How Spatial Combining Works: New Levels of Power for TWTA Replacements

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href="/design-hub/videos">Videos</a> </li> <li class="top-level "> <span></span> <a href="/design-hub/webinars">Webinars</a> </li> <li class="top-level "> <span></span> <a href="/design-hub/white-papers">White Papers</a> </li> </ul> <div id="showLeft" class="toggle-left-nav"> <h4 class="dinn-medium"> Design Hub Menu <span class="icon-toggle"></span> </h4> </div> </nav>  <div class="container"> <br> <p class="blog-date"> June 20, 2017 </p> </div> <div class="container blog-detail-container"> <div class="rich-text"> <p>Replacing legacy systems with next-generation technology isn't always a one-to-one fix. This blog describes spatial combining, why it's important for sensitive equipment like electronic countermeasures (ECMs) and how it helps achieve the highest levels of power available.</p> <h4 class="u-not-uppercase dinn-medium u-margin-top">Power in the Past</h4> <div class="row"> <div class="columns eight"> <p>Historically, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tube" target="_blank">vacuum tube</a> amplifiers were used for all amplifiers, from audio frequency to RF and microwave, as well as for lighting and the displays for our television sets. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traveling-wave_tube" target="_blank">Traveling wave tube amplifiers (TWTAs)</a> have continued to provide high-power amplification at microwave frequencies over broad bandwidths. </p> <p>But vacuum tubes, typically in the multi-kV range, have lower reliability than solid-state devices, with low-voltage power supplies, and over time, the supply of vacuum tubes and the expertise to manufacture them have decreased. As a result, most vacuum tubes have been replaced with solid-state alternatives, except in applications such as microwave ovens and <a href="/applications/defense-aerospace/electronic-warfare">electronic warfare (EW)</a>, which required vacuum tubes to generate the higher power levels necessary for equipment like ECM jamming transmitters.</p> <p>But power combining techniques now make it possible to achieve these power levels with solid-state devices.</p> </div> <div class="columns three u-text-center"> <img alt="Cathode Ray Tube Television" src="/-/media/images/qorvopublic/blog/2017/spatium/cathode-ray-tv_320px.jpg?la=en&hash=2A75EF9EB5A20234FA24E7AD64BF4115B8697D13" /> <p><strong>Cathode Ray Tube Television</strong></p> </div> </div> <h4 class="u-not-uppercase dinn-medium u-margin-top">Spatial Combining: What It Is and Why It's Important</h4> <p>ECM systems comprise receivers, processors, displays and jamming transmitters. Only recently have solid-state solutions been able to meet the power and bandwidth requirements of ECM jamming transmitters, due to the advent of <a href="/innovation/technology/gan">gallium nitride (GaN)</a> power amplifier MMICs and low-loss, broadband combining techniques. However, a single GaN MMIC still has insufficient power for most ECM systems, which can have requirements of more than 100 watts from 1.5-7.5 GHz. Solid-state devices must combine multiple <a href="/products/amplifiers/power-amplifiers">power amplifiers</a> to reach the same power levels originally offered by TWTAs.</p> <div class="row"> <div class="columns seven"> <p>Spatial combining can create solid-state power amplifiers (SSPAs) in the following ranges of frequency and power — which all provide performance improvements when compared with TWTAs:</p> <ul> <li>100 W to 1 kW, 1 GHz to 40 GHz covering up to a decade of bandwidth</li> <li>Reduced harmonic content in the output spectrum</li> <li>Less noise generated</li> <li>Increased linearity</li> </ul> </div> <div class="columns five"> <div class="blog-detail-promo-container"> <p><strong>Go in Depth</strong><br /> Learn more about GaN and spatial combining:</p> <ul class="nospace"> <li> <a href="/resources/d/solid-state-power-amplifiers-battle-twta-for-ecm-systems-mwj-june2017" target="_blank">Solid-State PAs Battle TWTAs for ECM Systems</a> (Microwave Journal, June 2017) </li> <li> <a href="/resources/d/gan-beyond-the-horizon-compound-semi-nov2016" target="_blank">Beyond the Horizon</a> (Compound Semiconductor, Nov. 2016) </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <h4 class="u-not-uppercase dinn-medium u-margin-top">Caution: Heat Dispersed for Best Operation</h4> <p>Thermal management is critical to get the best performance out of solid-state devices. For ECMs, we often work with different thermal environments on different platforms. Some systems could use a cooling fluid or air cooling with a fan.