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</a> <ul id="toc-French-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lombard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lombard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Lombard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lombard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Germanic_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Germanic_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Other Germanic languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Germanic_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transcription" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transcription"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Transcription</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transcription-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Encodings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Encodings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Encodings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Encodings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Œ</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Œ" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%92" title="Œ – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Œ" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%92" title="Œ – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Œ" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%92" title="Œ – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Œ" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%92" title="Œ – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Œ" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%92" title="Œ – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Œ" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%92" title="Œ – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Œ" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%92" title="Œ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="Œ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%92" title="Œ – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Œ" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%92" title="Œ – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Œ" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%92" title="Œ – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="Œ" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%92" title="Œ – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Œ" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%92" title="Œ – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Œ" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%92" title="Œ – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="Œ" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%92" title="Œ – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="Œ" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%92" title="Œ – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Œ" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%92" title="Œ – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Œ" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%92" title="Œ – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Œ" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%92" title="Œ – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Œ" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%92" title="Œ – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Œ" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%92" title="Œ – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Œ" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%92" title="Œ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Œ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%92" title="Œ – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Œ" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%92" title="Œ – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Œ" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%92" title="Œ – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Œ" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%92" title="Œ – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Œ" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%92" title="Œ – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Œ" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%92_(%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5)" title="Œ (слово латинице) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Œ (слово латинице)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%92" title="Œ – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Œ" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%92" title="Œ – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Œ" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrijha_%C5%93" title="Scrijha œ – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Scrijha œ" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%92" title="Œ – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Œ" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%92" title="Œ – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Œ" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/OE_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="OE (disambiguation)">OE (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:lightblue; color:black;;">Œ</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span style="font-size: 4em; line-height: 1.2em; vertical-align: super; font-weight: normal;">Œ œ ɶ</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Latin_ligature_OE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Latin_ligature_OE.svg/250px-Latin_ligature_OE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Latin_ligature_OE.svg/330px-Latin_ligature_OE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Latin_ligature_OE.svg/400px-Latin_ligature_OE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightblue; color:black; font-variant/style: ;">Usage</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Writing system</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabet</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Sound values</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1190286162">.mw-parser-output .template-grid-list-2em ul,.mw-parser-output .template-grid-list-3em ul{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .template-grid-list-2em li,.mw-parser-output .template-grid-list-3em li{display:inline-block;text-align:center;padding:0 0.25em}.mw-parser-output .template-grid-list-2em li{min-width:1.5em}.mw-parser-output .template-grid-list-3em li{min-width:2.5em}.mw-parser-output .template-grid-list-abcd ul{border:1px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .template-grid-list-abcd li{display:inline-block;text-align:center;min-width:1.57em;padding:0}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist template-grid-list-3em"><ul><li>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front rounded vowel">œ</a></span>] [<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front rounded vowel">ø</a></span>] [<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span>] [<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span>] [<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span>]</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">In <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><code>U+0152<br />U+0153<br />U+0276</code></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightblue; color:black; font-variant/style: ;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Development</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="font-size: 1.25em;"><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">O</a><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">E</a> <a href="/wiki/O" title="O">o</a><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">e</a><ul style="margin-left:0.45em;"><li><b>Œ œ ɶ</b></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightblue; color:black; font-variant/style: ;">Other</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Writing direction</th><td class="infobox-data">Left-to-right</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background:#ddf; padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;">This article contains <b><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA)</b>. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Onomatopoeia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Onomatopoeia.svg/200px-Onomatopoeia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Onomatopoeia.svg/300px-Onomatopoeia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Onomatopoeia.svg/400px-Onomatopoeia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="190" data-file-height="29" /></a><figcaption>The word <a href="/wiki/Onomatopoeia" title="Onomatopoeia">onomatopoeia</a> with the <i>œ</i> <a href="/wiki/Orthographic_ligature" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthographic ligature">ligature</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Œ</b> (<a href="/wiki/Minuscule" class="mw-redirect" title="Minuscule">minuscule</a>: <b>œ</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> <a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">grapheme</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Typographical_ligature" class="mw-redirect" title="Typographical ligature">ligature</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">o</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">e</a></i>. In medieval and early modern Latin, it was used in <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">borrowings</a> from <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> that originally contained the <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthong</a> <i>οι</i>, and in a few non-Greek words. These usages continue