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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Permulaan</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Ciri-ciri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ciri-ciri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Ciri-ciri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ciri-ciri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pengelasan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pengelasan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Pengelasan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pengelasan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biologi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biologi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Biologi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biologi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rujukan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rujukan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Rujukan</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rujukan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Togol subbahagian Rujukan</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rujukan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Petikan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Petikan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Petikan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Petikan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Kandungan" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Togol isi kandungan" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Togol isi kandungan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Osteichthyes</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke rencana dalam bahasa lain. Tersedia dalam 85 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-85" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">85 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beenvisse" title="Beenvisse – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Beenvisse" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knochenfische" title="Knochenfische – Jerman Switzerland" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Knochenfische" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Switzerland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%83_%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="أسماك عظمية – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أسماك عظمية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteichthyes" title="Osteichthyes – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Osteichthyes" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCm%C3%BCkl%C3%BC_bal%C4%B1qlar" title="Sümüklü balıqlar – Azerbaijan" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sümüklü balıqlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%88_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="سوموکلو بالیقلار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سوموکلو بالیقلار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteichthyes" title="Osteichthyes – Indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Osteichthyes" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D3%A9%D0%B9%D3%99%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Һөйәкле балыҡтар – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Һөйәкле балыҡтар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8F%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Касцявыя рыбы – Belarus" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Касцявыя рыбы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%8F%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Касьцявыя рыбы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Касьцявыя рыбы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%A1ljoribe" title="Košljoribe – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Košljoribe" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteiktied" title="Osteiktied – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Osteiktied" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Костни риби – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Костни риби" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peixos_ossis" title="Peixos ossis – Catalonia" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Peixos ossis" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteichthyes" title="Osteichthyes – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Osteichthyes" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%C4%83%D0%BC%C4%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%C4%83_%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%C4%83" title="Шăмăллă пулă – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Шăмăллă пулă" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryby" title="Ryby – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ryby" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pysgodyn_esgyrnog" title="Pysgodyn esgyrnog – Wales" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pysgodyn esgyrnog" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wales" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benfisk" title="Benfisk – Denmark" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Benfisk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Denmark" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knochenfische" title="Knochenfische – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Knochenfische" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luukalad" title="Luukalad – Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Luukalad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%8A%CF%87%CE%B8%CF%8D%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Οστεϊχθύες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οστεϊχθύες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteichthyes" title="Osteichthyes – Inggeris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Osteichthyes" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggeris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteichthyes" title="Osteichthyes – Sepanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Osteichthyes" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sepanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostaj_fi%C5%9Doj" title="Ostaj fiŝoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ostaj fiŝoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteiktie" title="Osteiktie – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Osteiktie" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="ماهیان استخوانی – Parsi" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ماهیان استخوانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Parsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteichthyes" title="Osteichthyes – Perancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Osteichthyes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Perancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bienfiskeftigen" title="Bienfiskeftigen – Frisian Barat" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Bienfiskeftigen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisian Barat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteichthyes" title="Osteichthyes – Ireland" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Osteichthyes" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Ireland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteichthyes" title="Osteichthyes – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Osteichthyes" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oste%C3%ADctios" title="Osteíctios – Galicia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Osteíctios" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B2%BD%EA%B3%A8%EC%96%B4%EB%A5%98" title="경골어류 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="경골어류" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E2%80%8B" title="ओस्टीइक्थीज़ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ओस्टीइक्थीज़" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%A1tunja%C4%8De" title="Koštunjače – Croatia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Koštunjače" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteichthyes" title="Osteichthyes – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Osteichthyes" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beinfiskar" title="Beinfiskar – Iceland" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Beinfiskar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Iceland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteichthyes" title="Osteichthyes – Itali" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Osteichthyes" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Itali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%92%D7%99_%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%9D" title="דגי גרם – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דגי גרם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteichthyes" title="Osteichthyes – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Osteichthyes" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಅಸ್ಥಿಮತ್ಸ್ಯಗಳು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಸ್ಥಿಮತ್ಸ್ಯಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AB%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%96%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ძვლიანი თევზები – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ძვლიანი თევზები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%96_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Сүйекті балықтар – Kazakhstan" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сүйекті балықтар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakhstan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%BB%D3%93" title="Луан колвлӓ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Луан колвлӓ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteichthyes" title="Osteichthyes – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Osteichthyes" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaulzivis" title="Kaulzivis – Latvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kaulzivis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schankef%C3%ABsch" title="Schankefësch – Luxembourg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Schankefësch" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaulin%C4%97s_%C5%BEuvys" title="Kaulinės žuvys – Lithuania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kaulinės žuvys" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csontos_halak" title="Csontos halak – Hungary" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csontos halak" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungary" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Коскени риби – Macedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Коскени риби" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%83_%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%87" title="اسماك عظميه – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اسماك عظميه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beenvisachtigen" title="Beenvisachtigen – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Beenvisachtigen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E9%AA%A8%E9%AD%9A%E9%A1%9E" title="硬骨魚類 – Jepun" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="硬骨魚類" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bianfasker" title="Bianfasker – Frisian Utara" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Bianfasker" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Frisian Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beinfisker" title="Beinfisker – Bokmal Norway" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Beinfisker" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmal Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beinfiskar" title="Beinfiskar – Nynorsk Norway" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Beinfiskar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteichthyes" title="Osteichthyes – Occitania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Osteichthyes" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suyakli_baliqlar" title="Suyakli baliqlar – Uzbekistan" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Suyakli baliqlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbekistan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%DA%88%DB%8C_%D9%85%DA%86%DA%BE%DB%8C" title="ہڈی مچھی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہڈی مچھی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="کبان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کبان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pichons_osseus" title="Pichons osseus – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Pichons osseus" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryby_kostnoszkieletowe" title="Ryby kostnoszkieletowe – Poland" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ryby kostnoszkieletowe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteichthyes" title="Osteichthyes – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Osteichthyes" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteichthyes" title="Osteichthyes – Romania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Osteichthyes" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tullu_challwa" title="Tullu challwa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Tullu challwa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Кістковы рыбы – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Кістковы рыбы" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Костные рыбы – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Костные рыбы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteichthyes" title="Osteichthyes – Sicili" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Osteichthyes" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteichthyes" title="Osteichthyes – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Osteichthyes" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryby_(Osteichthyes)" title="Ryby (Osteichthyes) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ryby (Osteichthyes)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostnice" title="Kostnice – Slovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kostnice" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%99%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5" title="Кошљорибе – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кошљорибе" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteichthyes" title="Osteichthyes – SerboCroatia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Osteichthyes" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="SerboCroatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luukalat" title="Luukalat – Finland" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Luukalat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benfiskar" title="Benfiskar – Sweden" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Benfiskar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweden" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteichthyes" title="Osteichthyes – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Osteichthyes" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Кылчыклы балыклар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кылчыклы балыклар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%87" title="ชั้นปลากระดูกแข็ง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชั้นปลากระดูกแข็ง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%AAn_l%E1%BB%9Bp_C%C3%A1_x%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Liên lớp Cá xương – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Liên lớp Cá xương" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemikli_bal%C4%B1klar" title="Kemikli balıklar – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kemikli balıklar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96_%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Кісткові риби – Ukraine" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кісткові риби" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraine" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteichthyes" title="Osteichthyes – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Osteichthyes" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E9%AA%A8%E9%B1%BC" title="硬骨鱼 – Cina Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="硬骨鱼" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Cina Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E9%AA%A8%E9%AD%9A" title="硬骨魚 – Kantonis" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="硬骨魚" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E9%AA%A8%E9%AD%9A" title="硬骨魚 – Cina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="硬骨魚" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Cina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q27207#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pautan antara bahasa" 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/><small>Julat fosil: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">420–0 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: -moz-linear-gradient(left, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1)); background-image: -o-linear-gradient(left, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1)); background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(left, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1)); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Prakambrium" title="Prakambrium">PreЄ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Kambria" title="Kambria">Є</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovisi" title="Ordovisi">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silures" class="mw-redirect" title="Silures">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:; left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Masa_karbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Masa karbon">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Masa_Permian" class="mw-redirect" title="Masa Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Trias" title="Trias">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurasik" class="mw-redirect" title="Jurasik">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Usia_kapur" class="mw-redirect" title="Usia kapur">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogen" title="Paleogen"><small>Pg</small></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogen" title="Neogen"><small>N</small></a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:75.341538461538px; width:144.65846153846px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:77.846153846154px; width:142.15384615385px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:78.846153846154px; width:140.15384615385px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></small> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Iridescent_shark.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ikan patin"><img alt="Ikan patin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Iridescent_shark.jpg/220px-Iridescent_shark.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Iridescent_shark.jpg/330px-Iridescent_shark.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Iridescent_shark.jpg/440px-Iridescent_shark.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1234" data-file-height="837" /></a></span><br /><small><div style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Ikan_patin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ikan patin">Ikan patin</a></div></small> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th style="background:rgb(235,235,210);"><a href="/wiki/Pengelasan_saintifik" class="mw-redirect" title="Pengelasan saintifik">Pengelasan saintifik</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td> <table style="margin:0 auto; text-align:left; background:transparent;" cellpadding="2"> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <td>Alam: </td> <td><span class="kingdom"><a href="/wiki/Haiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Haiwan">Haiwan</a></span><br /><small></small> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Filum: </td> <td><span class="phylum"><a href="/wiki/Kordata" class="mw-redirect" title="Kordata">Kordata</a></span><br /><small></small> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Superclass: </td> <td><b>Osteichthyes</b><br /><small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Henry_Huxley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Henry Huxley (laman tidak wujud)">Huxley</a>, 1880</small> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr style="background:rgb(235,235,210);"> <th>Kumpulan termasuk </th></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 .5em; text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actinopterygii" title="Actinopterygii">Actinopterygii</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarcopterygii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarcopterygii (laman tidak