</p> <p>Spatial combining provides the most efficient means of combining GaN MMICs, lowering the amount of heat dispersed. When we measure thermal performance, the efficiency of the total amplifier is the most important factor.</p> <p>The efficiency of GaN MMICs combined with the efficiency of spatial combining yields the most efficient solid-state amplifier available. The more efficient the solid-state device, the lower the amount of heat that must be dissipated.</p> <p>Also, when solid-state components operate cooler, their reliability is better so we want them to operate as cool as possible. Using good thermal conductors, like copper, and maximizing the available cross section are key for improving the thermals. <span style="font-weight: lighter;">However, there are trade-offs between the types of metals used and the weight of the equipment — it can't be too heavy for airborne platforms, for instance. So, there are other metals that can be used when making size, weight and power (SWaP) considerations.</span></p> <h4 class="u-not-uppercase dinn-medium u-margin-top">How Is Spatium Being Used Today?</h4> <p>Qorvo's method of spatial combining is called <a href="/resources/d/qorvo-spatium-sspa-technology-brochure">Spatium®</a>. With coaxial construction, Spatium provides an efficient, broadband and compact way of combining multiple MMICs in a single step. In fact, Spatium can typically combine 16 amplifiers in one step, with only 0.5 dB combining loss. In addition, Qorvo designed a thermal path on the back of the MMIC to the cooling plate, to help with thermal management. (See the figure below for a thermal simulation using <a href="/newsroom/news/2017/qorvo-powers-electronic-warfare-systems-with-new-spatium-ultra-broadband-amplifiers">Qorvo's Spatium QPB1006</a>.) </p> <div class="u-text-center u-margin-bottom"> <p><img alt="Qorvo Spatium QPB1006 Thermal Simulation" src="/-/media/images/qorvopublic/blog/2017/spatium/qpb1006-thermal-simulation_490px.png?la=en&hash=9B6F3B7DBFCE47B7E35313CE2EE38D203927C9A7" /><br /> <strong>Example of Thermal Simulation Using Qorvo's Spatium QPB1006: Cooler performance, better reliability</strong></p> </div> <p>Here's how Spatium MMICs can be used in different applications:</p> <ul style="margin-bottom: 20px;"> <li><strong><a href="/applications/defense-aerospace/electronic-warfare">Electronic warfare</a>:</strong> Spatium can be used in airborne, land, or naval ECM equipment, typically in the transmitters for the antennas.</li> <li><strong><a href="/applications/defense-aerospace/communications">Satcom</a>:</strong> Spatium is used in Ka-band satellite earth stations that operate at 100 W and 27-31 GHz, covering both military and commercial bands. It is used in ground stations on the transmitter side at the antenna hub in block up-converters (BUCs).</li> <li><strong>Testing:</strong> Spatium can be used in high-power microwave signal generators or as a load pull on high-power devices, during input impedance to figure out how devices will respond. In these environments, a higher-power amplifier is needed to fully characterize these devices.</li> </ul> <div class="row"> <div class="columns five" style="margin-bottom: 20px;"> <div class="blog-detail-promo-container"> <p><strong>Qorvo Videos on Spatium</strong><br /> Hear what Qorvo experts have to say:</p> <ul class="nospace"> <li> <a href="/design-hub/videos/rf-power-of-spatium-from-qorvo">The RF Power of Spatium</a> (Dec. 2016) </li> <li> <a href="/design-hub/videos/swap-c-benefits-from-qorvo">SWaP-C (Size, Weight and Power with Cost) Benefits</a> (Dec. 2016) </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="columns seven"> <p>We recently released <a href="/newsroom/news/2017/qorvo-powers-electronic-warfare-systems-with-new-spatium-ultra-broadband-amplifiers">three new Spatium products</a>, which are intended for designing new EW equipment, operate within 2-18 GHz, and could replace legacy tubes. The products can also be used in test equipment where a high-power stimulus is needed. Less noise and more linearity than legacy TWTAs mean measurements taken with Spatium will have greater fidelity.