Collider constraints on electroweakinos in the presence of a light gravitino

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" class="no-js"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:large"> <meta name="access" content="Yes"> <meta name="360-site-verification" content="1268d79b5e96aecf3ff2a7dac04ad990" /> <title>Collider constraints on electroweakinos in the presence of a light gravitino | The European Physical Journal C</title> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@SpringerLink"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta name="twitter:image:alt" content="Content cover image"/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Collider constraints on electroweakinos in the presence of a light gravitino"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content="The European Physical Journal C - Using the GAMBIT global fitting framework, we constrain the MSSM with an eV-scale gravitino as the lightest supersymmetric particle, and the six electroweakinos..."/> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://static-content.springer.com/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Fig1_HTML.png"/> <meta name="journal_id" content="10052"/> <meta name="dc.title" content="Collider constraints on electroweakinos in the presence of a light gravitino"/> <meta name="dc.source" content="The European Physical Journal C 2023 83:6"/> <meta name="dc.format" content="text/html"/> <meta name="dc.publisher" content="Springer"/> <meta name="dc.date" content="2023-06-10"/> <meta name="dc.type" content="OriginalPaper"/> <meta name="dc.language" content="En"/> <meta name="dc.copyright" content="2023 The Author(s)"/> <meta name="dc.rights" content="2023 The Author(s)"/> <meta name="dc.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="dc.description" content="Using the GAMBIT global fitting framework, we constrain the MSSM with an eV-scale gravitino as the lightest supersymmetric particle, and the six electroweakinos (neutralinos and charginos) as the only other light new states. We combine 15 ATLAS and 12 CMS searches at 13&nbsp;TeV, along with a large collection of ATLAS and CMS measurements of Standard Model signatures. This model, which we refer to as the $${{\tilde{G}}}$$ -EWMSSM, exhibits quite varied collider phenomenology due to its many permitted electroweakino production processes and decay modes. Characteristic $${{\tilde{G}}}$$ -EWMSSM signal events have two or more Standard Model bosons and missing energy due to the escaping gravitinos. While much of the $${{\tilde{G}}}$$ -EWMSSM parameter space is excluded, we find several viable parameter regions that predict phenomenologically rich scenarios with multiple neutralinos and charginos within the kinematic reach of the LHC during Run 3, or the High Luminosity LHC. In particular, we identify scenarios with Higgsino-dominated electroweakinos as light as 140&nbsp;GeV that are consistent with our combined set of collider searches and measurements. The full set of $${{\tilde{G}}}$$ -EWMSSM parameter samples and GAMBIT input files generated for this work is available via Zenodo."/> <meta name="prism.issn" content="1434-6052"/> <meta name="prism.publicationName" content="The European Physical Journal C"/> <meta name="prism.publicationDate" content="2023-06-10"/> <meta name="prism.volume" content="83"/> <meta name="prism.number" content="6"/> <meta name="prism.section" content="OriginalPaper"/> <meta name="prism.startingPage" content="1"/> <meta name="prism.endingPage" content="36"/> <meta name="prism.copyright" content="2023 The Author(s)"/> <meta name="prism.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="prism.url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z"/> <meta name="prism.doi" content="doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z"/> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z.pdf"/> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z"/> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="The European Physical Journal C"/> <meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="Eur. Phys. J. C"/> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Springer Berlin Heidelberg"/> <meta name="citation_issn" content="1434-6052"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="Collider constraints on electroweakinos in the presence of a light gravitino"/> <meta name="citation_volume" content="83"/> <meta name="citation_issue" content="6"/> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2023/06"/> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2023/06/10"/> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="1"/> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="36"/> <meta name="citation_article_type" content="Regular Article - Theoretical Physics "/> <meta name="citation_fulltext_world_readable" content=""/> <meta name="citation_language" content="en"/> <meta name="dc.identifier" content="doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z"/> <meta name="DOI" content="10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z"/> <meta name="size" content="1269535"/> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z"/> <meta name="citation_springer_api_url" content="http://api.springer.com/xmldata/jats?q=doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z&api_key="/> <meta name="description" content="Using the GAMBIT global fitting framework, we constrain the MSSM with an eV-scale gravitino as the lightest supersymmetric particle, and the six electrowea"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Ananyev, Viktor"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Balázs, Csaba"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Beniwal, Ankit"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Braseth, Lasse Lorentz"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Buckley, Andy"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Butterworth, Jonathan"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Chang, Christopher"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Danninger, Matthias"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Fowlie, Andrew"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Gonzalo, Tomás E."/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Kvellestad, Anders"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Mahmoudi, Farvah"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Martinez, Gregory D."/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Prim, Markus T."/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Procter, Tomasz"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Raklev, Are"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Scott, Pat"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Stöcker, Patrick"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Van den Abeele, Jeriek"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="White, Martin"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Zhang, Yang"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Elementary Particles, Quantum Field Theory"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Nuclear Physics, Heavy Ions, Hadrons"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Quantum Field Theories, String Theory"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Measurement Science and Instrumentation"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Astronomy, Astrophysics and Cosmology"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Nuclear Energy"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Phys. 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Jeriek"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Telenor Research, Fornebu, Norway"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="White, Martin"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Physics, ARC Centre of Excellence for Dark Matter Particle Physics & CSSM, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Zhang, Yang"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="School of Physics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="CAS Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"/> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"/> <meta name="citation_cover_date" content="2023/06/01"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="SpringerLink"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Collider constraints on electroweakinos in the presence of a light gravitino - The European Physical Journal C"/> <meta property="og:description" content="Using the GAMBIT global fitting framework, we constrain the MSSM with an eV-scale gravitino as the lightest supersymmetric particle, and the six electroweakinos (neutralinos and charginos) as the only other light new states. We combine 15 ATLAS and 12 CMS searches at 13 TeV, along with a large collection of ATLAS and CMS measurements of Standard Model signatures. This model, which we refer to as the $${{\tilde{G}}}$$ G ~ -EWMSSM, exhibits quite varied collider phenomenology due to its many permitted electroweakino production processes and decay modes. Characteristic $${{\tilde{G}}}$$ G ~ -EWMSSM signal events have two or more Standard Model bosons and missing energy due to the escaping gravitinos. While much of the $${{\tilde{G}}}$$ G ~ -EWMSSM parameter space is excluded, we find several viable parameter regions that predict phenomenologically rich scenarios with multiple neutralinos and charginos within the kinematic reach of the LHC during Run 3, or the High Luminosity LHC. In particular, we identify scenarios with Higgsino-dominated electroweakinos as light as 140 GeV that are consistent with our combined set of collider searches and measurements. The full set of $${{\tilde{G}}}$$ G ~ -EWMSSM parameter samples and GAMBIT input files generated for this work is available via Zenodo."/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://static-content.springer.com/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Fig1_HTML.png"/> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/apple-touch-icon-92e819bf8a.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="192x192" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/android-chrome-192x192-6f081ca7e5.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-32x32-1435da3e82.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-16x16-ed57f42bd2.png> <link rel="shortcut icon" data-test="shortcut-icon" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-c6d59aafac.ico> <meta name="theme-color" content="#e6e6e6">   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We combine 15 ATLAS and 12 CMS searches at 13 TeV, along with a large collection of ATLAS and CMS measurements of Standard Model signatures. This model, which we refer to as the \n \n \n \n $${{\\tilde{G}}}$$\n \n -EWMSSM, exhibits quite varied collider phenomenology due to its many permitted electroweakino production processes and decay modes. Characteristic \n \n \n \n $${{\\tilde{G}}}$$\n \n -EWMSSM signal events have two or more Standard Model bosons and missing energy due to the escaping gravitinos. While much of the \n \n \n \n $${{\\tilde{G}}}$$\n \n -EWMSSM parameter space is excluded, we find several viable parameter regions that predict phenomenologically rich scenarios with multiple neutralinos and charginos within the kinematic reach of the LHC during Run 3, or the High Luminosity LHC. In particular, we identify scenarios with Higgsino-dominated electroweakinos as light as 140 GeV that are consistent with our combined set of collider searches and measurements. The full set of \n \n \n \n $${{\\tilde{G}}}$$\n \n -EWMSSM parameter samples and GAMBIT input files generated for this work is available via Zenodo.","datePublished":"2023-06-10T00:00:00Z","dateModified":"2023-06-10T00:00:00Z","pageStart":"1","pageEnd":"36","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","sameAs":"https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z","keywords":["Elementary Particles","Quantum Field Theory","Nuclear Physics","Heavy Ions","Hadrons","Quantum Field Theories","String Theory","Measurement Science and Instrumentation","Astronomy","Astrophysics and Cosmology","Nuclear Energy"],"image":["https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Fig1_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Fig2_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Fig3_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Fig4_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Fig5_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Fig6_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Fig7_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Fig8_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Fig9_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Fig10_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Fig11_HTML.png"],"isPartOf":{"name":"The European Physical Journal C","issn":["1434-6052"],"volumeNumber":"83","@type":["Periodical","PublicationVolume"]},"publisher":{"name":"Springer Berlin Heidelberg","logo":{"url":"https://www.springernature.com/app-sn/public/images/logo-springernature.png","@type":"ImageObject"},"@type":"Organization"},"author":[{"name":"Viktor Ananyev","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oslo","address":{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Csaba Balázs","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash University","address":{"name":"School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Ankit Beniwal","affiliation":[{"name":"Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology (TPPC), King’s College London","address":{"name":"Department of Physics, Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology (TPPC), King’s College London, London, UK","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Lasse Lorentz Braseth","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oslo","address":{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Andy Buckley","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Glasgow","address":{"name":"SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Jonathan Butterworth","affiliation":[{"name":"University College London","address":{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, UK","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Christopher Chang","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Queensland","address":{"name":"School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Matthias Danninger","affiliation":[{"name":"Simon Fraser University","address":{"name":"Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Andrew Fowlie","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University","address":{"name":"Department of Physics, School of Mathematics and Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Tomás E. 