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id="toc-Kunyas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kunyas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Kunyas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kunyas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Early life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Marriage </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Marriage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Marriage subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Significance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Appearance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appearance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Appearance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appearance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Events_after_Muhammad's_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Events_after_Muhammad's_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Events after Muhammad's death </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Events_after_Muhammad's_death-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Events after Muhammad's death subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Events_after_Muhammad's_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inheritance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inheritance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Inheritance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inheritance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sermon_of_Fadak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sermon_of_Fadak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Sermon of Fadak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sermon_of_Fadak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Views </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alleged_attack_on_her_house" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alleged_attack_on_her_house"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Alleged attack on her house </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alleged_attack_on_her_house-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Use_of_violence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_of_violence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Use of violence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_of_violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Burial </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Descendants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descendants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Descendants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Descendants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_Quran_and_hadith_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_Quran_and_hadith_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 In the Quran and hadith texts </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_the_Quran_and_hadith_texts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle In the Quran and hadith texts subsection </button> <ul id="toc-In_the_Quran_and_hadith_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Verse_of_mubahala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verse_of_mubahala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Verse of mubahala </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verse_of_mubahala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verse_of_purification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verse_of_purification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Verse of purification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verse_of_purification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verse_of_mawadda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verse_of_mawadda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Verse of mawadda </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verse_of_mawadda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verses_76:5–22" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verses_76:5–22"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Verses 76:5–22 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verses_76:5–22-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Connection_with_Mary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Connection_with_Mary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Connection with Mary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Connection_with_Mary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verse_of_Light" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verse_of_Light"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Verse of Light </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verse_of_Light-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hadith_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hadith_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Hadith literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hadith_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_modern_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_modern_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 In modern culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_modern_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle In modern culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-In_modern_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mother's_Day_in_Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mother's_Day_in_Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Mother's Day in Iran </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mother's_Day_in_Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Encyclopedias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Encyclopedias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Encyclopedias </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Encyclopedias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journal_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journal_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Journal articles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journal_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Theses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shia_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shia_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Shia sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shia_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sunni_primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sunni_primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Sunni primary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sunni_primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Fatima</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 91 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-91" aria-hidden="true" > 91 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fathimah_az-Zahara" title="Fathimah az-Zahara – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Fathimah az-Zahara" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimah" title="Fatimah – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Fatimah" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="فاطمة الزهراء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فاطمة الزهراء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A6" title="ফাতিমা বিন্ত মহম্মদ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ফাতিমা বিন্ত মহম্মদ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A1tima_az-Zahra" title="Fátima az-Zahra – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Fátima az-Zahra" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%82%D3%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8A" title="ФатӀима Загьраъ – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ФатӀима Загьраъ" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatim%C9%99" title="Fatimə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fatimə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%85%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="فاطمه الزهرا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فاطمه الزهرا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE" title="ফাতিমা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফাতিমা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0_(%D0%9C%D3%A9%D1%85%D3%99%D0%BC%D0%BC%D3%99%D1%82_%D0%9F%D3%99%D0%B9%D2%93%D3%99%D0%BC%D0%B1%D3%99%D1%80_%D2%A1%D1%8B%D2%99%D1%8B)" title="Фатима (Мөхәммәт Пәйғәмбәр ҡыҙы) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Фатима (Мөхәммәт Пәйғәмбәр ҡыҙы)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Фаціма – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фаціма" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Фатима – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фатима" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatima_bint_Muhammed" title="Fatima bint Muhammed – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Fatima bint Muhammed" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A0tima_az-Zahr%C3%A0" title="Fàtima az-Zahrà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fàtima az-Zahrà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A1tima" title="Fátima – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fátima" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatima_al-Zahra" title="Fatima al-Zahra – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fatima al-Zahra" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C4%81tima_bint_Muhammad" title="Fātima bint Muhammad – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fātima bint Muhammad" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%B1_(%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9C%CF%89%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%B8)" title="Φάτιμα (κόρη του Μωάμεθ) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φάτιμα (κόρη του Μωάμεθ)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A1tima_az-Zahra" title="Fátima az-Zahra – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fátima az-Zahra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatima_bint_Muhamad" title="Fatima bint Muhamad – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fatima bint Muhamad" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatima_az-Zahra" title="Fatima az-Zahra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Fatima az-Zahra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%85%D9%87_%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="فاطمه زهرا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فاطمه زهرا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatima_Zahra" title="Fatima Zahra – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fatima Zahra" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatima" title="Fatima – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Fatima" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimah_bint_Muhammad" title="Fatimah bint Muhammad – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fatimah bint Muhammad" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A1tima_(filla_de_Mahoma)" title="Fátima (filla de Mahoma) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fátima (filla de Mahoma)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%ED%8B%B0%EB%A7%88_%EC%9E%90%ED%9D%90%EB%9D%BC" title="파티마 자흐라 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="파티마 자흐라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatima" title="Fatima – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Fatima" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%A1_%D4%B6%D5%A1%D5%B0%D6%80%D5%A1" title="Ֆաթիմա Զահրա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆաթիմա Զահրա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="फ़ातिमा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फ़ातिमा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimah_az-Zahra" title="Fatimah az-Zahra – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fatimah az-Zahra" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C4%81%E1%B9%ADima_bint_Muhammad" title="Fāṭima bint Muhammad – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fāṭima bint Muhammad" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%98%D7%9E%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%93" title="פאטמה בת מוחמד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פאטמה בת מוחמד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimah_az-Zahra" title="Fatimah az-Zahra – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Fatimah az-Zahra" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90_%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%B0%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="ფატიმა ზაჰრა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფატიმა ზაჰრა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%90%D9%85%DB%81_%D8%B2%DB%81%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="فاطِمہ زہرا – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="فاطِمہ زہرا" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0_(%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D2%BB_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%8B)" title="Фатима (Аллаһ расулының қызы) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Фатима (Аллаһ расулының қызы)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimah" title="Fatimah – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Fatimah" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatime" title="Fatime – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Fatime" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatima_(Mahometi_filia)" title="Fatima (Mahometi filia) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Fatima (Mahometi filia)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C4%81tima" title="Fātima – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Fātima" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatima_bint_Muhamed" title="Fatima bint Muhamed – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Fatima bint Muhamed" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A1tima_bint_Muhammad" title="Fátima bint Muhammad – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fátima bint Muhammad" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimah_az-Zahra" title="Fatimah az-Zahra – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Fatimah az-Zahra" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatima_Zahra" title="Fatima Zahra – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fatima Zahra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D" title="ഫാത്വിമ ബിൻതു മുഹമ്മദ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫാത്വിമ ബിൻതു മുഹമ്മദ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%85%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="فاطمه الزهراء – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فاطمه الزهراء" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimah_al-Zahra" title="Fatimah al-Zahra – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Fatimah al-Zahra" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatima_Zahra" title="Fatima Zahra – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fatima Zahra" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%9E" title="ファーティマ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ファーティマ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%82%D3%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%B0%D0%B7-%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%85%D3%80%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8A" title="ФатӀимат аз-ЗахӀраъ – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ФатӀимат аз-ЗахӀраъ" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatima_az-Zahra" title="Fatima az-Zahra – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fatima az-Zahra" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotima" title="Fotima – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Fotima" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%85%DB%81_%D8%B2%DB%81%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="فاطمہ زہرا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فاطمہ زہرا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6" title="ហ្វាទីម៉ា – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ហ្វាទីម៉ា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatima_(c%C3%B3rka_Mahometa)" title="Fatima (córka Mahometa) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fatima (córka Mahometa)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A1tima_(filha_de_Maom%C3%A9)" title="Fátima (filha de Maomé) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fátima (filha de Maomé)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimah" title="Fatimah – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fatimah" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B7-%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Фатима аз-Захра – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фатима аз-Захра" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimah" title="Fatimah – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Fatimah" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimeja" title="Fatimeja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Fatimeja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A2tima_az-Zahra" title="Fâtima az-Zahra – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Fâtima az-Zahra" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimah" title="Fatimah – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fatimah" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%85%D9%87_%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="فاطمه زهرا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="فاطمه زهرا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faaduma_rasuul" title="Faaduma rasuul – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Faaduma rasuul" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%B2%DB%95%DA%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="فاتیمەی زەھرا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فاتیمەی زەھرا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatima_bint_Muhamed" title="Fatima bint Muhamed – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Fatima bint Muhamed" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatima_bint_Muhamed" title="Fatima bint Muhamed – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Fatima bint Muhamed" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimah_az-Zahra" title="Fatimah az-Zahra – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Fatimah az-Zahra" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatima_Zahra" title="Fatima Zahra – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Fatima Zahra" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatima" title="Fatima – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fatima" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimah" title="Fatimah – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Fatimah" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE" title="பாத்திமா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பாத்திமா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Фатыйма – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Фатыйма" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AB%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE_%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%B9%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE" title="ఫాతిమా జహ్రా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఫాతిమా జహ్రా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%8C" title="ฟาฏิมะฮ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฟาฏิมะฮ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Фотима – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Фотима" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat%C4%B1ma" title="Fatıma – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fatıma" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimah" title="Fatimah – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Fatimah" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimah" title="Fatimah – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Fatimah" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%92%82%E7%8E%9B" title="法蒂玛 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="法蒂玛" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Daughter of Muhammad (c. 605–632)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about Muhammad's daughter. For other people named Fatima, see <a href="/wiki/Fatima_(given_name)" title="Fatima (given name)">Fatima (given name)</a>. For the town in Portugal, see <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1tima,_Portugal" title="Fátima, Portugal">Fátima, Portugal</a>. For the Marian apparition, see <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_F%C3%A1tima" title="Our Lady of Fátima">Our Lady of Fátima</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Fatima_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Fatima (disambiguation)">Fatima (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Fatima</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;">al-Zahra</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:FatimaalZahra_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/FatimaalZahra_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-FatimaalZahra_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/FatimaalZahra_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-FatimaalZahra_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/FatimaalZahra_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-FatimaalZahra_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5688" data-file-height="3234" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Artwork with Fatima's name, reconstruction from a <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid</a> piece</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">605 or 612/15 (disputed) <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">632 <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label">Medina, Hejaz</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Title</th><td class="infobox-data title"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div>List of titles</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">al-Zahra (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'the radiant') </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">al-Siddiqa (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'the righteous') </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">al-Muhadditha (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'the one spoken to by angels') </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Umm Abiha (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'mother of her father') </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Sayyidat Nisa al-Janna (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'mistress of the women of <a href="/wiki/Jannah" title="Jannah">paradise</a>') </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Sayyidat_Nisa_al-Alamin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayyidat Nisa al-Alamin">Sayyidat Nisa al-Alamin</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'mistress of the women of the worlds') </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhsin_ibn_Ali" title="Muhsin ibn Ali">Muhsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaynab_bint_Ali" title="Zaynab bint Ali">Zaynab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Kulthum_bint_Ali" title="Umm Kulthum bint Ali">Umm Kulthum</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khadija_bint_Khuwaylid" title="Khadija bint Khuwaylid">Khadija</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Kulthum_bint_Muhammad" title="Umm Kulthum bint Muhammad">Umm Kulthum</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zainab_bint_Muhammad" title="Zainab bint Muhammad">Zainab</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruqayya_bint_Muhammad" title="Ruqayya bint Muhammad">Ruqayya</a> (sister)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Family</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">House of Muhammad</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks collapsible"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:88%; line-height:188%;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Shia_Islam" title="Category:Shia Islam">a series</a> on <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghadir_Logo_Vector.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ghadir_Logo_Vector.svg/110px-Ghadir_Logo_Vector.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ghadir_Logo_Vector.svg/165px-Ghadir_Logo_Vector.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ghadir_Logo_Vector.svg/220px-Ghadir_Logo_Vector.