in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>. In French, the words that were borrowed from Latin and contained the Latin diphthong written as <i>œ</i> now generally have <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89" title="É">é</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%88" title="È">è</a></i>; but <i>œ</i> is still used in some non-learned French words, representing <a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front rounded vowel">open-mid front rounded vowels</a>, such as <i><span lang="fr" dir="ltr">œil</span></i> ("eye") and <i><span lang="fr" dir="ltr">sœur</span></i> ("sister"). </p><p>It is used in the modern orthography for <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old West Norse</a> and is used in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> to represent the <a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front rounded vowel">open-mid front rounded vowel</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runes" title="Anglo-Saxon runes">English runology</a>, <i>œ ɶ</i> is used to transliterate the rune <a href="/wiki/Othala" title="Othala">othala</a> <span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_othalan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Runic_letter_othalan.svg/20px-Runic_letter_othalan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Runic_letter_othalan.svg/40px-Runic_letter_othalan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="41" data-file-height="57" /></a></span> (Old English <i><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">ēðel</i></span></i> "estate, ancestral home").<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its traditional name in English is <b>ethel</b> or <b>œthel</b> (also spelt, <b>ēðel</b>, <b>odal</b>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Latin">Latin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%92&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Latin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Classical Latin</a> wrote the <i>o</i> and <i>e</i> separately (as has today again become the general practice), but the ligature was used by medieval and early modern writings, in part because the diphthongal sound had, by <a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late Latin</a>, merged into the sound <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>]</span>. The classical diphthong had the value <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="la-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin" title="Help:IPA/Latin">[oe̯]</a></span>, similar to (standard) English <b>oi</b> as in <i>ch<b>oi</b>ce</i>. It occurs most often in borrowings from Greek, rendering that language's <i>οι</i> (in majuscule <i>ΟΙ</i>), although it is also used in some native words such as <i><span lang="la" dir="ltr">coepi</span></i> "I began". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="French">French</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%92&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: French"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In French, <i>œ</i> is called <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">e dans l'o</i></span></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ə<span class="wrap"> </span>dɑ̃<span class="wrap"> </span>lo]</span>, which means <i>e in the o</i> (a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mnemotechnic" class="extiw" title="wikt:mnemotechnic">mnemotechnic</a> pun used first at school, sounding like <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">(des) œufs dans l'eau</i></span></i>, meaning <i>eggs in water</i>) or sometimes <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">o et e collés</i></span></i>, (literally <i>o and e glued</i>) and is a true linguistic <a href="/wiki/Typographic_ligature" class="mw-redirect" title="Typographic ligature">ligature</a>, not just a typographic one (like the <i>fi</i> or <i>fl</i> ligatures), reflecting <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymology</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">Canadian French</a>, the names <i>o-e liés</i> ("linked O and E") or <i>lettre double œ</i> (where O and E are pronounced separately for clarity) are used officially.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Œ</i> is most prominent in the words <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/m%C5%93urs" class="extiw" title="wikt:mœurs">mœurs</a></i></span></i> ("mores"), <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/c%C5%93ur" class="extiw" title="wikt:cœur">cœur</a></i></span></i> ("heart"), <i>chœur</i> ("choir"), <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/s%C5%93ur" class="extiw" title="wikt:sœur">sœur</a></i></span></i> ("sister"), <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C5%93uf" class="extiw" title="wikt:œuf">œuf</a></i></span></i> ("egg"), <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/b%C5%93uf" class="extiw" title="wikt:bœuf">bœuf</a></i></span></i> ("beef", "steer"), <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C5%93uvre" class="extiw" title="wikt:œuvre">œuvre</a></i></span></i> ("work") and <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C5%93il" class="extiw" title="wikt:œil">œil</a></i></span></i> ("eye"), in which the digraph <i>œu</i>, like <i>eu</i>, represents the sound <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front rounded vowel">œ</a>]</span> (in other cases, like plurals <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C5%93ufs" class="extiw" title="wikt:œufs">œufs</a></i></span></i> ("eggs") and <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/b%C5%93ufs" class="extiw" title="wikt:bœufs">bœufs</a></i></span></i> ("steers"), it stands for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front rounded vowel">ø</a>]</span>). </p><p>French also uses <i>œ</i> in direct borrowings from Latin and Greek. So, "<a href="/wiki/Coeliac_disease" title="Coeliac disease">coeliac</a>" in French is <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/c%C5%93liaque" class="extiw" title="wikt:cœliaque">cœliaque</a></i></span></i>, "<a href="/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">fetus / foetus</a>" is <i>fœtus</i> and "<a href="/wiki/Oedipus" title="Oedipus">Oedipus</a>" is <i>Œdipe</i>. In such cases, the <i>œ</i> is classically pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[e]</span>, or, sometimes, in modern pronunciation, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[œ]</span>. In some words, like <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ph%C3%A9nix" class="extiw" title="wikt:phénix">phénix</a></i></span></i> and <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C3%A9conomique" class="extiw" title="wikt:économique">économique</a></i></span></i>, the etymological <i>œ</i> is changed to a more French <i>é</i>. </p><p>In French placenames or <a href="/wiki/Family_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Family name">family names</a> of Germanic origin (mostly in and around <a href="/wiki/Alsace-Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alsace-Lorraine">Alsace-Lorraine</a>, historically Germanic-speaking areas that have changed hands between France and Germany (or Prussia before 1871) a number of times), <i>œ</i> replaces German <i>ö</i> and is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[œ]</span>. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Sch%C5%93neck" title="Schœneck">Schœneck</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moselle_(department)" title="Moselle (department)">Moselle</a>), <a href="/wiki/K%C5%93tzingue" title="Kœtzingue">Kœtzingue</a> (<a href="/wiki/Haut-Rhin" title="Haut-Rhin">Haut-Rhin</a>), and <a href="/wiki/H%C5%93rdt" title="Hœrdt">Hœrdt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bas-Rhin" title="Bas-Rhin">Bas-Rhin</a>) for placenames, or Schœlcher (as in <a href="/wiki/Victor_Sch%C5%93lcher" title="Victor Schœlcher">Victor Schœlcher</a>) for surnames. </p><p>In all cases, <i>œ</i> is <a href="/wiki/Collation" title="Collation">alphabetized</a> as <i>oe</i>, rather than as a separate letter. </p><p>When <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">oe</i></span> occurs in French without the ligature, it is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/wa/</span> or sometimes <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/wɛ/</span>, just like words spelt with <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">oi</i></span>. The most common words of this type are <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/po%C3%AAle" class="extiw" title="wikt:poêle">poêle</a></i></span> ("stove", "frying pan") and <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/moelleux" class="extiw" title="wikt:moelleux">moelleux</a></i></span> ("soft"). <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">poêle</i></span> is itself an etymological spelling, with the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">ê</i></span> reflecting its derivation from Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/patella" class="extiw" title="wikt:patella">patella</a></i></span>. If the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">oe</i></span> is not to be pronounced thus, then a diaeresis, acute or <a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent">grave accent</a> needs to be added in order to indicate that the vowels should be pronounced separately. For example, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/No%C3%ABl" class="extiw" title="wikt:Noël">Noël</a></i></span>, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/po%C3%A9sie" class="extiw" title="wikt:poésie">poésie</a></i></span>, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/po%C3%A8te" class="extiw" title="wikt:poète">poète</a></i></span>. The exception to this rule is when a morpheme ending in <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">o</i></span> is joined to one beginning in <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">e</i></span>, as in <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C3%A9lectroenc%C3%A9phalogramme" class="extiw" title="wikt:électroencéphalogramme">électroencéphalogramme</a></i></span>, or with the prefix <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">co-</i></span>, which is always pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ko/</span> in hiatus with the following vowel, as in <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/coefficient" class="extiw" title="wikt:coefficient">coefficient</a></i></span> ("ratio", "coefficient"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lombard">Lombard</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%92&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Lombard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Lombard_language" title="Lombard language">Lombard</a> "œ" is used in many writing systems, sometimes along with "u", the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/øː/</span> phoneme. For example: <span title="Lombard-language text"><i lang="lmo"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tegn%C5%93ra" class="extiw" title="wikt:tegnœra">tegnœura</a></i></span> (bat). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="English">English</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%92&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of words written with <i>œ</i> were borrowed from French and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin_words_with_English_derivatives" title="List of Latin words with English derivatives">from Latin into English</a>, where the <i>œ</i> is now rarely written. Modern <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a> spelling usually substitutes <i>œ</i> with <i>e</i>, so <i>diarrhœa</i> has become <i>diarrhea</i>, although there are some exceptions, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(mythology)" title="Phoenix (mythology)">phoenix</a></i>. In modern <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>, the spellings generally keep the <i>o</i> but remove the ligature (e.g. <i>diarrhoea</i>). </p><p>The <i>œ</i> ~ <i>oe</i> ~ <i>e</i> is traditionally pronounced as "short Ĕ" <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span></span>/</a></span></span>, as "long Ē" <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span></span>/</a></span></span>, or as an <a href="/wiki/Stress_and_vowel_reduction_in_English" title="Stress and vowel reduction in English">(unrounded) unstressed vowel</a>. These three Modern-English values interchange with one another in consistent ways, just as do the values within each of the sets from the other vowel-spellings that at the <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> stage likewise represented non-diphthongs — except for, as was recognised particularly in certain positions by Dobson<sup id="cite_ref-Dobson-1968_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dobson-1968-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 495">:  495 </span></sup> a tendency whereby </p> <dl><dd>"... long vowels are, in later use, often substituted ... cf. Pres(ent-Day) E(nglish) [iːkənɒmik] '<a href="/wiki/Economic" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic">economic</a>' in place of the popular [ekənɒmik], which (latter) is in accord with the normal rules and must be regarded as the traditional and naturally-developed pronunciation ...".</dd></dl> <p>There are a few words that English has recently borrowed from <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">contemporary French</a>. The pronunciation of these English words is generally an approximation to that of the French word (the French use <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front rounded vowel">œ</a>]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front rounded vowel">ø</a>]</span> in terms of the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a>). English-speakers use a variety of substitutions for these sounds. The <a href="/wiki/List_of_English_words_that_may_be_spelled_with_a_ligature" title="List of English words that may be spelled with a ligature">words involved</a> include <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">manœuvre</i></span>, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">hors d'œuvre</i></span>, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/oeuvre" class="extiw" title="wikt:oeuvre">œuvre</a></i></span>, and <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/%C5%92il_de_b%C5%93uf" class="mw-redirect" title="Œil de bœuf">œil de bœuf</a></i></span>. </p><p>However, most <i>œ</i> words use the traditional English pronunciation of borrowings from/via pre-modern <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> and from/via <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>. Examples are listed in the following categories, into which they have been divided by developments in our pronunciation since <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a>. </p> <ul><li>An overriding rule is that where <i>œ</i> ~ <i>oe</i> ~ <i>e</i> is followed by another <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a> (whatever the position(s) of <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">stress(es)</a> in the word), it is pronounced as a long Ē (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span></span>/</a></span></span>).</li></ul> <dl><dd>Examples: <i>onomatopœic</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Onomatop%C5%93ia" class="mw-redirect" title="Onomatopœia">onomatopœia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dyspnea" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyspnea">dyspnœa</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Apn%C5%93a" class="mw-redirect" title="Apnœa">apnœa</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Amenorrhea" title="Amenorrhea">amenorrhœa</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Diarrh%C5%93a" class="mw-redirect" title="Diarrhœa">diarrhœa</a></i>, <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/logorrh%C5%93a" class="extiw" title="wikt:logorrhœa">logorrhœa</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Eub%C5%93a" class="mw-redirect" title="Eubœa">Eubœa</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/B%C5%93otia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bœotia">Bœotia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Homeosis" title="Homeosis">homœosis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hom%C5%93opathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Homœopathy">homœopathy</a></i>; <i><a href="/wiki/Homeopath" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeopath">homœopath</a></i>; <i>homœopathic</i>, <i>homœostatic</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">homœostasis</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeozoic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Homeozoic (page does not exist)">homœozoic</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Homeomorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeomorphic">homœomorphic</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Homoeomorphism" class="mw-redirect" title="Homoeomorphism">homœomorphism</a></i>.</dd></dl> <ul><li>In <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/open_syllable" class="extiw" title="wikt:open syllable">open syllables</a> immediately following or preceding a syllable that bears primary or <a href="/wiki/Secondary_stress" title="Secondary stress">secondary stress</a>, an <i>œ</i> ~ <i>oe</i> ~ <i>e</i> <a href="/wiki/Vowel_reduction_in_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Vowel reduction in English">is pronounced as an</a> <a href="/wiki/Schwa#In_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa">(unrounded) unstressed vowel</a>, as in the short Ĭ (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span>) or <a href="/wiki/Schwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa">Schwa</a>-like sound (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>). Alternatively, especially when clearer <a href="/wiki/Enunciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Enunciation">enunciation</a> is desired, an additional (secondary) stress can be added, resulting in a long Ē (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span></span>/</a></span></span>).</li></ul> <dl><dd>Examples: <i><a href="/wiki/Trag%C5%93dy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tragœdy">tragœdy</a></i>, <i>(arch)<a href="/wiki/Di%C5%93cese" class="mw-redirect" title="Diœcese">diœcese</a></i>; <i>œconomisation</i>, <i>œsophageal</i>; <i><a href="/wiki/%C5%92sophagus" class="mw-redirect" title="Œsophagus">œsophagus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ecologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecologist">œcologist</a></i>, <i>œcology</i>, <i>œconomise</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Economist" title="Economist">œconomist</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Economy" title="Economy">œconomy</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Oedema" class="mw-redirect" title="Oedema">œdema</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Oenologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Oenologist">œnologist</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Oenology" title="Oenology">œnology</a></i>, ..., <i><a href="/wiki/Penology" title="Penology">pœnology</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phœnician</a></i>.