</p> <p style="margin-bottom: 20px;">Spatial combining offers the ability to deliver hundreds of watts over broad bandwidths and can be specially designed, in many cases, for a new box or to fill an existing TWTA space.</p> </div> <p>This is the first time there's been this type of power, bandwidth and efficiency available for solid-state devices. It offers a viable option for 20- to 30-year-old platforms (aircraft, ship, etc.) with non-fixable vacuum tubes; they can now be replaced with reliable, solid-state equipment.</p> </div> </div> <input id="EnglishTitle" name="EnglishTitle" type="hidden" value="How Spatial Combining Works: New Levels of Power for TWTA Replacements" /> <input id="EnglishDate" name="EnglishDate" type="hidden" value="2017-06-20" /> <input id="InitialReferrer" name="InitialReferrer" type="hidden" value="" /> <input id="QueryParams" name="QueryParams" type="hidden" value="" /> <input id="PageReferrerUrl" name="PageReferrerUrl" type="hidden" value="" /> </div> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.6.0/jquery.min.js"></script> <script> var ContactMIT = function (e) { console.log("Initiated MIT call"); var linkURL = $(e.target).attr("href"); var linkTitle = $(e.target).text(); if (linkURL == "" || linkURL == undefined) { linkURL = $(e.target).closest("a").attr("href"); } if (linkTitle == "" || linkTitle == undefined) { linkTitle = $(e.target).closest("a").text(); } var data = new FormData(); data.append('LinkURL', linkURL); data.append('LinkTitle', linkTitle); data.append('Title', $("#EnglishTitle").val()); data.append('Date', $("#EnglishDate").val()); data.append('InitialReferrer', $("#InitialReferrer").val()); data.append('QueryParams', $("#QueryParams").val()); data.append('PageReferrerUrl', $("#PageReferrerUrl").val()); navigator.sendBeacon('/QorvoPublic/MIT/RouteFromBlogPost', data); } $(document).ready(function () { $(".blog-detail-container").find('a').on("click", ContactMIT); }); </script> <div class="rich-text"> <div class="rich-text"> <div class="container u-section-container"> <p> </p> <p><strong>Have another topic that you would like Qorvo experts to cover?</strong> Email your suggestions to the <a href="mailto:qorvo.blog@qorvo.com">Qorvo Blog team</a> and it could be featured in an upcoming post. Please include your contact information in the body of the email.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container u-section-container blog-detail-author-container"> <div class="row"> <div class="columns eight"> </div> <div class="columns four blog-detail-promo"> <div class="rich-text"> <div class="row"> <div class="columns twelve"> <div class="blog-detail-promo-container"> <h6 class="u-not-uppercase dinn-medium">Solid-State PAs Battle TWTAs for ECM Systems</h6> <div class="blog-detail-promo-row"> <div class="blog-detail-promo-image"><a href="/resources/d/solid-state-power-amplifiers-battle-twta-for-ecm-systems-mwj-june2017" target="_blank"><img src="/-/media/images/qorvopublic/resources/solid-state-pas-battle-twtas-mwj-pdf_164x212.png?la=en&hash=30540B814F164C514708AA1507464B573E6F6BDE" alt="Solid-State PAs Battle TWTAs for ECM Systems" /></a></div> <div class="blog-detail-promo-content"> <p>Learn how solid-state devices can provide the power, bandwidth and efficiency needed for EW applications.</p> <a href="/resources/d/solid-state-power-amplifiers-battle-twta-for-ecm-systems-mwj-june2017" target="_blank">Read the Article ></a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div><div class="u-dotted-border"></div> <div class="container related-resources-container u-section-container"> <div class="u-text-center"> <h2 class="ul-black u-fs-3 cn-link" data-short-title="">Related Content</h2> </div> <ul class="related-resources-list"> <li class="list-content"> <div class="item-icon icon-video"></div> <div class="blog-related-content"> <div class="related-content-headline">Videos</div> <ul> <li> <a href="/design-hub/videos/rf-power-of-spatium-from-qorvo"> <h4 class="u-fs-5 item-headline">The RF Power of Spatium® from Qorvo</h4> </a><span class="dinn-light related-content-date">12/15/2016</span> </li> <li> <a href="/design-hub/videos/swap-c-benefits-from-qorvo"> <h4 class="u-fs-5 item-headline">SWaP-C (Size, Weight and Power with Cost) Benefits from Qorvo</h4> 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