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="561" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Beliefs and practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophethood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Imamate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Ismaili_doctrine" title="Imamate in Ismaili doctrine">Ismaili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Twelver_doctrine" title="Imamate in Twelver doctrine">Twelver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Zaydi_doctrine" title="Imamate in Zaydi doctrine">Zaydi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_angels" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic view of angels">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Judgment Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourning_of_Muharram" title="Mourning of Muharram">Mourning of Muharram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawassul" title="Tawassul">Intercession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_clergy" title="Shia clergy">Clergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Four_Companions" title="The Four Companions">The Four Companions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arba%CA%BDeen_Pilgrimage" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbaʽeen Pilgrimage">Arbaʽeen Pilgrimage</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Shia_days_of_remembrance" title="Shia days of remembrance">Days of remembrance</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashura" title="Ashura">Ashura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arba%27een" class="mw-redirect" title="Arba'een">Arba'een</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawlid" title="Mawlid">Mawlid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid al-Fitr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_of_Ghadir_Khumm" class="mw-redirect" title="Event of Ghadir Khumm">Eid al-Ghadir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourning_of_Muharram" title="Mourning of Muharram">Mourning of Muharram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Koshan" title="Omar Koshan">Omar Koshan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Shia_Islam" title="History of Shia Islam">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Verse_of_purification" title="Verse of purification">Verse of purification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith_of_the_two_weighty_things" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadith of the two weighty things">Two weighty things</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_of_the_mubahala" title="Event of the mubahala">Mubahala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith_of_the_pond_of_Khumm" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadith of the pond of Khumm">Khumm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umar_at_Fatimah%27s_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Umar at Fatimah's house">Fatimah's house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Fitna" title="First Fitna">First Fitna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Fitna" title="Second Fitna">Second Fitna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karbala" title="Battle of Karbala">Battle of Karbala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_Shia_Islam" title="Origin of Shia Islam">Origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Persecution</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam#Branches" title="Shia Islam">Branches and sects</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27fari_school" title="Ja'fari school">Ja'fari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhbari" title="Akhbari">Akhbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usulism" title="Usulism">Usuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaykhism" title="Shaykhism">Shaykhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ili</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musta%CA%BDli_Ismailism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustaʽli Ismailism">Musta'li</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tayyibi_Isma%27ilism" title="Tayyibi Isma'ilism">Tayyibi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawoodi Bohra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Progressive Dawoodi Bohra">Progressive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebtiahs_Bohra" title="Hebtiahs Bohra">Hebtiahs Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atba-i-Malak" class="mw-redirect" title="Atba-i-Malak">Atba-i-Malak Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulaymani_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulaymani Bohra">Sulaymani Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alavi_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Alavi Bohra">Alavi Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbi_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Qutbi Bohra">Qutbi Bohra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafizi_Isma%27ilism" title="Hafizi Isma'ilism">Hafizi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizari" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizari">Nizari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khoja" title="Khoja">Khoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satpanth" title="Satpanth">Satpanth</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulat" title="Ghulat">Ghulat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevi" class="mw-redirect" title="Alevi">Alevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bektashi_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bektashism_and_folk_religion" title="Bektashism and folk religion">Bektashism and folk religion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishikism" title="Ishikism">Ishiki</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinct_Shia_sects" title="List of extinct Shia sects">Extinct Shi'a sects</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Kisa" title="Ahl al-Kisa">Ahl al-Kisa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_view_of_Ali" title="Shia view of Ali">Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_view_of_Fatima" title="Shia view of Fatima">Fatima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Holy women</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fatima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khadija_bint_Khuwaylid" title="Khadija bint Khuwaylid">Khadija bint Khuwaylid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Salama" title="Umm Salama">Umm Salama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaynab_bint_Ali" title="Zaynab bint Ali">Zaynab bint Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Kulthum_bint_Ali" title="Umm Kulthum bint Ali">Umm Kulthum bint Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-Banin" title="Umm al-Banin">Umm al-Banin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatima_bint_Hasan" title="Fatima bint Hasan">Fatima bint Hasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruqayya_bint_Husayn" title="Ruqayya bint Husayn">Ruqayya bint Husayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubab_bint_Imra_al-Qais" title="Rubab bint Imra al-Qais">Rubab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrbanu" title="Shahrbanu">Shahrbanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatima_bint_Musa" title="Fatima bint Musa">Fatima bint Musa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakimah_Kh%C4%81t%C5%ABn" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakimah Khātūn">Hakimah Khātūn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narjis" title="Narjis">Narjis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimah_bint_Asad" title="Fatimah bint Asad">Fatimah bint Asad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Farwah_bint_al-Qasim" class="mw-redirect" title="Umm Farwah bint al-Qasim">Umm Farwah bint al-Qasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruqayya_bint_Ali" title="Ruqayya bint Ali">Ruqayya bint Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyida_Nafisa" title="Sayyida Nafisa">Sayyida Nafisa</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top:0.1em;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/File:Ghadir_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ghadir_logo.png/20px-Ghadir_logo.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ghadir_logo.png/40px-Ghadir_logo.png 1.5x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Shia_Islam" title="Portal:Shia Islam">Shia Islam portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Shia_Islam" title="Template:Shia Islam"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Shia_Islam" title="Template talk:Shia Islam"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shia_Islam" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Shia Islam"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Fatima bint Muhammad (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: فَاطِمَة بِنْت مُحَمَّد, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: Fāṭima bint Muḥammad; 605/15–632 CE), commonly known as Fatima al-Zahra' (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: فَاطِمَة ٱلزَّهْرَاء, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: Fāṭima al-Zahrāʾ), was the daughter of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_prophet" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic prophet">Islamic prophet</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> and his wife <a href="/wiki/Khadija_bint_Khuwaylid" title="Khadija bint Khuwaylid">Khadija</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampo2009a230-1">[1]</a> Fatima's husband was <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a>, the fourth of the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun" title="Rashidun">Rashidun</a> caliphs and the first <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Imams" title="Twelve Imams">Shia imam</a>. Fatima's sons were <a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn</a>, the second and third Shia imams, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014183-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2022a-3">[3]</a> Fatima has been compared to <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a>, mother of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>, especially in Shia Islam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFedele201856-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErnst2003171-5">[5]</a> Muhammad is said to have regarded her as the best of women<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014185-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQutbuddin2006249-7">[7]</a> and the dearest person to him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoufi199768-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014185-6">[6]</a> She is often viewed as an ultimate archetype for <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> women and an example of compassion, generosity, and enduring suffering.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFedele201856-4">[4]</a> It is through Fatima that Muhammad's family line has survived to this date.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas202157-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQutbuddin2006249-7">[7]</a> Her name and her epithets remain popular choices for Muslim girls.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-MoezziCalmard1999-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogerson200642-11">[11]</a> When Muhammad died in 632, Fatima and her husband Ali refused to acknowledge the authority of the first <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">caliph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a>. The couple and their supporters held that Ali was the rightful successor of Muhammad,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFedele201856-4">[4]</a> possibly referring to his announcement at the <a href="/wiki/Ghadir_Khumm" title="Ghadir Khumm">Ghadir Khumm</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi2022-12">[12]</a> Controversy surrounds Fatima's death within six months of Muhammad's.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas2021103-13">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a> holds that Fatima died from grief.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2022a-3">[3]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a>, however, Fatima's (miscarriage and) death are said to have been the direct result of her injuries during a raid on her house to subdue Ali, ordered by Abu Bakr.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014186-14">[14]</a> It is believed that Fatima's dying wish was that the caliph should not attend her funeral.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavani2013117-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKassamBlomfield2015212-16">[16]</a> She was buried secretly at night and her exact burial place remains uncertain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhetia201382-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlemm2005184–185-18">[18]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name_and_titles">Name and titles</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Names_and_titles_of_Fatima" title="Names and titles of Fatima">Names and titles of Fatima</a></div> Her most common epithet is al-Zahra (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'the one that shines, the radiant'),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014185-6">[6]</a> which encodes her piety and regularity in prayer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuffle201116-19">[19]</a> This epithet is believed by the Shia to be a reference to her primordial creation from light that continues to radiate throughout the creation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014185-6">[6]</a> The Shia <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Babawayh" title="Ibn Babawayh">Ibn Babawayh</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 991) writes that, whenever Fatima prayed, her light shone for the inhabitants of the heavens as starlight shines for the inhabitants of the earth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoufi1997160-20">[20]</a> Other titles of her in Shia are al-Ṣiddiqa (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'the righteous'),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogerson200642-11">[11]</a> al-Tahira (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'the pure'),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampo2009a-21">[21]</a> al-Mubaraka (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'the blessed'),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampo2009a-21">[21]</a> and al-Mansura (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'helped by God').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014185-6">[6]</a> Another Shia title is al-Muḥadditha, in view of the reports that <a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">angels</a> spoke to Fatima on multiple occasions,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAslan2011185–186-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub201163,_72-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPierce2016117-24">[24]</a> similar to <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary, mother of Jesus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub201172-25">[25]</a> Fatima is also recognized as Sayyidat Nisa' al-Janna (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'mistress of the women of paradise') and Sayyidat Nisa' al-Alamin (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'mistress of the women of the worlds') in Shia and Sunni collections of hadith, including the canonical Sunni <a href="/wiki/Sahih_al-Bukhari" title="Sahih al-Bukhari">Sahih al-Bukhari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sahih_Muslim" title="Sahih Muslim">Sahih Muslim</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQutbuddin2006249-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fatima">Fatima</h3></div> The name Fatima is from the Arabic root f-t-m (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'to wean') and signifies the Shia belief that she, her progeny, and her adherents (shi'a) have been spared from hellfire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014185-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub2011213-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThurlkill20086-27">[27]</a> Alternatively, the word Fatima is associated in Shia sources with Fatir (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'creator', a name of God) as the earthly symbol of the divine creative power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub2011212–213-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kunyas">Kunyas</h3></div> A <a href="/wiki/Kunya_(Arabic)" title="Kunya (Arabic)">kunya</a> or honorific title of Fatima in Islam is Umm Abiha (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'the mother of her father'), suggesting that Fatima was exceptionally nurturing towards her father.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuffle201114-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENashat198392-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas202155-31">[31]</a> Umm al-Aima (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'the mother of Imams') is a kunya of Fatima in Twelver sources,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFedele201856-4">[4]</a> as eleven of the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Imams" title="Twelve Imams">Twelve Imams</a> descended from her.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlassé2001a-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Muhammad%27s_children" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad's children">Muhammad's children</a></div> Fatima was born in <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> to <a href="/wiki/Khadija_bint_Khuwaylid" title="Khadija bint Khuwaylid">Khadija</a>, the first of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad%27s_wives" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad's wives">Muhammad's wives</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampo2009a230-1">[1]</a> The mainstream <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> view is that Khadija gave birth to Fatima in 605 CE, at age fifty, five years before the first <a href="/wiki/Wahy" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahy">Quranic revelations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014183-2">[2]</a> This implies that Fatima was over eighteen at the time of her marriage, which would have been unusual in <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014183-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2022a-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Twelver" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelver">Twelver</a> sources, however, report that Fatima was born in about 612 or 615 CE,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014183-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas202133-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhetia20135–6-34">[34]</a> when Khadija would have been slightly older.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas202127-35">[35]</a> The report of the Sunni <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sa%27d" title="Ibn Sa'd">Ibn Sa'd</a> in his Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kubra suggests that Fatima was born when Muhammad was about thirty-five years old.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas202127-35">[35]</a> The Sunni view is that Fatima had three sisters, named <a href="/wiki/Zaynab_bint_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaynab bint Muhammad">Zaynab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umm_Kulthum_bint_Muhammad" title="Umm Kulthum bint Muhammad">Umm Kulthum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ruqayyah_bint_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruqayyah bint Muhammad">Ruqayyah</a>, who did not survive Muhammad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas202133-33">[33]</a> Alternatively, a number of Twelver Shia sources state that <a href="/wiki/Zainab_bint_Muhammad" title="Zainab bint Muhammad">Zainab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruqayyah_bint_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruqayyah bint Muhammad">Ruqayyah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Umm_Kulthum_bint_Muhammad" title="Umm Kulthum bint Muhammad">Umm Kulthum</a> were adopted by Muhammad after the death of their mother, Hala, a sister of Khadija.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas202133-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFedele201856-4">[4]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Abbas_(scholar)" title="Hassan Abbas (scholar)">Abbas</a>, most Shia Muslims hold that Fatima was Muhammad's only biological daughter,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas202133-33">[33]</a> whereas Fedele limits this belief to the Twelver Shia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFedele201856-4">[4]</a> Hyder reports that this belief is prevalent among the Shia in <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkbar200675-36">[36]</a> Fatima also had three brothers, all of whom died in childhood.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreedmanMcClymond2000497-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuir18915-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlassé2001c321-39">[39]</a> Fatima grew up in Mecca while Muhammad and his few followers suffered the ill-treatment of disbelievers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas202140-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2022a-3">[3]</a> On one occasion, she rushed to help Muhammad when filth was thrown over him at the instigation of <a href="/wiki/Amr_ibn_Hish%C4%81m" class="mw-redirect" title="Amr ibn Hishām">Abu Jahl</a>, Muhammad's enemy and a <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas202140-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014185-6">[6]</a> Fatima lost her mother, Khadija, in childhood.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodley194681-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014185-6">[6]</a> When Khadija died, it is said that <a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a> descended upon Muhammad with a message to console Fatima.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2022a-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014185-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKassamBlomfield2015-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage">Marriage</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Marital_life_of_Fatima" title="Marital life of Fatima">Marital life of Fatima</a></div> Fatima married Muhammad's cousin, <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a> around 1 or 2 <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">AH</a> (623–5 CE),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKassamBlomfield2015-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014186-14">[14]</a> possibly after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badr" title="Battle of Badr">Battle of Badr</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThurlkill200874-43">[43]</a> There is Sunni and Shia evidence that some of the <a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">companions</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a>, had earlier asked for Fatima's hand in marriage but were turned down by Muhammad,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlemm2005186-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014186-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQutbuddin2006248-45">[45]</a> who said he was waiting for the moment fixed by destiny.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2022a-3">[3]</a> It is also said that Ali was reticent to ask Muhammad to marry Fatima on account of his poverty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014186-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas202155-31">[31]</a> When Muhammad put forward Ali's proposal to Fatima, she remained silent, which was understood as a tacit agreement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014186-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlemm2005186–187-46">[46]</a> On the basis of this report, woman's consent in marriage has always been necessary in Islamic law.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThurlkill200876-47">[47]</a> Muhammad also suggested that Ali sell his shield to pay the bridal gift (<a href="/wiki/Mahr" title="Mahr">mahr</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuffle201119-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014186-14">[14]</a> Muhammad performed the wedding ceremony,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2022a-3">[3]</a> and they prepared an austere wedding feast with gifts from other Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2022a-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuffle201115–16-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuffle2012389-50">[50]</a> Shia sources have recorded that Fatima donated her wedding gown on her wedding night.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas202156-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKassamBlomfield2015214-52">[52]</a> Later, the couple moved into a house next to Muhammad's quarters in Medina.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2022a-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014185-6">[6]</a> Their marriage lasted about ten years until Fatima's death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKassamBlomfield2015211-53">[53]</a> Fatima's age at the time of her marriage is uncertain, reported between nine and twenty-one.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThurlkill200874-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas202133,_56-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2022a-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodley1946147-55">[55]</a> Ali is said to have been about twenty two.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodley1946147-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENasrAfsaruddin2021-56">[56]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Marriage_of_%27Ali_and_Fatima,_Iran,_ca._1850.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/The_Marriage_of_%27Ali_and_Fatima%2C_Iran%2C_ca._1850.jpg/220px-The_Marriage_of_%27Ali_and_Fatima%2C_Iran%2C_ca._1850.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="397" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/The_Marriage_of_%27Ali_and_Fatima%2C_Iran%2C_ca._1850.jpg/330px-The_Marriage_of_%27Ali_and_Fatima%2C_Iran%2C_ca._1850.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/The_Marriage_of_%27Ali_and_Fatima%2C_Iran%2C_ca._1850.jpg/440px-The_Marriage_of_%27Ali_and_Fatima%2C_Iran%2C_ca._1850.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1155" /></a><figcaption>The marriage of Ali and Fatima. Artwork created in <a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Iran</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1850</figcaption></figure> As with the majority of Muslims, the couple lived in severe poverty in the early years of Islam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelen1975103-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampo2009a230-1">[1]</a> In particular, both had to do hard physical work to get by.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014186-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlemm2005189-58">[58]</a> Shia sources elaborate that Ali worked at various jobs while Fatima was responsible for domestic chores.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuffle201123–24-59">[59]</a> It has also been related that Muhammad taught the couple a <a href="/wiki/Tasbih" title="Tasbih">tasbih</a> to help ease the burden of their poverty:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuffle201121,_24-60">[60]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tasbih_of_Fatima" class="mw-redirect" title="Tasbih of Fatima">Tasbih of Fatima</a> consists of the phrases Allah-hu Akbar (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'God is the greatest'), Al-hamdu-lillah (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'all praise is due to God'), and Subhan-Allah (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'God is glorious').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERahim2014476-61">[61]</a> Their financial circumstances later improved after more lands fell to Muslims in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khaybar" title="Battle of Khaybar">Battle of Khaybar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014186-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampo2009a230-1">[1]</a> Fatima was at some point given a maidservant, named Fidda.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014186-14">[14]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Uhud" title="Battle of Uhud">Battle of Uhud</a>, Fatima tended to the wounds of her father<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlemm2005185-62">[62]</a> and regularly visited the graves to pray for those killed in the battle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2022a-3">[3]</a> Later, Fatima rejected <a href="/wiki/Abu_Sufyan_ibn_Harb" title="Abu Sufyan ibn Harb">Abu Sufyan</a>'s pleas to mediate between him and Muhammad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlemm2005185-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2022a-3">[3]</a> Fatima also accompanied Muhammad in the <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Mecca" title="Conquest of Mecca">Conquest of Mecca</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2022a-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Significance">Significance</h3></div> Among others, the Sunni <a href="/wiki/Al-Suyuti" title="Al-Suyuti">al-Suyuti</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 1505) ascribes to Muhammad that, "God ordered me to marry Fatima to Ali."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014186-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas202156-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENasrAfsaruddin2021-56">[56]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Laura_Veccia_Vaglieri" title="Laura Veccia Vaglieri">Veccia Vaglieri</a> and Klemm, Muhammad also told Fatima that he had married her to the best member of his family.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2022a-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlemm2005187-63">[63]</a> There is another version of this hadith in the canonical Sunni collection <a href="/wiki/Musnad_Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal" title="Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal">Musnad Ahmad Ibn Hanbal</a>, in which Muhammad lauds Ali as the first in Islam, the most knowledgeable, and the most patient of the Muslim community.