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c-article-identifiers--cite-list"> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item"> <span data-test="journal-volume">Volume 83</span>, article number <span data-test="article-number">493</span>, (<span data-test="article-publication-year">2023</span>) </li> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item c-article-identifiers__item--cite"> <a href="#citeas" data-track="click" data-track-action="cite this article" data-track-category="article body" data-track-label="link">Cite this article</a> </li> </ul> <div class="app-article-masthead__buttons" data-test="download-article-link-wrapper" data-track-context="masthead"> <div class="c-pdf-container"> <div class="c-pdf-download u-clear-both u-mb-16"> <a href="/content/pdf/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z.pdf" class="u-button u-button--full-width u-button--primary u-justify-content-space-between c-pdf-download__link" data-article-pdf="true" data-readcube-pdf-url="true" data-test="pdf-link" data-draft-ignore="true" data-track="content_download" 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class="c-context-bar__title"> Collider constraints on electroweakinos in the presence of a light gravitino </div> <div data-test="inCoD" data-track-context="sticky banner"> <div class="c-pdf-container"> <div class="c-pdf-download u-clear-both u-mb-16"> <a href="/content/pdf/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z.pdf" class="u-button u-button--full-width u-button--primary u-justify-content-space-between c-pdf-download__link" data-article-pdf="true" data-readcube-pdf-url="true" data-test="pdf-link" data-draft-ignore="true" data-track="content_download" data-track-type="article pdf download" data-track-action="download pdf" data-track-label="button" data-track-external download> <span class="c-pdf-download__text">Download PDF</span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="16" height="16" class="u-icon"><use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"/></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-article-header"> <header> <ul class="c-article-author-list c-article-author-list--short" data-test="authors-list" data-component-authors-activator="authors-list"><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Viktor-Ananyev-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Viktor-Ananyev-Aff1" data-author-search="Ananyev, Viktor">Viktor Ananyev</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Csaba-Bal_zs-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-Csaba-Bal_zs-Aff2" data-author-search="Balázs, Csaba">Csaba Balázs</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Ankit-Beniwal-Aff3" data-author-popup="auth-Ankit-Beniwal-Aff3" data-author-search="Beniwal, Ankit">Ankit Beniwal</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff3">3</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Lasse_Lorentz-Braseth-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Lasse_Lorentz-Braseth-Aff1" data-author-search="Braseth, Lasse Lorentz">Lasse Lorentz Braseth</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Andy-Buckley-Aff4" data-author-popup="auth-Andy-Buckley-Aff4" data-author-search="Buckley, Andy">Andy Buckley</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff4">4</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Jonathan-Butterworth-Aff5" data-author-popup="auth-Jonathan-Butterworth-Aff5" data-author-search="Butterworth, Jonathan">Jonathan Butterworth</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff5">5</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Christopher-Chang-Aff6" data-author-popup="auth-Christopher-Chang-Aff6" data-author-search="Chang, Christopher">Christopher Chang</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff6">6</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Matthias-Danninger-Aff7" data-author-popup="auth-Matthias-Danninger-Aff7" data-author-search="Danninger, Matthias">Matthias Danninger</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff7">7</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Andrew-Fowlie-Aff8" data-author-popup="auth-Andrew-Fowlie-Aff8" data-author-search="Fowlie, Andrew">Andrew Fowlie</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff8">8</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Tom_s_E_-Gonzalo-Aff9" data-author-popup="auth-Tom_s_E_-Gonzalo-Aff9" data-author-search="Gonzalo, Tomás E.">Tomás E. Gonzalo</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff9">9</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Anders-Kvellestad-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Anders-Kvellestad-Aff1" data-author-search="Kvellestad, Anders" data-corresp-id="c1">Anders Kvellestad<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-mail-medium"></use></svg></a><span class="u-js-hide"> <a class="js-orcid" href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5267-7705"><span class="u-visually-hidden">ORCID: </span>orcid.org/0000-0002-5267-7705</a></span><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Farvah-Mahmoudi-Aff10-Aff11" data-author-popup="auth-Farvah-Mahmoudi-Aff10-Aff11" data-author-search="Mahmoudi, Farvah">Farvah Mahmoudi</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff10">10</a>,<a href="#Aff11">11</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Gregory_D_-Martinez-Aff12" data-author-popup="auth-Gregory_D_-Martinez-Aff12" data-author-search="Martinez, Gregory D.">Gregory D. Martinez</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff12">12</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Markus_T_-Prim-Aff13" data-author-popup="auth-Markus_T_-Prim-Aff13" data-author-search="Prim, Markus T.">Markus T. Prim</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff13">13</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Tomasz-Procter-Aff4" data-author-popup="auth-Tomasz-Procter-Aff4" data-author-search="Procter, Tomasz">Tomasz Procter</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff4">4</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Are-Raklev-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Are-Raklev-Aff1" data-author-search="Raklev, Are">Are Raklev</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Pat-Scott-Aff14" data-author-popup="auth-Pat-Scott-Aff14" data-author-search="Scott, Pat">Pat Scott</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff14">14</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Patrick-St_cker-Aff15" data-author-popup="auth-Patrick-St_cker-Aff15" data-author-search="Stöcker, Patrick">Patrick Stöcker</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff15">15</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Jeriek-Abeele-Aff1-Aff18" data-author-popup="auth-Jeriek-Abeele-Aff1-Aff18" data-author-search="Van den Abeele, Jeriek">Jeriek Van den Abeele</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a>,<a href="#Aff18">18</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Martin-White-Aff16" data-author-popup="auth-Martin-White-Aff16" data-author-search="White, Martin">Martin White</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff16">16</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Yang-Zhang-Aff17-Aff19" data-author-popup="auth-Yang-Zhang-Aff17-Aff19" data-author-search="Zhang, Yang">Yang Zhang</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff17">17</a>,<a href="#Aff19">19</a></sup> & </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-author-popup="group-1" href="#group-1">GAMBIT Collaboration</a></li></ul><button aria-expanded="false" class="c-article-author-list__button"><svg 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height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-info-filled-medium"></use></svg></span><p class="u-mt-0">A <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.09082" class="relation-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="preprint">preprint version</a> of the article is available at arXiv.</p></div> </header> </div> <div data-article-body="true" data-track-component="article body" class="c-article-body"> <section aria-labelledby="Abs1" data-title="Abstract" lang="en"><div class="c-article-section" id="Abs1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Abs1">Abstract</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Abs1-content"><p>Using the <span class="u-sans-serif">GAMBIT</span> global fitting framework, we constrain the MSSM with an eV-scale gravitino as the lightest supersymmetric particle, and the six electroweakinos (neutralinos and charginos) as the only other light new states. We combine 15 ATLAS and 12 CMS searches at 13 TeV, along with a large collection of ATLAS and CMS measurements of Standard Model signatures. This model, which we refer to as the <span class="mathjax-tex">${{\tilde{G}}}$</span>-EWMSSM, exhibits quite varied collider phenomenology due to its many permitted electroweakino production processes and decay modes. Characteristic <span class="mathjax-tex">${{\tilde{G}}}$</span>-EWMSSM signal events have two or more Standard Model bosons and missing energy due to the escaping gravitinos. While much of the <span class="mathjax-tex">${{\tilde{G}}}$</span>-EWMSSM parameter space is excluded, we find several viable parameter regions that predict phenomenologically rich scenarios with multiple neutralinos and charginos within the kinematic reach of the LHC during Run 3, or the High Luminosity LHC. In particular, we identify scenarios with Higgsino-dominated electroweakinos as light as 140 GeV that are consistent with our combined set of collider searches and measurements. The full set of <span class="mathjax-tex">${{\tilde{G}}}$</span>-EWMSSM parameter samples and <span class="u-sans-serif">GAMBIT</span> input files generated for this work is available via <span class="u-sans-serif">Zenodo</span>.</p></div></div></section> <div data-test="cobranding-download"> </div> <section aria-labelledby="inline-recommendations" data-title="Inline Recommendations" class="c-article-recommendations" data-track-component="inline-recommendations"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-title" id="inline-recommendations">Similar content being viewed by others</h3> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list"> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list__item"> <article class="c-article-recommendations-card" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__img"><img src="https://media.springernature.com/w215h120/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-019-6837-x/MediaObjects/10052_2019_6837_Fig1_HTML.png" loading="lazy" alt=""></div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__main"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-card__heading" itemprop="name headline"> <a class="c-article-recommendations-card__link" itemprop="url" href="https://link.springer.com/10.1140/epjc/s10052-019-6837-x?fromPaywallRec=false" data-track="select_recommendations_1" data-track-context="inline recommendations" data-track-action="click recommendations inline - 1" data-track-label="10.1140/epjc/s10052-019-6837-x">Combined collider constraints on neutralinos and charginos </a> </h3> <div class="c-article-meta-recommendations" data-test="recommendation-info"> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__item-type">Article</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__access-type">Open access</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__date">08 May 2019</span> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list__item"> <article class="c-article-recommendations-card" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__img"><img src="https://media.springernature.com/w215h120/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-024-13160-3/MediaObjects/10052_2024_13160_Fig1_HTML.png" loading="lazy" alt=""></div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__main"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-card__heading" itemprop="name headline"> <a class="c-article-recommendations-card__link" itemprop="url" href="https://link.springer.com/10.1140/epjc/s10052-024-13160-3?fromPaywallRec=false" data-track="select_recommendations_2" data-track-context="inline recommendations" data-track-action="click recommendations inline - 2" data-track-label="10.1140/epjc/s10052-024-13160-3">HL-LHC sensitivity to higgsinos from natural SUSY with gravitino LSP </a> </h3> <div class="c-article-meta-recommendations" data-test="recommendation-info"> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__item-type">Article</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__access-type">Open access</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__date">06 August 2024</span> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list__item"> <article class="c-article-recommendations-card" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__img"><img src="https://media.springernature.com/w215h120/springer-static/image/art%3Aplaceholder%2Fimages/placeholder-figure-springernature.png" loading="lazy" alt=""></div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__main"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-card__heading" itemprop="name headline"> <a class="c-article-recommendations-card__link" itemprop="url" href="https://link.springer.com/10.1007/JHEP01(2019)103?fromPaywallRec=false" data-track="select_recommendations_3" data-track-context="inline recommendations" data-track-action="click recommendations inline - 3" data-track-label="10.1007/JHEP01(2019)103">The past, present and future of the heavier electroweakinos in the light of LHC and other data </a> </h3> <div class="c-article-meta-recommendations" data-test="recommendation-info"> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__item-type">Article</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__access-type">Open access</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__date">11 January 2019</span> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </section> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.dataLayer.push({ recommendations: { recommender: 'semantic', model: 'specter', policy_id: 'NA', timestamp: 1732413214, embedded_user: 'null' } }); </script> <div class="app-card-service" data-test="article-checklist-banner"> <div> <a class="app-card-service__link" data-track="click_presubmission_checklist" data-track-context="article page top of reading companion" data-track-category="pre-submission-checklist" data-track-action="clicked article page checklist banner test 2 old version" data-track-label="link" href="https://beta.springernature.com/pre-submission?journalId=10052" data-test="article-checklist-banner-link"> <span class="app-card-service__link-text">Use our pre-submission checklist</span> <svg class="app-card-service__link-icon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-small"></use></svg> </a> <p class="app-card-service__description">Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.</p> </div> <div class="app-card-service__icon-container"> <svg class="app-card-service__icon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-clipboard-check-medium"></use> </svg> </div> </div> <div class="main-content"> <section data-title="Introduction"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec1"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">1 </span>Introduction</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec1-content"><p>Although supersymmetry (SUSY) was not invented to address shortcomings of the Standard Model (SM) of particle physics or cosmology, it addresses them in various aspects. 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 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR46" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e1266">46</a>], on the other hand, the soft-breaking masses are of order <span class="mathjax-tex">$m_\text {soft} \sim \langle F \rangle / M_\text {mess}$</span>, where <span class="mathjax-tex">$M_\text {mess}$</span> is the scale of the messengers mediating SUSY breaking. Consequently, the gravitino mass is Planck-scale suppressed by <span class="mathjax-tex">$M_\text {mess} / M_P$</span> relative to the masses of the other superpartners. Thus, in GMSB the gravitino is expected to be the lightest supersymmetric particle (LSP).</p><p>Motivated by GMSB, in this work we consider the electroweakino sector and an approximately massless gravitino LSP, with the other superpartners decoupled. The next-to-lightest supersymmetric particle (NLSP) must then be a neutralino or a chargino, though the latter is unusual in the MSSM parameter space [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 47" title="G.D. Kribs, A. Martin, T.S. Roy, Supersymmetry with a chargino NLSP and gravitino LSP. JHEP 01, 023 (2009). 
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 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR85" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e1881">85</a>], each of these requires some additional assumptions. It was originally thought that to avoid over-closing the Universe it must be that <span class="mathjax-tex">${m_{3/2}}\lesssim 1\,\text {keV} $</span> [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 86" title="H. Pagels, J.R. Primack, Supersymmetry, cosmology and new TeV physics. Phys. Rev. Lett. 48, 223 (1982)" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR86" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e1925">86</a>]. Although this constraint is weakened when one considers inflation [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 87" title="M.Y. Khlopov, A.D. Linde, Is it easy to save the gravitino? Phys. Lett. B 138, 265–268 (1984)" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR87" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e1928">87</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 88" title="J.R. Ellis, J.E. Kim, D.V. Nanopoulos, Cosmological gravitino regeneration and decay. Phys. Lett. B 145, 181–186 (1984)" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR88" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e1932">88</a>], non-thermal production of gravitinos and the NLSP decays to gravitinos are both constrained by the measured abundance of DM. There are, furthermore, constraints from cosmic structure [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 89" title="M. Viel, J. Lesgourgues, M.G. Haehnelt, S. Matarrese, A. Riotto, Constraining warm dark matter candidates including sterile neutrinos and light gravitinos with WMAP and the Lyman-alpha forest. Phys. Rev. D 71, 063534 (2005). 
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 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR89" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e1935">89</a>] and big-bang nucleosynthesis [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 90" title="T. Moroi, H. Murayama, M. Yamaguchi, Cosmological constraints on the light stable gravitino. Phys. Lett. B 303, 289–294 (1993)" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR90" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e1938">90</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 91" title="K. Jedamzik, M. Pospelov, Big bang nucleosynthesis and particle dark matter. New J. Phys. 11, 105028 (2009). 
 arXiv:0906.2087
 