wujud)">Sarcopterygii</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr style="background:rgb(235,235,210);"> <th>Kumpulan tidak termasuk </th></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 .5em; text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetrapoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetrapoda">Tetrapoda</a> (<i>secara tradisi</i>)</li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Osteichthyes</b>, lebih popular dirujuk sebagai <b>ikan bertulang</b> ialah kumpulan <a href="/wiki/Taksonomi_(biologi)" title="Taksonomi (biologi)">taksonomi</a> pelbagai <a href="/wiki/Ikan" title="Ikan">ikan</a> yang mempunyai rangka terutamanya terdiri daripada <a href="/wiki/Tulang" title="Tulang">tisu tulang</a>. Mereka boleh dibezakan dengan <a href="/wiki/Chondrichthyes" title="Chondrichthyes">Chondrichthyes</a> yang mempunyai rangka terutamanya terdiri daripada <a href="/wiki/Rawan" title="Rawan">rawan</a>. Sebilangan besar ikan ialah ahli Osteichthyes, yang merupakan kumpulan yang sangat pelbagai dan besar; ia terdiri daripada 45 order, lebih 435 keluarga dan 28,000 spesies.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ia adalah kelas vertebrat terbesar yang wujud hari ini. Kumpulan Osteichthyes dibahagikan kepada ikan bersirip tulang (<a href="/wiki/Actinopterygii" title="Actinopterygii">Actinopterygii</a>) dan ikan bersirip cuping (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarcopterygii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarcopterygii (laman tidak wujud)">Sarcopterygii</a>). Fosil ikan bertulang tertua yang diketahui adalah kira-kira 425 juta tahun, yang juga merupakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosil_peralihan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fosil peralihan (laman tidak wujud)">fosil peralihan</a>, menunjukkan corak gigi yang berada di antara barisan gigi jerung dan ikan bertulang.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Osteichthyes boleh dibandingkan dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Euteleostomi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Euteleostomi (laman tidak wujud)">Euteleostomi</a>. Dalam <a href="/wiki/Paleontologi" title="Paleontologi">paleontologi</a>, istilahnya bersifat sinonim. Dalam <a href="/wiki/Iktiologi" title="Iktiologi">iktiologi</a> (kajian ikan) pula, perbezaannya ialah Euteleostomi memberikan pandangan <a href="/wiki/Klados" title="Klados">kladistik</a> yang merangkumi <a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">tetrapod</a> daratan yang berkembang daripada ikan bersirip cuping. Sehingga baru-baru ini, kebanyakan pakar ikan berpendapat bahawa Osteichthyes adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paraphyletic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paraphyletic (laman tidak wujud)">parafiletik</a> dan hanya termasuk ikan.<sup id="cite_ref-fotw_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fotw-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Walau bagaimanapun, sejak 2013, makalah iktiologi yang dipetik meluas telah diterbitkan dengan pokok filogenetik yang merawat Osteichthyes sebagai sebuah klade yang juga melibatkan tetrapod.<sup id="cite_ref-Betancur_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Betancur-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fotw_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fotw-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ciri-ciri">Ciri-ciri</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osteichthyes&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bahagian: Ciri-ciri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osteichthyes&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Ciri-ciri"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Guiyu_BW.jpg/220px-Guiyu_BW.jpg"><img resource="/wiki/Fail:Guiyu_BW.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Guiyu_BW.jpg/220px-Guiyu_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Guiyu_BW.jpg/330px-Guiyu_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Guiyu_BW.jpg/440px-Guiyu_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="466" /></a><figcaption><i>Guiyu oneiros</i>, ikan bertulang terawal yang diketahui, hidup semasa <a href="/wiki/Usia_Silures" class="mw-redirect" title="Usia Silures">Zaman Silurues akhir</a>, 425 juta tahun dahulu. Ia mempunyai gabungan kedua-dua ciri sirip tulang dan cuping, walaupun analisis keseluruhan ciri-cirinya meletakkannya lebih hampir dengan kelompok sirip cuping.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhu2009_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhu2009-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Coates2009_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coates2009-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SB2009_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SB2009-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Ikan bertulang dicirikan oleh corak <a href="/wiki/Tengkorak" title="Tengkorak">tulang tengkorak</a> yang agak stabil, dengan sisipan otot mandibel rahang bawah secara medial dan berakar. Kepala dan girdal pektoral ditutup dengan tulang dermis yang besar. Bola mata disokong oleh cincin sklerotik terdiri daripada empat tulang kecil, tetapi ciri ini telah hilang atau diubah suai dalam banyak spesies moden. Rongga di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahagian_dalam_telinga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahagian dalam telinga (laman tidak wujud)">telinga dalam</a> mengandungi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Otolith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otolith (laman tidak wujud)">otolit</a> yang besar. Tempurung otak atau neurokranium, selalunya dibahagikan kepada bahagian anterior dan posterior, dan dibahagikan dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisur_(anatomi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fisur (anatomi) (laman tidak wujud)">fisur</a>. </p><p>Ikan bertulang awal mempunyai paru-paru ringkas (kantung di kedua-dua belah esofagus) yang membantu mereka bernafas dalam air rendah oksigen. Dalam kebanyakan ikan bertulang ini telah berkembang menjadi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Berenang_pundi_kencing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berenang pundi kencing (laman tidak wujud)">pundi renang</a>, yang membantu badan mencipta keseimbangan neutral antara tenggelam dan terapung. (Paru-paru amfibia, reptilia, burung, dan mamalia diwarisi daripada nenek moyang ikan bertulang mereka).<sup id="cite_ref-Clack2012_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clack2012-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Laurin2010lungs_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laurin2010lungs-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Benton2014_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benton2014-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mereka tidak mempunyai duri sirip, dan sebaliknya menyokong sirip dengan lepidotrikia (tulang sirip tulang). Mereka juga mempunyai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Operkulum_(ikan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operkulum (ikan) (laman tidak wujud)">operkulum</a> yang membantu mereka bernafas tanpa perlu berenang. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pengelasan">Pengelasan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osteichthyes&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bahagian: Pengelasan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osteichthyes&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pengelasan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Secara tradisinya, Osteichthyes dianggap sebagai <a href="/wiki/Kelas_(biologi)" title="Kelas (biologi)">kelas</a> yang dikenali dengan kehadiran <a href="/w/index.php?title=Berenang_pundi_kencing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berenang pundi kencing (laman tidak wujud)">pundi renang</a>, hanya tiga pasang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerbang_insang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerbang insang (laman tidak wujud)">gerbang insang</a> tersembunyi di belakang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Operkulum_(ikan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operkulum (ikan) (laman tidak wujud)">operkulum</a> bertulang, dan rangka yang kebanyakannya bertulang.<sup id="cite_ref-Romer_&_Parson_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Romer_&_Parson-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Di bawah sistem pengelasan ini, Osteichthyes dianggap bersifat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paraphyletic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paraphyletic (laman tidak wujud)">parafiletik</a> dengan <a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">vertebrata darat</a>, kerana nenek moyang semua speseis Osteichthyes juga termasuk <a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">tetrapod</a> di kalangan keturunannya. Walaupun subkelas terbesar, Actinopterygii (ikan sirip tulang) adalah monofiletik, dengan kemasukan subkelas Sarcopterygii yang lebih kecil, Osteichthyes dianggap sebagai parafiletik. </p><p>Ini telah membawa kepada pengelasan <a href="/wiki/Klados" title="Klados">kladistik</a> semasa yang membahagikan Osteichthyes kepada dua kelas penuh. Di bawah skema ini, Osteichthyes adalah monofiletik, kerana ia termasuk tetrapod, menjadikannya sinonim bagi klad <a href="/w/index.php?title=Euteleostomi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Euteleostomi (laman tidak wujud)">Euteleostomi</a>. Kebanyakan ikan bertulang tergolong dalam ikan bersirip tulang (Actinopterygii). </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Actinopterygii" title="Actinopterygii">Actinopterygii</a> </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Carassius_carassius.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Carassius_carassius.jpg/140px-Carassius_carassius.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Carassius_carassius.jpg/210px-Carassius_carassius.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Carassius_carassius.jpg/280px-Carassius_carassius.jpg 2x" data-file-width="484" data-file-height="262" /></a></span>Ikan bersirip tulang </td> <td valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Actinopterygii" title="Actinopterygii">Actinopterygii</a>, ahli yang dikenali sebagai <b>ikan bersirip tulang</b>, ialah <a href="/wiki/Kelas_(biologi)" title="Kelas (biologi)">kelas</a> atau subkelas ikan bertulang. Ikan bersirip tulang dipanggil sedemikian kerana mereka mempunyai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lepidotrichia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lepidotrichia (laman tidak wujud)">lepidotrikia</a> atau "sirip bertulang", sirip mereka adalah sarang kulit yang disokong oleh duri bertulang atau tanduk, berbanding sirip berdaging, bercuping yang mencirikan kelas <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarcopterygii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarcopterygii (laman tidak wujud)">Sarcopterygii</a> yang juga mempunyai lepidotrikia. Sinar sirip Actinopterygii ini melekat terus pada unsur rangka proksimal atau basal, jejari, yang mewakili pautan atau sambungan antara sirip ini dan rangka dalaman (cth, gelangan pelvis dan pektoral). Dari segi bilangan, Actinopterygii ialah kelas dominan <a href="/wiki/Vertebrat" title="Vertebrat">vertebrat</a>, yang terdiri daripada hampir 99% daripada lebih 30,000 spesies ikan (Davis, Brian 2010). Ia ada di mana-mana di seluruh persekitaran <a href="/wiki/Air_tawar" title="Air tawar">air tawar</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Lautan" title="Lautan">marin</a> dari laut dalam hingga ke aliran gunung tertinggi. Spesies yang masih ada boleh berkisar dalam saiz dari <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paedocypris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paedocypris (laman tidak wujud)">Paedocypris</a></i>, pada 8 mm (0.3 in), kepada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunfish_laut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sunfish laut (laman tidak wujud)">ikan matahari laut</a> besar, pada 2,300 kg (5,070 lb), dan <a href="/wiki/Ikan_dayung" title="Ikan dayung">ikan dayung</a> berbadan panjang, kepada sekurang-kurangnya 11 m (36 ka). </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarcopterygii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarcopterygii (laman tidak wujud)">Sarcopterygii</a> </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Coelacanth-bgiu.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Coelacanth-bgiu.png/140px-Coelacanth-bgiu.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Coelacanth-bgiu.png/210px-Coelacanth-bgiu.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Coelacanth-bgiu.png/280px-Coelacanth-bgiu.png 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="330" /></a></span>Ikan bersirip cuping </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarcopterygii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarcopterygii (laman tidak wujud)">Sarcopterygii</a> <i>(sirip berdaging)</i>, yang ahlinya dikenali sebagai <b>ikan bersirip cuping</b>, ialah sekumpulan ikan bertulang. Secara tradisinya, ia adalah <a href="/wiki/Kelas_(biologi)" title="Kelas (biologi)">kelas</a> atau subkelas yang mengecualikan <a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">tetrapod</a>, sekumpulan vertebrata darat yang biasanya terbid daripada ikan sirip cuping. Walau bagaimanapun, di bawah skim klasifikasi <a href="/wiki/Klados" title="Klados">kladistik</a> moden, Sarcopterygii ialah <a href="/wiki/Klad" title="Klad">klad</a> yang merangkumi tetrapod. Sarcopterygii yang masih ada ialah <a href="/wiki/Coelacanthiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Coelacanthiformes">kolasant</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lungfish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lungfish (laman tidak wujud)">ikan peparu</a>, dan tetrapod. Ikan bersirip cuping awal mempunyai sirip berdaging, bercuping, berpasangan, dan bercantum pada badan oleh satu tulang.