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoufi199759-64">[64]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hossein_Nasr" class="mw-redirect" title="Hossein Nasr">Nasr</a> writes that the union of Fatima and Ali holds a special spiritual significance for Muslims, as it is seen as the marriage between the "greatest saintly figures" surrounding Muhammad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENasrAfsaruddin2021-56">[56]</a> Ali did not marry again while Fatima was alive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas2021153-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQutbuddin2006248-45">[45]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Al-Miswar_ibn_Makhrama" title="Al-Miswar ibn Makhrama">al-Miswar ibn Makhrama</a>, a companion who was nine when Muhammad died, appears to be the sole narrator of an alleged marriage proposal of Ali to <a href="/wiki/Amr_ibn_Hisham" title="Amr ibn Hisham">Abu Jahl's</a> daughter in Sunni sources. While <a href="/wiki/Polygyny" title="Polygyny">polygyny</a> is permitted in Islam, Muhammad reportedly banned this marriage from the pulpit, saying that there can be no joining of the daughter of the prophet and the daughter of the enemy of God (Abu Jahl). He is also said to have praised his other son-in-law, possibly <a href="/wiki/Uthman" title="Uthman">Uthman</a> or <a href="/wiki/Abu_al-As" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu al-As">Abu al-As</a>. Soufi notes that the reference to the third caliph Uthman might reflect the Sunni orthodoxy, in which Uthman is considered superior to his successor Ali.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoufi199751–54-66">[66]</a> Buehler suggests that such Sunni traditions that place Ali in a negative light should be treated with caution as they mirror the political agenda of the time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014186-14">[14]</a> In Shia sources, by contrast, Fatima is reported to have had a happy marital life, which continued until her death in 11 <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">AH</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas202156-51">[51]</a> In particular, Ali is reported to have said, "Whenever I looked at her [Fatima], all my worries and sadness disappeared".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas202156-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appearance">Appearance</h3></div> The Sunni <a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_al-Nishapuri" title="Al-Hakim al-Nishapuri">al-Hakim al-Nishapuri</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 1014) and al-Khwarazmi (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 1173<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoufi1997215-67">[67]</a>), and the Shia al-Qadi al-Nu'man (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 974) and al-Tabari al-Shia (eleventh century<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoufi1997221-68">[68]</a>), have likened Fatima to the full moon, the sun hidden by clouds, or the sun that has come out of the clouds. The first expression is a common metaphor for beauty in Arabic and Persian. The Shia <a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Baqer_Majlesi" title="Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi">al-Majlesi</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 1699) explains that the second expression is a reference to Fatima's chastity, while the third expression refers to her primordial light.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoufi1997162-69">[69]</a> Soufi details that Fatima's manners closely resembled Muhammad's.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoufi199768-8">[8]</a> Her gait was also similar to the prophet's, according to Veccia Vaglieri, who also argues that Fatima must have enjoyed good health on the account of bearing multiple children, her arduous house chores, and her journeys to Mecca.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2022a-3">[3]</a> Her sources are silent about the appearance of Fatima, which leads her to the conclusion, "Fatima was certainly not a beautiful woman".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2022a-3">[3]</a> In contrast, the Sunni al-Khwarazmi relates from the prophet that, "If beauty (husn) were a person, it would be Fatima; indeed she is greater," while some Shia authors have likened her to a human <a href="/wiki/Houri" title="Houri">houri</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoufi1997165-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-MoezziCalmard1999-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events_after_Muhammad's_death">Events after Muhammad's death</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></div> Fatima was severely bereaved after Muhammad's death in <a href="/wiki/Hijri_year" title="Hijri year">A.H.</a> 11/632 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">C.E</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014186-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhetia201379-71">[71]</a> Several elegies to Muhammad, attributed to Fatima, have survived and are collected in a <a href="/wiki/Diwan_(poetry)" title="Diwan (poetry)">diwan</a> of poetry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQutbuddin2006249-7">[7]</a> At the same time, Fatima also actively contested the succession of Abu Bakr and maintained that <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a> was the rightful successor to Muhammad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQutbuddin2006248–249-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavani2013116-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFedele201856-4">[4]</a> Fatima died within six months of her father and her death at a young age is subject of intense controversy with allegations against Abu Bakr and his ally <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014186-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFedele201856-4">[4]</a> as detailed below. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inheritance">Inheritance</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Fadak" title="Fadak">Fadak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sermon_of_Fadak" title="Sermon of Fadak">Sermon of Fadak</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Fadak" title="Fadak">Fadak</a> was a village located to the north of <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>, at a distance of two days travel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESajjadi2021-74">[74]</a> As part of a peace treaty with a <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> tribe, half of the agricultural land of Fadak was considered fay and belonged to the prophet, in line with verse 59:6 of the Quran.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESajjadi2021-74">[74]</a> There is some evidence that Muhammad gifted his share of Fadak to Fatima when verse 17:26 was revealed,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESajjadi2021-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas2021102-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuffle201126-76">[76]</a> and her agents managed the property when Muhammad was alive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESajjadi2021-74">[74]</a> This is the Shia view. Among Sunnis, <a href="/wiki/Al-Suyuti" title="Al-Suyuti">al-Suyuti</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 1505) and <a href="/wiki/Al-Dhahabi" title="Al-Dhahabi">al-Dhahabi</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 1348) are of this view, while <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Qahir_al-Jurjani" title="Abd al-Qahir al-Jurjani">al-Jurjani</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 1078) and <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kathir" title="Ibn Kathir">Ibn Kathir</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 1373) are uncertain if the verse was revealed to Muhammad in Medina.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESajjadi2021-74">[74]</a> The revenue of Fadak largely supported needy travelers, the poor, military expeditions, and Muhammad's family,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESajjadi2021-74">[74]</a> who were forbidden from receiving general alms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199750-77">[77]</a> Following Muhammad's death in 632 and early in his <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">caliphate</a>, Abu Bakr is said to have seized Fadak from Fatima<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESajjadi2021-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhetia201318–19-78">[78]</a> by evicting her agents, possibly as a show of authority to Muhammad's clan (<a href="/wiki/Banu_Hashim" title="Banu Hashim">Banu Hashim</a>) who had not yet pledged allegiance to Abu Bakr.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESajjadi2021-74">[74]</a> This is the Shia view. Among Sunnis, the charge of usurpation appears, for instance, in the works of <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hajar_al-Haytami" title="Ibn Hajar al-Haytami">Ibn Hajar al-Haythami</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 1566) and <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sa%27d" title="Ibn Sa'd">Ibn Sa'd</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 845).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESajjadi2021-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhetia201318–19-78">[78]</a> Among others, the Sunni <a href="/wiki/Al-Baladhuri" title="Al-Baladhuri">al-Baladhuri</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 892) reports that Fatima objected to Abu Bakr, saying that Fadak was a gift from her father. Her husband Ali and a maid at Muhammad's house, named <a href="/wiki/Umm_Ayman" title="Umm Ayman">Umm Aiman</a>, are reported to have offered their testimonies in support of Fatima.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESajjadi2021-74">[74]</a> By some accounts, Fatima also brought her two sons as witnesses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhetia201327-79">[79]</a> Abu Bakr, however, did not find their testimonies sufficient to establish the ownership of Fatima,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESajjadi2021-74">[74]</a> requiring two men or one man and two women as witnesses per Islamic law.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhetia201326-80">[80]</a> Khetia adds that Fatima might have expected her closeness with Muhammad to strengthen her case.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhetia201326-80">[80]</a> In the same vein, Shias argue the truthful Fatima would have not claimed something which was not hers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoufi1997102–103-81">[81]</a> In another account, Abu Bakr agreed to return Fadak to Fatima but was dissuaded by his ally <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESajjadi2021-74">[74]</a> who tore up the deed written by Abu Bakr.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoufi1997101-82">[82]</a> Probably after Abu Bakr rejected Fatima's claim, she demanded her inheritance from the estate of her father.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESajjadi2021-74">[74]</a> Abu Bakr rejected this too, claiming that Muhammad had disinherited his family.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199750-77">[77]</a> More specifically, he maintained that Muhammad had personally told him that prophets do not leave inheritance, and what they leave behind is public property that should be administered by the caliph.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014186-14">[14]</a> Abu Bakr was initially the sole witness to this statement, referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Hadith_of_Muhammad%27s_inheritance" title="Hadith of Muhammad's inheritance">hadith of Muhammad's inheritance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199750-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAslan2011121-83">[83]</a> In his al-Tabaqat al-kubra, the Sunni traditionist <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sa%27d" title="Ibn Sa'd">Ibn Sa'd</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 845) furnishes the hadith of inheritance with two chains of transmission which include numerous prominent <a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">companions</a> of Muhammad, such as <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uthman" title="Uthman">Uthman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zubayr_ibn_al-Awwam" title="Zubayr ibn al-Awwam">Zubayr</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhetia201319–20-84">[84]</a> In particular, he includes in these chains some notable <a href="/wiki/Banu_Hashim" title="Banu Hashim">Hashimites</a>, such as Ali and <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abbas" title="Ibn Abbas">Ibn Abbas</a>, who are both known to have vehemently disputed this claim of Abu Bakr in other sources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhetia201321-85">[85]</a> On the other hand, Soufi holds that Abu Bakr is generally regarded as the only credible narrator of this hadith in Sunni sources, adding that similar reports attributed to other companions have been rejected by Sunnis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoufi199799–100-86">[86]</a> Along these lines, Sajjadi writes that all (credible) versions of this hadith are narrated from Abu Bakr, his ally Umar, his daughter <a href="/wiki/Aisha" title="Aisha">Aisha</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Malik_ibn_Aus_Al-Hadathan" title="Malik ibn Aus Al-Hadathan">Malik ibn Aus Al-Hadathan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESajjadi2021-74">[74]</a> though some primary sources have disputed whether the last one was a companion of Muhammad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhetia201320-87">[87]</a> Nevertheless, Soufi notes that Abu Bakr's testimony is strong enough for Sunnis to make an exception to the Quranic rules of inheritance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoufi1997100-88">[88]</a> Twelvers, however, reject the authenticity of the hadith of inheritance based on their own traditions, pointing also to the contradictions of this hadith with the Quran.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESajjadi2021-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sermon_of_Fadak">Sermon of Fadak</h4></div> In protest, Fatima is said to have delivered a speech at the <a href="/wiki/Masjid_an-Nabawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Masjid an-Nabawi">Prophet's Mosque</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/Sermon_of_Fadak" title="Sermon of Fadak">Sermon of Fadak</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuffle201125-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQutbuddin2006249-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESajjadi2021-74">[74]</a> Among other sources, this sermon appears in <a href="/wiki/Balaghat_al-nisa%27" title="Balaghat al-nisa'">Balaghat al-nisa'</a>, a collection of eloquent speeches by Muslim women,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQutbuddin2006249-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhetia201347–49-90">[90]</a> though the attribution of this speech to Fatima is rejected by Sunnis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhetia201347–9-91">[91]</a> Fatima is said to have upheld Ali in her speech as the rightful successor to Muhammad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoufi1997107-92">[92]</a> She is also reported to have chastised Abu Bakr for denying her inheritance<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhetia201353-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESajjadi2021-74">[74]</a> and accused him of (hadith) fabrication,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESajjadi2021-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavani2013116-73">[73]</a> saying that Muhammad could have not contradicted the Quran.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhetia201353-93">[93]</a> To support her claim, she is believed to have quoted verse 27:16 of the Quran in which <a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam" title="Solomon in Islam">Solomon</a> inherits from his father <a href="/wiki/David_in_Islam" title="David in Islam">David</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas2021102-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhetia201352-94">[94]</a> and verse 19:6 in which <a href="/wiki/Zechariah_in_Islam" title="Zechariah in Islam">Zechariah</a> prays for a son who would inherit from him and from the House of <a href="/wiki/Jacob_in_Islam" title="Jacob in Islam">Jacob</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas2021102-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhetia201352-94">[94]</a> As reported in Balaghat, Fatima also quoted verses 8:75 and 33:6 about the rights of every Muslim to inheritance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhetia201352–53-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuffle201115,_26-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Views">Views</h4></div> Abu Bakr terminated the status of purity of Muhammad's kin by forcing them to rely on general alms which the prophet had forbidden for them in his lifetime.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199750-77">[77]</a> At the same time, Abu Bakr allowed the prophet's widows to inherit his quarters in Medina. In particular, he granted his daughter <a href="/wiki/Aisha" title="Aisha">Aisha</a> some properties in the Aliya part of Medina and in Bahrain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199751-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAslan2011121-83">[83]</a> By maintaining their status, Abu Bakr might have signaled to the Muslim community that his daughter Aisha and the rest of Muhammad's widows were the true heirs of Muhammad, according to <a href="/wiki/Reza_Aslan" title="Reza Aslan">Aslan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAslan2011122-98">[98]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wilferd_Madelung" title="Wilferd Madelung">Madelung</a> holds a similar view.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199750–51-99">[99]</a> Madelung suggests that the caliphate of Abu Bakr was inherently inconsistent with maintaining the privileged status of Muhammad's kin and applying the Quranic rules of inheritance to them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199750-77">[77]</a> As phrased by Mavani, if the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Hashim" title="Banu Hashim">Banu Hashim</a> had inherited Muhammad's material property, then they might have also been expected to inherit the spiritual authority of Muhammad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavani2013116-73">[73]</a> Similar views are voiced by <a href="/wiki/Husain_Mohammad_Jafri" title="Husain Mohammad Jafri">Jafri</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Samuel_Margoliouth" title="David Samuel Margoliouth">Margoliouth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_M._Ayoub" title="Mahmoud M. Ayoub">Ayoub</a>, and Lalani,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197947-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoufi1997104–105-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub201421–22-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELalani200023-103">[103]</a> while El-Hibri does not view the saga of Fadak as a mere financial dispute.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEl-Hibri20109-104">[104]</a> According to Aslan, Abu Bakr's actions are often regarded as a political move to weaken Muhammad's clan and strip his kin from their privileged status.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAslan2011122-98">[98]</a> Aslan also argues that Abu Bakr's efforts were intended to undermine Ali's claim to the caliphate. These efforts, writes Aslan, are partly explained by Abu Bakr's conviction that the caliphate must reside outside of Muhammad's clan and partly by the personal enmity between Abu Bakr and Ali.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAslan2011122-98">[98]</a> Madelung, <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Abbas_(scholar)" title="Hassan Abbas (scholar)">Abbas</a>, and Anthony have noted the poor relations between the two men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199742,_52,_213,_214-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas202194-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2013-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alleged_attack_on_her_house">Alleged attack on her house</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Fatima%27s_house" title="Attack on Fatima's house">Attack on Fatima's house</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Residence_of_Fatimah.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Residence_of_Fatimah.JPG/220px-Residence_of_Fatimah.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Residence_of_Fatimah.JPG/330px-Residence_of_Fatimah.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Residence_of_Fatimah.JPG/440px-Residence_of_Fatimah.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The location of Fatima's house in the <a href="/wiki/Al-Masjid_an-Nabawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Masjid an-Nabawi">Prophet's Mosque</a> in Medina, present-day <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></figcaption></figure> In the immediate aftermath of Muhammad's death in 11/632, the <a href="/wiki/Ansar_(Islam)" title="Ansar (Islam)">Ansar</a> (natives of <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>) gathered in the <a href="/wiki/Saqifah" class="mw-redirect" title="Saqifah">Saqifa</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'courtyard') of the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Sa%27ida" title="Banu Sa'ida">Sa'ida</a> clan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker20143-108">[108]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Conventional_wisdom" title="Conventional wisdom">conventional wisdom</a> is that they met to decide on a new leader for the <a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Muslim community</a> among themselves. For <a href="/wiki/Wilferd_Madelung" title="Wilferd Madelung">Madelung</a>, however, the absence of the <a href="/wiki/Muhajirun" title="Muhajirun">Muhajirun</a> (migrants from <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>) from this meeting suggests that the Ansar gathered to re-establish the control of the Ansar over their city Medina, under the belief that the Muhajirun would mostly return to Mecca after Muhammad's death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199731-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas202192-110">[110]</a> <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a>, both companions of Muhammad, hastened to the gathering upon learning about it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas202192-110">[110]</a> After a heated session, in which a chief of the Ansar was likely beaten into submission by Umar, those gathered at Saqifa agreed on Abu Bakr as the new head of the community.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199731–32-111">[111]</a> The Saqifa event is said to have excluded Muhammad's family, who were preparing to bury him, and most of the Muhajirun.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199732-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker20143–4-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198518-114">[114]</a> To protest the appointment of Abu Bakr, <a href="/wiki/Al-Baladhuri" title="Al-Baladhuri">al-Baladhuri</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 892) reports that the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Hashim" title="Banu Hashim">Banu Hashim</a> (Muhammad's clan) and some of his companions gathered at Fatima's house.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhetia201331–32-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199732-112">[112]</a> Among them were Muhammad's uncle <a href="/wiki/Abbas_ibn_Abd_al-Muttalib" title="Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib">Abbas</a> and his companion <a href="/wiki/Zubayr_ibn_al-Awam" class="mw-redirect" title="Zubayr ibn al-Awam">Zubayr</a>, according to Madelung.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199732-112">[112]</a> The protesters, including Fatima, held that her husband <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a> was the rightful successor to Muhammad,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014186-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFedele2018-116">[116]</a> possibly referring to Muhammad's announcement at <a href="/wiki/Event_of_Ghadir_Khumm" class="mw-redirect" title="Event of Ghadir Khumm">Ghadir Khumm</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi2022-12">[12]</a> Ali is believed to have explained this position to Abu Bakr.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavani2013116-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197940-117">[117]</a> After the Saqifa affair, Abu Bakr reportedly tasked his ally Umar with securing Ali's pledge of allegiance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas202197-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197940-117">[117]</a> As noted by al-Tabari (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 923),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199743-119">[119]</a> the latter led an armed mob to Ali's residence and threatened to set the house on fire if Ali and his supporters would not pledge their allegiance to Abu Bakr.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197940-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014186-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQutbuddin2006249-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorteseCalderini20068-120">[120]</a> The scene soon grew violent, and <a href="/wiki/Zubayr_ibn_al-Awam" class="mw-redirect" title="Zubayr ibn al-Awam">Zubayr</a> was disarmed and carried away.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199743-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197941-121">[121]</a> The mob, however, retreated without Ali's pledge after Fatima pleaded with them,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197940-117">[117]</a> as reported in <a href="/wiki/Al-Imama_wa_al-Siyasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Imama wa al-Siyasa">al-Imama wa al-siyasa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhetia201334-122">[122]</a> Alternatively, al-Baladhuri states that Ali capitulated and pledged allegiance to Abu Bakr immediately after Umar's threat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoufi199784-123">[123]</a> In contrast, the canonical <a href="/wiki/Sahih_al-Bukhari" title="Sahih al-Bukhari">Sahih al-Bukhari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sahih_Muslim" title="Sahih Muslim">Sahih Muslim</a> relate that Ali pledged to Abu Bakr after Fatima died.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoufi199786-124">[124]</a> Soufi comments that all but one of the traditions cited by al-Tabari and al-Baladhuri do not have chains of transmission that reach back to the time of the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoufi199785-125">[125]</a> Madelung believes that Abu Bakr later placed a boycott on Ali and, more broadly, on the Banu Hashim to abandon their support for Ali.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199743–44-126">[126]</a> As a result, prominent men ceased to speak to Ali, according to a Sunni hadith attributed to <a href="/wiki/Aisha" title="Aisha">Aisha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199743–44-126">[126]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lesley_Hazleton" title="Lesley Hazleton">Hazleton</a> similarly writes that Ali prayed alone even in the mosque.