</dd></dl> <ul><li>A long Ē (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span></span>/</a></span></span>) can be used for <i>œ</i> ~ <i>oe</i> ~ <i>e</i> in a <a href="/wiki/Primary_stress" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary stress">primary stressed</a> <a href="/wiki/Open_syllable" class="mw-redirect" title="Open syllable">open syllable</a> that lies within the final two <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllables</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Word" title="Word">word</a> (not counting <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffixes</a> such as <i>-es</i> and <i>-ing</i>, even if they are syllabic, and lexical suffixes like <i><a href="/wiki/-cide" class="mw-redirect" title="-cide">-cide</a></i> if they do not affect the <a href="/wiki/Pronunciation" title="Pronunciation">pronunciation</a> of the rest of the word).</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Examples: <i><a href="/wiki/Subpoena" title="Subpoena">subpœna</a>(ing)</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(mythology)" title="Phoenix (mythology)">phœnix</a>(es)</i>, (<i><a href="/wiki/Foeticide" title="Foeticide">fœticide</a></i>, which belongs in this category if the first vowel is pronounced as long Ē (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span></span>/</a></span></span>) due to carry-over from the next word,) <i><a href="/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">fœtus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(mythology)" title="Phoebe (mythology)">Phœbe</a></i>, <i>fœtor</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Penal_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Penal (disambiguation)">pœnal</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cr%C5%93sus" class="mw-redirect" title="Crœsus">Crœsus</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Amoeba" title="Amoeba">amœba</a></i>.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>A long Ē (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span></span>/</a></span></span>) is used for <i>œ</i> ~ <i>oe</i> ~ <i>e</i> in primary-stressed open syllables that lie in the third-to-final position (antepenultimate syllables) if the final <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllable</a> begins with a <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a> and the penultimate (second-to-last) ends in a vowel other than <i>o</i> or <i>u</i> (or did prior to a blending of that <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a> with the preceding <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonant</a>).</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Examples: <i><a href="/wiki/C%C5%93liac" class="mw-redirect" title="Cœliac">cœliac</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/M%C5%93sia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mœsia">Mœsia</a>(n)</i>, which (depending on the dialect) equal <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>/</a></span></span> and <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/ʒ/: 's' in 'pleasure'">ʒ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>(<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>)/</a></span></span> ~ <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>(<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>)/</a></span></span> ~ <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>(<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>)/</a></span></span>~<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>(<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>)/</a></span></span>.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>Finally, there are some cases where a short Ĕ <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span></span>/</a></span></span> is used, as what Dobson called in the quote above the "naturally-developed pronunciation" though "the long vowels are, in later use, often substituted":<sup id="cite_ref-Dobson-1968_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dobson-1968-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <ol><li>for an <i>œ</i> ~ <i>oe</i> ~ <i>e</i> lying in a secondarily-stressed (open or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/closed_syllable" class="extiw" title="wikt:closed syllable">closed</a>) syllable not adjacent to the primary-stressed one, as in <i><a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">(con)fœderation</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/%C5%92cologic" class="mw-redirect" title="Œcologic">œcologic</a>(al)(ly)</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/%C5%92conomic" class="mw-redirect" title="Œconomic">œconomic</a>(al)(ly)</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/%C5%92cumenical" class="mw-redirect" title="Œcumenical">œcumenical</a>(ly)</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/%C5%92strogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Œstrogen">œstrogenic</a></i>;</li> <li>for an <i>œ</i> ~ <i>oe</i> ~ <i>e</i> in a <a href="/wiki/Closed_syllable" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed syllable">closed syllable</a> anywhere as long as it bears some <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">stress</a> (so this overlaps with the preceding category), as in <i>œstrogenic</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/%C5%92strogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Œstrogen">œstrogen</a></i>, and <i>œstrus</i>;</li> <li>for an <i>œ</i> ~ <i>oe</i> ~ <i>e</i> in a primary-stressed syllable that does not lie within the final two syllables of the word (except for words like <i>cœliac</i> and <i>Mœsia(n)</i>, see above).</li></ol> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Examples: <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/confederate" class="extiw" title="wikt:confederate">Confœderates</a></i>, <i>(con)fœderate</i> (adj.), <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confederation_(action)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Confederation (action) (page does not exist)">to (con)fœderate</a></i>, <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/federal" class="extiw" title="wikt:federal">fœderal</a>(ly)</i>, <i>Œdipal</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/%C5%92dipus" class="mw-redirect" title="Œdipus">Œdipus</a></i>, <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/penalty" class="extiw" title="wikt:penalty">pœnalty</a></i>, and <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/foetid" class="extiw" title="wikt:foetid">fœtid</a></i>.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>The likes of <i>fœ̯tid</i>, though superficially exceptional here, do indeed belong here in this category because the counting properly includes also <a href="/wiki/Silent_E" class="mw-redirect" title="Silent E">final <i>-e</i></a> that has <a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English#Dropping_of_final_E" title="Phonological history of English">gone silent</a> since <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> (and therefore has been left out by some spellings) in those situations where speakers before the <i>-e</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s demise, such as <a href="/wiki/Chaucer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaucer">Chaucer</a> (who did not drop it in rhymes), would have had the <i>-e</i> as an intrinsic part of the word (rather than as just a suffix) — save for its regularly disappearing where followed with no pause by a word beginning with a vowel or sometimes <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span></span>/</a></span></span>. </p><p>As less-circumstantial evidence (than this word's modern short Ĕ <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span></span>/</a></span></span>) that it contained the final <i>-e</i>, consider both the spelling of its earliest attestation in English recorded by the <i>NED</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Murray-etal-1887-1933_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murray-etal-1887-1933-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> within <i>"It maketh to blister both handes, & feet, out of which issueth </i>foetide<i>, and stinckinge water."</i> (in a text dating to 1599). And from the immediate <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">ancestor of the word</a>, lying between it and <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>'s <i><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/f%C5%93tidus#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:fœtidus">fœtidus</a></i>, -a, -um</i>, namely, <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-Norman</a> <i>fetide</i>, attested <a href="/wiki/13th_century" title="13th century">13th century</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_Germanic_languages">Other Germanic languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%92&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other Germanic languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Old Norse</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <p><i>Œ</i> is used in the modern scholarly orthography of <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old West Norse</a>, representing the <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">long vowel</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/øː/</span>, contrasting with <i>ø</i>, which represents the short vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ø/</span>. Sometimes, the <i>ǿ</i> is used instead for Old West Norse, maintaining consistency with the designation of the length of the other vowels, e.g. <i><span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">mǿðr</i></span></i> "mothers". </p> <dl><dt>Middle High German</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <p><i>Œ</i> is also used to express long <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/øː/</span> in the modern scholarly orthography of <a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German" title="Middle High German">Middle High German</a>. It contrasts <i>ö</i>, pronounced as a short <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/œ/</span>. </p> <dl><dt>(Modern) German</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <p><i>Œ</i> is