 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR91" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e1941">91</a>], however, the latter does not apply to our scenario where the NLSP decays promptly. We choose not to include constraints from the dark matter properties of the gravitino in this work, in order to explore electroweakinos more generally without making any limiting assumptions about cosmology.</p><p>A recent motivation for studying the possibility of light electroweakinos in this scenario is the surprising result from the CDF measurement of the <i>W</i> boson mass [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 92" title="CDF, T. Aaltonen et al., High-precision measurement of the W boson mass with the CDF II detector. Science 376, 170–176 (2022)" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR92" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e1950">92</a>], which gives a value considerably above both the SM prediction and above existing experimental results. See Ref. [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 93" title="Particle Data Group, R.L. Workman, Review of particle physics. PTEP 2022, 083C01 (2022)" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR93" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e1953">93</a>] for a review of the SM value and a summary of the experimental status. Light electroweakinos, in particular light winos and Higgsinos, are known to result in significant positive corrections to the <i>W</i> mass [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="S. Heinemeyer, W. Hollik, D. Stöckinger, A.M. Weber, G. Weiglein, Precise prediction for M(W) in the MSSM. JHEP 08, 052 (2006). 
 arXiv:hep-ph/0604147
 
 " href="#ref-CR94" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e1959">94</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="E. Bagnaschi, M. Chakraborti, S. Heinemeyer, I. Saha, G. Weiglein, Interdependence of the new “MUON G-2” result and the W-boson mass. Eur. Phys. J. C 82, 474 (2022). 
 arXiv:2203.15710
 
 " href="#ref-CR95" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e1959_1">95</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 96" title="J.M. Yang, Y. Zhang, Low energy SUSY confronted with new measurements of W-boson mass and muon g-2. Sci. Bull. 67, 1430–1436 (2022). 
 arXiv:2204.04202
 
 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR96" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e1963">96</a>]. However, given the current uncertainty about the interpretation of the new result and its compatibility with other recent measurements, e.g. Ref. [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 97" title="LHCb, R. Aaij et al., Measurement of the W boson mass, JHEP 01, 036 (2022). 
 arXiv:2109.01113
 
 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR97" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e1966">97</a>], we will not use this as a constraint on our model.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Model"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec2-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec2"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">2 </span>Model</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec2-content"><p>The model under consideration in this study is a variant of the MSSM where all supersymmetric states except the electroweakinos and a quasi-massless gravitino are decoupled. This model, henceforth <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{G}}$</span>-EWMSSM, differs from the model in our previous study [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 17" title="GAMBIT Collaboration, P. Athron et al., Combined collider constraints on neutralinos and charginos. Eur. Phys. J. C 79, 395 (2019). 
 arXiv:1809.02097
 
 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR17" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e2000">17</a>] by the addition of the light gravitino. As discussed in the introduction, a very light gravitino can be motivated in certain supersymmetry breaking scenarios, e.g. gauge mediation.</p><p>The general neutralino can be any linear combination of the neutral gauginos (<span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{B}}$</span>, <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{W}}^0$</span>), and the neutral Higgsinos (<span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{H}}^0_u$</span>, <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{H}}^0_d$</span>),</p><div id="Equ1" class="c-article-equation"><div class="c-article-equation__content"><span class="mathjax-tex">$$\begin{aligned} {\tilde{\chi }}_{i}^{0}=N_{i1}{\tilde{B}}+N_{i2}{\tilde{W}}^{0}+N_{i3}{\tilde{H}}_{d}^{0}+N_{i4}{\tilde{H}}_{u}^{0}, \end{aligned}$$</span></div><div class="c-article-equation__number"> (1) </div></div><p>where <span class="mathjax-tex">$N_{ij}$</span> are the mass eigenvectors indicating the weight of each field component in the gauge basis, <span class="mathjax-tex">$(\psi ^0)^{T} = ({\tilde{B}}, {\tilde{W}}^0, {\tilde{H}}^0_d, {\tilde{H}}^0_u)$</span>. The corresponding bilinear terms in the Lagrangian density are</p><div id="Equ2" class="c-article-equation"><div class="c-article-equation__content"><span class="mathjax-tex">$$\begin{aligned} {\mathcal {L}}_{{\tilde{\chi }}^{0}\text {-mass}} = -\frac{1}{2}(\psi ^0)^T M_N \psi ^0 + \text {c.c.} \end{aligned}$$</span></div><div class="c-article-equation__number"> (2) </div></div><p>where the neutralino mass matrix, <span class="mathjax-tex">$M_N$</span>, is given by</p><div id="Equ3" class="c-article-equation"><div class="c-article-equation__content"><span class="mathjax-tex">$$\begin{aligned} M_N&= \left( \begin{matrix} M_1 &{} 0 &{} -\tfrac{1}{2}g^\prime vc_\beta &{} \tfrac{1}{2}g^\prime vs_\beta \\ 0 &{} M_2 &{} \tfrac{1}{2}gvc_\beta &{} -\tfrac{1}{2}gvs_\beta \\ -\tfrac{1}{2}g^\prime vc_\beta &{} \tfrac{1}{2}gvc_\beta &{} 0 &{} -\mu \\ \tfrac{1}{2}g^\prime vs_\beta &{} -\tfrac{1}{2}gvs_\beta &{} -\mu &{} 0 \end{matrix} \right) , \end{aligned}$$</span></div><div class="c-article-equation__number"> (3) </div></div><p>and <span class="mathjax-tex">$M_1$</span>, <span class="mathjax-tex">$M_2$</span> and <span class="mathjax-tex">$\mu $</span> are the gaugino and Higgsino soft-breaking bilinear couplings, respectively, which are free parameters in our model. Further, we have <span class="mathjax-tex">$s_\beta = \sin \beta $</span> and <span class="mathjax-tex">$c_\beta = \cos \beta $</span>, <i>g</i> and <span class="mathjax-tex">$g^\prime $</span> are the <span class="mathjax-tex">$SU(2)_L$</span> and <span class="mathjax-tex">$U(1)_Y$</span> gauge couplings, and <i>v</i> is the electroweak VEV. Amongst these, only the ratio <span class="mathjax-tex">$\tan \beta = v_u/v_d$</span> is not fixed by data and remains an additional free parameter in our model.</p><p>The general chargino eigenstates correspond to the charged Higgsinos (<span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{H}}^+_u$</span>, <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{H}}^-_d$</span>), and gauginos (<span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{W}}^+$</span>, <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{W}}^-$</span>). The corresponding bilinear terms in the Lagrangian density are</p><div id="Equ4" class="c-article-equation"><div class="c-article-equation__content"><span class="mathjax-tex">$$\begin{aligned} {\mathcal {L}}_{{\tilde{\chi }}^{\pm }\text {-mass}} = -\frac{1}{2}(\psi ^\pm )^T M_C \psi ^\pm + \text {c.c.} \end{aligned}$$</span></div><div class="c-article-equation__number"> (4) </div></div><p>where the chargino mass matrix, <span class="mathjax-tex">$M_C$</span>, is given by</p><div id="Equ16" class="c-article-equation"><div class="c-article-equation__content"><span class="mathjax-tex">$$\begin{aligned} M_C&= \left( \begin{matrix} 0 &{} X^T \\ X &{} 0 \end{matrix} \right) , \quad \text {with}\quad X = \left( \begin{matrix} M_2 &{} \tfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}} g v s_\beta \\ \tfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}} gv c_\beta &{} \mu \end{matrix} \right) . \end{aligned}$$</span></div></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-1" data-title="Fig. 1"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig1" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 1</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z/figures/1" rel="nofollow"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Fig1_HTML.png?as=webp"><img aria-describedby="Fig1" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Fig1_HTML.png" alt="figure 1" loading="lazy" width="685" height="651"></picture></a></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-1-desc"><p>Branching ratios for the lightest neutralino as a function of <span class="mathjax-tex">$\mu $</span>, with <span class="mathjax-tex">$M_1=900$</span> GeV, <span class="mathjax-tex">$M_2=400$</span> GeV, and <span class="mathjax-tex">$\tan \beta =1$</span> (top) or <span class="mathjax-tex">$\tan \beta =10$</span> (bottom). The wino and Higgsino NLSP regions are shown in red and green, respectively. The pink line (dash dot) shows the combined branching ratio for decays to all states other than on-shell <span class="mathjax-tex">$(Z,h,\gamma ) + {\tilde{G}}$</span>. The thin, grey bar marks a parameter region where <span class="mathjax-tex">$m_{{{\tilde{\chi }}}_1^\pm } < m_{{{\tilde{\chi }}}_1^0}$</span></p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z/figures/1" data-track-dest="link:Figure1 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 1" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><p>The gravitino mass <span class="mathjax-tex">$m_{3/2}$</span> depends on the dynamics of the supersymmetry breaking, but for the purpose of our study we fix it to <span class="mathjax-tex">$m_{3/2} = 1$</span> eV, similar to what is commonly assumed in ATLAS and CMS searches, see for example Ref. [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 98" title="CMS, A.M. Sirunyan et al., Combined search for supersymmetry with photons in proton-proton collisions at 
 
 
 
 $$\sqrt{s}=$$
 
 
 
 s
 
 =
 
 
 13 TeV. Phys. Lett. B 801, 135183 (2020). 
 arXiv:1907.00857
 
 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR98" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e4058">98</a>]. In terms of the collider phenomenology, this makes the gravitino effectively massless and ensures prompt decays of the NLSP. We do not set the mass to exactly zero since the limit <span class="mathjax-tex">$m_{3/2} \rightarrow 0$</span> corresponds to no supersymmetry breaking. The exact choice for the small gravitino mass has very little impact on the results as long as <span class="mathjax-tex">$m_{3/2} \ne 0$</span>. The one small exception is for a wino-like chargino around the <i>W</i> mass or lower, where the gravitino mass may dictate whether the chargino decays directly to the gravitino or via the neutralino NLSP. However, scenarios with such light charginos are in any case heavily constrained, independent of this decay.</p><p>Since we do not consider direct production of gravitinos, where the cross section would be low and the signature difficult to disentangle from backgrounds, the LHC phenomenology of this model is dominated by the production and decay of the light electroweakinos. The hierarchy of <span class="mathjax-tex">$M_1$</span>, <span class="mathjax-tex">$M_2$</span> and <span class="mathjax-tex">$\mu $</span>, and to some extent the value of <span class="mathjax-tex">$\tan \beta $</span>, determines their gaugino and Higgsino components, production cross sections and branching ratios.</p><p>A chargino NLSP will decay promptly to the gravitino and a (possibly off-shell) <i>W</i> boson. However, having a chargino NLSP is only possible in narrow regions of parameter space; see Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Fig1">1</a> for an example. Throughout most of parameter space the lightest neutralino is the NLSP. In general, a neutralino NLSP has three possible decay modes: <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_{1}^{0}\rightarrow \{\gamma ,Z,h\}\,{\tilde{G}}$</span>. In the limit, <span class="mathjax-tex">$m_{3/2}\ll m_{\{{\tilde{\chi }},Z,h\}}$</span>, the decay widths take the form [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 83" title="J.L. Feng, S. Su, F. Takayama, Supergravity with a gravitino LSP. Phys. Rev. D 70, 075019 (2004). 
 arXiv:hep-ph/0404231
 
 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR83" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e4371">83</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 99" title="L. Covi, J. Hasenkamp, S. Pokorski, J. Roberts, Gravitino dark matter and general neutralino NLSP. JHEP 11, 003 (2009). 
 arXiv:0908.3399
 
 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR99" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e4375">99</a>]:</p><div id="Equ5" class="c-article-equation"><div class="c-article-equation__content"><span class="mathjax-tex">$$\begin{aligned} \varGamma ({\tilde{\chi }}_{1}^{0}\rightarrow \gamma {\tilde{G}})&=|N_{11}c_W+N_{12}s_W|^{2}\,{\mathcal {R}}, \end{aligned}$$</span></div><div class="c-article-equation__number"> (5) </div></div><div id="Equ6" class="c-article-equation"><div class="c-article-equation__content"><span class="mathjax-tex">$$\begin{aligned} \varGamma ({\tilde{\chi }}_{1}^{0}\rightarrow Z{\tilde{G}})&=\left( |-N_{11}s_W+N_{12}c_W|^{2} \right. \nonumber \\&\quad \left. +|-N_{13}c_\beta +N_{14}s_\beta |^{2}/2\right) \nonumber \\&\quad \times {\mathcal {C}}(m_{Z},m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_{1}^{0}})\,{\mathcal {R}}, \end{aligned}$$</span></div><div class="c-article-equation__number"> (6) </div></div><div id="Equ7" class="c-article-equation"><div class="c-article-equation__content"><span class="mathjax-tex">$$\begin{aligned} \varGamma ({\tilde{\chi }}_{1}^{0}\rightarrow h{\tilde{G}})&=\frac{1}{2}|-N_{13}s_\alpha +N_{14}c_\alpha |^{2}\nonumber \\&\quad \times {\mathcal {C}}(m_{h},m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_{1}^{0}})\,{\mathcal {R}}. \end{aligned}$$</span></div><div class="c-article-equation__number"> (7) </div></div><p>Here <span class="mathjax-tex">$s_W$</span>, <span class="mathjax-tex">$c_W$</span>, <span class="mathjax-tex">$s_\alpha $</span> and <span class="mathjax-tex">$c_\alpha $</span> are the sines and cosines of the Weinberg angle <span class="mathjax-tex">$\theta _W$</span> and the mixing angle <span class="mathjax-tex">$\alpha $</span> between the <i>CP</i>-even neutral Higgs states, and</p><div id="Equ17" class="c-article-equation"><div class="c-article-equation__content"><span class="mathjax-tex">$$\begin{aligned} {\mathcal {R}}&=\frac{1}{48\pi M_{P}^{2}}\frac{m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_{1}^{0}}^{5}}{m_{3/2}^{2}}, \quad {\mathcal {C}}(m_{i},m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_{1}^{0}})&=\Bigg (1-\frac{m_{i}^{2}}{m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_{1}^{0}}^{2}}\Bigg )^{4}. \end{aligned}$$</span></div></div><p>In Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Fig1">1</a> we show representative branching ratios for the lightest neutralino, using the full expression for the widths from Refs. [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 83" title="J.L. Feng, S. Su, F. Takayama, Supergravity with a gravitino LSP. Phys. Rev. D 70, 075019 (2004). 
 arXiv:hep-ph/0404231
 