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHazleton200973-127">[127]</a> <a href="/wiki/Husain_Mohammad_Jafri" title="Husain Mohammad Jafri">Jafri</a> adds that those who initially supported Ali gradually turned and pledged their allegiance to Abu Bakr.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197940–41-128">[128]</a> It appears that only his wife Fatima and their four small children remained on his side, writes Hazleton,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHazleton200971-129">[129]</a> in line with a statement to this effect attributed to Ali in <a href="/wiki/Nahj_al-Balagha" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahj al-Balagha">Nahj al-balagha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavani2013115-130">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Use_of_violence">Use of violence</h4></div> Umar has been noted for his severity and misogyny,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAslan2011124-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHazleton200971,_124-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas202197-118">[118]</a> especially in Shia sources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhetia201367-133">[133]</a> "Umar's toughness" (shidda) is cited in a Sunni tradition by Aisha as the reason Umar was excluded from a supposed attempt at reconciliation between Ali and Abu Bakr.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199752-134">[134]</a> Kelen describes an incident of Umar's violence against his sister when she professed Islam (before Umar).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelen197575-135">[135]</a> It is uncertain what followed the above altercation at Fatima's house.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199743-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197940–41-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas202197-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014186-14">[14]</a> Shia sources allege that Fatima suffered injuries and miscarriage during a raid on her house led by Umar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhetia201378-136">[136]</a> In particular, Shia alleges that Fatima miscarried her son <a href="/wiki/Muhsin_ibn_Ali" title="Muhsin ibn Ali">Muhsin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhetia201378-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014186-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFedele2018-116">[116]</a> whose name had been chosen by Muhammad before his death, according to <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Abbas_(scholar)" title="Hassan Abbas (scholar)">Abbas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas202198-137">[137]</a> These claims are categorically rejected by Sunnis,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas202198-137">[137]</a> who maintain that Muhsin died in infancy of natural causes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhetia201373-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlassé2001a-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014186-14">[14]</a> The allegations of violence and miscarriage appear in some Shia works,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhetia201378-136">[136]</a> including the canonical <a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Kafi" title="Kitab al-Kafi">Kitab al-Kafi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhetia201370-139">[139]</a> Kamil al-ziyarat,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhetia201372-140">[140]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Irshad" title="Kitab al-Irshad">Kitab al-Irshad</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhetia201375–76-141">[141]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tarikh_al-Yaqubi" title="Tarikh al-Yaqubi">Tarikh al-Ya'qubi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoufi199788-142">[142]</a> and Dala'il al-imama.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhetia201377-143">[143]</a> Of these, Tarikh al-Ya'qubi does not mention miscarriage,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoufi199788-142">[142]</a> while Kitab al-irshad by <a href="/wiki/Al-Shaykh_Al-Mufid" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid">al-Mufid</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 1022) is quiet about any violence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhetia201375–76-141">[141]</a> For the latter, considering that al-Mufid writes about violence against Fatima elsewhere, Khetia suspects that he refrained from controversial topics in his Kitab al-Irshad to render it accessible to most Twelvers without provoking the anger of Sunnis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhetia201375–76-141">[141]</a> In his al-Saqifa wa Fadak, al-Jawhari (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 935<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoufi1997214-144">[144]</a>) includes a tradition to the effect that Umar and his men first threatened to set Fatima's house on fire. Then they entered the house, despite her pleas, and forced Ali and his supporters out of the house.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoufi199784–85-145">[145]</a> The remainder of the account in al-Imama wa al-siyasa describes that Ali was pulled out of his house by force and threatened with death, according to Khetia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhetia201335-146">[146]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mu%27awiya_I" title="Mu'awiya I">Mu'awiya</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 661–680) is known to have alluded to the violent arrest of Ali in a letter to him before the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Siffin" title="Battle of Siffin">Battle of Siffin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHazleton2009217-147">[147]</a> Madelung is uncertain about the use of force. Still, he notes that there is evidence (in Sunni sources) that Fatima's house was searched. According to Madelung, Ali later repeatedly said that he would have resisted (Abu Bakr) had there been forty men with him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199743-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas2021100-148">[148]</a> Alternatively, Buehler suggests that the allegations of violence should be treated with caution as they reflect the political agendas of the time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014186-14">[14]</a> In contrast, <a href="/wiki/Laura_Veccia_Vaglieri" title="Laura Veccia Vaglieri">Veccia Vaglieri</a> is of the view that the Shia allegations are based on facts, even if they have been exaggerated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2022a-3">[3]</a> Abbas writes that some well-regarded Sunni sources mention Umar's raid and Fatima's injuries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas202198-137">[137]</a> Khetia believes that there are known instances where sensitive information has been censored by Sunni authors, such as the prominent jurist <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ubaid_al-Qasim_bin_Salam" title="Abu Ubaid al-Qasim bin Salam">Abu Ubayd al-Salam</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 837), who was possibly concerned with the righteous representation of Muhammad's companions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhetia201339-149">[149]</a> Similar allegations have emerged against al-Tabari and <a href="/wiki/Al-Masudi" title="Al-Masudi">al-Mas'udi</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 956).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhetia201338-150">[150]</a> Along these lines, Lucas and Soufi both note the Sunni tendency to minimize and neutralize the conflicts among companions after Muhammad,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELucas2004255–284-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoufi1997120-152">[152]</a> particularly about the Saqifa affair,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhetia201339-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197943-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoufi199783-154">[154]</a> while these conflicts might have been amplified in Shia records.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197943-153">[153]</a> Both al-Tabari and al-Mas'udi note that Abu Bakr regretted the events after Saqifa on his deathbed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhetia201338-150">[150]</a> In particular, al-Tabari states that Abu Bakr wished he had "never opened Fatima's house to anything, even though they had locked it as a gesture of defiance."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoufi199784-123">[123]</a> This appears to have been a sensitive admission that has been censored by the Sunni author Abu Ubayd al-Salam in his Kitab al-amwal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhetia201339-149">[149]</a> Abu Bakr's regret is also cited by the Shia <a href="/wiki/Ya%27qubi" title="Ya'qubi">al-Ya'qubi</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 897-8).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoufi199788-142">[142]</a> Sunni sources are nearly unanimous<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELalani200022-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavani2013117-15">[15]</a> that Ali pledged his allegiance to Abu Bakr after Fatima's death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker20143–4-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2013-107">[107]</a> When it became clear that Muslims did not broadly support his cause, Ali is said to have relinquished his claims to the caliphate for the sake of the unity of a nascent Islam,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997141-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197944-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198519–20-158">[158]</a> which faced internal and external threats, according to Mavani.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavani2013117-15">[15]</a> In particular, Jafri notes that Ali turned down proposals to forcefully pursue the caliphate,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197944-157">[157]</a> including an offer from <a href="/wiki/Abu_Sufyan_ibn_Harb" title="Abu Sufyan ibn Harb">Abu Sufyan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2022b-159">[159]</a> In reference to Abu Bakr's caliphate, Madelung writes that a poem later began to circulate among the Banu Hashim ending with, "Surely, we have been cheated in the most monstrous way."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199737–38-160">[160]</a> Ali forbade the poet to recite it, adding that the welfare of Islam was dearer to him than anything else.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199737–38-160">[160]</a> In sharp contrast with Muhammad's lifetime,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2013-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavani2013117-15">[15]</a> Ali is believed to have retired from public life during the caliphates of Abu Bakr, Umar, and Uthman.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENasrAfsaruddin2021-56">[56]</a> Anthony describes this change in Ali's attitude as a silent censure of the first three caliphs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2013-107">[107]</a> While he reportedly advised Abu Bakr and Umar on government and religious matters,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENasrAfsaruddin2021-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoonawala2011-161">[161]</a> the mutual distrust and hostility of Ali with Abu Bakr and Umar is well-documented,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAslan2011122-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199742,_52–54,_213–214-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas202194-106">[106]</a> though largely downplayed or ignored in Sunni sources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197945-163">[163]</a> Their differences were epitomized during the proceedings of the electoral council in 644 when Ali refused to be bound by the precedence of the first two caliphs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavani2013117-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2013-107">[107]</a> A common Sunni argument is that Ali would have never continued his relations with Umar had the latter organized a raid on Ali's home.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas202199-164">[164]</a> A typical Shia response is that Ali gave up his rights and exercised restraint for the sake of a nascent Islam, according to Abbas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas202199–100-165">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3></div> Fatima died in 11/632, within six months of Muhammad's death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014186-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas2021104-166">[166]</a> She was 18 or 27 years old at that time according to Shia and Sunni sources, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas202133-33">[33]</a> The exact date of her death is uncertain but the Shia commonly commemorates her death on 13 <a href="/wiki/Jumada_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Jumada II">Jumada II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985239-167">[167]</a> The Sunni belief is that Fatima died from grief after Muhammad's death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2022a-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFedele201856-4">[4]</a> Shia Islam, however, holds that Fatima's injuries during a raid by Umar directly caused her miscarriage and death shortly after.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014186-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFedele201856-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas202198-137">[137]</a> Al-Tabari mentions the suffering of Fatima in her final days.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas2021103-13">[13]</a> Shia traditions similarly describe Fatima's agony in her final days.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhetia201381-168">[168]</a> In particular, the <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ili</a> jurist <a href="/wiki/Al-Qadi_al-Nu%27man" title="Al-Qadi al-Nu'man">al-Nu'man</a> similarly reports a hadith from the <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Baqir" title="Muhammad al-Baqir">fifth Imam</a> to the effect that "whatever had been done to her by the people" caused Fatima to become bedridden, while her body wasted until it became like a specter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhetia201380-169">[169]</a> This hadith seems to contain a reference to Fatima's injuries during the raid.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhetia201380-169">[169]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_M._Ayoub" title="Mahmoud M. Ayoub">Ayoub</a> describes Fatima a symbol of quiet suffering in Islamic piety.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub201124-170">[170]</a> In particular, the Twelver Shia believe in the redemptive power of the pain and martyrdom endured by the <a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a>, including Fatima, for those who empathize with their divine cause and suffering.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampo2009a-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampo2004-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoufi1997180-172">[172]</a> Multiple sources report that Fatima never reconciled with Abu Bakr and Umar,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199752-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhetia201330–31,_35-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2013-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavani2013117-15">[15]</a> partly based on a tradition to this effect in the canonical Sunni collection Sahih al-Bukhari.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoufi199796-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhetia201330–31-175">[175]</a> There are some accounts that Abu Bakr and Umar visited Fatima on her deathbed to apologize, which Madelung considers self-incriminatory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199752-134">[134]</a> As reported in <a href="/wiki/Al-Imama_wa_al-Siyasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Imama wa al-Siyasa">al-Imama wa al-siyasa</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhetia201335–36-176">[176]</a> Fatima reminded the two visitors of Muhammad's words, "Fatima is part of me, and whoever angers her has angered me."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas2021103-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhetia201335–36-176">[176]</a> The dying Fatima then told the two that they had indeed angered her, and that she would soon take her complaint to God and His prophet, Muhammad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas2021102-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhetia201325–26-177">[177]</a> There are also Sunni reports that Fatima reconciled with Abu Bakr and Umar, though Madelung suggests that they were invented to address the negative implications of Fatima's anger.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199752-134">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burial">Burial</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Burial_of_Fatima" title="Burial of Fatima">Burial of Fatima</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jannatul-Baqi_before_Demolition.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Jannatul-Baqi_before_Demolition.jpg/250px-Jannatul-Baqi_before_Demolition.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Jannatul-Baqi_before_Demolition.jpg/500px-Jannatul-Baqi_before_Demolition.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="695" /></a><figcaption>Al-Baqi' cemetery is a probable site for Fatima's grave, depicted here before the demolition of its mausoleums by the <a href="/wiki/Wahhabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahhabi">Wahhabis</a> in 1927.</figcaption></figure> Following her will, Ali buried Fatima secretly at night<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhetia201382-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFedele2018-116">[116]</a> and hid her burial plot.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhetia201382-17">[17]</a> According to the Sunni al-Tabari, her dying wish was that Abu Bakr should not attend the funeral,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKassamBlomfield2015212-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas2021103-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavani2013117-15">[15]</a> and this request was fulfilled by Ali.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAslan2011122-98">[98]</a> Fatima's wish is believed to be at odds with the common practice of Muslims, who are encouraged to join funerals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhetia201382–83-178">[178]</a> In Shia sources, her wish for a secret burial is viewed as a sign of the disassociation of Muhammad's daughter with the Muslim community who largely failed to support her against Abu Bakr.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhetia201383-179">[179]</a> The prominent <a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver</a> traditionist <a href="/wiki/Shaykh_Tusi" title="Shaykh Tusi">al-Tusi</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 1067) reports an account of the burial that vividly describes the suffering of Ali after the death of his wife, attributed to their son <a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhetia201383-179">[179]</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Shaykh_Al-Mufid" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid">Al-Mufid</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 1022), another notable Twelver scholar, includes in his Ikhtisas a related tradition ascribed to <a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Ja'far al-Sadiq</a>, the sixth <a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Twelver_doctrine" title="Imamate in Twelver doctrine">Imam</a>. This tradition describes that the next morning Abu Bakr and Umar berated Ali for the secret burial of Fatima. After learning that this was Fatima's wish, the account continues that Umar threatened to locate and exhume Fatima's body and then re-bury her after <a href="/wiki/Funeral_prayer_(Islam)" title="Funeral prayer (Islam)">funeral prayer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhetia201386-180">[180]</a> According to this account, what prevented Umar from materializing his threat was Ali's warning, "By God, as long as I'm alive and [my sword] <a href="/wiki/Zulfiqar" title="Zulfiqar">Zulfiqar</a> is in my hands, you will not reach her, and you know best [not to do it]."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhetia201386-180">[180]</a> For Khetia, the interpretation is that the loss of Fatima was so traumatizing for Ali that he threatened Umar with violence for the first time, despite his previous restraint.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhetia201386–87-181">[181]</a> Fatima's exact burial place in Medina remains uncertain,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlemm2005184–185-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014186-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFedele201856-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhetia201382-17">[17]</a> with often contradictory reports.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-MoezziCalmard1999-10">[10]</a> The two most probable locations for her grave are the <a href="/wiki/Al-Baqi%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Baqi'">al-Baqi'</a> cemetery and her home, which was later annexed to the <a href="/wiki/Al-Masjid_an-Nabawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Masjid an-Nabawi">Prophet's Mosque</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas2021104-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampo2009a230-1">[1]</a> The former location is reportedly supported by her son <a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan's</a> wish to be buried next to his mother.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997322-182">[182]</a> On the other hand, the Sunni <a href="/wiki/Nur_al-Din_al-Samhudi" title="Nur al-Din al-Samhudi">al-Samhoodi</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 1533) concludes that Hasan is buried next to his grandmother <a href="/wiki/Fatimah_bint_Asad" title="Fatimah bint Asad">Fatimah bint Asad</a>, rather than his mother Fatima.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> This uncertainty in Shia sources again underscores Fatima's displeasure with the Muslim community.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoufi1997124-184">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Descendants">Descendants</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Alids" title="Alids">Alids</a></div> Fatima was survived by two sons, <a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn</a>, and two daughters, <a href="/wiki/Zaynab_bint_Ali" title="Zaynab bint Ali">Zaynab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Umm_Kulthum_bint_Ali" title="Umm Kulthum bint Ali">Umm Kulthum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014186-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2022a-3">[3]</a> Controversy surrounds the fate of her third son <a href="/wiki/Muhsin_ibn_Ali" title="Muhsin ibn Ali">Muhsin</a>. Some canonical Shia sources report that Muhsin died in miscarriage, following Umar's <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Fatima%27s_house" title="Attack on Fatima's house">raid</a> on Fatima's house.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhetia201378-136">[136]</a> Alternatively, Sunnis hold that Muhsin died in infancy of natural causes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014186-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFedele201856-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas202198-137">[137]</a> It is through Fatima that <a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_Muhammad" title="Family tree of Muhammad">Muhammad's progeny</a> has spread throughout the Muslim world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014186-14">[14]</a> Fatima's descendants are given the honorific titles of <a href="/wiki/Sayyid" title="Sayyid">sayyid</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'lord, or sir') or <a href="/wiki/Sharif" title="Sharif">sharif</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'noble') and are respected by Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi201420-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFedele201856-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorimoto20122-186">[186]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_dynasty" title="Fatimid dynasty">Fatimid dynasty</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 909–1171) in <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> claimed descent from Fatima via the <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ili</a> imam <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Isma%27il" title="Muhammad ibn Isma'il">Muhammad ibn Isma'il</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanard1965850-187">[187]</a> though this claim has been challenged.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndani2016199–200-188">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_Quran_and_hadith_texts">In the Quran and hadith texts</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a></div> While Fatima is not mentioned in the Quran by name, some verses are associated with her in classical exegeses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcAuliffe2002192–193-189">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verse_of_mubahala">Verse of mubahala</h3></div> An example is verse 3:61 of the Quran. After an inconclusive debate about <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">Jesus</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian">Christian</a> delegation from <a href="/wiki/Najran" title="Najran">Najran</a> in 10/631–2, it was decided to engage in mubuhala, where both parties would pray to invoke God's curse upon whoever was the liar. This is when Muhammad is reported to have received verse 3:61 of the Quran, also known as the verse of <a href="/wiki/Event_of_mubahala" class="mw-redirect" title="Event of mubahala">mubahala</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199715–16-190">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198513–14-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBar-AsherKofsky2002141-192">[192]</a> which reads<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">And to whomsoever disputes with thee over it, after the knowledge that has come unto thee [about Jesus], say, "Come! Let us call upon our sons and your sons, our women and your women, ourselves and yourselves. Then let us pray earnestly, so as to place the curse of God upon those who lie."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENasrDagliDakakeLumbard2015330-193">[193]</a></blockquote>Madelung argues that 'our sons' in the verse of mubahala must refer to Muhammad's grandchildren, <a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn</a>. In that case, he continues, it would be reasonable to also include in the event their parents, Ali and Fatima.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199716-194">[194]</a> Madelung writes that their inclusion by Muhammad in this significant ritual must have raised the religious rank of his family.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199716-194">[194]</a> A similar view is voiced by Lalani.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELalani200029-195">[195]</a> Of those present on Muhammad's side, Shia traditions are unanimous that 'our women' refers to Fatima and 'ourselves' refers to Ali.