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sirip mereka berbeza daripada semua ikan lain kerana masing-masing terpasang pada tangkai berdaging, bercuping dan bersisik yang memanjang dari badan. Sirip dada dan pelvis mempunyai artikulasi yang menyerupai anggota badan tetrapod. Sirip ini berkembang menjadi kaki vertebrata darat tetrapod pertama, <a href="/wiki/Amfibia" title="Amfibia">amfibia</a>. Mereka juga mempunyai dua <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sirip_punggung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sirip punggung (laman tidak wujud)">sirip dorsal</a> dengan tapak yang berasingan, berbanding dengan sirip punggung tunggal Actinopterygii. Tempurung otak secara primitif mempunyai garis bersimetri, tetapi lenyap dalam tetrapod dan ikan peparu. Banyak spesies mempunyai ekor simetri. Semua ikan kelas ini mempunyai gigi yang ditutup dengan <a href="/wiki/Enamel_gigi" title="Enamel gigi">enamel</a> benar. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biologi">Biologi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osteichthyes&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bahagian: Biologi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osteichthyes&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Biologi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Semua ikan bertulang mempunyai <a href="/wiki/Insang" title="Insang">insang</a>. Bagi majoriti spesies, ini adalah satu-satunya atau alat pernafasan utama mereka. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lungfish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lungfish (laman tidak wujud)">Ikan peparu</a> dan spesies lain mampu bernafas melalui paru-paru atau pundi renang bervaskular. Spesies lain juga boleh bernafas melalui kulit, usus dan/atau perut.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelfmanFacey1997_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelfmanFacey1997-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Osteichthyes secara primitif bersifaat <a href="/wiki/Ektoterma" title="Ektoterma">ektotermik</a> (berdarah sejuk), bermakna suhu badan mereka bergantung kepada suhu air. Tetapi beberapa spesies marin lebih besar, seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikan_opah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ikan opah (laman tidak wujud)">opah</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Sciencemag_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sciencemag-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SWFSC_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SWFSC-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ikan todak<sup id="cite_ref-warmeye1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-warmeye1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-warmeye2_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-warmeye2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan <a href="/wiki/Tuna" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuna">tuna</a><sup id="cite_ref-muscletemp_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-muscletemp-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> telah mengembangkan pelbagai peringkat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Endotermi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Endotermi (laman tidak wujud)">endoterma</a> secara sendiri. Ikan bertulang boleh menjadi apa-apa jenis <a href="/wiki/Heterotrof" title="Heterotrof">heterotrof</a>: banyak spesies <a href="/wiki/Omnivor" title="Omnivor">omnivor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnivor" title="Karnivor">karnivor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbivor" title="Herbivor">herbivor</a>, penyuap-penapis atau <a href="/wiki/Detritivor" title="Detritivor">detritivor</a> didokumenkan. </p><p>Sesetengah ikan bertulang adalah <a href="/wiki/Khunsa" title="Khunsa">hermafrodit</a>, dan beberapa spesies mempamerkan <a href="/wiki/Partenogenesis" title="Partenogenesis">partenogenesis</a>. Persenyawaan biasanya bersifat luaran, tetapi boleh juga berlaku secara dalaman. Perkembangan pembiakan biasanya bersifat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ovipar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ovipar (laman tidak wujud)">ovipar</a> (bertelur) tetapi boleh menjadi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kebertelonakan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kebertelonakan (laman tidak wujud)">ovovivipar</a>, atau <a href="/wiki/Vivipariti" title="Vivipariti">vivipar</a>. Walaupun biasanya tiada penjagaan ibu bapa selepas kelahiran, ibu bapa boleh menjaga dan melindungi telur mereka sebelum lahir, dengan <a href="/wiki/Kuda_laut" title="Kuda laut">kuda laut</a> sebagai contoh ketara kerana jantan menjalani satu bentuk "kehamilan", dan telur disimpan di dalam kantung perut oleh betina. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rujukan">Rujukan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osteichthyes&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bahagian: Rujukan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osteichthyes&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Rujukan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Petikan">Petikan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osteichthyes&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bahagian: Petikan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osteichthyes&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Petikan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6173370">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seaworld.org/animal-info/info-books/bony-fish/scientific-classification.htm">Bony fishes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130606012932/http://www.seaworld.org/animal-info/info-books/bony-fish/scientific-classification.htm">Diarkibkan</a> 2013-06-06 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dunia_laut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dunia laut (laman tidak wujud)">SeaWorld</a></i>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5110723">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/08/070801-jawed-fish.html">"Jaws, Teeth of Earliest Bony Fish Discovered"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jaws%2C+Teeth+of+Earliest+Bony+Fish+Discovered&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2007%2F08%2F070801-jawed-fish.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AOsteichthyes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fotw-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fotw_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fotw_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFNelsonGrandeWilson2016" class="citation book cs1">Nelson, Joseph S.; Grande, Terry C.; Wilson, Mark V. H. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E-MLDAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1"><i>Fishes of the World</i></a> (ed. 5th). Hoboken: John Wiley and Sons. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781119174844">10.1002/9781119174844</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-1-118-34233-6" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-1-118-34233-6"><bdi>978-1-118-34233-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fishes+of+the+World&rft.place=Hoboken&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781119174844&rft.isbn=978-1-118-34233-6&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Joseph+S.&rft.au=Grande%2C+Terry+C.&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Mark+V.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.uk%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE-MLDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AOsteichthyes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Betancur-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Betancur_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFBetancur-R,_Ricardo2013" class="citation journal cs1">Betancur-R, Ricardo (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3644299">"The Tree of Life and a New Classification of Bony Fishes"</a>. <i>PLOS Currents Tree of Life</i>. <b>5</b> (Edition 1). <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fcurrents.tol.53ba26640df0ccaee75bb165c8c26288">10.1371/currents.tol.53ba26640df0ccaee75bb165c8c26288</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Boleh diakses dengan percuma"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3644299">3644299</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23653398">23653398</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Currents+Tree+of+Life&rft.atitle=The+Tree+of+Life+and+a+New+Classification+of+Bony+Fishes&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=Edition+1&rft.date=2013&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3644299%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23653398&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fcurrents.tol.53ba26640df0ccaee75bb165c8c26288&rft.au=Betancur-R%2C+Ricardo&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3644299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AOsteichthyes" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|displayauthors=</code> ignored (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Betancur-R, R., Wiley, E.O., Arratia, G., Acero, A., Bailly, N., Miya, M., Lecointre, G. and Orti, G. (2017) "Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes". </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hughes, L.C., Ortí, G., Huang, Y., Sun, Y., Baldwin, C.C., Thompson, A.W., Arcila, D., Betancur-R, R., Li, C., Becker, L. and Bellora, N. (2018) "Comprehensive phylogeny of ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii) based on transcriptomic and genomic data". </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zhu2009-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zhu2009_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFZhuZhaoJiaLu2009" class="citation journal cs1">Zhu, M; Zhao, W; Jia, L; Lu, J; Qiao, T; Qu, Q (2009). "The oldest articulated osteichthyan reveals mosaic gnathostome characters". <i>Nature</i>. <b>458</b> (7237): 469–474. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Natur.458..469Z">2009Natur.458..469Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature07855">10.1038/nature07855</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19325627">19325627</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:669711">669711</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+oldest+articulated+osteichthyan+reveals+mosaic+gnathostome+characters&rft.volume=458&rft.issue=7237&rft.pages=469-474&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature07855&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A669711%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19325627&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009Natur.458..469Z&rft.aulast=Zhu&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Zhao%2C+W&rft.au=Jia%2C+L&rft.au=Lu%2C+J&rft.au=Qiao%2C+T&rft.au=Qu%2C+Q&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AOsteichthyes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coates2009-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Coates2009_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFCoates2009" class="citation journal cs1">Coates, M.I. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F458413a">"Palaeontology: Beyond the Age of Fishes"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>458</b> (7237): 413–414. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Natur.458..413C">2009Natur.458..413C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Boleh diakses dengan percuma"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F458413a">10.1038/458413a</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19325614">19325614</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4384525">4384525</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Palaeontology%3A+Beyond+the+Age+of+Fishes&rft.volume=458&rft.issue=7237&rft.pages=413-414&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F458413a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4384525%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19325614&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009Natur.458..413C&rft.aulast=Coates&rft.aufirst=M.I.&rft_id=%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F458413a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AOsteichthyes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SB2009-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SB2009_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2009/04/guiyu_oneiros.php">Pharyngula</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120309223251/http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2009/04/guiyu_oneiros.php">Diarkibkan</a> 2012-03-09 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><i>Science blogs</i>, 1 April 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clack2012-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Clack2012_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFClack2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenny_Clack&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jenny Clack (laman tidak wujud)">Clack, Jennifer A.</a> (27 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4j9AKGsQ1msC&pg=PA23"><i>Gaining Ground, Second Edition: The Origin and Evolution of Tetrapods</i></a>. Indiana University Press. m/s. 23. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-253-00537-3" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-253-00537-3"><bdi>978-0-253-00537-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gaining+Ground%2C+Second+Edition%3A+The+Origin+and+Evolution+of+Tetrapods&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2012-06-27&rft.isbn=978-0-253-00537-3&rft.aulast=Clack&rft.aufirst=Jennifer+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4j9AKGsQ1msC%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AOsteichthyes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Laurin2010lungs-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Laurin2010lungs_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFLaurin2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michel_Laurin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michel Laurin (laman tidak wujud)">Laurin, Michel</a> (2 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fa6gOvRdl9sC&pg=PA38"><i>How Vertebrates Left the Water</i></a>. University of California Press. m/s. 38. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-520-94798-6" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-520-94798-6"><bdi>978-0-520-94798-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Vertebrates+Left+the+Water&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2010-11-02&rft.isbn=978-0-520-94798-6&rft.aulast=Laurin&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfa6gOvRdl9sC%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AOsteichthyes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benton2014-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Benton2014_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFBenton2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Benton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Benton (laman tidak wujud)">Benton, Michael</a> (4 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qak-BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT281"><i>Vertebrate Palaeontology</i></a>. Wiley. m/s. 281. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-1-118-40764-6" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-1-118-40764-6"><bdi>978-1-118-40764-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vertebrate+Palaeontology&rft.pages=281&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2014-08-04&rft.isbn=978-1-118-40764-6&rft.aulast=Benton&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqak-BAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AOsteichthyes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Romer_&_Parson-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Romer_&_Parson_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFParsonsRomer,_Alfred_Sherwood1986" class="citation book cs1">Parsons, Thomas S.; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Sherwood_Romer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfred Sherwood Romer (laman tidak wujud)">Romer, Alfred Sherwood</a> (1986). <i>The vertebrate body</i> (ed. 6th). Philadelphia: Saunders College Pub. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-03-910754-3" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-03-910754-3"><bdi>978-0-03-910754-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+vertebrate+body&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Saunders+College+Pub.&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-03-910754-3&rft.aulast=Parsons&rft.aufirst=Thomas+S.&rft.au=Romer%2C+Alfred+Sherwood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AOsteichthyes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clack, J. A. (2002) <i>Gaining Ground</i>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelfmanFacey1997-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelfmanFacey1997_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHelfmanFacey1997">Helfman & Facey 1997</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFHelfmanFacey1997 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Harv and Sfn template errors (laman tidak wujud)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sciencemag-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sciencemag_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wegner, Nicholas C., Snodgrass, Owen E., Dewar, Heidi, John, Hyde R. <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SWFSC-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SWFSC_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://swfsc.noaa.gov/news.aspx?ParentMenuId=39&id=20466">"Warm Blood Makes Opah an Agile Predator"</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-warmeye1-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-warmeye1_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fritsches, K.A., Brill, R.W., and Warrant, E.J. 2005. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-warmeye2-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-warmeye2_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hopkin, M. (2005). </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-muscletemp-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-muscletemp_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFSepulvedaDicksonBernalGraham2008" class="citation journal cs1">Sepulveda, C.A.; Dickson, K.A.; Bernal, D.; Graham, J.B. (1 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130207000108/http://216.172.180.32/~pier/userdocs/images/files/scientific_publications/Sepulveda%20et%20al.%202008%20.pdf">"Elevated red myotomal muscle temperatures in the most basal tuna species, <i>Allothunnus fallai</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Fish Biology</i>. <b>73</b> (1): 241–249. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8649.2008.01931.x">10.1111/j.1095-8649.2008.01931.x</a>. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://216.172.180.32/~pier/userdocs/images/files/scientific_publications/Sepulveda%20et%20al.%202008%20.pdf">yang asal</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> pada February 7, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Fish+Biology&rft.atitle=Elevated+red+myotomal+muscle+temperatures+in+the+most+basal+tuna+species%2C+Allothunnus+fallai&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=241-249&rft.date=2008-07-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1095-8649.2008.01931.x&rft.aulast=Sepulveda&rft.aufirst=C.A.&rft.au=Dickson%2C+K.A.&rft.au=Bernal%2C+D.&rft.au=Graham%2C+J.B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F216.172.180.32%2F~pier%2Fuserdocs%2Fimages%2Ffiles%2Fscientific_publications%2FSepulveda%2520et%2520al.%25202008%2520.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AOsteichthyes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bantuan:Taxon_identifiers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bantuan:Taxon identifiers (laman tidak wujud)">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Osteichthyes</i></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wd</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27207" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q27207">Q27207</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id15403">15403</a></span></span></li> <li><span 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Marine Species (laman tidak wujud)">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=152352">152352</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Osteichthyes" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Osteichthyes">Osteichthyes</a></span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Kawalan_kewibawaan:_Perpustakaan_negara_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27207#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th 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