 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR83" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e5357">83</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 99" title="L. Covi, J. Hasenkamp, S. Pokorski, J. Roberts, Gravitino dark matter and general neutralino NLSP. JHEP 11, 003 (2009). 
 arXiv:0908.3399
 
 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR99" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e5360">99</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 100" title="J. Hasenkamp, General neutralino NLSP with gravitino dark matter vs. big bang nucleosynthesis. Diploma thesis (2009)" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR100" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e5363">100</a>], including also decay modes through off-shell bosons in the total width. The plots use values of <span class="mathjax-tex">$\mu $</span> picked to illustrate the generic behaviour in the different wino NLSP (red) and Higgsino NLSP (green) regions (see below for further discussion), and two different values of <span class="mathjax-tex">$\tan \beta $</span>, which cover the impact of <span class="mathjax-tex">$\tan \beta $</span> on decays to <i>Z</i> and <i>h</i>. The bino NLSP region (low <span class="mathjax-tex">$M_1$</span> values) is much simpler and not illustrated since here dominantly <span class="mathjax-tex">${{\tilde{\chi }}}_1^0\rightarrow \gamma {{\tilde{G}}}$</span>, with some small branching ratio to <span class="mathjax-tex">$Z{{\tilde{G}}}$</span>. We see that the dominant decay mode of the lightest neutralino depends strongly on the relative ordering of the masses <span class="mathjax-tex">$M_1$</span>, <span class="mathjax-tex">$M_2$</span>, and <span class="mathjax-tex">$\mu $</span>, and the size of <span class="mathjax-tex">$\tan \beta $</span>.</p><p>To make our presentation more systematic, we now discuss the properties of these three major phenomenological regions in terms of the ordering of the gaugino, <span class="mathjax-tex">$M_1$</span> and <span class="mathjax-tex">$M_2$</span>, and Higgsino, <span class="mathjax-tex">$\mu $</span>, masses.</p><p><i>Wino NLSP:</i> With <span class="mathjax-tex">$|M_2| < |M_1|,|\mu |$</span>, the two lightest electroweakinos, <span class="mathjax-tex">${{\tilde{\chi }}}_1^\pm $</span> and <span class="mathjax-tex">${{\tilde{\chi }}}_1^0$</span>, are a charged and neutral wino with relatively large LHC production cross sections. The lightest neutralino decays as <span class="mathjax-tex">${{\tilde{\chi }}}_1^0\rightarrow \{Z,\gamma \}\,{{\tilde{G}}}$</span>, see for example the wino NLSP region (red) of Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Fig1">1</a> with <span class="mathjax-tex">$\mu >M_2$</span>. For the lightest chargino, when <span class="mathjax-tex">$m_{{{\tilde{\chi }}}_1^\pm } \gg m_W$</span> the small mass difference between the wino-like chargino and neutralino leads to decays directly to the gravitino and an on-shell <i>W</i>, <span class="mathjax-tex">${{\tilde{\chi }}}_1^\pm \rightarrow W^\pm {{\tilde{G}}}$</span>. For smaller chargino masses we have instead decays to two fermions (via an off-shell <i>W</i>), together with the gravitino or lightest neutralino <span class="mathjax-tex">${{\tilde{\chi }}}_1^0$</span>.</p><p><i>Higgsino NLSP:</i> If instead <span class="mathjax-tex">$|\mu | < |M_1|, |M_2|$</span>, the three lightest electroweakinos, <span class="mathjax-tex">${{\tilde{\chi }}}_1^0$</span>, <span class="mathjax-tex">${{\tilde{\chi }}}_2^0$</span> and <span class="mathjax-tex">${{\tilde{\chi }}}_1^\pm $</span>, are dominantly Higgsino and have somewhat smaller production cross sections compared to the wino scenario. Pure Higgsinos do not decay to photons at tree level, so in this case the decays <span class="mathjax-tex">${{\tilde{\chi }}}_1^0\rightarrow \{Z,h\}\,{{\tilde{G}}}$</span> are typically dominant, unless the NLSP mass is so small that the available phase space becomes limiting, or even that these decays go off-shell. In this case decays to photons become important again, especially at low masses, along with three-body final states with two opposite-sign SM fermions at intermediate masses. The relationship between the branching ratios to Higgs and <i>Z</i> final states is determined by the sign of <span class="mathjax-tex">$\mu $</span> and the value of <span class="mathjax-tex">$\tan \beta $</span>. In particular we note that taking <span class="mathjax-tex">$\mu < 0$</span> and <span class="mathjax-tex">$\tan \beta \rightarrow 1$</span> suppresses the <span class="mathjax-tex">$Z {{\tilde{G}}}$</span> channel, due to cancellation between the <span class="mathjax-tex">$N_{13}$</span> and <span class="mathjax-tex">$N_{14}$</span> terms in Eq. (<a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="equation anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Equ6">6</a>). This interplay of decays is again illustrated in Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Fig1">1</a> in the Higgsino NLSP region (green) with <span class="mathjax-tex">$|\mu | < M_2$</span>. The heavier neutralino and the chargino typically decay to the lightest neutralino and SM fermions in three-body decays, instead of the gravitino, due to the generically larger mass differences between the lightest electroweakinos in the Higgsino scenario [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 48" title="N.E. Bomark, A. Kvellestad, S. Lola, P. Osland, A.R. Raklev, Long lived charginos in natural SUSY? JHEP 05, 007 (2014). 
 arXiv:1310.2788
 
 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR48" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e6468">48</a>].</p><p><i>Bino NLSP:</i> For <span class="mathjax-tex">$|M_1| < |M_2|, |\mu |$</span>, the NLSP is a mostly bino <span class="mathjax-tex">${{\tilde{\chi }}}_1^0$</span> and the direct pair production cross section at the LHC is small. Most of the production is then likely to be from decays of the heavier, wino- or Higgsino-dominated electroweakinos, depending on the hierarchy of <span class="mathjax-tex">$M_2$</span> and <span class="mathjax-tex">$\mu $</span>. The bino NLSP decays dominantly as <span class="mathjax-tex">${{\tilde{\chi }}}_1^0\rightarrow \gamma {{\tilde{G}}}$</span>.</p><p>The overall pattern that can be deduced from the above discussion is that the model predicts events with a pair of bosons picked from <span class="mathjax-tex">$\{h,Z,W,\gamma \}$</span>, along with missing energy from the escaping gravitinos, possibly with one or both bosons being off-shell if the mass of the NLSP is below 125 GeV. Additional bosons may also be produced from the decays of heavier electroweakinos into the NLSP. In addition to the classic signature of di-photons plus missing energy, we see that this model features events with final state SM fermions from the decays of the massive bosons, meaning that many LHC searches are relevant for the model.</p><p>Apart from the addition of the light gravitino LSP, our implementation of the <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{G}}$</span>-EWMSSM model in <span class="u-sans-serif">GAMBIT</span> is identical to our implementation of the EWMSSM model described in detail in Ref. [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 17" title="GAMBIT Collaboration, P. Athron et al., Combined collider constraints on neutralinos and charginos. Eur. Phys. J. C 79, 395 (2019). 
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 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR17" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e6728">17</a>]. In particular, the Higgs mass, which in this study only matters for event kinematics, is set by hand to <span class="mathjax-tex">$125.09\,\text {GeV} $</span>.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Collider likelihoods"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec3-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec3"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">3 </span>Collider likelihoods</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec3-content"><p>The total likelihood function explored in our global fit consists of likelihoods for LHC searches for new particles, LHC measurements of SM signatures, and LEP cross-section limits for electroweakino production. We describe each of these likelihoods below.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec4"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">3.1 </span>LHC searches</h3><p>The likelihood contribution from LHC searches is based on passing simulated signal events through our emulations of the 13 TeV ATLAS and CMS searches in Refs. [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="ATLAS, G. Aad et al., Search for charginos and neutralinos in final states with two boosted hadronically decaying bosons and missing transverse momentum in 
 
 
 
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 arXiv:1812.04066
 
 ]" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR127" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e6773">127</a>]. Reproducing a collider search to sufficient accuracy can be challenging, e.g. due to limited available information about technical details of the analysis, or due to limitations in the tool-chain used for fast event simulation. In some cases we can therefore only incorporate a subset of the signal regions defined by the search. In Appendix B we provide a short description of each search, and point out which signal regions our signal simulation includes.</p><p>For all the included LHC searches we have the background uncertainty for each signal region, but in many cases there is no public information on how these uncertainties are correlated. We then take a conservative approach and, for each search, construct a likelihood function that only uses the signal region <i>i</i> with the best expected sensitivity for the given <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{G}}$</span>-EWMSSM parameter point. Our likelihood function for each of these searches is then constructed from a simple product of a Poisson and a Gaussian factor,</p><div id="Equ8" class="c-article-equation"><div class="c-article-equation__content"><span class="mathjax-tex">$$\begin{aligned} {\mathcal {L}}_{\text {search}}^\text {1SR}(s_i, \gamma _i)&= \left[ \frac{(s_i + b_i + \gamma _i)^{n_i} \, e^{-(s_i + b_i + \gamma _i)}}{n_i!} \right] \nonumber \\&\quad \times \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi }\sigma _i} e^{-\frac{\gamma _i^2}{2 \sigma _i^2}}, \end{aligned}$$</span></div><div class="c-article-equation__number"> (8) </div></div><p>where <span class="mathjax-tex">$s_i$</span>, <span class="mathjax-tex">$b_i$</span> and <span class="mathjax-tex">$n_i$</span> are, respectively, the expected signal yield, expected background yield and observed yield for the given signal region <i>i</i>. The Gaussian factor with the nuisance parameter <span class="mathjax-tex">$\gamma _i$</span> is introduced to account for the uncertainty in the total predicted yield, and we therefore set the width <span class="mathjax-tex">$\sigma _i$</span> by adding in quadrature the uncertainties of <span class="mathjax-tex">$s_i$</span> and <span class="mathjax-tex">$b_i$</span>. For our parameter scans we need a likelihood function that only depends on the predicted signal yield. Thus, for each sampled <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{G}}$</span>-EWMSSM parameter point we profile <span class="mathjax-tex">${\mathcal {L}}_{\text {search}}^\text {1SR}(s_i, \gamma _i)$</span> over the nuisance parameter <span class="mathjax-tex">$\gamma _i$</span>:</p><div id="Equ9" class="c-article-equation"><div class="c-article-equation__content"><span class="mathjax-tex">$$\begin{aligned} {\mathcal {L}}_{\text {search}}^\text {1SR}(s_i) \equiv {\mathcal {L}}_{\text {search}}^\text {1SR}(s_i, \hat{\hat{\gamma _i}}), \end{aligned}$$</span></div><div class="c-article-equation__number"> (9) </div></div><p>where <span class="mathjax-tex">$\hat{\hat{\gamma _i}}$</span> is the <span class="mathjax-tex">$\gamma _i$</span> value that maximises <span class="mathjax-tex">${\mathcal {L}}_{\text {search}}^\text {1SR}(s_i,\gamma _i)$</span> for a given <span class="mathjax-tex">$s_i$</span>.</p><p>CMS have for a number of their searches published covariance matrices for the background uncertainties, following the <i>simplified likelihood</i> approach [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 128" title="CMS Collaboration, Simplified likelihood for the re-interpretation of public CMS results. CMS-NOTE-2017-001 (2017)" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR128" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e7591">128</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 129" title="A. Buckley, M. Citron et al., The simplified likelihood framework. JHEP 04, 064 (2019). 
 arXiv:1809.05548
 