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavani201371–2-196">[196]</a> In particular, since the verse refers to Ali as the self of Muhammad, Shia holds that the former enjoys the same authority as the latter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavani201372-197">[197]</a> In contrast, most Sunni accounts by al-Tabari do not name the participants of the event, while some other Sunni historians agree with the Shia view.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199716-194">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198514-198">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBar-AsherKofsky2002141-192">[192]</a> Some accounts about mubahala add that Muhammad, Ali, Fatima, Hasan, and Husayn stood under Muhammad's cloak, and this five are thus known as the Ahl al-Kisa (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'people of the cloak').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198514,_16–17-199">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlgar1984-200">[200]</a> On the same occasion, Muhammad is also believed to have referred to them as the Ahl al-Bayt, according to Shia and some Sunni sources,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198516-201">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlgar1984-200">[200]</a> including the canonical <a href="/wiki/Sahih_Muslim" title="Sahih Muslim">Sahih Muslim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sahih_at-Tirmidhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahih at-Tirmidhi">Sunan al-Tirmidhi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198516,_325-202">[202]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verse_of_purification">Verse of purification</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%A2%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%B1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/%D8%A2%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%B1.jpg/270px-%D8%A2%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%B1.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/%D8%A2%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%B1.jpg/405px-%D8%A2%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%B1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/%D8%A2%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%B1.jpg/540px-%D8%A2%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%B1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="1830" /></a><figcaption>Arabic calligraphy of the verse of purification</figcaption></figure> The last passage of verse 33:33, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Verse_of_purification" title="Verse of purification">verse of purification</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas202165-203">[203]</a> reads:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">God only desires to remove defilement from you, O Ahl al-Bayt, and to purify you completely.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENasrDagliDakakeLumbard20152331-204">[204]</a></blockquote>Muslims disagree as to who belong to the <a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'people of the house') and what political privileges or responsibilities they have.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrunner2014-205">[205]</a> Shia Islam limits the Ahl al-Bayt to the <a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Kisa" title="Ahl al-Kisa">Ahl al-Kisa</a>, namely, Muhammad, Fatima, Ali, Hasan and Husayn.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198516–17-206">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeaman2006-207">[207]</a> There are various views in Sunni Islam, though a typical compromise is to include also Muhammad's wives in the Ahl al-Bayt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldziherArendonkTritton2022-208">[208]</a> The verse of purification is regarded in Shia Islam as evidence of the infallibility of the Ahl al-Bayt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward1984-209">[209]</a> The majority of the traditions quoted by al-Tabari (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 923) in his exegesis identify the Ahl al-Bayt in the verse of purification with the <a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Kisa" title="Ahl al-Kisa">Ahl al-Kisa</a>, namely, Muhammad, Ali, Fatima, Hasan, and Husayn.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward1984-209">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199714–15-210">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlgar1984-200">[200]</a> These traditions are also cited by some other early Sunni authorities, including <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal" title="Ahmad ibn Hanbal">Ahmad ibn Hanbal</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 855), <a href="/wiki/Al-Suyuti" title="Al-Suyuti">al-Suyuti</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 1505), al-Hafiz al-Kabir,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavani201371-211">[211]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kathir" title="Ibn Kathir">Ibn Kathir</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 1373).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELalani200069,_147-212">[212]</a> The canonical Sunni collection <a href="/wiki/Sahih_at-Tirmidhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahih at-Tirmidhi">Sunnan al-Tirmidhi</a> reports that Muhammad limited the Ahl al-Bayt to Ali, Fatima, and their two sons when the verse of purification was revealed to him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198516–17,_325-213">[213]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Event_of_mubahala" class="mw-redirect" title="Event of mubahala">event of mubahala</a>, Muhammad is believed to have gathered Ali, Fatima, and their sons under his cloak and referred to them as the Ahl al-Bayt, according to Shia and some Sunni sources,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198516-201">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlgar1984-200">[200]</a> including the canonical <a href="/wiki/Sahih_Muslim" title="Sahih Muslim">Sahih Muslim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sahih_at-Tirmidhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahih at-Tirmidhi">Sunan al-Tirmidhi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198516,_325-202">[202]</a> Veccia Vaglieri writes that Muhammad recited the last passage of the verse of purification every morning when he passed by Fatima's house to remind her household of the <a href="/wiki/Fajr_prayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Fajr prayer">fajr prayer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2022a-3">[3]</a> This makeup of the Ahl al-Bayt is echoed by <a href="/wiki/Laura_Veccia_Vaglieri" title="Laura Veccia Vaglieri">Veccia Vaglieri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Husain_Mohammad_Jafri" title="Husain Mohammad Jafri">Jafri</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2022a-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197917-214">[214]</a> and unanimously reported in Shia sources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldziherArendonkTritton2022-208">[208]</a> Possibly because the earlier injunctions in the verse of purification are addressed at Muhammad's wives,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrunner2014-205">[205]</a> some Sunni authors like <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kathir" title="Ibn Kathir">Ibn Kathir</a> include Muhammad's wives in the Ahl al-Bayt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward1984-209">[209]</a> A number of Sunni hadiths, including some narrated by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abbas" title="Ibn Abbas">Ibn Abbas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ikrima_ibn_Abi_Jahl" class="mw-redirect" title="Ikrima ibn Abi Jahl">Ikrima</a>, also support the inclusion of Muhammad's wives in the Ahl al-Bayt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199715-215">[215]</a> This view is shared by <a href="/wiki/Ign%C3%A1c_Goldziher" title="Ignác Goldziher">Goldziher</a> and his coauthors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward1984-209">[209]</a> Alternatively, <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Leaman" title="Oliver Leaman">Leaman</a> argues that only those wives of prophets who mother their successors are counted by the Quran in their ahl al-bayt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeaman2006-207">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verse_of_mawadda">Verse of mawadda</h3></div> Verse 42:23 of the Quran, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Verse_of_mawadda" class="mw-redirect" title="Verse of mawadda">verse of mawadda</a>, includes the passage<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">[O Mohammad!] Say, "I ask not of you any reward for it, save affection among kinsfolk."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENasrDagliDakakeLumbard20152691-216">[216]</a></blockquote>The word kinsfolk (al-qurba) in this verse is interpreted by the Shia as the Ahl al-Bayt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELalani200066-217">[217]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Ishaq" title="Ibn Ishaq">Ibn Ishaq</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 767) narrates that the prophet specified al-qurba as his daughter Fatima, her husband Ali, and their two sons, Hasan and Husayn.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavani201341,_60-218">[218]</a> As quoted by Madelung, Hasan ibn Ali referred to the verse of mawadda in his inaugural speech as the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">caliph</a> after the assassination of his father in 661, saying that he belonged to the Ahl al-Bayt "whose love He [God] has made obligatory in His Book [Quran]..."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997311–312-219">[219]</a> The verse of mawadda is often cited by the Shia about the elevated status of the Ahl al-Bayt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199713-220">[220]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shia</a>, the affection in this verse also entails obedience to the Ahl al-Bayt as the source of exoteric and esoteric guidance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavani201341-221">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELalani200066-217">[217]</a> This obedience is believed to benefit the faithful first and foremost, citing the following passage of verse 34:47,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavani201341,_60-218">[218]</a> which contains the passage, "Say, 'I ask not of you any reward; that shall be yours (fa-huwa la-kum).'"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENasrDagliDakakeLumbard20152361-222">[222]</a> Some Sunni commentators agree with the Shia view, including <a href="/wiki/Qadi_Baydawi" title="Qadi Baydawi">Baydawi</a>, al-Razi,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985152-223">[223]</a> and Ibn Maghazili.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavani201341,_60-218">[218]</a> Most Sunni authors, however, reject the Shia view and offer various alternatives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENasrDagliDakakeLumbard20152691-216">[216]</a> The view preferred by al-Tabari is that the verse of mawadda instructs Muslims to love the prophet because of their blood relations to him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199713-220">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGril2003236-224">[224]</a> Alternatively, Madelung suggests that the verse of mawadda demands love towards relatives in general.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199713-220">[220]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verses_76:5–22">Verses 76:5–22</h3></div> Verses 76:5–22 are connected to Fatima in most Shia and some Sunni sources, including the works of the Shia <a href="/wiki/Shaykh_Tabarsi" title="Shaykh Tabarsi">al-Tabarsi</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 1153), and the Sunni <a href="/wiki/Al-Qurtubi" title="Al-Qurtubi">al-Qurtubi</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 1273) and <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_al-Alusi" title="Mahmud al-Alusi">al-Alusi</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 1854).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENasrDagliDakakeLumbard20153331-225">[225]</a> According to these exegetes, verses 76:5–22 were revealed to Muhammad after Fatima, Ali, Hasan, Husayn, and their maidservant Fidda gave away their only meal of the day to beggars who visited their home, for three consecutive days.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas202157–58-226">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavani201372-197">[197]</a> In particular, verses 76:7–12 read: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">They fulfill their vows and fear a day whose evil is widespread, and give food, despite loving it, to the indigent, the orphan, and the captive. "We feed you only for the Face of God. We do not desire any recompense or thanks from you. Truly we fear from our Lord a grim, calamitous day." So God has shielded them from the evil of that Day, bestowed upon them radiance and joy, and rewarded them for having been patient with a Garden and with silk.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENasrDagliDakakeLumbard20153332–3333-227">[227]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Connection_with_Mary">Connection with Mary</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Persian_miniature_of_Jesus_and_Mary.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Persian_miniature_of_Jesus_and_Mary.jpg/250px-Persian_miniature_of_Jesus_and_Mary.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Persian_miniature_of_Jesus_and_Mary.jpg/330px-Persian_miniature_of_Jesus_and_Mary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Persian_miniature_of_Jesus_and_Mary.jpg/500px-Persian_miniature_of_Jesus_and_Mary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="763" data-file-height="1173" /></a><figcaption>A Persian miniature of Jesus and Mary, with whom Fatima is often compared, especially in Shia Islam</figcaption></figure> The Quranic praise for <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a> in verse 3:42 has been echoed for Fatima based on a prophetic hadith that lists Fatima, <a href="/wiki/Khadija_bint_Khuwaylid" title="Khadija bint Khuwaylid">Khadija</a>, Mary, and <a href="/wiki/Asiya" title="Asiya">Asiya</a> as the outstanding women of all time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThurlkill20081-228">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcAuliffe2002193-229">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFedele201856-4">[4]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">Then the angels said, "O Mary, truly God has chosen you and purified you and chosen you over the women of the world."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcAuliffe2002193-229">[229]</a></blockquote> Especially in the Shia literature, there is a strong parallel between Fatima and Mary,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcAuliffe2002193-229">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas202198-137">[137]</a> to the extent that one of the Shia epithets for Fatima is Maryam al-Kubra (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Mary, the greater').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcAuliffe2002193-229">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPierce2016208-230">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-MoezziCalmard1999-10">[10]</a> Similar to Mary, some early sources report that angels spoke to Fatima on multiple occasions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAslan2011185–186-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub201163,_72-23">[23]</a> Both are viewed as mothers of exalted progenies: Mary gave birth to Jesus, and Fatima is the mother of the Imams.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThurlkill20081-228">[228]</a> Fatima surpasses Mary in purity and divine favor in Shia writings<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThurlkill20081-228">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-MoezziCalmard1999-10">[10]</a> and in some Sunni sources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoufi1997168–189-231">[231]</a> For instance, citing the statement "Women's honor is through their fathers," the Shia <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Shahr_Ashub" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Shahr Ashub">Ibn Shahr Ashub</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 1192) argues about the superiority of Fatima, daughter of Muhammad, over Mary, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Joachim" title="Joachim">Imran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPierce2016116-232">[232]</a> To reconcile the superiority of Fatima with verse 3:42 above, "the women of the world" in this verse is interpreted as the women of Mary's time by most Shia and some Sunni exegetes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoufi1997168–169-233">[233]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verse_of_Light">Verse of Light</h3></div> Verse 24:35 of the Quran, also known as the verse of Light, is often associated with Fatima in Shia exegeses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThurlkill200862-234">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-MoezziCalmard1999-10">[10]</a> The verse of Light begins as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">God is the Light of the heavens and the earth, the parable of His Light is as if there were a Niche and within it a Lamp, the Lamp enclosed in Glass, the Glass as it were a brilliant star.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThurlkill200862-234">[234]</a></blockquote> According to the Shia <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Ya%27qub_al-Kulayni" title="Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni">al-Kulayni</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 941), Fatima is in this verse both the niche wherein resides the lamp (i.e., the Imams) and the shimmering glass for the divine light.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThurlkill200862–63-235">[235]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hadith_literature">Hadith literature</h3></div> The canonical Sunni collection Sahih al-Bukhari attributes to Muhammad, "Fatima is a part of me, and whoever makes her angry, makes me angry."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas2021103-13">[13]</a> Similar versions of this hadith appear in other Shia and Sunni sources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2022a-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThurlkill200882-236">[236]</a> The Sunni al-Suyuti relates from Muhammad that "Whoever loves (my) offspring, God loves; whoever gets angry [at them], God gets angry at them."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014185-6">[6]</a> The Shia <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Babawayh" title="Ibn Babawayh">Ibn Babawahy</a> similarly narrates from Muhammad that, "Verily God becomes angry when Fatima is angry and is pleased when she is pleased."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKassamBlomfield2015213-237">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas2021103-13">[13]</a> Another prophetic hadith in Sahih al-Bukhari elevates Fatima to the mistress of all the women on earth and in paradise.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKassamBlomfield2015212-16">[16]</a> Muhammad is also famously said to have listed Fatima, Khadija, Mary, and Asiya as the four outstanding women of all time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThurlkill20081-228">[228]</a> Whenever Fatima arrived, Muhammad used to stand up, greet her and ask her to sit next to him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014185-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas202198-137">[137]</a> When leaving <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>, Fatima was the last person that Muhammad bid farewell to, and she was the first he visited upon his return.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014185-6">[6]</a> Her manners were described to be similar to Muhammad's.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhetia201350-238">[238]</a> The prophet held that Fatima will be the first person to enter the paradise and, as with Mary, she will intercede for those who honor her and her descendants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampo2009a230-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQutbuddin2006249-7">[7]</a> It is attributed to Abu Bakr's daughter Aisha that Fatima was the most beloved of women to the prophet, and Ali was the most beloved of men to him, according to the Sunni al-Hakim al-Nishapuri and <a href="/wiki/Al-Tirmidhi" title="Al-Tirmidhi">al-Tirmidhi</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 892) and the Shia al-Qadi al-Nu'man, among others.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoufi199768-8">[8]</a> A similar tradition is cited by the Sunni al-Suyuti.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014185-6">[6]</a> There are also competing traditions about Abu Bakr-Aisha instead of Ali-Fatima, though <a href="/wiki/Denise_Spellberg" title="Denise Spellberg">Spellberg</a> believes they were circulated later for political reasons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpellberg199433–35-239">[239]</a> Muhammad's wife <a href="/wiki/Umm_Salama" title="Umm Salama">Umm Salama</a> relates in possibly the earliest version<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoufi19976-240">[240]</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Kisa" title="Ahl al-Kisa">Hadith al-Kisa</a> that Muhammad gathered Ali, Fatima, Hasan, and Husayn under his cloak and prayed, "O God, these are my ahl al-bayt (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'the people of my house') and my closest family members; remove defilement from them and purify them completely," thus making a reference to verse 33:33 of the Quran,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharon2004-241">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrunner2014-205">[205]</a> known also as the <a href="/wiki/Verse_of_purification" title="Verse of purification">verse of purification</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas202165-203">[203]</a> The accounts of the Sunni Ibn Kathir and al-Suyuti and the Shia <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Husayn_Tabatabai" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Husayn Tabatabai">Tabatabai</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 1981) continue that Umm Salama asked Muhammad, "Am I with thee, O Messenger of God?" but received the negative response, "Thou shalt obtain good. Thou shalt obtain good."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENasrDagliDakakeLumbard20152331-204">[204]</a> There also exists a version of this hadith in Sunni sources where Umm Salama is included in the Ahl al-Bayt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldziherArendonkTritton2022-208">[208]</a> In another Sunni version, Muhammad's servant Wathila bint al-Asqa' is counted in the Ahl al-Bayt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoufi19977–8-242">[242]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_modern_culture">In modern culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fatimiyya" title="Fatimiyya">Fatimiyya</a></div> While Fatima has been revered as an ultimate archetype for <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslim</a> women,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFedele201856-4">[4]</a> she has also gained a modern importance as a symbol for the female freedom fighter and the defender of the oppressed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampo2009a231-243">[243]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Fatemeh_Is_Fatemeh" title="Fatemeh Is Fatemeh">Fateme Is Fateme</a>, the Iranian philosopher <a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a> portrays Fatima as "the symbol of a responsible, fighting woman when facing her time and the fate of her society."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENashat1983126-244">[244]</a> Fatima is also venerated for her compassion, generosity, and enduring suffering by all Muslims, especially by the <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFedele201856-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas202158-245">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuffle201121-246">[246]</a> The first feature-length movie about Fatima set during the lifetime and after the death of Muhammad is titled <a href="/wiki/The_Lady_of_Heaven" title="The Lady of Heaven">The Lady of Heaven</a>, produced in 2020 by the Enlightened Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a> The movie premiered in the United States on 10 December 2021.<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mother's_Day_in_Iran">Mother's Day in Iran</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranians</a> celebrate Fatima's birth anniversary on 20 <a href="/wiki/Jumada_al-Thani" title="Jumada al-Thani">Jumada al-Thani</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Mother%27s_Day" title="Mother's Day">Mother's Day</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014185-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> On this day, banners reading Ya Fatima (O! Fatima) are displayed on government buildings, private buildings, public streets and car windows.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeBano2009234-250">[250]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian date</a> for this changes every year. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <td>2018 </td> <td>2019 </td> <td>2020 </td> <td>2021 </td> <td>2022 </td> <td>2023 </td> <td>2024 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Gregorian date </th> <td>9 March<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> </td> <td>26 February<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> </td> <td>15 February<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> </td> <td>3 February<a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a> </td> <td>24 January<a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a> </td> <td>14 January<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> </td> <td>3 January<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> 22 December </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghadir_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ghadir_logo.png/40px-Ghadir_logo.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ghadir_logo.png/60px-Ghadir_logo.png 1.5x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Shia_Islam" title="Portal:Shia Islam">Shia Islam portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/40px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/60px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Fatimah" title="Book of Fatimah">Book of Fatimah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamsa" title="Hamsa">Hamsa</a>, a type of amulet also referred to as the "Hand of Fatima"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_F%C3%A1tima" title="Our Lady of Fátima">Our Lady of Fátima</a>, the title of the Virgin Mary based on reported apparitions at Fátima, Portugal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayt_al-Ahzan" title="Bayt al-Ahzan">Bayt al-Ahzan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampo2009a230-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampo2009a230_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampo2009a230_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampo2009a230_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampo2009a230_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampo2009a230_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampo2009a230_1-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampo2009a">Campo 2009a</a>, p. 230. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014183-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014183_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014183_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014183_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014183_2-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuehler2014">Buehler 2014</a>, p. 183. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2022a-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2022a_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2022a_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2022a_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2022a_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2022a_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2022a_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2022a_3-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2022a_3-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2022a_3-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2022a_3-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2022a_3-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2022a_3-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2022a_3-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2022a_3-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2022a_3-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2022a_3-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2022a_3-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2022a_3-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2022a_3-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2022a_3-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2022a_3-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2022a_3-21">v</a> <a href="#CITEREFVeccia_Vaglieri2022a">Veccia Vaglieri 2022a</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFedele201856-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFedele201856_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFedele201856_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFedele201856_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFedele201856_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFedele201856_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFedele201856_4-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFedele201856_4-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFedele201856_4-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFedele201856_4-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFedele201856_4-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFedele201856_4-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFedele201856_4-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFedele201856_4-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFedele201856_4-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFedele201856_4-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFedele201856_4-15">p</a> <a href="#CITEREFFedele2018">Fedele 2018</a>, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEErnst2003171-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErnst2003171_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFErnst2003">Ernst 2003</a>, p. 171. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014185-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014185_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014185_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014185_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014185_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014185_6-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014185_6-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014185_6-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014185_6-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014185_6-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014185_6-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014185_6-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014185_6-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014185_6-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014185_6-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014185_6-14">o</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuehler2014">Buehler 2014</a>, p. 185. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQutbuddin2006249-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQutbuddin2006249_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQutbuddin2006249_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQutbuddin2006249_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQutbuddin2006249_7-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQutbuddin2006249_7-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQutbuddin2006249_7-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQutbuddin2006249_7-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQutbuddin2006249_7-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFQutbuddin2006">Qutbuddin 2006</a>, p. 249. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESoufi199768-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoufi199768_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoufi199768_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoufi199768_8-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSoufi1997">Soufi 1997</a>, p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas202157-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbas202157_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbbas2021">Abbas 2021</a>, p. 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-MoezziCalmard1999-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-MoezziCalmard1999_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-MoezziCalmard1999_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-MoezziCalmard1999_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-MoezziCalmard1999_10-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-MoezziCalmard1999_10-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-MoezziCalmard1999_10-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFAmir-MoezziCalmard1999">Amir-Moezzi & Calmard 1999</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogerson200642-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogerson200642_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogerson200642_11-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRogerson2006">Rogerson 2006</a>, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi2022-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi2022_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi2022_12-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAmir-Moezzi2022">Amir-Moezzi 2022</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas2021103-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbas2021103_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbas2021103_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbas2021103_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbas2021103_13-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbas2021103_13-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbas2021103_13-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbbas2021">Abbas 2021</a>, p. 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014186-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014186_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014186_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014186_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014186_14-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014186_14-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014186_14-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014186_14-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014186_14-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014186_14-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014186_14-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014186_14-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014186_14-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014186_14-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014186_14-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014186_14-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014186_14-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014186_14-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014186_14-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014186_14-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014186_14-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014186_14-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014186_14-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014186_14-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014186_14-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014186_14-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014186_14-25">z</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuehler2014">Buehler 2014</a>, p. 186. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavani2013117-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMavani2013117_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMavani2013117_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMavani2013117_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMavani2013117_15-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMavani2013117_15-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMavani2013117_15-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMavani2013117_15-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFMavani2013">Mavani 2013</a>, p. 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKassamBlomfield2015212-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKassamBlomfield2015212_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKassamBlomfield2015212_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKassamBlomfield2015212_16-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKassamBlomfield2015">Kassam & Blomfield 2015</a>, p. 212. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhetia201382-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhetia201382_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhetia201382_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhetia201382_17-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhetia201382_17-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFKhetia2013">Khetia 2013</a>, p. 82. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlemm2005184–185-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlemm2005184–185_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlemm2005184–185_18-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKlemm2005">Klemm 2005</a>, pp. 184–185. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERuffle201116-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuffle201116_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRuffle2011">Ruffle 2011</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESoufi1997160-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoufi1997160_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSoufi1997">Soufi 1997</a>, p. 160. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampo2009a-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampo2009a_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampo2009a_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampo2009a_21-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampo2009a">Campo 2009a</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAslan2011185–186-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAslan2011185–186_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAslan2011185–186_22-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAslan2011">Aslan 2011</a>, pp. 185–186. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub201163,_72-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyoub201163,_72_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyoub201163,_72_23-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAyoub2011">Ayoub 2011</a>, pp. 63, 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPierce2016117-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPierce2016117_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPierce2016">Pierce 2016</a>, p. 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub201172-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyoub201172_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAyoub2011">Ayoub 2011</a>, p. 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub2011213-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyoub2011213_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAyoub2011">Ayoub 2011</a>, p. 213. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThurlkill20086-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThurlkill20086_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThurlkill2008">Thurlkill 2008</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub2011212–213-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyoub2011212–213_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAyoub2011">Ayoub 2011</a>, pp. 212–213. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERuffle201114-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuffle201114_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRuffle2011">Ruffle 2011</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENashat198392-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENashat198392_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNashat1983">Nashat 1983</a>, p. 92. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas202155-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbas202155_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbas202155_31-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbbas2021">Abbas 2021</a>, p. 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlassé2001a-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlassé2001a_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlassé2001a_32-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGlassé2001a">Glassé 2001a</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas202133-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbas202133_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbas202133_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbas202133_33-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbas202133_33-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbas202133_33-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbbas2021">Abbas 2021</a>, p. 33. </li> <li 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<a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESajjadi2021_74-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESajjadi2021_74-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESajjadi2021_74-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESajjadi2021_74-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESajjadi2021_74-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESajjadi2021_74-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESajjadi2021_74-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESajjadi2021_74-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESajjadi2021_74-17">r</a> <a href="#CITEREFSajjadi2021">Sajjadi 2021</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas2021102-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbas2021102_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbas2021102_75-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbas2021102_75-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbas2021102_75-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbbas2021">Abbas 2021</a>, p. 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERuffle201126-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuffle201126_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRuffle2011">Ruffle 2011</a>, p. 26. </li> <li 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a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shamela.ws/">وفاء الوفاء vol. 3</a>. p. 86.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A1+vol.+3&rft.pages=86&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshamela.ws%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESoufi1997124-184"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoufi1997124_184-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSoufi1997">Soufi 1997</a>, p. 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi201420-185"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi201420_185-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShah-Kazemi2014">Shah-Kazemi 2014</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorimoto20122-186"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorimoto20122_186-0">^</a> <a 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Retrieved 25 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IslamicFinder&rft.atitle=Yearly+Islamic+Hijri+Calendar+2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.islamicfinder.org%2Fislamic-calendar%2F2023%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.islamicfinder.org/islamic-calendar/2024/">"Yearly Islamic Hijri Calendar 2024"</a>. IslamicFinder. Retrieved 25 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IslamicFinder&rft.atitle=Yearly+Islamic+Hijri+Calendar+2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.islamicfinder.org%2Fislamic-calendar%2F2024%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAbbas2021" class="citation book cs1">Abbas, Hassan (2021). The Prophet's Heir: The Life of Ali ibn Abi Talib. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300252057" title="Special:BookSources/9780300252057"><bdi>9780300252057</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prophet%27s+Heir%3A+The+Life+of+Ali+ibn+Abi+Talib&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9780300252057&rft.aulast=Abbas&rft.aufirst=Hassan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMadelung1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wilferd_Madelung" title="Wilferd Madelung">Madelung, Wilferd</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/successiontomuam0000made">The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521646960" title="Special:BookSources/0521646960"><bdi>0521646960</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Succession+to+Muhammad%3A+A+Study+of+the+Early+Caliphate&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0521646960&rft.aulast=Madelung&rft.aufirst=Wilferd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsuccessiontomuam0000made&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAslan2011" class="citation book cs1">Aslan, Reza (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nogodbutgodorigi0000asla_n9k1/mode/2up">No god but God: The Origins, Evolution, and Future of Islam</a>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812982442" title="Special:BookSources/9780812982442"><bdi>9780812982442</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+god+but+God%3A+The+Origins%2C+Evolution%2C+and+Future+of+Islam&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780812982442&rft.aulast=Aslan&rft.aufirst=Reza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnogodbutgodorigi0000asla_n9k1%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFErnst2003" class="citation book cs1">Ernst, Carl (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/followingmuhamma0005erns/mode/2up">Following Muhammad: Rethinking Islam in the Contemporary World</a>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807875803" title="Special:BookSources/9780807875803"><bdi>9780807875803</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Following+Muhammad%3A+Rethinking+Islam+in+the+Contemporary+World&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780807875803&rft.aulast=Ernst&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffollowingmuhamma0005erns%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRogerson2006" class="citation book cs1">Rogerson, Barnaby (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/heirsofprophetmu0000roge/mode/2up">The Heirs of the Prophet Muhammad: And the Roots of the Sunni–Shia Schism</a>. Abacus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780349117577" title="Special:BookSources/9780349117577"><bdi>9780349117577</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Heirs+of+the+Prophet+Muhammad%3A+And+the+Roots+of+the+Sunni%E2%80%93Shia+Schism&rft.pub=Abacus&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780349117577&rft.aulast=Rogerson&rft.aufirst=Barnaby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fheirsofprophetmu0000roge%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHazleton2009" class="citation book cs1">Hazleton, Lesley (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aftertheprophettheepicstoryoftheshiasunnisplitinislampdfdrive.com/mode/2up">After the Prophet: The Epic Story of the Shia–Sunni Split in Islam</a>. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780385532099" title="Special:BookSources/9780385532099"><bdi>9780385532099</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+the+Prophet%3A+The+Epic+Story+of+the+Shia%E2%80%93Sunni+Split+in+Islam&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780385532099&rft.aulast=Hazleton&rft.aufirst=Lesley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faftertheprophettheepicstoryoftheshiasunnisplitinislampdfdrive.com%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBodley1946" class="citation book cs1">Bodley, R.V.C. (1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/messengerlifeofm00bodl/page/n5/mode/2up">The Messenger; the Life of Mohammed</a>. Doubleday & Co., Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Messenger%3B+the+Life+of+Mohammed&rft.pub=Doubleday+%26+Co.%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1946&rft.aulast=Bodley&rft.aufirst=R.V.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmessengerlifeofm00bodl%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMuir1891" class="citation book cs1">Muir, William (1891). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/caliphateitsris00muirgoog/mode/2up">The Caliphate: Its Rise, Decline, and Fall: From Original Sources</a>. Religious Tract Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Caliphate%3A+Its+Rise%2C+Decline%2C+and+Fall%3A+From+Original+Sources&rft.pub=Religious+Tract+Society&rft.date=1891&rft.aulast=Muir&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcaliphateitsris00muirgoog%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJafri1979" class="citation book cs1">Jafri, S.H.M (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/OriginsAndEarlyDevelopmentOfShiaIslamBySyedHusainMohammadJafri/mode/2up">Origins and Early Development of Shia Islam</a>. London: Longman.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origins+and+Early+Development+of+Shia+Islam&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Jafri&rft.aufirst=S.H.M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FOriginsAndEarlyDevelopmentOfShiaIslamBySyedHusainMohammadJafri%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMomen1985" class="citation book cs1">Momen, Moojan (1985). An Introduction to Shi'i Islam. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780853982005" title="Special:BookSources/9780853982005"><bdi>9780853982005</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Shi%27i+Islam&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9780853982005&rft.aulast=Momen&rft.aufirst=Moojan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKelen1975" class="citation book cs1">Kelen, Betty (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/muhammadmessenge0000kele/mode/2up?q=fatima">Muhammad: The Messenger of God</a>. T. Nelson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780929093123" title="Special:BookSources/9780929093123"><bdi>9780929093123</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muhammad%3A+The+Messenger+of+God&rft.pub=T.+Nelson&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=9780929093123&rft.aulast=Kelen&rft.aufirst=Betty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmuhammadmessenge0000kele%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3Dfatima&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNashat1983" class="citation book cs1">Nashat, Guity (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womenrevolutioni0000unse/mode/2up">Women and Revolution in Iran</a>. Westview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780865319318" title="Special:BookSources/9780865319318"><bdi>9780865319318</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+and+Revolution+in+Iran&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9780865319318&rft.aulast=Nashat&rft.aufirst=Guity&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwomenrevolutioni0000unse%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMavani2013" class="citation book cs1">Mavani, Hamid (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/religiousauthori0000mava/mode/">Religious Authority and Political Thought in Twelver Shi'ism: From Ali to Post-Khomeini</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415624404" title="Special:BookSources/9780415624404"><bdi>9780415624404</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Authority+and+Political+Thought+in+Twelver+Shi%27ism%3A+From+Ali+to+Post-Khomeini&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780415624404&rft.aulast=Mavani&rft.aufirst=Hamid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freligiousauthori0000mava%2Fmode%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPierce2016" class="citation book cs1">Pierce, Matthew (2016). Twelve Infallible Men: The Imams and the Making of Shi'ism. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674737075" title="Special:BookSources/9780674737075"><bdi>9780674737075</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twelve+Infallible+Men%3A+The+Imams+and+the+Making+of+Shi%27ism&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780674737075&rft.aulast=Pierce&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFreedmanMcClymond2000" class="citation book cs1">Freedman, David Noel; McClymond, Michael (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/riversofparadise0000unse/mode/2up">The Rivers of Paradise: Moses, Buddha, Confucius, Jesus, and Muhammad as Religious Founders</a>. <a href="/wiki/William_B._Eerdmans_Publishing_Company" title="William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company">William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802829573" title="Special:BookSources/9780802829573"><bdi>9780802829573</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rivers+of+Paradise%3A+Moses%2C+Buddha%2C+Confucius%2C+Jesus%2C+and+Muhammad+as+Religious+Founders&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780802829573&rft.aulast=Freedman&rft.aufirst=David+Noel&rft.au=McClymond%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Friversofparadise0000unse%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKassamBlomfield2015" class="citation book cs1">Kassam, Zayn; Blomfield, Bridget (2015). "Remembering Fatima and Zaynab: Gender in Perspective". In Daftary, Farhad; Sajoo, Amyn; Jiwa, Shainool (eds.). The Shi'i World: Pathways in Tradition and Modernity. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 210. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857729675" title="Special:BookSources/9780857729675"><bdi>9780857729675</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Remembering+Fatima+and+Zaynab%3A+Gender+in+Perspective&rft.btitle=The+Shi%27i+World%3A+Pathways+in+Tradition+and+Modernity&rft.pages=210&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780857729675&rft.aulast=Kassam&rft.aufirst=Zayn&rft.au=Blomfield%2C+Bridget&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAyoub2011" class="citation book cs1">Ayoub, Mahmoud M. (2011). Redemptive Suffering in Islam: A Study of the Devotional Aspects of Ashura in Twelver Shi'ism. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110803310" title="Special:BookSources/9783110803310"><bdi>9783110803310</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Redemptive+Suffering+in+Islam%3A+A+Study+of+the+Devotional+Aspects+of+Ashura+in+Twelver+Shi%27ism&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9783110803310&rft.aulast=Ayoub&rft.aufirst=Mahmoud+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorimoto2012" class="citation book cs1">Morimoto, Kazuo, ed. (2012). Sayyids and Sharifs in Muslim Societies: The Living Links to the Prophet (Illustrated ed.). <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415519175" title="Special:BookSources/9780415519175"><bdi>9780415519175</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sayyids+and+Sharifs+in+Muslim+Societies%3A+The+Living+Links+to+the+Prophet&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780415519175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBar-AsherKofsky2002" class="citation book cs1">Bar-Asher, Meir M.; Kofsky, Aryeh (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2bli4DyuHRIC&q=Event+of+Mubahala&pg=PA141">The Nusayri-Alawi Religion: An Enquiry into Its Theology and Liturgy</a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004125520" title="Special:BookSources/9789004125520"><bdi>9789004125520</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nusayri-Alawi+Religion%3A+An+Enquiry+into+Its+Theology+and+Liturgy&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9789004125520&rft.aulast=Bar-Asher&rft.aufirst=Meir+M.&rft.au=Kofsky%2C+Aryeh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2bli4DyuHRIC%26q%3DEvent%2Bof%2BMubahala%26pg%3DPA141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNasrDagliDakakeLumbard2015" class="citation book cs1">Nasr, S.H.; Dagli, C.K.; Dakake, M.M.; Lumbard, J.E.B.; Rustom, M., eds. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thestudyquran_201909/mode/2up">The Study Quran: A New Translation and Commentary</a>. Harper Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780062227621" title="Special:BookSources/9780062227621"><bdi>9780062227621</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Study+Quran%3A+A+New+Translation+and+Commentary&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780062227621&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthestudyquran_201909%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLalani2000" class="citation book cs1">Lalani, Arzina R. (2000). Early Shi'i Thought: The Teachings of Imam Muhammad al-Baqir. I.B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781860644344" title="Special:BookSources/9781860644344"><bdi>9781860644344</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Shi%27i+Thought%3A+The+Teachings+of+Imam+Muhammad+al-Baqir&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9781860644344&rft.aulast=Lalani&rft.aufirst=Arzina+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThurlkill2008" class="citation book cs1">Thurlkill, Mary F. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/marythurkhillchosenamongwomenmaryandfatima">Chosen Among Women: Mary and Fatima in Medieval Christianity and Shi'ite Islam</a>. University of Notre Dame Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780268093822" title="Special:BookSources/9780268093822"><bdi>9780268093822</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chosen+Among+Women%3A+Mary+and+Fatima+in+Medieval+Christianity+and+Shi%27ite+Islam&rft.pub=University+of+Notre+Dame+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780268093822&rft.aulast=Thurlkill&rft.aufirst=Mary+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmarythurkhillchosenamongwomenmaryandfatima&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKlemm2005" class="citation book cs1">Klemm, Verena (2005). "Image Formation of an Islamic Legend: Fātima, the Daughter of the Prophet Muhammad". In Günther, Sebastian (ed.). Ideas, Images, and Methods of Portrayal: Insights into Classical Arabic Literature and Islam. Brill. pp. 181–208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789047407263" title="Special:BookSources/9789047407263"><bdi>9789047407263</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Image+Formation+of+an+Islamic+Legend%3A+F%C4%81tima%2C+the+Daughter+of+the+Prophet+Muhammad&rft.btitle=Ideas%2C+Images%2C+and+Methods+of+Portrayal%3A+Insights+into+Classical+Arabic+Literature+and+Islam&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E181-%3C%2Fspan%3E208&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9789047407263&rft.aulast=Klemm&rft.aufirst=Verena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAmir-MoezziCalmard1999" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali; Calmard, Jean (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/fatema">"Fātema"</a>. Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. IX/4. pp. 400–404.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=F%C4%81tema&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E400-%3C%2Fspan%3E404&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Amir-Moezzi&rft.aufirst=Mohammad+Ali&rft.au=Calmard%2C+Jean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Ffatema&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAl-Tabari1990" class="citation book cs1">Al-Tabari (1990). "The Events of the Year 11". In Poonawala, Ismail K. (ed.). The History of al-Ṭabarī, Vol. 9: The Last Years of the Prophet: The Formation of the State A.D. 630–632/A.H. 8–11. The State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780887066924" title="Special:BookSources/9780887066924"><bdi>9780887066924</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Events+of+the+Year+11&rft.btitle=The+History+of+al-%E1%B9%ACabar%C4%AB%2C+Vol.+9%3A+The+Last+Years+of+the+Prophet%3A+The+Formation+of+the+State+A.D.+630%E2%80%93632%2FA.H.+8%E2%80%9311&rft.pub=The+State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780887066924&rft.au=Al-Tabari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCorteseCalderini2006" class="citation book cs1">Cortese, Delia; Calderini, Simonetta (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Yz4pAAAAYAAJ">Women and the Fatimids in the World of Islam</a> (1st ed.). Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0748617333" title="Special:BookSources/978-0748617333"><bdi>978-0748617333</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+and+the+Fatimids+in+the+World+of+Islam&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0748617333&rft.aulast=Cortese&rft.aufirst=Delia&rft.au=Calderini%2C+Simonetta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYz4pAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAmir-Moezzi2022" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/ghadir-khumm-COM_27419?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-3&s.q=Ghad%C4%ABr+Khumm">"Ghadīr Khumm"</a>. Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill Reference Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ghad%C4%ABr+Khumm&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Brill+Reference+Online&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Amir-Moezzi&rft.aufirst=Mohammad+Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-3%2Fghadir-khumm-COM_27419%3Fs.num%3D0%26s.f.s2_parent%3Ds.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-3%26s.q%3DGhad%25C4%25ABr%2BKhumm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAkbar2006" class="citation book cs1">Akbar, Syed (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=opBkfYKBOjsC">Reliving Karbala : Martyrdom in South Asian Memory: Martyrdom in South Asian Memory</a>. United States: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199706624" title="Special:BookSources/9780199706624"><bdi>9780199706624</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reliving+Karbala+%3A+Martyrdom+in+South+Asian+Memory%3A+Martyrdom+in+South+Asian+Memory&rft.place=United+States&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780199706624&rft.aulast=Akbar&rft.aufirst=Syed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DopBkfYKBOjsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpellberg1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Denise_Spellberg" title="Denise Spellberg">Spellberg, Denise A.</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicsgenderis0000spel/mode/2up">Politics, Gender, and the Islamic Past: The Legacy of 'A'isha Bint Abi Bakr</a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231079990" title="Special:BookSources/9780231079990"><bdi>9780231079990</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics%2C+Gender%2C+and+the+Islamic+Past%3A+The+Legacy+of+%27A%27isha+Bint+Abi+Bakr&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780231079990&rft.aulast=Spellberg&rft.aufirst=Denise+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoliticsgenderis0000spel%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAyoub2014" class="citation book cs1">Ayoub, Mahmoud M. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crisisofmuslimhi0000ayou">The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam</a>. Oneworld Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781780746746" title="Special:BookSources/9781780746746"><bdi>9781780746746</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crisis+of+Muslim+History%3A+Religion+and+Politics+in+Early+Islam&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781780746746&rft.aulast=Ayoub&rft.aufirst=Mahmoud+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcrisisofmuslimhi0000ayou&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEl-Hibri2010" class="citation book cs1">El-Hibri, Tayeb (2010). Parable and Politics in Early Islamic History: The Rashidun Caliphs. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231521659" title="Special:BookSources/9780231521659"><bdi>9780231521659</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parable+and+Politics+in+Early+Islamic+History%3A+The+Rashidun+Caliphs&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780231521659&rft.aulast=El-Hibri&rft.aufirst=Tayeb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLucas2004" class="citation book cs1">Lucas, Scott C. (2004). Constructive Critics, Ḥadīth Literature, and the Articulation of Sunnī Islam: The Legacy of the Generation of Ibn Saʻd, Ibn Maʻīn, and Ibn Ḥanbal. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004133198" title="Special:BookSources/9789004133198"><bdi>9789004133198</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constructive+Critics%2C+%E1%B8%A4ad%C4%ABth+Literature%2C+and+the+Articulation+of+Sunn%C4%AB+Islam%3A+The+Legacy+of+the+Generation+of+Ibn+Sa%CA%BBd%2C+Ibn+Ma%CA%BB%C4%ABn%2C+and+Ibn+%E1%B8%A4anbal&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9789004133198&rft.aulast=Lucas&rft.aufirst=Scott+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDeBano2009" class="citation cs2">DeBano, Wendy (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gAR15vJcC6wC&pg=PA234">"Singing against Silence: Celebrating Women and Music and the Fourth Jasmine Festival"</a>, in Laudan Nooshin (ed.), Music and the Play of Power in the Middle East, North Africa and Central Asia, Soas Musicology Series (illustrated ed.), <a href="/wiki/Ashgate_Publishing" title="Ashgate Publishing">Ashgate Publishing</a>, p. 234 (footnote 18), <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780754634577" title="Special:BookSources/9780754634577"><bdi>9780754634577</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Singing+against+Silence%3A+Celebrating+Women+and+Music+and+the+Fourth+Jasmine+Festival&rft.btitle=Music+and+the+Play+of+Power+in+the+Middle+East%2C+North+Africa+and+Central+Asia&rft.series=Soas+Musicology+Series&rft.pages=234+%28footnote+18%29&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780754634577&rft.aulast=DeBano&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgAR15vJcC6wC%26pg%3DPA234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Encyclopedias">Encyclopedias</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBuehler2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Buehler, Arthur F. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/muhammadinhistor0000unse_h4s1/mode/2up">"FATIMA (d. 632)"</a>. In Fitzpatrick, Coeli; Walker, Adam Hani (eds.). Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopaedia of the Prophet of God. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. pp. 182–187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781610691772" title="Special:BookSources/9781610691772"><bdi>9781610691772</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=FATIMA+%28d.+632%29&rft.btitle=Muhammad+in+History%2C+Thought%2C+and+Culture%3A+An+Encyclopaedia+of+the+Prophet+of+God&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E182-%3C%2Fspan%3E187&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781610691772&rft.aulast=Buehler&rft.aufirst=Arthur+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmuhammadinhistor0000unse_h4s1%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRahim2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Rahim, Habibeh (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/muhammadinhistor0000unse/mode/2up">"Prayer"</a>. In Fitzpatrick, Coeli; Walker, Adam Hani (eds.). Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopaedia of the Prophet of God. Vol. 2. ABC-CLIO. pp. 473–477. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781610691772" title="Special:BookSources/9781610691772"><bdi>9781610691772</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Prayer&rft.btitle=Muhammad+in+History%2C+Thought%2C+and+Culture%3A+An+Encyclopaedia+of+the+Prophet+of+God&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E473-%3C%2Fspan%3E477&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781610691772&rft.aulast=Rahim&rft.aufirst=Habibeh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmuhammadinhistor0000unse%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVeccia_Vaglieri2022a" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2022a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/fatima-COM_0217?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-2&s.q=fatima">"Fāṭima"</a>. In Bearman, P. (ed.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.). Brill Reference Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=F%C4%81%E1%B9%ADima&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Brill+Reference+Online&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Veccia+Vaglieri&rft.aufirst=L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-2%2Ffatima-COM_0217%3Fs.num%3D0%26s.f.s2_parent%3Ds.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-2%26s.q%3Dfatima&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVeccia_Vaglieri2022b" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2022b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/ali-b-abi-talib-COM_0046?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-2&s.q=%CA%BFAl%C4%AB+b.+Ab%C4%AB+%E1%B9%AC%C4%81lib">"ʿAlī B. Abī Ṭālib"</a>. In Bearman, P. (ed.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.). Brill Reference Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%CA%BFAl%C4%AB+B.+Ab%C4%AB+%E1%B9%AC%C4%81lib&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Brill+Reference+Online&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Veccia+Vaglieri&rft.aufirst=L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-2%2Fali-b-abi-talib-COM_0046%3Fs.num%3D0%26s.f.s2_parent%3Ds.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-2%26s.q%3D%25CA%25BFAl%25C4%25AB%2Bb.%2BAb%25C4%25AB%2B%25E1%25B9%25AC%25C4%2581lib&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNasrAfsaruddin2021" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hossein_Nasr" class="mw-redirect" title="Hossein Nasr">Nasr, Seyyed Hossein</a>; Afsaruddin, Asma (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9005712/Ali">"Ali"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ali&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Nasr&rft.aufirst=Seyyed+Hossein&rft.au=Afsaruddin%2C+Asma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-9005712%2FAli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSajjadi2021" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Sajjadi, Sadeq (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-islamica/fadak-COM_036126?lang=en">"Fadak"</a>. Encyclopaedia Islamica. Brill Reference Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fadak&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Islamica&rft.pub=Brill+Reference+Online&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Sajjadi&rft.aufirst=Sadeq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-islamica%2Ffadak-COM_036126%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFQutbuddin2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Qutbuddin, Tahera (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MedievalIslamicCivilizationAnEncyclopedia_201603">"Fatima (Al-Zahra') Bint Muhammad (ca. 12 Before Hijra–11/ca. 610–632)"</a>. In Meri, Josef W. (ed.). Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. pp. 248–250. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415966900" title="Special:BookSources/9780415966900"><bdi>9780415966900</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fatima+%28Al-Zahra%27%29+Bint+Muhammad+%28ca.+12+Before+Hijra%E2%80%9311%2Fca.+610%E2%80%93632%29&rft.btitle=Medieval+Islamic+Civilization%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E248-%3C%2Fspan%3E250&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780415966900&rft.aulast=Qutbuddin&rft.aufirst=Tahera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FMedievalIslamicCivilizationAnEncyclopedia_201603&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnthony2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Anthony, Sean W. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/princetonencyclo0000unse/">"'Ali b. Abi Talib (ca. 599–661)"</a>. In Bowering, Gerhard (ed.). The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought. Princeton University Press. pp. 30–32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691134840" title="Special:BookSources/9780691134840"><bdi>9780691134840</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Ali+b.+Abi+Talib+%28ca.+599%E2%80%93661%29&rft.btitle=The+Princeton+Encyclopedia+of+Islamic+Political+Thought&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E30-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780691134840&rft.aulast=Anthony&rft.aufirst=Sean+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprincetonencyclo0000unse%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFedele2018" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Fedele, Valentina (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jt91DwAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA56">"Fatima (605/15–632 CE)"</a>. In de-Gaia, Susan (ed.). Encyclopedia of Women in World Religions. ABC-CLIO. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781440848506" title="Special:BookSources/9781440848506"><bdi>9781440848506</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fatima+%28605%2F15%E2%80%93632+CE%29&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Women+in+World+Religions&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781440848506&rft.aulast=Fedele&rft.aufirst=Valentina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djt91DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcAuliffe2002" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">McAuliffe, Jane Dammen (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/EncyclopaediaOfTheQuranVol.2eI/page/n1/mode/2up">"Fatima"</a>. In McAuliffe, Jane Dammen (ed.). Encyclopaedia of the Qur’ān. Vol. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004114654" title="Special:BookSources/9789004114654"><bdi>9789004114654</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fatima&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+the+Qur%E2%80%99%C4%81n&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9789004114654&rft.aulast=McAuliffe&rft.aufirst=Jane+Dammen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FEncyclopaediaOfTheQuranVol.2eI%2Fpage%2Fn1%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGlassé2001a" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Glassé, Cyril (2001a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newencyclopediao0000glas/mode/2up">"Fāṭima"</a>. The New Encyclopedia of Islam. AltaMira Press. p. 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780759101890" title="Special:BookSources/9780759101890"><bdi>9780759101890</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=F%C4%81%E1%B9%ADima&rft.btitle=The+New+Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=AltaMira+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780759101890&rft.aulast=Glass%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewencyclopediao0000glas%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGlassé2001b" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Glassé, Cyril (2001b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newencyclopediao0000glas/mode/2up">"'Alī ibn Abī Talīb"</a>. The New Encyclopedia of Islam. AltaMira Press. pp. 39–41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780759101890" title="Special:BookSources/9780759101890"><bdi>9780759101890</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Al%C4%AB+ibn+Ab%C4%AB+Tal%C4%ABb&rft.btitle=The+New+Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E39-%3C%2Fspan%3E41&rft.pub=AltaMira+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780759101890&rft.aulast=Glass%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewencyclopediao0000glas%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGlassé2001c" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Glassé, Cyril (2001c). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newencyclopediao0000glas/mode/2up">"Muḥammad, the Messenger of God"</a>. The New Encyclopedia of Islam. AltaMira Press. pp. 320–325. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780759101890" title="Special:BookSources/9780759101890"><bdi>9780759101890</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad%2C+the+Messenger+of+God&rft.btitle=The+New+Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E320-%3C%2Fspan%3E325&rft.pub=AltaMira+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780759101890&rft.aulast=Glass%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewencyclopediao0000glas%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGlassé2001d" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Glassé, Cyril (2001d). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newencyclopediao0000glas/mode/2up">"Ahl al Kisā'"</a>. The New Encyclopedia of Islam. AltaMira Press. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780759101890" title="Special:BookSources/9780759101890"><bdi>9780759101890</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ahl+al+Kis%C4%81%27&rft.btitle=The+New+Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=AltaMira+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780759101890&rft.aulast=Glass%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewencyclopediao0000glas%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGlassé2001e" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Glassé, Cyril (2001e). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newencyclopediao0000glas/mode/2up">"Ahl al Bayt"</a>. The New Encyclopedia of Islam. AltaMira Press. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780759101890" title="Special:BookSources/9780759101890"><bdi>9780759101890</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ahl+al+Bayt&rft.btitle=The+New+Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=AltaMira+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780759101890&rft.aulast=Glass%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewencyclopediao0000glas%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCampo2009a" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Campo, Juan Eduardo, ed. (2009a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islam-encyclopedia-of-islam-2009/mode/2up">"Fatima (ca. 605–633)"</a>. Encyclopedia of Islam. Infobase Publishing. pp. 230–231. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438126968" title="Special:BookSources/9781438126968"><bdi>9781438126968</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fatima+%28ca.+605%E2%80%93633%29&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E230-%3C%2Fspan%3E231&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781438126968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislam-encyclopedia-of-islam-2009%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCampo2009b" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Campo, Juan Eduardo, ed. (2009b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islam-encyclopedia-of-islam-2009/mode/2up">"ahl al-bayt"</a>. Encyclopedia of Islam. Infobase Publishing. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438126968" title="Special:BookSources/9781438126968"><bdi>9781438126968</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=ahl+al-bayt&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781438126968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislam-encyclopedia-of-islam-2009%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCampo2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Campo, J.E. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofis0001unse/page/24/mode/2up?q=baqir">"Ahl Al-Bayt"</a>. In Martin, R.C. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim world. Macmillan Reference. pp. 25–26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ahl+Al-Bayt&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islam+and+the+Muslim+world&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E25-%3C%2Fspan%3E26&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Campo&rft.aufirst=J.E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofis0001unse%2Fpage%2F24%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3Dbaqir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShah-Kazemi2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Shah-Kazemi, Reza (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/muhammadinhistor0000unse_h4s1/mode/2up">"'Ali Ibn Abi Talib (599–661)"</a>. In Fitzpatrick, Coeli; Walker, Adam Hani (eds.). Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopaedia of the Prophet of God. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. pp. 20–24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781610691772" title="Special:BookSources/9781610691772"><bdi>9781610691772</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Ali+Ibn+Abi+Talib+%28599%E2%80%93661%29&rft.btitle=Muhammad+in+History%2C+Thought%2C+and+Culture%3A+An+Encyclopaedia+of+the+Prophet+of+God&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E20-%3C%2Fspan%3E24&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781610691772&rft.aulast=Shah-Kazemi&rft.aufirst=Reza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmuhammadinhistor0000unse_h4s1%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoward1984" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Howard, I.K.A. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/ahl-e-bayt">"Ahl-e Bayt"</a>. Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. I/6. p. 635.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ahl-e+Bayt&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.pages=635&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=I.K.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fahl-e-bayt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGril2003" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gril, Denis (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaKURAN_vol3/mode/">"Love and Affection"</a>. In McAuliffe, Jane Dammen (ed.). Encyclopaedia of the Qur’ān. Vol. 3. Brill. pp. 233–237. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004123557" title="Special:BookSources/9789004123557"><bdi>9789004123557</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Love+and+Affection&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+the+Qur%E2%80%99%C4%81n&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E233-%3C%2Fspan%3E237&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9789004123557&rft.aulast=Gril&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FencyclopediaKURAN_vol3%2Fmode%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoldziherArendonkTritton2022" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Goldziher, I.; Arendonk, C. van; Tritton, A.S. (2022). "Ahl Al-Bayt". In Bearman, P. (ed.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.). Brill Reference Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ahl+Al-Bayt&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Brill+Reference+Online&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Goldziher&rft.aufirst=I.&rft.au=Arendonk%2C+C.+van&rft.au=Tritton%2C+A.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrunner2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Brunner, R. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/muhammadinhistor0000unse_h4s1/page/4/mode/2up">"Ahl al-Bayt"</a>. In Fitzpatrick, C.; Walker, A.H. (eds.). Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God. pp. 5–9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ahl+al-Bayt&rft.btitle=Muhammad+in+History%2C+Thought%2C+and+Culture%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+the+Prophet+of+God&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Brunner&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmuhammadinhistor0000unse_h4s1%2Fpage%2F4%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSharon2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Sharon, M. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/EncyclopaediaOfTheQuranVol4/page/n51/mode/2up">"People of the House"</a>. In McAuliffe, J.D. (ed.). Encyclopaedia of the Qur’ān. Vol. 4. Brill. pp. 48–53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004123557" title="Special:BookSources/9789004123557"><bdi>9789004123557</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=People+of+the+House&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+the+Qur%E2%80%99%C4%81n&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E48-%3C%2Fspan%3E53&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9789004123557&rft.aulast=Sharon&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FEncyclopaediaOfTheQuranVol4%2Fpage%2Fn51%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeaman2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Leaman, O. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thequrananencyclopediaed.byoliverleaman_201909/page/n43/mode/2up">"Ahl Al-Bayt"</a>. In Leaman, O. (ed.). The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. pp. 16–17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ahl+Al-Bayt&rft.btitle=The+Qur%27an%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E16-%3C%2Fspan%3E17&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Leaman&rft.aufirst=O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthequrananencyclopediaed.byoliverleaman_201909%2Fpage%2Fn43%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlgar1984" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Algar, H. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/al-e-aba-the-family-of-the-cloak-i">"Āl-e ʿAbā"</a>. Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. I. p. 742.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C4%80l-e+%CA%BFAb%C4%81&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.pages=742&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Algar&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fal-e-aba-the-family-of-the-cloak-i&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPoonawala2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Poonawala, Ismail (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ali-b-abi-taleb">"ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭāleb"</a>. Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. I/8. pp. 838–848. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110429163734/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ali-b-abi-taleb">Archived</a> from the original on April 29, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%CA%BFAl%C4%AB+b.+Ab%C4%AB+%E1%B9%AC%C4%81leb&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E838-%3C%2Fspan%3E848&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Poonawala&rft.aufirst=Ismail&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fali-b-abi-taleb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWalker2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Walker, Adam Hani (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/muhammadinhistor0000unse_h4s1/mode/2up">"Abu Bakr Al-Siddiq (c. 573–634)"</a>. In Fitzpatrick, Coeli; Walker, Adam Hani (eds.). Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopaedia of the Prophet of God. ABC-CLIO. pp. 1–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781610691772" title="Special:BookSources/9781610691772"><bdi>9781610691772</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abu+Bakr+Al-Siddiq+%28c.+573%E2%80%93634%29&rft.btitle=Muhammad+in+History%2C+Thought%2C+and+Culture%3A+An+Encyclopaedia+of+the+Prophet+of+God&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781610691772&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Adam+Hani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmuhammadinhistor0000unse_h4s1%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCanard1965" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marius_Canard" title="Marius Canard">Canard, Marius</a> (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0218">"Fāṭimids"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Lewis, B.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pellat" title="Charles Pellat">Pellat, Ch.</a> & <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schacht" title="Joseph Schacht">Schacht, J.</a> (eds.). <a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopaedia of Islam">The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a>. Volume II: C–G. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 850–862. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/495469475">495469475</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=F%C4%81%E1%B9%ADimids&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition.+Volume+II%3A+C%E2%80%93G&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E850-%3C%2Fspan%3E862&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F495469475&rft.aulast=Canard&rft.aufirst=Marius&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_0218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journal_articles">Journal articles</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAndani2016" class="citation journal cs1">Andani, Khalil (2016). "A Survey of Ismaili Studies (Part 1): Early Ismailism and Fatimid Ismailism". Religion Compass. 10 (8): 191–206. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Frec3.12205">10.1111/rec3.12205</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religion+Compass&rft.atitle=A+Survey+of+Ismaili+Studies+%28Part+1%29%3A+Early+Ismailism+and+Fatimid+Ismailism&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E191-%3C%2Fspan%3E206&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Frec3.12205&rft.aulast=Andani&rft.aufirst=Khalil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRuffle2012" class="citation journal cs1">Ruffle, Karen (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ebookshia.com/books/view/2507/May+Fatimah+Gather+Our+Tears%3A+The+Mystical+and+Intercessory+Powers+of+Fatimah+al-Zahra+in+Indo-Persian%2C+Shi%E2%80%98i+Devotional+Literature+and+Performance">"May Fatimah Gather Our Tears: The Mystical and Intercessory Powers of Fatimah Al-Zahra in Indo-Persian, Shii Devotional Literature and Performance"</a>. Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East. 30 (3): 386–397. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F1089201X-2010-021">10.1215/1089201X-2010-021</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Studies+of+South+Asia%2C+Africa+and+the+Middle+East&rft.atitle=May+Fatimah+Gather+Our+Tears%3A+The+Mystical+and+Intercessory+Powers+of+Fatimah+Al-Zahra+in+Indo-Persian%2C+Shii+Devotional+Literature+and+Performance&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E386-%3C%2Fspan%3E397&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F1089201X-2010-021&rft.aulast=Ruffle&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Febookshia.com%2Fbooks%2Fview%2F2507%2FMay%2BFatimah%2BGather%2BOur%2BTears%253A%2BThe%2BMystical%2Band%2BIntercessory%2BPowers%2Bof%2BFatimah%2Bal-Zahra%2Bin%2BIndo-Persian%252C%2BShi%25E2%2580%2598i%2BDevotional%2BLiterature%2Band%2BPerformance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRuffle2011" class="citation journal cs1">Ruffle, Karen (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/34132285">"May You Learn From Their Model: The Exemplary Father–Daughter Relationship of Mohammad and Fatima in South Asian Shiʿism"</a>. Journal of Persianate Studies. 4: 12–29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F187471611X568267">10.1163/187471611X568267</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Persianate+Studies&rft.atitle=May+You+Learn+From+Their+Model%3A+The+Exemplary+Father%E2%80%93Daughter+Relationship+of+Mohammad+and+Fatima+in+South+Asian+Shi%CA%BFism&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E12-%3C%2Fspan%3E29&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F187471611X568267&rft.aulast=Ruffle&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F34132285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theses">Theses</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKhetia2013" class="citation thesis cs1">Khetia, Vinay (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/976817/">Fatima as a Motif of Contention and Suffering in Islamic Sources</a> (Thesis). Concordia University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Fatima+as+a+Motif+of+Contention+and+Suffering+in+Islamic+Sources&rft.inst=Concordia+University&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Khetia&rft.aufirst=Vinay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspectrum.library.concordia.ca%2F976817%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSoufi1997" class="citation thesis cs1">Soufi, Denise Louise (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/304390529">The Image of Fatima in Classical Muslim Thought</a> (PhD thesis). Princeton University. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/304390529">304390529</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Image+of+Fatima+in+Classical+Muslim+Thought&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=Princeton+University&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Soufi&rft.aufirst=Denise+Louise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fdocview%2F304390529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books_2">Books</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Morrow, John Andrew (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ufLaAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA104">Islamic Images and Ideas: Essays on Sacred Symbolism</a>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786458486" title="Special:BookSources/9780786458486"><bdi>9780786458486</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Images+and+Ideas%3A+Essays+on+Sacred+Symbolism&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780786458486&rft.aulast=Morrow&rft.aufirst=John+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DufLaAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Chittick, William C. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rMnFZOHkurcC&pg=PA138">A Shi'ite Anthology</a>. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780873955102" title="Special:BookSources/9780873955102"><bdi>9780873955102</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Shi%27ite+Anthology&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=9780873955102&rft.aulast=Chittick&rft.aufirst=William+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrMnFZOHkurcC%26pg%3DPA138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karen_Armstrong" title="Karen Armstrong">Armstrong, Karen</a> (1993). Muhammad: A Biography of the Prophet. San Francisco: Harper. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0062508865" title="Special:BookSources/0062508865"><bdi>0062508865</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muhammad%3A+A+Biography+of+the+Prophet&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0062508865&rft.au=Armstrong%2C+Karen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Ashraf, Shahid (2005). Encyclopedia of Holy Prophet and Companions. Anmol Publications Pvr. Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8126119403" title="Special:BookSources/8126119403"><bdi>8126119403</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Holy+Prophet+and+Companions&rft.pub=Anmol+Publications+Pvr.+Ltd.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=8126119403&rft.aulast=Ashraf&rft.aufirst=Shahid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Esposito" title="John Esposito">Esposito, John</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofi00john">Oxford History of Islam</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195107999" title="Special:BookSources/9780195107999"><bdi>9780195107999</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+History+of+Islam&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780195107999&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordhistoryofi00john&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Esposito" title="John Esposito">Esposito, John</a> (1998). Islam: The Straight Path (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195112344" title="Special:BookSources/9780195112344"><bdi>9780195112344</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%3A+The+Straight+Path&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780195112344&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlomfield2014" class="citation book cs1">Blomfield, B. (2014). "Fatimah". In Morrow, J.A. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamicimageside0000unse/page/228/mode/2up">Islamic Images and Ideas: Essays on Sacred Symbolism</a>. McFarland & Company. pp. 101–109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786458486" title="Special:BookSources/9780786458486"><bdi>9780786458486</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fatimah&rft.btitle=Islamic+Images+and+Ideas%3A+Essays+on+Sacred+Symbolism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E101-%3C%2Fspan%3E109&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780786458486&rft.aulast=Blomfield&rft.aufirst=B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislamicimageside0000unse%2Fpage%2F228%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shia_sources">Shia sources</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Tahir-ul-Qadri, Muhammad (2006). Virtues of Sayyedah Fatimah. Minhaj-ul-Quran Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9693202252" title="Special:BookSources/9693202252"><bdi>9693202252</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Virtues+of+Sayyedah+Fatimah&rft.pub=Minhaj-ul-Quran+Publications&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9693202252&rft.aulast=Tahir-ul-Qadri&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://roshd.org/eng/beliefs/index.asp?BEL_CODE=93">The Life of Fatimah</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130327183659/http://www.roshd.org/eng/beliefs/index.asp?BEL_CODE=93">Archived</a> 27 March 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Naser_Makarem_Shirazi" title="Naser Makarem Shirazi">Makarem Shirazi, Naser</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://al-islam.org/lady_fatima/">Fatima az-Zahra', The World's Most Outstanding Lady</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fatima+az-Zahra%27%2C+The+World%27s+Most+Outstanding+Lady&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Makarem+Shirazi&rft.aufirst=Naser&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fal-islam.org%2Flady_fatima%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati, Ali</a> (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.al-islam.org/fatimaisfatima">Fatima is Fatima</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fatima+is+Fatima&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Shariati&rft.aufirst=Ali&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-islam.org%2Ffatimaisfatima&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Ordoni, Abu Muhammad. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080528061043/http://www.balagh.net/english/ahl_bayt/fatima_the_gracious/index.htm">Fatima (S.A) The Gracious</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.balagh.net/english/ahl_bayt/fatima_the_gracious/index.htm">the original</a> on 28 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fatima+%28S.A%29+The+Gracious&rft.aulast=Ordoni&rft.aufirst=Abu+Muhammad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.balagh.net%2Fenglish%2Fahl_bayt%2Ffatima_the_gracious%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Baqir_Majlesi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Baqir Majlesi">Majlisi, Muhammad Baqir</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theislamicseminary.org/wp/books/behar-al-anwar-volume-43-paperback-english-only/">Behar al-Anwar</a> [Oceans of Light]. Vol. 43. Translated by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Shaykh_Sarwar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhammad Shaykh Sarwar (page does not exist)">Sarwar, Muhammad</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780991430840" title="Special:BookSources/9780991430840"><bdi>9780991430840</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Behar+al-Anwar&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780991430840&rft.aulast=Majlisi&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+Baqir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theislamicseminary.org%2Fwp%2Fbooks%2Fbehar-al-anwar-volume-43-paperback-english-only%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Abbas_Qomi" title="Abbas Qomi">Qomi, Abbas</a>. "Fatima's life". <a href="/wiki/Muntahi_al-Amal" title="Muntahi al-Amal">Muntahi al-Amal</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fatima%27s+life&rft.btitle=Muntahi+al-Amal&rft.aulast=Qomi&rft.aufirst=Abbas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Hussein_Fadlallah" title="Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah">Fadlullah, Sayyid Muhammad Husayn</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://al-islam.org/fatimahrolemodel/">Fatimah al-Ma'sumah (as): A Role Model for Men and Women</a>. London: Al-Bakir Cultural & Social Centre.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fatimah+al-Ma%27sumah+%28as%29%3A+A+Role+Model+for+Men+and+Women&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Al-Bakir+Cultural+%26+Social+Centre&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Fadlullah&rft.aufirst=Sayyid+Muhammad+Husayn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fal-islam.org%2Ffatimahrolemodel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Ordoni, Abu Muhammad; Muhammad Kazim Qazwini (1992). Fatima the Gracious. Ansariyan Publications. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000BWQ7N6">B000BWQ7N6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fatima+the+Gracious&rft.pub=Ansariyan+Publications&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB000BWQ7N6%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Ordoni&rft.aufirst=Abu+Muhammad&rft.au=Muhammad+Kazim+Qazwini&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1">Parsa, Forough (2006). "فاطمهٔ زهرا سلامالله علیها در آثار خاورشناسان" [Fatima Zahra in the Works of Orientalists]. Nashr-e Dānesh. 22 (1). 0259-9090.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nashr-e+D%C4%81nesh&rft.atitle=%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%85%D9%87%D9%94+%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7+%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87+%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%87%D8%A7+%D8%AF%D8%B1+%D8%A2%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Parsa&rft.aufirst=Forough&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"> (In Persian)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sunni_primary_sources">Sunni primary sources</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Bukhari" title="Muhammad al-Bukhari">Al-Bukhari</a>, Muhammad. <a href="/wiki/Sahih_al-Bukhari" title="Sahih al-Bukhari">Sahih al-Bukhari</a>, Books 4, 5, 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sahih+al-Bukhari%2C+Books+4%2C+5%2C+8&rft.aulast=Al-Bukhari&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Al-Tabari, Muhammad ibn Yarir (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8nKLr72nxO4C&q=You%2C+Fatimah%2C+were+born+at+the+time+when+the+Quraysh+were+building+the+Ka%27bah%3B+the+Prophet+was&pg=PA167">The History of al-Tabari Vol. 39: Biographies of the Prophet's Companions and Their Successors: al-Tabari's Supplement to His History</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791428207" title="Special:BookSources/9780791428207"><bdi>9780791428207</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+al-Tabari+Vol.+39%3A+Biographies+of+the+Prophet%27s+Companions+and+Their+Successors%3A+al-Tabari%27s+Supplement+to+His+History&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780791428207&rft.aulast=Al-Tabari&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+ibn+Yarir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8nKLr72nxO4C%26q%3DYou%252C%2BFatimah%252C%2Bwere%2Bborn%2Bat%2Bthe%2Btime%2Bwhen%2Bthe%2BQuraysh%2Bwere%2Bbuilding%2Bthe%2BKa%2527bah%253B%2Bthe%2BProphet%2Bwas%26pg%3DPA167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hisham" title="Ibn Hisham">Ibn Hisham</a>, Abdul Malik (1955). Al-Seerah Al-Nabaweyah (السيرة النبوية – Biography of the Prophet). Mustafa Al Babi Al Halabi (Egypt).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-Seerah+Al-Nabaweyah+%28%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9+%E2%80%93+Biography+of+the+Prophet%29&rft.pub=Mustafa+Al+Babi+Al+Halabi+%28Egypt%29&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Ibn+Hisham&rft.aufirst=Abdul+Malik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima" class="Z3988"> (In Arabic)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Fatimah at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fatima" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Fatima">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Fatimah" class="extiw" title="q:Fatimah">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180123" class="extiw" title="d:Q180123">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-islam.org/life-fatimah-az-zahra-study-and-analysis-baqir-shareef-al-qurashi">The Life of Fatimah Az-Zahra'</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-islam.org/virtues-sayyidah-fatimah-sa-dr-muhammad-tahir-ul-qadri">The Virtues of Fatimah (sa)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.wikishia.net/view/Fidda">Fidda</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamic_honored_women223" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Honoured_women_in_Islam" title="Template:Honoured women in Islam"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Honoured_women_in_Islam" title="Template talk:Honoured women in Islam"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Honoured_women_in_Islam" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Honoured women in Islam"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamic_honored_women223" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Islamic honored women</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;width:1%">Generations of <a href="/wiki/Adam_in_Islam" title="Adam in Islam">Adam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eve#Islam" title="Eve">Hawwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;width:1%">Generations of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">Ibrāhīm</a> and his sons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarah#In_Islam" title="Sarah">Sarah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagar_in_Islam" title="Hagar in Islam">Hājar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca" title="Rebecca">Rafqā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel#In_Islam" title="Rachel">Rāḥīl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;width:1%">Generation of <a href="/wiki/Moses_in_Islam" title="Moses in Islam">Mūsa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asiya" title="Asiya">Asiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jochebed#Islamic_view" title="Jochebed">Yukabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriam#Quranic_account" title="Miriam">Maryam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zipporah" title="Zipporah">Ṣaffūrah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;width:1%">Reign of Kings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bathsheba#Islam" title="Bathsheba">Bathsheba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba" title="Queen of Sheba">Bilqis, the Queen of Sheba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;width:1%">House of <a href="/wiki/Joachim#In_Islam" title="Joachim">Imran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Anne#In_Islam" title="Saint Anne">Hannah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_in_Islam" title="Mary in Islam">Mariam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_(biblical_figure)#Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth (biblical figure)">Alyassabat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;width:1%">Time of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amina_bint_Wahb" title="Amina bint Wahb">Aminah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halimah_bint_Abi_Dhuayb" class="mw-redirect" title="Halimah bint Abi Dhuayb">Halimah al-Sa'diyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad%27s_wives" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad's wives">Mothers of the Believers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khadija_bint_Khuwaylid" title="Khadija bint Khuwaylid">Khadija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aisha" title="Aisha">Aisha</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fatima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaynab_bint_Ali" title="Zaynab bint Ali">Zaynab bint Ali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180123#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1826" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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/></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121263430">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/26151776785718011714">VIAF</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/281028982">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1818087/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118532030">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82010587">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13622076r">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13622076r">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p102573441">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/1zcfdmqk55bjrpn">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810600938005606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/64692">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007261038105171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118532030">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/125424019">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/fatima">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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