">Clitomachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charmadas" title="Charmadas">Charmadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeschines_of_Neapolis" title="Aeschines of Neapolis">Aeschines of Neapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_of_Larissa" title="Philo of Larissa">Philo of Larissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dio_of_Alexandria" title="Dio of Alexandria">Dio of Alexandria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Platonism" title="Middle Platonism">Middle Platonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_of_Ascalon" title="Antiochus of Ascalon">Antiochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudorus_of_Alexandria" title="Eudorus of Alexandria">Eudorus of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_the_Platonist" title="Gaius the Platonist">Gaius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albinus_(philosopher)" title="Albinus (philosopher)">Albinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcinous_(philosopher)" title="Alcinous (philosopher)">Alcinous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Peloplaton" title="Alexander Peloplaton">Alexander Peloplaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Apuleius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atticus_(philosopher)" title="Atticus (philosopher)">Atticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_of_Tyre" title="Maximus of Tyre">Maximus of Tyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numenius_of_Apamea" title="Numenius of Apamea">Numenius of Apamea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonius_Saccas" title="Ammonius Saccas">Ammonius Saccas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Longinus_(philosopher)" title="Cassius Longinus (philosopher)">Longinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen_the_Pagan" title="Origen the Pagan">Origen the Pagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcidius" title="Calcidius">Calcidius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_students_of_Plotinus" title="List of students of Plotinus">Students</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelius" title="Amelius">Amelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iamblichus" title="Iamblichus">Iamblichus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopater_of_Apamea" title="Sopater of Apamea">Sopater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eustathius_of_Cappadocia" title="Eustathius of Cappadocia">Eustathius of Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosipatra" title="Sosipatra">Sosipatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aedesius" title="Aedesius">Aedesius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexippus_(philosopher)" title="Dexippus (philosopher)">Dexippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysanthius" title="Chrysanthius">Chrysanthius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodorus_of_Asine" title="Theodorus of Asine">Theodorus of Asine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salutius" title="Salutius">Salutius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_of_Ephesus" title="Maximus of Ephesus">Maximus of Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Myndus" title="Eusebius of Myndus">Eusebius of Myndus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscus_of_Epirus" title="Priscus of Epirus">Priscus of Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoninus_(philosopher)" title="Antoninus (philosopher)">Antoninus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia">Hypatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Marius_Victorinus" title="Gaius Marius Victorinus">Gaius Marius Victorinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrobius" title="Macrobius">Macrobius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Academy" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch_of_Athens" title="Plutarch of Athens">Plutarch of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asclepigenia" title="Asclepigenia">Asclepigenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierocles_of_Alexandria" title="Hierocles of Alexandria">Hierocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrianus" title="Syrianus">Syrianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermias_(philosopher)" title="Hermias (philosopher)">Hermias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aedesia" title="Aedesia">Aedesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclus" title="Proclus">Proclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marinus_of_Neapolis" title="Marinus of Neapolis">Marinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Alexandria" title="Isidore of Alexandria">Isidore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonius_Hermiae" title="Ammonius Hermiae">Ammonius Hermiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asclepiodotus_of_Alexandria" title="Asclepiodotus of Alexandria">Asclepiodotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegias" title="Hegias">Hegias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenodotus_(philosopher)" title="Zenodotus (philosopher)">Zenodotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agapius_of_Athens" title="Agapius of Athens">Agapius</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Damascius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicius_of_Cilicia" title="Simplicius of Cilicia">Simplicius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscian_of_Lydia" title="Priscian of Lydia">Priscian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Philoponus" title="John Philoponus">John Philoponus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympiodorus_the_Younger" title="Olympiodorus the Younger">Olympiodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_the_Invincible" title="David the Invincible">David the Invincible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Scotus_Eriugena" title="John Scotus Eriugena">John Scotus Eriugena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Al-Farabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Peter Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Chartres" title="Bernard of Chartres">Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_de_la_Porr%C3%A9e" title="Gilbert de la Porrée">Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thierry_of_Chartres" title="Thierry of Chartres">Thierry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Ghent" title="Henry of Ghent">Henry of Ghent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodoric_of_Freiberg" title="Theodoric of Freiberg">Theodoric of Freiberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meister_Eckhart" title="Meister Eckhart">Meister Eckhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berthold_of_Moosburg" title="Berthold of Moosburg">Berthold of Moosburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Venice" title="Paul of Venice">Paul of Venice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Platonism_in_the_Renaissance" title="Platonism in the Renaissance">Renaissance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Florentine_Academy" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Platonic_Academy_(Florence)" title="Platonic Academy (Florence)">Florentine Academy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino" title="Marsilio Ficino">Marsilio Ficino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cristoforo_Landino" title="Cristoforo Landino">Cristoforo Landino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Giovanni Pico della Mirandola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giordano_Bruno" title="Giordano Bruno">Giordano Bruno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Platonists" title="Cambridge Platonists">Cambridge</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Cudworth" title="Ralph Cudworth">Ralph Cudworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_More" title="Henry More">Henry More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Conway_(philosopher)" title="Anne Conway (philosopher)">Anne Conway</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Taylor_(neoplatonist)" title="Thomas Taylor (neoplatonist)">Thomas Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Swedenborg" title="Emanuel Swedenborg">Emanuel Swedenborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Royce" title="Josiah Royce">Josiah Royce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Bolzano" title="Bernard Bolzano">Bernard Bolzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksei_Losev" title="Aleksei Losev">Aleksei Losev</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">Analytic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottlob_Frege" title="Gottlob Frege">Gottlob Frege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._Moore" title="G. E. Moore">G. E. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%B6del" title="Kurt Gödel">Kurt Gödel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonzo_Church" title="Alonzo Church">Alonzo Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roderick_Chisholm" title="Roderick Chisholm">Roderick Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dummett" title="Michael Dummett">Michael Dummett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">W. V. O. Quine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Kaplan_(philosopher)" title="David Kaplan (philosopher)">David Kaplan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Kripke" title="Saul Kripke">Saul Kripke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_%C5%81ukasiewicz" title="Jan Łukasiewicz">Jan Łukasiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Alvin Plantinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_van_Inwagen" title="Peter van Inwagen">Peter van Inwagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Wolterstorff" title="Nicholas Wolterstorff">Nicholas Wolterstorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crispin_Wright" title="Crispin Wright">Crispin Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Edward N. Zalta</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Henri Bergson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Edmund Husserl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Ingarden" title="Roman Ingarden">Roman Ingarden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Leo Strauss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output 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