 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR129" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e7594">129</a>]. For these searches we can generalise Eq. (<a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="equation anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Equ8">8</a>) to a likelihood that utilises the information in all signal regions. A search with <span class="mathjax-tex">$n_\text {SR}$</span> signal regions is then described by the likelihood function</p><div id="Equ10" class="c-article-equation"><div class="c-article-equation__content"><span class="mathjax-tex">$$\begin{aligned} {\mathcal {L}}_{\text {search}}(\varvec{s}, \varvec{\gamma })&= \prod _{i=1}^{n_\text {SR}} \left[ \frac{(s_i + b_i + \gamma _i)^{n_i} \, e^{-(s_i + b_i + \gamma _i)}}{n_i!} \right] \nonumber \\&\quad \times \frac{1}{\sqrt{\det 2\pi \varSigma }} e^{-\frac{1}{2} \varvec{\gamma }^T \varvec{\varSigma ^{-1}} \varvec{\gamma }}. \end{aligned}$$</span></div><div class="c-article-equation__number"> (10) </div></div><p>Here <span class="mathjax-tex">$\varvec{\varSigma }$</span> is the <span class="mathjax-tex">$n_\text {SR} \times n_\text {SR}$</span> covariance matrix for the nuisance parameters <span class="mathjax-tex">$\gamma _i$</span>. We construct <span class="mathjax-tex">$\varvec{\varSigma }$</span> by taking the covariance matrix provided by CMS and adding in quadrature our signal yield uncertainties along the diagonal. To obtain a likelihood that only depends on the set of signal yields <span class="mathjax-tex">$\varvec{s}$</span> we, for each <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{G}}$</span>-EWMSSM point, profile <span class="mathjax-tex">${\mathcal {L}}_{\text {search}}(\varvec{s}, \varvec{\gamma })$</span> over the set of <span class="mathjax-tex">$n_\text {SR}$</span> nuisance parameters,</p><div id="Equ11" class="c-article-equation"><div class="c-article-equation__content"><span class="mathjax-tex">$$\begin{aligned} {\mathcal {L}}_{\text {search}}(\varvec{s}) \equiv {\mathcal {L}}_{\text {search}}(\varvec{s}, \hat{\hat{\varvec{\gamma }}}). \end{aligned}$$</span></div><div class="c-article-equation__number"> (11) </div></div><p>We also note that for the searches in Refs. [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 102" title="ATLAS, G. Aad et al., Search for squarks and gluinos in final states with jets and missing transverse momentum using 139 
 
 
 
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 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR112" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e8244">112</a>] ATLAS have published the information required to fully utilise all signal regions, through the <i>full likelihood</i> framework [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 130" title="ATLAS, G. Aad et al., Reproducing searches for new physics with the ATLAS experiment through publication of full statistical likelihoods" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR130" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e8250">130</a>]. We will make use of these likelihoods in future GAMBIT studies.</p><p>The LHC experiments often present results for multiple categories of final states in a single publication, e.g. the CMS multilepton search for charginos and neutralinos in Ref. [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 124" title="CMS, A. Tumasyan et al., Search for electroweak production of charginos and neutralinos in proton-proton collisions at 
 
 
 
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 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR124" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e8256">124</a>], which presents results for searches in 2-lepton, 3-lepton and 4-lepton final states. In these cases we follow the same approach as in [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 17" title="GAMBIT Collaboration, P. Athron et al., Combined collider constraints on neutralinos and charginos. Eur. Phys. J. C 79, 395 (2019). 
 arXiv:1809.02097
 
 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR17" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e8259">17</a>] and treat the results for the different final states as approximately independent searches, meaning that for each final state category we include a separate likelihood contribution of the form given in Eqs. (<a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="equation anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Equ9">9</a>) or (<a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="equation anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Equ11">11</a>).<sup><a href="#Fn1"><span class="u-visually-hidden">Footnote </span>1</a></sup></p><p>Similar to the approach in Refs. [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 17" title="GAMBIT Collaboration, P. Athron et al., Combined collider constraints on neutralinos and charginos. Eur. Phys. J. C 79, 395 (2019). 
 arXiv:1809.02097
 
 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR17" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e8283">17</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 132" title="GAMBIT, P. Athron et al., Thermal WIMPs and the scale of new physics: global fits of Dirac dark matter effective field theories. Eur. Phys. J. C 81, 992 (2021). 
 arXiv:2106.02056
 
 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR132" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e8286">132</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 133" title="C. Chang, P. Scott et al., Global fits of simplified models for dark matter with GAMBIT I. Scalar and fermionic models with s-channel vector mediators. 
 arXiv:2209.13266
 
 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR133" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e8289">133</a>], we normalise the likelihood function for each LHC search with the corresponding background-only (<span class="mathjax-tex">$\varvec{s} = \varvec{0}$</span>) likelihood. The log-likelihood contribution from each search therefore takes the form of a log-likelihood difference</p><div id="Equ12" class="c-article-equation"><div class="c-article-equation__content"><span class="mathjax-tex">$$\begin{aligned} \varDelta \ln {\mathcal {L}}_\text {search}(\varvec{s}) = \ln {\mathcal {L}}_\text {search}(\varvec{s}) - \ln {\mathcal {L}}_\text {search}(\varvec{s} = \varvec{0}). \end{aligned}$$</span></div><div class="c-article-equation__number"> (12) </div></div><p>Treating the searches as independent, what we consider as the combined log-likelihood from all the LHC searches is</p><div id="Equ13" class="c-article-equation"><div class="c-article-equation__content"><span class="mathjax-tex">$$\begin{aligned} \varDelta \ln {\mathcal {L}}_\text {searches}(\varvec{s}) = \sum _{j} \varDelta \ln {\mathcal {L}}_j(\varvec{s}), \end{aligned}$$</span></div><div class="c-article-equation__number"> (13) </div></div><p>where <span class="mathjax-tex">$\varDelta \ln {\mathcal {L}}_j$</span> is the log-likelihood contribution from search <i>j</i>. A positive value for the <span class="mathjax-tex">$\varDelta \ln {\mathcal {L}}_\text {searches}(\varvec{s})$</span> indicates that the combined set of <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{G}}$</span>-EWMSSM signal predictions <span class="mathjax-tex">$\varvec{s}(\varvec{\theta })$</span> for parameter point <span class="mathjax-tex">$\varvec{\theta }$</span> gives an overall better agreement with current LHC search results than the background-only assumption does. This happens when the predicted <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{G}}$</span>-EWMSSM signals can help accommodate data excesses in some searches, without conflicting strongly with the results of the other searches.</p><p>We will present the result of our global fit as profile likelihood maps in different <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{G}}$</span>-EWMSSM mass planes. For each plane we show the <span class="mathjax-tex">$1\sigma $</span> (68.3%) and <span class="mathjax-tex">$2\sigma $</span> (95.4%) confidence regions, derived using the likelihood ratio <span class="mathjax-tex">${\mathcal {L}}(\varvec{\theta }) / {\mathcal {L}}(\varvec{\theta }_\text {best-fit})$</span>, where <span class="mathjax-tex">$\varvec{\theta }_\text {best-fit}$</span> is the highest-likelihood <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{G}}$</span>-EWMSSM parameter point. Therefore, if the best-fit point can explain some excesses in the search data (<span class="mathjax-tex">$\varDelta \ln {\mathcal {L}}_\text {searches}(\varvec{s}) > 0$</span>), the <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{G}}$</span>-EWMSSM parameter regions outside the <span class="mathjax-tex">$2\sigma $</span> contour should not be considered “excluded” in the same sense as for an exclusion limit from an LHC search. Rather, these parameter regions simply provide a significantly worse fit to the combined data compared to that of the best-fit point. It is then interesting to also ask a different question: What <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{G}}$</span>-EWMSSM parameter regions are excluded by the combination of LHC searches, when judged relative to the background-only expectation? A simple way to estimate this is to replace <span class="mathjax-tex">$\varDelta \ln {\mathcal {L}}_\text {searches}(\varvec{s})$</span> in Eq. (<a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="equation anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Equ13">13</a>) with</p><div id="Equ14" class="c-article-equation"><div class="c-article-equation__content"><span class="mathjax-tex">$$\begin{aligned} \varDelta&\ln {\mathcal {L}}_\text {searches}^{\text {cap}}(\varvec{s}) \nonumber \\&= \min \left[ \varDelta \ln {\mathcal {L}}_\text {searches}(\varvec{s}), \varDelta \ln {\mathcal {L}}_\text {searches}(\varvec{s} = \varvec{0}) \right] \nonumber \\&= \min \left[ \varDelta \ln {\mathcal {L}}_\text {searches}(\varvec{s}), 0 \right] . \end{aligned}$$</span></div><div class="c-article-equation__number"> (14) </div></div><p>This log-likelihood penalises <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{G}}$</span>-EWMSSM parameter points that give a joint prediction in worse agreement with data than the background-only prediction, while all other points are assigned the same log-likelihood of 0. We note that the maximum value <span class="mathjax-tex">$\varDelta \ln {\mathcal {L}}_\text {searches}^{\text {cap}}(\varvec{s}) = 0$</span> can be obtained in two different ways: The first case is when none of the included searches are sensitive to the given <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{G}}$</span>-EWMSSM parameter point, i.e. the limit <span class="mathjax-tex">$\varvec{s} \rightarrow \varvec{0}$</span>. This is typically what happens for high-mass scenarios, due to small production cross-sections. The second case is when a <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{G}}$</span>-EWMSSM scenario fits the results from some LHC searches sufficiently better than the SM does, enough to offset any likelihood penalty from tensions with other LHC analyses. In Sect. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="section anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Sec10">5</a> we will present results both for the “full likelihood” (<span class="mathjax-tex">${\mathcal {L}}_\text {searches}$</span>) case and the “capped likelihood” (<span class="mathjax-tex">${\mathcal {L}}_\text {searches}^{\text {cap}}$</span>) case. This is the same approach as was taken in Refs. [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 17" title="GAMBIT Collaboration, P. Athron et al., Combined collider constraints on neutralinos and charginos. Eur. Phys. J. C 79, 395 (2019). 
 arXiv:1809.02097
 
 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR17" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e9492">17</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 132" title="GAMBIT, P. Athron et al., Thermal WIMPs and the scale of new physics: global fits of Dirac dark matter effective field theories. Eur. Phys. J. C 81, 992 (2021). 
 arXiv:2106.02056
 
 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR132" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e9495">132</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 133" title="C. Chang, P. Scott et al., Global fits of simplified models for dark matter with GAMBIT I. Scalar and fermionic models with s-channel vector mediators. 
 arXiv:2209.13266
 
 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR133" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e9499">133</a>].</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec5"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">3.2 </span>LHC measurements of SM signatures</h3><p>The complexity of the phenomenology of the model means that the possibility that it may produce events which could contribute to well-measured SM-like final states must also be taken into account. This is the scenario for which <span class="u-sans-serif">Contur</span> [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 80" title="J.M. Butterworth, D. Grellscheid, M. Krämer, B. Sarrazin, D. Yallup, Constraining new physics with collider measurements of Standard Model signatures. JHEP 03, 078 (2017). 
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 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR81" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e9516">81</a>] is designed. Via <span class="u-sans-serif">Rivet</span> [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 134" title="C. Bierlich et al., Robust independent validation of experiment and theory: rivet version 3. SciPost Phys. 8, 026 (2020). 
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 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR193" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e10501">193</a>]. A more detailed discussion of this spectrum computation is given in [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 17" title="GAMBIT Collaboration, P. Athron et al., Combined collider constraints on neutralinos and charginos. Eur. Phys. J. C 79, 395 (2019). 
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 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR17" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e10504">17</a>].</p><p>For this study we have extended <span class="u-sans-serif">DecayBit</span> with the capability to compute decay widths for a neutralino or chargino decaying to final states with a gravitino. The implementation is based on analytical expressions given in Refs. [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 83" title="J.L. Feng, S. Su, F. Takayama, Supergravity with a gravitino LSP. Phys. Rev. D 70, 075019 (2004). 
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 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR99" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e10516">99</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 100" title="J. Hasenkamp, General neutralino NLSP with gravitino dark matter vs. big bang nucleosynthesis. Diploma thesis (2009)" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR100" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e10519">100</a>]. To compute neutralino and chargino decays into final states with a lighter neutralino or chargino, <span class="u-sans-serif">DecayBit</span> uses <span class="u-sans-serif">SUSY-HIT</span> <span class="u-sans-serif">1.5</span> [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 194" title="A. Djouadi, M.M. Mühlleitner, M. Spira, Decays of supersymmetric particles: the program SUSY-HIT (SUspect-SdecaY-Hdecay-InTerface). Acta Phys. Polon. 38, 635–644 (2007). 
 arXiv:hep-ph/0609292
 