not used in modern <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>. <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">Loanwords</a> using <i>œ</i> are generally rendered <a href="/wiki/%C3%96" title="Ö">ö</a>, e.g. <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">Ösophagus</a></i></span></i>. A common exception is the French word <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/oeuvre" class="extiw" title="wikt:oeuvre">Œuvre</a></i></span></i><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its compounds (e.g. <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C5%92uvreverzeichnis" class="extiw" title="wikt:Œuvreverzeichnis">Œuvreverzeichnis</a></i></span></i><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). It remains used in <a href="/wiki/Swiss_German" title="Swiss German">Swiss German</a>, especially in the names of people and places. </p> <dl><dt>Danish</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <p><i>Œ</i> is not used in Danish, just like German, but unlike German, Danish replaces <i>œ</i> or <i>œu</i> in loan-words with <a href="/wiki/%C3%98" title="Ø">ø</a>, as in <i><span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C3%B8konomi" class="extiw" title="wikt:økonomi">økonomi</a></i></span></i> "economy" from Greek via Latin <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C5%93conomia" class="extiw" title="wikt:œconomia">œconomia</a></i></span></i> or <i><span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/b%C3%B8f" class="extiw" title="wikt:bøf">bøf</a></i></span></i> "beef" from French <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/b%C5%93uf" class="extiw" title="wikt:bœuf">bœuf</a></i></span></i>. <i>œ</i>, mainly lowercase, has historically been used as a typeface alternative to <i>æ</i> in Danish. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transcription">Transcription</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%92&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Transcription"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The symbol <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[œ]</span> is used in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA) for the <a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front rounded vowel">open-mid front rounded vowel</a>. This sound resembles the "œu" in the <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C5%93uf" class="extiw" title="wikt:œuf">œuf</a></i></span></i> or the "<a href="/wiki/%C3%96" title="Ö">ö</a>" in the <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C3%B6ffnen" class="extiw" title="wikt:öffnen">öffnen</a></i></span></i>. These contrast with French <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/feu" class="extiw" title="wikt:feu">feu</a></i></span></i> and German <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sch%C3%B6n" class="extiw" title="wikt:schön">schön</a></i></span></i>, which have the <a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front rounded vowel">close-mid front rounded vowel</a>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ø]</span>. </p><p>The small capital variant <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɶ]</span> represents the <a href="/wiki/Open_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open front rounded vowel">open front rounded vowel</a> in the IPA. Modifier letter small ligature oe (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ꟹ</span>) is used in <a href="/wiki/Extensions_to_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet">extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pentzlin-2010-04-30_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pentzlin-2010-04-30-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">U+107A3</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𐞣</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">MODIFIER LETTER SMALL CAPITAL OE</span> is used as an <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Superscript_IPA" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA superscript letter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Uralic_Phonetic_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Uralic Phonetic Alphabet">Uralic Phonetic Alphabet</a> (UPA) includes <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">U+1D14</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ᴔ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED OE</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Everson-etal-2002-03-20_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Everson-etal-2002-03-20-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Teuthonista" title="Teuthonista">Teuthonista</a> phonetic transcription system uses several related symbols:<sup id="cite_ref-Everson-Dicklberger-Pentzlin-WandlVogt-2011-06-02_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Everson-Dicklberger-Pentzlin-WandlVogt-2011-06-02-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span class="texhtml">ꭀ</span> <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">U+AB40</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ꭀ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">LATIN SMALL LETTER INVERTED OE</span></li> <li><span class="texhtml">ꭁ</span> <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">U+AB41</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ꭁ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED OE WITH STROKE</span></li> <li><span class="texhtml">ꭂ</span> <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">U+AB42</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ꭂ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED OE WITH HORIZONTAL STROKE</span></li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Voice_Quality_Symbol" class="mw-redirect" title="Voice Quality Symbol">Voice Quality Symbol</a> for <a href="/wiki/Esophageal_speech" title="Esophageal speech">oesophageal speech</a> is Œ. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Encodings">Encodings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%92&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Encodings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>, the characters are encoded at <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">U+0152</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">Œ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">LATIN CAPITAL LIGATURE OE</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">&OElig;</span>) and <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">U+0153</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">œ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">LATIN SMALL LIGATURE OE</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">&oelig;</span>). In <a href="/wiki/ISO-8859-15" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO-8859-15">ISO-8859-15</a>, <i>Œ</i> is 0xBC and <i>œ/ɶ</i> 0xBD. In <a href="/wiki/Windows-1252" title="Windows-1252">Windows-1252</a>, at positions 0x8C and 0x9C. In <a href="/wiki/Mac-Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac-Roman">Mac-Roman</a>, they are at positions 0xCE and 0xCF. </p><p><i>Œ</i> and <i>œ/ɶ</i> were omitted from <a href="/wiki/ISO-8859-1" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO-8859-1">ISO-8859-1</a> (as well as derived standards, such as <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> <a href="/wiki/Code_page_850" title="Code page 850">code page 850</a>), which are still widespread in <a href="/wiki/Internet_protocols" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet protocols">internet protocols</a> and applications. Œ is the only character in <a href="/wiki/Modern_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern French">modern French</a> that is not included in ISO-8859-1, and this has led to it becoming replaced by 'oe' in many computer-assisted publications (including printed magazines and newspapers). This was due, in part, to the lack of available characters in the French <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_646" title="ISO/IEC 646">ISO/IEC 646</a> version that was used earlier for computing. Another reason is that <i>œ</i> is absent from most <a href="/wiki/French_keyboard" class="mw-redirect" title="French keyboard">French keyboards</a>, and as a result, few people know how to input it. </p><p>The above-mentioned small capital of the International Phonetic Alphabet is encoded at <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">U+0276</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ɶ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open front rounded vowel">LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL OE</a></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%92&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85" title="Å">Å</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%84" title="Ä">Ä</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%98" title="Ø">Ø</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96" title="Ö">Ö</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86" title="Æ">Æ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_digraphs#O" title="List of Latin-script digraphs">Oe (digraph)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_words_that_may_be_spelled_with_a_ligature" title="List of English words that may be spelled with a ligature">list of English words that may be spelled with a ligature</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%92&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> In medical texts find: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/pissade">"pissade"</a>,</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=pissade&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anglo-norman.net%2FD%2Fpissade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%92" class="Z3988"></span><sup