CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9176e9049b14406a',cH: 'LEmzsM6QI4Cbq3xnHM3WjZnTMyNpkTvQ4nJAkLXS59U-1740478275-1.2.1.1-SjdIIyRb331fTeAuF2_STnFLVvY3vjmfxn6MO09F73pNQeTp5vUWZ8lllIHCRcBn',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=drivers&__cf_chl_tk=.CPZDM7o3CYpICL33Gnz74nhXzAkCcrqG8RHEpT4KqU-1740478275-1.0.1.1-2NH_q7v9_A_B8s0CKlexTL5N4rxixBvlEh50F.awM_w",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1740478275',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=drivers&__cf_chl_f_tk=.CPZDM7o3CYpICL33Gnz74nhXzAkCcrqG8RHEpT4KqU-1740478275-1.0.1.1-2NH_q7v9_A_B8s0CKlexTL5N4rxixBvlEh50F.awM_w",md: "kpf05o413qqcIo7NHmgT0IfhqLkW7QKbbFColh2WG5Q-1740478275-1.2.1.1-X0xv8mFHPXivlQO8H7kCOFSSTDg1mthv8IsOXLsMVYWfwxAuWLWKwSFrCLBb4ScHdliPL74U8wa_7Ygf.Ga7jbEjPl0iM68.40bdcG.t3QtuQfeer7oodqgkN.XNnErWmHXk_EvqX_jDIzzx65gTXXNJROuVIvcsO5DJ6PFi5.sQcmCFFqSz.2J_XRgz_uhDaXYckXx1Mb29GdO3v_2Sfy4VrzHSgxdiiuHC0uNP_qY7YyZ6WbODzjJcOPDgej5Tr.al6eMn6DCKEAK8M1u75eWjypVShM8Q5EO_UOlcwvUd6yTPAkHWSgea64EYeUDUrEKH891moOqTG_FDCoTrOysqOLc8ysOY3gz.T28pjcR_yH3EjIT6sJXFcVDgznfOXKONBugMXyLdhj6e1nRx1DYt0q8y3B7oJzt1KwIEv0K5ix93YyiwXbsfAqQi3tTOeiaqcLJWRHYB386Te6AUpi9LBhaWJ6ka4amFWRDDWLNdlTKqsM.WSIH.AV9JuG_VYHXw4DUTowAGtaKx6Iv5y6NvikWAGCixh6gO86NTGS.eqAICFOZo45uNJCk6uRa3yZV.URP.D.HU0kho6B2YyV5qcn51REKRZRsOLlOM0vxx3kW_2kq4_FO5nDM_MWVy0184Up4k.exITCTmqAdAWO.dWp7wdVR2VFydBT9cgIUjeZP1I6lBBEZAWqsnALwI1Peli4VOwebmdkpBjMw.2iaDVy_Z_JkdOATTPVHDm64j036QzV_lBIqtAROXEzT0Lv7kvb.cD6dk4gseB2a4Dhrybn7SNWXA1YiQ.ah4VT1SPm3l29b7LKC0I.1zQxFCJuQXFs.8BualrVPmszZ0hJaz7q_MCVpTKz6DCSR0vwR4LYp5PnhDL_Jz3K3xbrTg_wsvx3B9hGNOZdHooH79n3Pcg2MBjPZprt6.aTHk6oeiDdERxT30cRUq8Cw6zSxP6Mr0kXy6ppqYVKOWNf1.pouUGYyaK5mBowKziFFQqqPzgIt0sfhzbfjOJe6ig7iTp1Qm7n8qlOzpx8BeSJMHWC12CbYtYuUFYgYz59biOYljijgYIc9jMn.GWygtwHB0kEmcPTCY5v2qe1hUiBkjtTRmeaK9Tt0VWi5TGvxAqRvfkxP55xriylQUpMeuh.KuYQKe0I0Zz1JUebMDMEmrcNAOO2Oz_9tN6xcb26j78U7mJJgC7WaItOpNWY7ThaeuKa2q6csSCkkOVY251R2Azmvyzh7jqhCNC7iWrQE4vLeXtCFLcPP53jbPblsTSyJk.CUeEJR5SoosYGexOS2Z1qZbHj0XkrlpY22resuIey5QjtTsZo86VOf1yVcAtQo5Vkt43q2XDrRw5ecgL1igiIYDRjF_LJZJxOhyckjyss1jKQ_wrPOreulV0KZctRvOKGZwX6jnOpfxMrUWpqPCpbud8pFEhrnlHXxEdpzmGUQ5ekU.M4Tkk1JCBYeuIvEuNpy15MZ75UyncE3.DzqLRSYLeta0HRmml62TfJRRqzRPFMfXyM7Gz4n53_nWJG3q4ka9wy2Ap92_p.sb7Mzr0c5G4aWgw8IWPg8mx1OA4Gi9OKJxRRL.Ssh1hpk4B9rg.iKGC8DiekEqlz7vCeAjx_CuABlbLTsju6Re4Ojwhj.BnXvmgxrOXh3ziIJtlnwSahi9rLKBn32JWh5Ta8TYv.iW6qgHIIY5hRGIFbAbdv59MZKq1.fp9nVs8aJfap6L7LzMhKUhYRytO62D.VjiFUGfLAge7OPql0kGTS1O2PcBGWwg8t_KYpfoB2StEVGOWfXtMV1a89yXoJZbot_IgpEPI78UyAh5_a2GUOUFtLE6OpuaEnVU5JqiBvq5D8iGCV40i7j5q84en62ANB9.umg_2EsPc_gm21ry9sw92AD9sAzoDtbdSo7W2bdJBsu3HeMRr3R1S_k_Mbjw5XUTXw",mdrd: "3323PJLkCbVHGft.xNYcXzDXYidzLE3fU5.n9PtcQq8-1740478275-1.2.1.1-JRFoGqhKK.qaQWHeJ_SJqxOYELIJVaGjGBEYN7i2t4BLQADWgtbclx3Ubvtg5N0faBZzdxU2DJmIOU8PPrCFP2nX51tSnJ.d5spENnuVQg7C9VUq6JPBAsG9.yekXTqeZ2DSqqoUnhKAGKMab_KKFYGDGZaPLHkimpoyQDhL0uvEuIN7Y7wtX717S._oV9boFx.dmC9WyAJcX.pVtRPtdH._Sui9nVkjys0lXivV4zzLIJ.D0JINF1hCBgGNltzk0Yobl7_hlgKpK1qR_wRHkYWw5MO.of9lz9c2xMRTsK1WQso.rrKQmkjvFMITYVyhkaHwMxJx57tqAcXchzAQIfrtUKuJ_VQ7gZ6U2D5EFsnAarqL6URCPgF2vWFXL8ElIXvsbJ1upoN5KLg.sYVoQkmMhFavatJ0rP_HN0_PMvemNtZLXirEfUmc3k8LjEXlvaqmPFj2.H_kTBLr6wOwEFEVYST6NBbNhXFH79JyEIB4sR1JTrpLX9YrsJAGg2gPMXSW9wfRaTqCOLr6mV9KrSXgVIZt6XZ7GivblMixfLHBqkfssa94OXRMv5Z6i.IZmmTJe4KvQJ7tiErOb9DHgg8xaXLDws3hLCMScMWan.4vucY2S6SRT7sVtMqiEDE.XpKAhw3.pfPpZ9NjVWt1vJP_ETzt6K24BkquZ6vOonDr6qdRtvKXxV4Inl1hrTSvHERy0ft2SKozjCVpe55z2XLPTA_htMdf3.p7KtVquuDuqAPlQX_am7.vmqoiK25C27VS7j4NkmTUWC6sHUHLzDl1jb6VYx1WDfaQvZ3IsFX6KhbilihKEO_b0j3rCNLDR7b_PJo32ZZnU4QScgmxSqbFiWCnboxpzRlEns2S99VGxnBCFcefCvLpawvBjKOEVq8kHOFjkbf12xexp4_Gs0Je8jgH.tZuCK4GM3vflWWCeGdsa09X_tVxy9vYcxCjpI0L18TO9oS1D36FrK5QafEVKzGMWDnDcoq4ayZLXuTEPwcT5ozwhXWcrvDAukYISFo.pqlacqaI8OpLDfmaj.lU2GZZecG1c65iMJI2UIpaytzX_JCGK1eveCrJ4ckFe4ZYZVINPVestsuK7adY7FwvLj4ffh6Qfnt.Oa4lFzEUNV3kiZ0U0mOMMIgic7TcuuJxd2blEtlG.a04nWeHo4xBxz.eeMXO.q4dWTMWGwE6jFQNZvjSIxfuw62kF4fNyYQUErSPPilkIzZr35NmD_chGYNnelGMENg3bDFKLq8NHoZLHEf7KQo_Sp1rF7q7V4Z8Be8jtdfNzs5TIJUxBQ5gso2.uUzMnc4T9pxBx720HiIRGNGipPzU1xJ3H3.9lrw6ZjYxMNpUqa2J2co4m.L4NQN_UilTkOwVFaEkaZejHc76b.LK_aj2te5c26nY1Cv.YBcct4ahuc1OMJdGXFEQVTGuJXfRtQ2CQ0eF8XeX1oO.YF9.PnyerKcnwvoMSbB4s4ghZIu_c69gru.8vpABcTQgHdu08p4JPfbllSEhRkHFm.9MIgkcTxBX37ozGdScmbNLVYQLA7kyKBRAvEMxQ1KdWa3jayE21Vtt8dIZ2m8EmhUfJ5tCsCEeDx8QCvWwKJzjxoPGM8vDnzMBxd7ZhEhk1DFU0UwLbZXNWtKVYS2ncZnY7W1FtR.Aw2JaHedl3XaYCREXK3qbLoRkQJOa7wL3qTw3UlCvK363NIYuAgMn0wKkZodTCKM1l.LlU6cRIImdvZwHzTiF8MspP.xN3.30stw_DCY_4ztyVFVtFWXH0HT29zEidXas1J00a2gaNsz7iwrfp7BiNmFCD6EaRvVfzqFcdFfbE4u3wLUZnZjzQuqjjpONi79OoLsuZkcxgiwQBGllN9jM_M_NEvn..NXs_CQmB2ARa38xg6Xvu25fbCMOfrGsAGrx93t.tZLzPQwfle9fTPFMydOWTRUXC5OdB3Skfd4XKsRaJWff234bXTO4QL7h0PMW1eLJTYfknhHXOTtlprHz8Xc7dg"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9176e9049b14406a';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=drivers&__cf_chl_rt_tk=.CPZDM7o3CYpICL33Gnz74nhXzAkCcrqG8RHEpT4KqU-1740478275-1.0.1.1-2NH_q7v9_A_B8s0CKlexTL5N4rxixBvlEh50F.awM_w" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>