 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR194" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e10532">194</a>], which includes the packages <span class="u-sans-serif">SDECAY</span> [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 195" title="M. Muhlleitner, A. Djouadi, Y. Mambrini, SDECAY: a Fortran code for the decays of the supersymmetric particles in the MSSM. Comput. Phys. Commun. 168, 46–70 (2005). 
 arXiv:hep-ph/0311167
 
 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR195" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e10538">195</a>] and <span class="u-sans-serif">HDECAY</span> [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 196" title="A. Djouadi, J. Kalinowski, M. Spira, HDECAY: a program for Higgs boson decays in the standard model and its supersymmetric extension. Comput. Phys. Commun. 108, 56–74 (1998). 
 arXiv:hep-ph/9704448
 
 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR196" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e10545">196</a>].</p><p>We simulate LHC events with electroweakino production at <span class="mathjax-tex">$\sqrt{s}=13\,\text {TeV} $</span> using <span class="u-sans-serif">ColliderBit</span> ’s parallelised interface to <span class="u-sans-serif">Pythia 8</span> [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 197" title="T. Sjöstrand, S. Mrenna, P.Z. Skands, PYTHIA 6.4 physics and manual. JHEP 05, 026 (2006). 
 arXiv:hep-ph/0603175
 
 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR197" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e10588">197</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 198" title="T. Sjostrand, S. Ask, et al., An introduction to PYTHIA 8.2. Comput. Phys. Commun. 191, 159–177 (2015). 
 arXiv:1410.3012
 
 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR198" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e10591">198</a>] and native fast detector simulator <span class="u-sans-serif">BuckFast</span> [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 183" title="GAMBIT Collider Workgroup, C. Balázs, A. Buckley, et al., ColliderBit: a GAMBIT module for the calculation of high-energy collider observables and likelihoods. Eur. Phys. J. C 77, 795 (2017). 
 arXiv:1705.07919
 
 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR183" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e10598">183</a>].<sup><a href="#Fn2"><span class="u-visually-hidden">Footnote </span>2</a></sup> Due to the cost of computing higher-order production cross-sections, we use the cross-sections computed by <span class="u-sans-serif">Pythia 8</span> at leading-order plus leading-logarithmic (LO+LL) accuracy. As we will see in Sect. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="section anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Sec10">5</a>, the lowest-mass scenarios not disfavoured by current results are scenarios where the lightest electroweakinos are Higgsinos with masses around <span class="mathjax-tex">$200\,\text {GeV} $</span>. For such scenarios the production cross-sections at next-to-leading order with next-to-leading-logarithmic corrections (NLO+NLL) can be up to 30% higher compared the LO+LL cross-sections [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 199" title="J. Fiaschi, M. Klasen, Neutralino-chargino pair production at NLO+NLL with resummation-improved parton density functions for LHC Run II. Phys. Rev. D 98, 055014 (2018). 
 arXiv:1805.11322
 
 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR199" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e10662">199</a>], so this choice is somewhat conservative.</p><p>For each parameter point included in our final scan results we generate 16 million LHC events to evaluate the impact of the LHC searches. The main reason that such a high number of events is needed is that for many of the searches we do not have the information needed to allow a proper statistical combination of all the signal regions in the search. As discussed in Sect. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="section anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Sec4">3.1</a>, for these searches the conservative approach is, for each sampled parameter point, to identify the signal region with the best expected sensitivity, and only use this signal region when computing the likelihood contribution from the given search. Many searches will for large parts of the <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{G}}$</span>-EWMSSM parameter space have several signal regions with low and near identical expected sensitivities. Thus, the signal region choice, and through it the likelihood value, becomes highly sensitive to Monte Carlo noise.<sup><a href="#Fn3"><span class="u-visually-hidden">Footnote </span>3</a></sup></p><p>As a post-processing step, we generate a further 100,000 events at each sampled parameter point, which are then passed to first <span class="u-sans-serif">Rivet</span> and then <span class="u-sans-serif">Contur</span> using the new <span class="u-sans-serif">ColliderBit</span> interface. This enables evaluation of whether the parameter point in question would have led to significant but unnoticed collective deviations from the SM expectation in existing measurements. Since LHC measurements have much higher acceptances than LHC searches, we here need fewer simulated events to ensure sufficiently small Monte Carlo uncertainties and a stable identification of the most sensitive measurements. <span class="u-sans-serif">Contur</span> tests the full set of measurements for each parameter point, evaluating the expected likelihood ratio for each measurement. As is usual with <span class="u-sans-serif">Contur</span>, to account for statistical correlations between measurements and avoid double-counting of BSM effects, these measurements are divided into non-overlapping “analysis pools” based upon the run period, experiment and final state. Only the most sensitive measurement from each pool is used, and the set of pool-likelihoods is then combined to provide an overall <span class="u-sans-serif">Contur</span> likelihood, which in <span class="u-sans-serif">ColliderBit</span> is then combined with the likelihoods for the LHC searches and the LEP cross-section limits. The likelihood provided by <span class="u-sans-serif">Contur</span> in this post-processing step had a significant impact on the final results, which will be discussed in detail in Sect. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="section anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Sec14">5.4</a>.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec9"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">4.2 </span>Scanning strategy</h3><p>With the gravitino mass fixed at <span class="mathjax-tex">$1\,{\text {eV}} $</span>, the collider phenomenology of our model is determined by the mass parameters <span class="mathjax-tex">$M_1$</span>, <span class="mathjax-tex">$M_2$</span> and <span class="mathjax-tex">$\mu $</span>, and the dimensionless <span class="mathjax-tex">$\tan \beta $</span> parameter. We restrict our attention to scenarios where the electroweakino masses are all <span class="mathjax-tex">$\lesssim 1\,\text {TeV} $</span>. This is due to the substantial computational cost of accurately mapping out the profile likelihood function across wide, many-dimensional parameter regions where the likelihood function is mostly flat – especially when MC event simulation is performed for each scan point. The high detectability of final states with photons and missing energy ensures that current LHC searches can exclude specific scenarios of electroweakino production where the masses of the produced electroweakinos are close to or beyond <span class="mathjax-tex">$1\,\text {TeV} $</span>. These are typically scenarios with production of a dominantly wino chargino-neutralino pair and a large <span class="mathjax-tex">$\textrm{BR} ({{\tilde{\chi }}}_1^0 \rightarrow \gamma {\tilde{G}})$</span> [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 114" title="ATLAS, M. Aaboud et al., Search for photonic signatures of gauge-mediated supersymmetry in 13 TeV 
 
 
 
 $$pp$$
 
 
 pp
 
 
 collisions with the ATLAS detector. Phys. Rev. D 97, 092006 (2018). 
 arXiv:1802.03158
 
 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR114" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e10974">114</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 125" title="CMS, A.M. Sirunyan et al., Search for gauge-mediated supersymmetry in events with at least one photon and missing transverse momentum in pp collisions at 
 
 
 
 $$\sqrt{s} = $$
 
 
 
 s
 
 =
 
 
 13 TeV. Phys. Lett. B 780, 118–143 (2018). 
 arXiv:1711.08008
 
 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR125" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e10977">125</a>]. But as we will see, within the general electroweakino parameter space explored here, there are still large, unconstrained parameter regions with all electroweakinos <span class="mathjax-tex">$\lesssim 1\,\text {TeV} $</span>.</p><div class="c-article-table" data-test="inline-table" data-container-section="table" id="table-1"><figure><figcaption class="c-article-table__figcaption"><b id="Tab1" data-test="table-caption">Table 1 Ranges and scanning priors for the input parameters. The “hybrid” prior refers to a prior that is flat on <span class="mathjax-tex">$|x| < 10\,\text {GeV} $</span>, and logarithmic elsewhere</b></figcaption><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="table-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view table" data-track-label="button" rel="nofollow" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z/tables/1" aria-label="Full size table 1"><span>Full size table</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><p>In Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Tab1">1</a> we summarise our choices for the scan input parameters. The MSSM parametrisation we use is implemented in the <span class="u-sans-serif">GAMBIT</span> MSSM model hierarchy as <span class="u-sans-serif">MSSM11atQ_mA_mG</span> (Appendix C), which has 11 free parameters. For the six parameters not listed in Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Tab1">1</a> we use the following fixed values: the trilinear couplings <span class="mathjax-tex">$A_{d_3} = A_{e_3} = A_{u_3} = 0$</span>; the gluino mass parameter <span class="mathjax-tex">$M_3 = 5\,\text {TeV} $</span>; the pseudo-scalar Higgs mass <span class="mathjax-tex">$m_A = 5\,\text {TeV} $</span>; and the squared soft sfermion mass parameters <span class="mathjax-tex">$m_l^2 = m_q^2 = (3\,\text {TeV})^2$</span>. The parameters are defined at an input scale <span class="mathjax-tex">$Q = 3\,\text {TeV} $</span>. The specific values for these fixed parameters are not important, as they simply ensure that all superpartners except the gravitino and the electroweakinos are decoupled from the collider phenomenology.</p><p>In order to obtain accurate profile likelihood maps we must ensure that the parameter space is explored in sufficient detail. We therefore combine the parameter samples from multiple scans using different combinations of the priors (metrics) listed in Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Tab1">1</a> to scan the parameters. The “hybrid” prior in Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Tab1">1</a> combines a logarithmic prior for <span class="mathjax-tex">$|x| > 10\,\text {GeV} $</span> with a flat prior for <span class="mathjax-tex">$|x| < 10\,\text {GeV} $</span> (<span class="mathjax-tex">$x = M_1, M_2, \mu $</span>). As the physics is invariant under a global sign change for <span class="mathjax-tex">$M_1$</span>, <span class="mathjax-tex">$M_2$</span> and <span class="mathjax-tex">$\mu $</span>, we follow the common approach in the literature of restricting <span class="mathjax-tex">$M_2$</span> to positive values. All scans are performed with the differential evolution sampler <span class="u-sans-serif">Diver</span> <span class="u-sans-serif">1.0.4</span> [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 187" title="GAMBIT Scanner Workgroup, G.D. Martinez, J. McKay, et al., Comparison of statistical sampling methods with ScannerBit, the GAMBIT scanning module. Eur. Phys. J. C 77, 761 (2017). 
 arXiv:1705.07959
 