id="cite_ref-deWilde-etal-AnglNormDict_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deWilde-etal-AnglNormDict-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/fetide">"fetide"</a>,</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=fetide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anglo-norman.net%2FD%2Ffetide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%92" class="Z3988"></span><sup id="cite_ref-deWilde-etal-AnglNormDict_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deWilde-etal-AnglNormDict-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/laureole">"laureole"</a>;</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=laureole&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anglo-norman.net%2FD%2Flaureole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%92" class="Z3988"></span><sup id="cite_ref-deWilde-etal-AnglNormDict_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deWilde-etal-AnglNormDict-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/spatule%20fetide">"spatule fetide"</a>;</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=spatule+fetide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anglo-norman.net%2FD%2Fspatule%2520fetide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%92" class="Z3988"></span><sup id="cite_ref-deWilde-etal-AnglNormDict_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deWilde-etal-AnglNormDict-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (the source text that can be most narrowly dated is a manuscript of <a href="/wiki/Roger_of_Salerno" title="Roger of Salerno">Roger of Salerno</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1240</span>) <i>Chirurgia</i>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (August 2021)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> — within parallels that English has to the <i>fœtid</i>, such as <i>acid</i>, <i>arid</i>, <i>avid</i>, <i>placid</i>, <i>rabid</i>, <i>rapid</i>, <i>sapid</i>, <i>squalid</i>, <i>valid</i>, <i>vapid</i>; <i>gelid</i>, <i>intrepid</i>, <i>tepid</i>; <i>frigid</i>, <i>insipid</i>, <i>liquid</i>, <i>livid</i>, <i>rigid</i>, <i>timid</i>, <i>viscid</i>, <i>vivid</i>; <i>florid</i>, <i>solid</i>, and <i>stolid</i>. The stressed syllable's vowel likewise has its short value. Or rather, had <i>one of</i> its short values, in the special case where either a preceding /w/ or a following /r/ has created a special short value. <dl><dd></dd></dl> Consider <i>squalid</i>, <i>florid</i>, and / or <i>arid</i> in certain dialects: The syllable did not lie in one of the word's two final syllables – as is straightforwardly shown for these words by comparing their cognate French spellings: <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">aride</i></span></i>, <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">avide</i></span></i>, <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">insipide</i></span></i>, <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">liquide</i></span></i>, <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">livide</i></span></i>, etc. Whether the word contained a final <i>-e</i> does not matter for the parallels whose stressed syllable had (not a <a href="/wiki/Monophthong" title="Monophthong">monophthong</a> but) a diphthong. That includes words such as <i>humid</i>, <i>lurid</i>, <i>lucid</i>, <i>pellucid</i>, <i>putrid</i>, <i>stupid</i>, and <i>tumid</i>, since <a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_English_dialects&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Middle English dialects (page does not exist)">Middle English dialects</a> save in the Southwest had lost the vowel-sound <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a>]</span> from their sound-systems, and so the <a href="/wiki/Middle-English" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle-English">Middle-English</a> ancestors of our Modern-Standard dialects used in any open syllable as closest approximation to that sound of the French the diphthong which they spelled in non-Romance words as <i>iw</i> or similar. <dl><dd></dd></dl> Because of using a Middle-English diphthong, distance from word-end did not cause the sound to vary.) Dobson<sup id="cite_ref-Dobson-1968_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dobson-1968-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page:  711">:  711 </span></sup> notes however: <dl><dd>"... that this was the only development is difficult, though not impossible, to reconcile with the rarity, in the fourteenth century, of the inverted spelling <i>u(e)</i> for the native diphthong [iu] and with the fact that cultivated poets like <a href="/wiki/Chaucer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaucer">Chaucer</a> and Gower rhyme <a href="/wiki/Old_French#Influence_on_English" title="Old French">O[ld ]Fr[ench]</a> [y] with native [iu] relatively seldom, especially considering the usefulness of such rhymes,<sup id="cite_ref-Jordan-1925_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jordan-1925-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> therefore suggests that in cultivated speech the pronunciation [y:] was maintained."</dd></dl> </span></li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%92&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHall1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Richard_Clark_Hall" title="John Richard Clark Hall">Hall, John R. Clark</a> (1962). <i>A Concise Anglo-Saxon Dictionary</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 108. s.v. "<i>ēðel</i> name of the rune for <i>œ ɶ</i>".</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+Anglo-Saxon+Dictionary&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=John+R.+Clark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%92" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vitrinelinguistique.oqlf.gouv.qc.ca/21611/lorthographe/problemes-lies-aux-voyelles/ecriture-et-prononciation-des-lettres-doubles-ae-et-oe">"Lettres doubles Æ et Œ : écriture et prononciation"</a>. <i>vitrinelinguistique.oqlf.gouv.qc.ca</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-12-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vitrinelinguistique.oqlf.gouv.qc.ca&rft.atitle=Lettres+doubles+%C3%86+et+%C5%92+%3A+%C3%A9criture+et+prononciation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvitrinelinguistique.oqlf.gouv.qc.ca%2F21611%2Florthographe%2Fproblemes-lies-aux-voyelles%2Fecriture-et-prononciation-des-lettres-doubles-ae-et-oe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%92" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dobson-1968-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dobson-1968_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dobson-1968_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dobson-1968_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDobson1968" class="citation book cs1">Dobson, E.J. (1968) [1957]. <i>English Pronunciation 1500–1700</i> (2nd ed.). Oxford, UK: The Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Pronunciation+1500%E2%80%931700&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=The+Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Dobson&rft.aufirst=E.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%92" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Murray-etal-1887-1933-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Murray-etal-1887-1933_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMurray1887–1933" class="citation book cs1">Murray, James A.H.; et al., eds. (1887–1933). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.31135/2015.31135.A-New-English-Dictionary-On-Historical-Principlesfounded-Mainly-On-The-Materials-Collected-By-The-Philological-Society-Vol4#page/n188/mode/1up"><i>A New English Dictionary Founded on Historical Principles: Founded mainly on the materials collected by the Philological Society</i></a>. Vol. 4. London, UK: Henry Frowde. p. 188 – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+English+Dictionary+Founded+on+Historical+Principles%3A+Founded+mainly+on+the+materials+collected+by+the+Philological+Society&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=Henry+Frowde&rft.date=1887%2F1933&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.31135%2F2015.31135.A-New-English-Dictionary-On-Historical-Principlesfounded-Mainly-On-The-Materials-Collected-By-The-Philological-Society-Vol4%23page%2Fn188%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%92" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-deWilde-etal-AnglNormDict-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-deWilde-etal-AnglNormDict_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-deWilde-etal-AnglNormDict_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-deWilde-etal-AnglNormDict_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-deWilde-etal-AnglNormDict_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFde_Wilde" class="citation book cs1">de Wilde, G.; et al. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/"><i>Anglo-Norman Dictionary</i></a> (online ed.)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglo-Norman+Dictionary&rft.edition=online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anglo-norman.net%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%92" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jordan-1925-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jordan-1925_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJordan1925" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Jordan, Richard (1925). <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Handbuch der mittelenglischen Grammatik</i></span></i> [<i>Handbook of Middle English Grammar</i>]. Vol. I: Lautlehre. Heidelberg, DE: Carl Winter's Universitätsbuchhandlung. §230, especially the last paragraph of p. 204.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%3Cspan+title%3D%22German-language+text%22%3E%3Ci+lang%3D%22de%22%3EHandbuch+der+mittelenglischen+Grammatik%3C%2Fi%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+German-language+text&rft.place=Heidelberg%2C+DE&rft.pages=%C2%A7230%2C+especially+the+last+paragraph+of+p.