 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR187" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e12104">187</a>], interfaced via <span class="u-sans-serif">ScannerBit</span>. We run <span class="u-sans-serif">Diver</span> in the <span class="u-sans-serif">jDE</span> mode (self-adaptive rand/1/bin evolution), which is based on Ref. [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 201" title="J. Brest, S. Greiner, B. Boskovic, M. Mernik, V. Zumer, Self-adapting control parameters in differential evolution: a comparative study on numerical benchmark problems. IEEE Trans. Evolut. Comput. 10, 646–657 (2006)" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR201" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e12116">201</a>]. The final combined data set consists of around <span class="mathjax-tex">$3.1\times 10^5$</span> parameter samples.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Results"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec10-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec10"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">5 </span>Results</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec10-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec11"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">5.1 </span>Best-fit scenarios</h3><p>In Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Fig2">2</a> we show our fit result in terms of the profile likelihood function across the <span class="mathjax-tex">$(m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_2^0},m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_1^0})$</span> and <span class="mathjax-tex">$(m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_1^{\pm }},m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_1^{0}})$</span> planes. We will present most of our results in one or both of these planes as they are well suited for mapping out the key phenomenological aspects of the high-likelihood scenarios. For reference, in Appendix A we provide profile likelihood maps in terms of the input parameters.</p><p>We find that the <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{G}}$</span>-EWMSSM scenarios in best agreement with current LHC searches and measurements are scenarios where the lightest electroweakinos are dominantly Higgsino, i.e. scenarios with <span class="mathjax-tex">$|\mu | < |M_1|, M_2$</span>, corresponding to the Higgsino NLSP region (green) in Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Fig1">1</a>. As the <span class="mathjax-tex">$\mu $</span> parameter largely controls the mass of three Higgsino states, these scenarios have near-degenerate masses for <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_1^0$</span>, <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_2^0$</span> and <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_1^\pm $</span>, explaining why the best-fit region falls along the diagonals of the <span class="mathjax-tex">$(m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_2^0},m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_1^0})$</span> and <span class="mathjax-tex">$(m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_1^{\pm }},m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_1^{0}})$</span> planes.</p><p>For the best-fit point, marked by a white star in Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Fig2">2</a>, the three Higgsinos have masses <span class="mathjax-tex">$m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_1^0} = 169.9$</span> GeV, <span class="mathjax-tex">$m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_2^0} = 178.9$</span> GeV and <span class="mathjax-tex">$m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_1^\pm } = 177.2$</span> GeV. This point further has a pair of wino-dominated <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_3^0$</span> and <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_2^\pm $</span> at <span class="mathjax-tex">$m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_3^0} = 740.8$</span> GeV and <span class="mathjax-tex">$m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_2^\pm } = 741.3$</span> GeV, and a dominantly bino <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_4^0$</span> at <span class="mathjax-tex">$m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_4^0} = 788.1$</span> GeV. The scenarios allowed at <span class="mathjax-tex">$2\sigma $</span> confidence level (CL) relative to the best-fit point, all predict such a trio of near-degenerate Higgsinos with masses no less than about 140 GeV and no greater than about 500 GeV.</p><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-2" data-title="Fig. 2"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig2" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 2</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z/figures/2" rel="nofollow"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Fig2_HTML.png?as=webp"><img aria-describedby="Fig2" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Fig2_HTML.png" alt="figure 2" loading="lazy" width="685" height="273"></picture></a></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-2-desc"><p>Profile likelihood in the <span class="mathjax-tex">$(m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_2^0},m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_1^0})$</span> plane (left) and in the <span class="mathjax-tex">$(m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_1^{\pm }},m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_1^{0}})$</span> plane (right). The contour lines show the <span class="mathjax-tex">$1\sigma $</span> and <span class="mathjax-tex">$2\sigma $</span> confidence regions. The best-fit point is marked by the white star</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z/figures/2" data-track-dest="link:Figure2 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 2" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><p>The scenarios within the <span class="mathjax-tex">$2\sigma $</span> region in Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Fig2">2</a> are largely scenarios with negative <span class="mathjax-tex">$\mu $</span> parameter, <span class="mathjax-tex">$|\mu | < M_2, |M_1|$</span>, and <span class="mathjax-tex">$\tan \beta \lesssim 5$</span>, with the highest-likelihood solutions favouring <span class="mathjax-tex">$\tan \beta $</span> values close to 1. For such scenarios, the dominant and subdominant decay modes for the lightest neutralino are the <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_1^0 \rightarrow h {{\tilde{G}}}$</span> and <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_1^0 \rightarrow Z {{\tilde{G}}}$</span> channels, respectively – see e.g. the region around <span class="mathjax-tex">$\mu \sim -300\,\text {GeV} $</span> in the branching ratio plots in Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Fig1">1</a>. Low branching ratios for decays to <span class="mathjax-tex">$\gamma {{\tilde{G}}}$</span> final states ensure that the scenarios in the <span class="mathjax-tex">$2\sigma $</span> region escape the otherwise highly constraining photons + <span class="mathjax-tex">$E_T^\text {miss}$</span> searches. Many of these scenarios also have sizeable branching ratios for <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_2^0$</span> to decay directly to a <span class="mathjax-tex">${{\tilde{G}}}$</span> final state, typically through the <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_2^0 \rightarrow Z {{\tilde{G}}}$</span> decay mode, rather than decaying exclusively through <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_2^0 \rightarrow Z^* {\tilde{\chi }}_1^0$</span>, as often assumed in LHC searches for Higgsino production. Similarly, many scenarios in the higher-mass part of the <span class="mathjax-tex">$2\sigma $</span> region (<span class="mathjax-tex">$m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_1^\pm } > rsim 300\,\text {GeV} $</span>) have large branching ratios for direct decays of <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_1^\pm $</span> to the gravitino, through <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_1^\pm \rightarrow W^\pm {{\tilde{G}}}$</span>.</p><p>By tuning the branching ratios <span class="mathjax-tex">$\text {BR}({\tilde{\chi }}_{1,2}^0 \rightarrow h {{\tilde{G}}})$</span> versus <span class="mathjax-tex">$\text {BR}({\tilde{\chi }}_{1,2}^0 \rightarrow Z {{\tilde{G}}})$</span>, and <span class="mathjax-tex">$\text {BR}({\tilde{\chi }}_1^\pm \rightarrow W^\pm {{\tilde{G}}})$</span> versus <span class="mathjax-tex">$\text {BR}({\tilde{\chi }}_1^\pm \rightarrow f f' {\tilde{\chi }}_1^0)$</span>,<sup><a href="#Fn4"><span class="u-visually-hidden">Footnote </span>4</a></sup> the model can partly fit small excesses in the ATLAS and CMS leptons + <span class="mathjax-tex">$E_T^\text {miss}$</span> searches and the ATLAS <i>b</i>-jets + <span class="mathjax-tex">$E_T^\text {miss}$</span> search. (The preference for a small signal contribution in <i>b</i>-jet final states in part explains the preference for <span class="mathjax-tex">$\tan \beta \sim 1$</span>, since this increases the branching ratio for <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_1^0 \rightarrow h {{\tilde{G}}}$</span>, see Sect. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="section anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Sec2">2</a>.) In combination, this produces a weak preference for the lower-mass end of the diagonal in Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Fig2">2</a>, at masses around <span class="mathjax-tex">$170\,\text {GeV} $</span>.<sup><a href="#Fn5"><span class="u-visually-hidden">Footnote </span>5</a></sup></p><p>We found a preference for low-mass electroweakino scenarios also in our EWMSSM fit in [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 17" title="GAMBIT Collaboration, P. Athron et al., Combined collider constraints on neutralinos and charginos. Eur. Phys. J. C 79, 395 (2019). 
 arXiv:1809.02097
 
 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR17" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e14510">17</a>]. The EWMSSM parameter regions favoured in that study allow for electroweakino decay chains that produce multiple on-shell <i>Z</i>, <i>h</i> and <i>W</i> bosons, and terminate in a bino-dominated <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_1^0$</span> that provides the missing energy signal. The favoured low-mass scenarios in the <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{G}}$</span>-EWMSSM predict a similar collider phenomenology, but now with the gravitino rather than a bino-like neutralino terminating the decay chains. However, in the present study the preference for these low-mass scenarios is weaker, as the previously-observed data excesses are less pronounced in the now larger ATLAS and CMS data sets.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec12"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">5.2 </span>Non-excluded scenarios</h3> <div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-3" data-title="Fig. 3"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig3" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 3</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z/figures/3" rel="nofollow"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Fig3_HTML.png?as=webp"><img aria-describedby="Fig3" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Fig3_HTML.png" alt="figure 3" loading="lazy" width="685" height="273"></picture></a></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-3-desc"><p>Capped profile likelihood in the <span class="mathjax-tex">$(m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_2^0},m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_1^0})$</span> plane (left) and in the <span class="mathjax-tex">$(m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_1^{\pm }},m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_1^{0}})$</span> plane (right). The white contour lines show the <span class="mathjax-tex">$1\sigma $</span> and <span class="mathjax-tex">$2\sigma $</span> confidence regions</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z/figures/3" data-track-dest="link:Figure3 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 3" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div> <p>Assuming that these small data excesses are just background fluctuations rather than a true BSM signal, it is interesting to consider what electroweakino mass combinations the current combined data clearly exclude in the <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{G}}$</span>-EWMSSM. We investigate this in Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Fig3">3</a> by showing profile likelihood plots where we use the capped likelihood, <span class="mathjax-tex">${\mathcal {L}}_\text {searches}^\text {cap}$</span> (Eq. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="equation anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Equ14">14</a>), as described in Sect. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="section anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Sec4">3.1</a>.</p><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-4" data-title="Fig. 4"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig4" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 4</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z/figures/4" rel="nofollow"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Fig4_HTML.png?as=webp"><img aria-describedby="Fig4" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Fig4_HTML.png" alt="figure 4" loading="lazy" width="685" height="181"></picture></a></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-4-desc"><p>The Higgsino (left), wino (middle) and bino (right) fraction of the <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_1^0$</span>, plotted across the profile-likelihood surface for the <span class="mathjax-tex">$(m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_2^0},m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_1^0})$</span> plane</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z/figures/4" data-track-dest="link:Figure4 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 4" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><p>To understand the structures visible in Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Fig3">3</a>, we first consider Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Fig4">4</a>, where we show the Higgsino, wino and bino components of the lightest neutralino for the highest-likelihood point in each bin across the <span class="mathjax-tex">$(m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_2^0},m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_1^0})$</span> plane. This allows us to identify which of the three NLSP scenarios discussed in Sect. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="section anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Sec2">2</a> are preferred in different parts of the mass plane. We see clearly that the preferred scenarios along the diagonal are scenarios with a mostly Higgsino NLSP (left panel), as discussed above. Moving away from the diagonal, towards higher <span class="mathjax-tex">$m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_2^0}$</span>, the best-fitting scenarios are wino NLSP scenarios (middle panel). We note that around <span class="mathjax-tex">$m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_1^0}, m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_2^0} \sim 400$</span> GeV, the current collider data prefers a fairly even wino/Higgsino admixture for the <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_1^0$</span>. Finally, at even higher <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_2^0$</span>–<span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_1^0$</span> mass splittings, the best possible fits are obtained for bino NLSP scenarios (right panel).<sup><a href="#Fn6"><span class="u-visually-hidden">Footnote </span>6</a></sup></p><p>We will in the following use the term <i>profile-likelihood surface</i> to refer to the set of parameter samples that appear in figures like Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Fig4">4</a>, where for each bin in the given plane we visualise some property of the highest-likelihood parameter sample belonging to that bin. For the interpretation of these figures it is important to remember that apparent discontinuities, such as the boundaries between the yellow and black regions in Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Fig4">4</a>, typically result from the projection done by the profile likelihood procedure: two neighbouring bins in a mass plane can have their respective highest-likelihood points coming from very different parts of the four-dimensional <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{G}}$</span>-EWMSSM parameter space. So for instance the black region in the right-hand panel of Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Fig4">4</a> does not imply that there are no parameter samples that predict the given <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_1^0$</span> and <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_2^0$</span> masses and a bino-dominated <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_1^0$</span>, only that there for these mass predictions exist other parameter points that give a better fit to data and for which the <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_1^0$</span> is dominantly wino or Higgsino.</p><p>We can now go back and reconsider Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Fig3">3</a>. Along the diagonals of the two mass planes, we see the allowed scenarios with Higgsino-dominated <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_1^0$</span>, <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_2^0$</span> and <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_1^\pm $</span>. This region extends all the way up towards the edge of our scan range, corresponding to masses around <span class="mathjax-tex">$1\,\text {TeV} $</span>. In addition, there are three other non-excluded scenarios visible.</p><p>First, in the <span class="mathjax-tex">$(m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_2^0},m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_1^0})$</span> plane, we find an allowed horizontal region at around <span class="mathjax-tex">$m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_1^0} \approx 450\,\text {GeV} $</span>, with wino-dominated and mass degenerate <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_1^0$</span> and <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_1^\pm $</span>. Second, in the region of <span class="mathjax-tex">$m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_1^0} \lesssim 450\,\text {GeV} $</span> and <span class="mathjax-tex">$m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_2^0}, m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_1^\pm } > rsim 800\,\text {GeV} $</span>, we see solutions with a lonely, light, bino-dominated <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_1^0$</span>. Lastly, in the <span class="mathjax-tex">$(m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_2^0},m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_1^0})$</span> plane around <span class="mathjax-tex">$m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_1^0} > 700\,\text {GeV} $</span> and away from the diagonal, we see a region of solutions allowed at <span class="mathjax-tex">$2\sigma $</span>, where again the <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_1^0$</span> and <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_1^\pm $</span> are mostly wino, though with non-negligible Higgsino components.</p><p>Before we explore these findings further, let us briefly compare them with the capped-likelihood results from our analysis of the EWMSSM [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 17" title="GAMBIT Collaboration, P. Athron et al., Combined collider constraints on neutralinos and charginos. Eur. Phys. J. C 79, 395 (2019). 
 arXiv:1809.02097
 