-204&rft.pub=Carl+Winter%27s+Universit%C3%A4tsbuchhandlung&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Jordan&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%92" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/Ouvre">"ouvre"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Duden" title="Duden">Duden</a></i> (online ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=ouvre&rft.btitle=Duden&rft.edition=online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.duden.de%2Frechtschreibung%2FOuvre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%92" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/Ouvreverzeichnis">"ouvreverzeichnis"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Duden" title="Duden">Duden</a></i> (online ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=ouvreverzeichnis&rft.btitle=Duden&rft.edition=online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.duden.de%2Frechtschreibung%2FOuvreverzeichnis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%92" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pentzlin-2010-04-30-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pentzlin-2010-04-30_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPentzlin2010" class="citation web cs1">Pentzlin, Karl (2010-04-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2010/10161-ipa-additions.pdf">"Proposal to encode two missing modifier letters for extended IPA"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. L2/10-161.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proposal+to+encode+two+missing+modifier+letters+for+extended+IPA&rft.date=2010-04-30&rft.aulast=Pentzlin&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2010%2F10161-ipa-additions.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%92" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMillerAshby2020" class="citation web cs1">Miller, Kirk; Ashby, Michael (2020-11-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20252r-mod-ipa-a.pdf">"L2/20-252R: Unicode request for IPA modifier-letters (a), pulmonic"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L2%2F20-252R%3A+Unicode+request+for+IPA+modifier-letters+%28a%29%2C+pulmonic&rft.date=2020-11-08&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Kirk&rft.au=Ashby%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2020%2F20252r-mod-ipa-a.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%92" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Everson-etal-2002-03-20-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Everson-etal-2002-03-20_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEverson2002" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Everson" title="Michael Everson">Everson, Michael</a>; et al. (2002-03-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2002/02141-n2419-uralic-phonetic.pdf">"Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. L2/02-141.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uralic+Phonetic+Alphabet+characters+for+the+UCS&rft.date=2002-03-20&rft.aulast=Everson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2002%2F02141-n2419-uralic-phonetic.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%92" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Everson-Dicklberger-Pentzlin-WandlVogt-2011-06-02-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Everson-Dicklberger-Pentzlin-WandlVogt-2011-06-02_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEversonDicklbergerPentzlinWandl-Vogt2011" class="citation web cs1">Everson, Michael; Dicklberger, Alois; Pentzlin, Karl; Wandl-Vogt, Eveline (2011-06-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2011/11202-n4081-teuthonista.pdf">"Revised proposal to encode "Teuthonista" phonetic characters in the UCS"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. L2/11-202.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Revised+proposal+to+encode+%22Teuthonista%22+phonetic+characters+in+the+UCS&rft.date=2011-06-02&rft.aulast=Everson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Dicklberger%2C+Alois&rft.au=Pentzlin%2C+Karl&rft.au=Wandl-Vogt%2C+Eveline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2011%2F11202-n4081-teuthonista.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%92" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%92&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>De Wilde, G. et al., eds. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/">Anglo-Norman Dictionary</a>". Accessed 4 April 2017.</li> <li>Dobson, E. J. <i>English Pronunciation 1500-1700</i>. 2 vols. Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1957; 2nd ed., 1968.</li> <li>Jordan, Richard. <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Handbuch der mittenglischen Grammatik, I. Teil: Lautlehre</i></span></i>. Heidelberg: Carl Winter's <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Universitätsbuchhandlung</i></span>, 1925.</li> <li>Murray, James A. H. et al., eds. <i>A New English Dictionary Founded on Historical Principles: Founded Mainly on the Materials Collected by the Philological Society</i>. 10 vols + an 11th which contains "Introduction, Supplement, and Bibliography". London: Henry Frowde, 1887–1933.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%92&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/120px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:English_terms_spelled_with_%C5%92" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Category:English terms spelled with Œ">Category:English terms spelled with Œ</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReimer2015" class="citation web cs1">Reimer, Stephen R. 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style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin-script_alphabet" title="Latin-script alphabet">Alphabets</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_alphabets" title="List of Latin-script alphabets">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Latin alphabet">Classical Latin alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet" title="ISO basic Latin alphabet">ISO basic Latin alphabet</a></li> <li>Phonetic alphabets <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-SAMPA" title="X-SAMPA">X-SAMPA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spelling_alphabet" title="Spelling alphabet">Spelling alphabet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Letters (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_letters" title="List of Latin-script letters">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="margin: 0 -0.25em; width: 100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="26"><div style="width:100%; background:#e0e0e0;; text-align:center;">Letters of the <a href="/wiki/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet" title="ISO basic Latin alphabet">ISO basic Latin alphabet</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">Aa</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">Bb</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">Cc</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">Dd</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">Ee</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">Ff</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">Gg</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">Hh</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">Ii</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/J" title="J">Jj</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">Kk</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">Ll</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">Mm </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">Nn</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">Oo</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">Pp</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">Qq</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">Rr</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">Ss</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">Tt</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">Uu</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">Vv</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/W" title="W">Ww</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">Xx</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">Yy</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Zz </a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="26"><div style="width:100%; background:#e0e0e0;; text-align:center;">Additional Latin letters</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%C3%86" title="Æ">Æ æ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Latin_alpha" title="Latin alpha">Ɑ ɑ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Turned_v" title="Turned v">Ʌ ʌ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Latin_beta" title="Latin beta">Ꞵ ꞵ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Eth_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eth (letter)">Ð ð</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Latin_epsilon" title="Latin epsilon">Ɛ ɛ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%C6%8F" title="Ə">Ə ə</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%C6%8E" title="Ǝ">Ǝ ə</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Latin_gamma" title="Latin gamma">Ɣ ɣ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Gha" title="Gha">Ƣ ƣ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Latin_iota" title="Latin iota">Ɩ ɩ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Turned_h" title="Turned h">Ɥ ɥ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Lambda_(Latin_letter)" title="Lambda (Latin letter)">λ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Eng_(letter)" title="Eng (letter)">Ŋ ŋ </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Œ œ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Open_O" title="Open O">Ɔ ɔ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%C9%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="ɤ">ɤ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Kra_(letter)" title="Kra (letter)">Kʼ ĸ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%C6%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="Ʀ">Ʀ ʀ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%C3%9F" title="ß">ẞ ß</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Esh_(letter)" title="Esh (letter)">Ʃ ʃ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%C6%9C" title="Ɯ">Ɯ ɯ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%C6%B1" title="Ʊ">Ʊ ʊ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Latin_omega" title="Latin omega">Ꞷ ꞷ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%C6%B2" title="Ʋ">Ʋ ʋ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Wynn" title="Wynn">Ƿ ƿ </a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Yogh" title="Yogh">Ȝ ȝ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Latin_theta" title="Latin theta">ϴ θ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Ezh" title="Ezh">Ʒ ʒ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%C6%B8" title="Ƹ">Ƹ ƹ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Thorn_(letter)" title="Thorn (letter)">Þ þ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Ou_(ligature)" title="Ou (ligature)">Ȣ ȣ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Chi_(letter)" title="Chi (letter)">Ꭓ ꭓ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop_(letter)" title="Glottal stop (letter)">Ɂ ʔ ɂ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%CA%95" class="mw-redirect" title="ʕ">ʕ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%C7%80" class="mw-redirect" title="ǀ">ǀ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%C7%81" class="mw-redirect" title="ǁ">ǁ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%C7%82" class="mw-redirect" title="ǂ">ǂ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%C7%83" class="mw-redirect" title="ǃ">ǃ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%CA%98" class="mw-redirect" title="ʘ">ʘ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%CA%BBOkina" title="ʻOkina">ʻ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%CB%80" class="mw-redirect" title="ˀ">ˀ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Modifier_letter_apostrophe" title="Modifier letter apostrophe">ʼ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Saltillo_(linguistics)" title="Saltillo (linguistics)">Ꞌ ꞌ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B4%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="ᴬ">ᴬ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B4%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="ᴮ">ᴮ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%9F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ꟲ (page does not exist)">ꟲ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B4%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="ᴰ">ᴰ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="ᴱ">ᴱ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%9F%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ꟳ (page does not exist)">ꟳ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B4%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="ᴳ">ᴳ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B4%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="ᴴ">ᴴ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B4%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="ᴵ">ᴵ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B4%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="ᴶ">ᴶ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B4%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="ᴷ">ᴷ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B4%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="ᴸ">ᴸ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B4%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="ᴹ">ᴹ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B5%83" class="mw-redirect" title="ᵃ">ᵃ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B5%89" class="mw-redirect" title="ᵉ">ᵉ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B5%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="ᵋ">ᵋ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%CA%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="ʰ">ʰ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E2%81%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="ⁱ">ⁱ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B6%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="ᶤ">ᶤ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E2%81%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="ⁿ">ⁿ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B5%92" class="mw-redirect" title="ᵒ">ᵒ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B5%93" class="mw-redirect" title="ᵓ">ᵓ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B5%98" class="mw-redirect" title="ᵘ">ᵘ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B6%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="ᶶ">ᶶ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B5%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="ᵛ">ᵛ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%CA%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="ʷ">ʷ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%CA%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="ʸ">ʸ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B6%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="ᶻ">ᶻ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B6%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="ᶿ">ᶿ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%EA%9C%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="Ꜣ">Ꜣ ꜣ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%EA%9C%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="Ꜥ">Ꜥ ꜥ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/3_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="3 (letter)">3</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Tresillo_(letter)" title="Tresillo (letter)">Ꜫ ꜫ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Cuatrillo" title="Cuatrillo">Ꜭ ꜭ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/7_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="7 (letter)">7</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E2%81%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="⁷">⁷</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin-script_multigraph" title="Latin-script multigraph">Multigraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_digraphs" title="List of Latin-script digraphs">Digraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ch_(digraph)" title="Ch (digraph)">Ch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dz_(digraph)" title="Dz (digraph)">Dz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%BE" title="Dž">Dž</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gh_(digraph)" title="Gh (digraph)">Gh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IJ_(digraph)" title="IJ (digraph)">IJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lj_(digraph)" title="Lj (digraph)">Lj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ll" title="Ll">Ll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_ly" title="Hungarian ly">Ly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nh_(digraph)" title="Nh (digraph)">Nh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nj_(digraph)" title="Nj (digraph)">Nj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny_(digraph)" title="Ny (digraph)">Ny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh_(digraph)" title="Sh (digraph)">Sh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sz_(digraph)" title="Sz (digraph)">Sz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th_(digraph)" title="Th (digraph)">Th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_trigraphs" title="List of Latin-script trigraphs">Trigraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_dzs" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian dzs">dzs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eau_(trigraph)" title="Eau (trigraph)">eau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_tetragraphs" title="List of Latin-script tetragraphs">Tetragraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ough_(orthography)" title="Ough (orthography)">ough</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_pentagraphs" title="List of Latin-script pentagraphs">Pentagraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Tzsch" class="mw-redirect" title="Tzsch">tzsch</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Keyboard layouts (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_keyboard_layouts" title="List of Latin-script keyboard layouts">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/QWERTY" title="QWERTY">QWERTY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QWERTZ" title="QWERTZ">QWERTZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AZERTY" title="AZERTY">AZERTY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvorak_keyboard_layout" title="Dvorak keyboard layout">Dvorak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colemak" title="Colemak">Colemak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%89PO" title="BÉPO">BÉPO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo_(keyboard_layout)" title="Neo (keyboard layout)">Neo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_646" title="ISO/IEC 646">ISO/IEC 646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Latin_character_sets_(computing)" title="Western Latin character sets (computing)">Western Latin character sets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current Standards</th><td 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