 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR17" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e16243">17</a>]. In [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 17" title="GAMBIT Collaboration, P. Athron et al., Combined collider constraints on neutralinos and charginos. Eur. Phys. J. C 79, 395 (2019). 
 arXiv:1809.02097
 
 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR17" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e16246">17</a>] we found that essentially no combinations of <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_1^{\pm }$</span> and <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_1^{0}$</span> masses could be conclusively ruled out by the combination of LHC search results at the time of that study. The conclusion is markedly different in the present <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{G}}$</span>-EWMSSM study, where only four distinct scenarios for electroweakinos below <span class="mathjax-tex">$1\,\text {TeV} $</span> remain viable. There are several factors contributing to this result: (1) the overall stronger constraining power due to the now larger LHC data sets; (2) the diminishing of the data excesses that in [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 17" title="GAMBIT Collaboration, P. Athron et al., Combined collider constraints on neutralinos and charginos. Eur. Phys. J. C 79, 395 (2019). 
 arXiv:1809.02097
 
 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR17" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e16357">17</a>] helped improve the fit for low-mass solutions in the EWMSSM; (3) the additional constraining power in the present study, coming from our inclusion of LHC measurements in addition to direct BSM searches; and (4) the distinctive <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{G}}$</span>-EWMSSM collider signatures, in particular the photon signatures, that result in strong constraints on large parts of the <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{G}}$</span>-EWMSSM parameter space.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec13"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">5.3 </span>Impact of different searches</h3> <div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-5" data-title="Fig. 5"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig5" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 5</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z/figures/5" rel="nofollow"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Fig5_HTML.png?as=webp"><img aria-describedby="Fig5" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Fig5_HTML.png" alt="figure 5" loading="lazy" width="685" height="273"></picture></a></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-5-desc"><p>The total log-likelihood plotted across the profile-likelihood surface in the <span class="mathjax-tex">$(m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_2^0},m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_1^0})$</span> plane (left) and in the <span class="mathjax-tex">$(m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_1^{\pm }},m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_1^0})$</span> plane (right)</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z/figures/5" data-track-dest="link:Figure5 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 5" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div> <div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-6" data-title="Fig. 6"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig6" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 6</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z/figures/6" rel="nofollow"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Fig6_HTML.png?as=webp"><img aria-describedby="Fig6" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Fig6_HTML.png" alt="figure 6" loading="lazy" width="685" height="558"></picture></a></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-6-desc"><p>Log-likelihood contribution from various groups of LHC searches across the profile-likelihood surface for the <span class="mathjax-tex">$(m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_2^0},m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_1^0})$</span> plane</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z/figures/6" data-track-dest="link:Figure6 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 6" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div> <div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-7" data-title="Fig. 7"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig7" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 7</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z/figures/7" rel="nofollow"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Fig7_HTML.png?as=webp"><img aria-describedby="Fig7" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Fig7_HTML.png" alt="figure 7" loading="lazy" width="685" height="844"></picture></a></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-7-desc"><p>Total LHC production cross-section for electroweakinos, and selected branching ratios for the decays of <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_1^0$</span> and <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_1^\pm $</span>, plotted across the profile-likelihood surface for the <span class="mathjax-tex">$(m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_2^0},m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_1^0})$</span> plane</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z/figures/7" data-track-dest="link:Figure7 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 7" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div> <p>To understand our results in greater detail, we will in the following discuss the contributions from the LHC searches and measurements that most strongly influence the fit result. To aid this discussion we consider Figs. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Fig5">5</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Fig6">6</a> and <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Fig7">7</a>: In Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Fig5">5</a> we show the total log-likelihood difference <span class="mathjax-tex">$\ln {\mathcal {L}}(\varvec{s}) - \ln {\mathcal {L}}(\varvec{s}=\varvec{0})$</span>. The various solutions in Figs. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Fig2">2</a> and <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Fig3">3</a> are visible as regions of greater likelihood. In Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Fig6">6</a> we consider the profile likelihood surface for the <span class="mathjax-tex">$(m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_2^0},m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_1^0})$</span> plane and break the total log-likelihood down into contributions from photon searches, lepton searches, other searches and measurements of SM-like final states. Finally, in the six panels of Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Fig7">7</a> we show the total electroweakino LHC production cross-section and a selection of relevant branching ratios across the <span class="mathjax-tex">$(m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_2^0},m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_1^0})$</span> profile likelihood surface.</p><p>The top-left panel of Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Fig6">6</a> shows that for the scenarios with a bino NLSP (see Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Fig4">4</a>, right), the most constraining LHC analyses are the photons + <span class="mathjax-tex">$E_T^\text {miss}$</span> searches. This can be understood from the fact that for these scenarios the dominant <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_1^0$</span> decay mode is <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_1^0 \rightarrow \gamma {{\tilde{G}}}$</span> (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Fig7">7</a>, top right), while the heavier wino- or Higgsino-dominated electroweakinos, which here dominate the production cross-section, decay via the <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_1^0$</span> rather than directly to a <span class="mathjax-tex">${{\tilde{G}}}$</span> final state (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Fig7">7</a>, bottom right). Towards larger masses for the heavier electroweakinos the production cross-section diminishes (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Fig7">7</a>, top left) enough to leave an allowed region at <span class="mathjax-tex">$m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_1^0} \lesssim 450\,\text {GeV} $</span> and <span class="mathjax-tex">$m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_2^0}, m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_1^\pm } > rsim 800\,\text {GeV} $</span>.</p><p>In the middle sector of the <span class="mathjax-tex">$(m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_2^0},m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_1^0})$</span> plane, where the highest-likelihood scenarios are wino NLSP scenarios (see Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Fig4">4</a>, middle), the most important contributions to the profile likelihood surface come from the leptons + <span class="mathjax-tex">$E_T^\text {miss}$</span> searches (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Fig6">6</a>, top right), and searches for jets + <span class="mathjax-tex">$E_T^\text {miss}$</span> final states, with or without leptons (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Fig6">6</a>, bottom left). This is largely explained by the fact that the dominant decay modes of the now wino-dominated and near mass-degenerate <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_1^0$</span> and <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_1^\pm $</span> are <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_1^0 \rightarrow Z {{\tilde{G}}}$</span> and <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_1^\pm \rightarrow W^\pm {{\tilde{G}}}$</span>, respectively (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Fig7">7</a>, middle right and bottom left). Thus, <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_1^\pm {\tilde{\chi }}_1^0$</span> production will for these scenarios typically give rise to the same collider signatures as the commonly studied SUSY scenarios where wino-dominated <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_1^\pm {\tilde{\chi }}_2^0$</span> are produced and decay to final states with a stable, light <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_1^0$</span> through <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_2^0 \rightarrow Z {\tilde{\chi }}_1^0$</span> and <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_1^\pm \rightarrow W^\pm {\tilde{\chi }}_1^0$</span>. However, while <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_1^\pm {\tilde{\chi }}_1^0$</span> is the most important production mode for these <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{G}}$</span>-EWMSSM scenarios, relevant signal contributions can also arise from production of some of the heavier, Higgsino-dominated electroweakinos. Towards low <span class="mathjax-tex">$m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_1^0}$</span> (<span class="mathjax-tex">$m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_1^0} \lesssim 200\,\text {GeV} $</span>), phase space suppression of the <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_1^0 \rightarrow Z {{\tilde{G}}}$</span> decay makes <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_1^0 \rightarrow \gamma {{\tilde{G}}}$</span> the dominant decay mode for <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_1^0$</span> (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Fig7">7</a>, top right). Here the photons + <span class="mathjax-tex">$E_T^\text {miss}$</span> searches contribute strongly to the total log-likelihood, as does the measurements of SM signatures, to be discussed in more detail below (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Fig6">6</a>, top left and bottom right). At around <span class="mathjax-tex">$m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_1^0} \sim 450\,\text {GeV} $</span>, the reduction in the production cross-section with increasing mass (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Fig7">7</a>, top left), combined with a balancing of the <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_1^0 \rightarrow \gamma {{\tilde{G}}}$</span> and <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_1^0 \rightarrow Z {{\tilde{G}}}$</span> branching ratios (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Fig7">7</a>, top right and middle right) means that the combined constraining power of the searches is sufficiently weakened so that a horizontal band in the mass plane avoids exclusion at the <span class="mathjax-tex">$2\sigma $</span> level. This is also partly due to the model fitting some weak excesses in leptons + <span class="mathjax-tex">$E_T^\text {miss}$</span> and photons + <span class="mathjax-tex">$E_T^\text {miss}$</span> searches (light blue bands in Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Fig6">6</a>, top left and top right). However, towards even higher <span class="mathjax-tex">$m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_1^0}$</span>, the ATLAS search for <span class="mathjax-tex">$E_T^\text {miss}$</span> + boosted bosons [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 101" title="ATLAS, G. Aad et al., Search for charginos and neutralinos in final states with two boosted hadronically decaying bosons and missing transverse momentum in 
 
 
 
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Here the model obtains positive contributions to <span class="mathjax-tex">$\varDelta \ln {\mathcal {L}}_\text {searches}$</span> from small excesses in leptons + <span class="mathjax-tex">$E_T^\text {miss}$</span> searches and the ATLAS <i>b</i>-jets + <span class="mathjax-tex">$E_T^\text {miss}$</span> search (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Fig6">6</a>, top right and bottom left). Some examples of the balancing of different branching ratios that these scenarios exhibit, discussed in Sect. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="section anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Sec11">5.1</a>, can be seen in the middle left, middle right and bottom left panels of Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Fig7">7</a>.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec14"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">5.4 </span>Impact of measurements</h3><p>The present study is the first to include LHC measurements of SM signatures in a many-parameter BSM global fit. It is therefore interesting to explore what impact these likelihood contributions have on our results. The log-likelihood contribution <span class="mathjax-tex">$\varDelta \ln {\mathcal {L}}_\text {meas}$</span> on the <span class="mathjax-tex">$(m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_2^0},m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_1^0})$</span> profile-likelihood surface is shown in the bottom-right panel of Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Fig6">6</a>. The contribution is significant in the regions with wino- or Higgsino-dominated <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_1^0$</span> with <span class="mathjax-tex">$m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_1^0} \lesssim 200\,\text {GeV} $</span>, where <span class="mathjax-tex">$\textrm{BR} ({\tilde{\chi }}_1^0 \rightarrow \gamma {{\tilde{G}}})$</span> is large. In particular, the SM signature measurements contribute to excluding low-mass scenarios where the constraints from leptons + <span class="mathjax-tex">$E_T^\text {miss}$</span> searches would otherwise have been largely balanced by positive log-likelihood contributions from the photons + <span class="mathjax-tex">$E_T^\text {miss}$</span> searches (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Fig6">6</a>, top panels, <span class="mathjax-tex">$m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_1^0} \lesssim 100\,\text {GeV} $</span>).</p><p>The <span class="mathjax-tex">$(m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_2^0},m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_1^0})$</span> profile likelihood surface discussed above is by definition made up of the overall <i>least</i> constrained parameter sample within each <span class="mathjax-tex">$(m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_2^0},m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_1^0})$</span> bin. To get a more complete picture of the constraining power of the SM signature measurements, it is interesting to also look at <span class="mathjax-tex">$\varDelta \ln {\mathcal {L}}_\text {meas}$</span> across the surface of parameter samples that are <i>most strongly</i> constrained by this log-likelihood contribution. This is shown in the top-left panel of Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Fig8">8</a>. For the <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{G}}$</span>-EWMSSM scenarios where the SM signature measurements have their largest sensitivity, they rule out scenarios that have both <span class="mathjax-tex">$m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_2^0}$</span> and <span class="mathjax-tex">$m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_1^0}$</span> below <span class="mathjax-tex">$\sim 500\,\text {GeV} $</span>, and scenarios towards higher <span class="mathjax-tex">$m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_2^0}$</span> when <span class="mathjax-tex">$m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_1^0} \lesssim 150\,\text {GeV} $</span>. The three other panels in Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Fig8">8</a> show the individual log-likelihood contributions from the pools of measurements that contribute most strongly to the combined <span class="mathjax-tex">$\varDelta \ln {\mathcal {L}}_\text {meas}$</span> in the upper-left panel: ATLAS measurements of the <span class="mathjax-tex">$pp \rightarrow ZZ \rightarrow 4l$</span> cross-section (top right) [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 142" title="ATLAS, G. Aad et al., Measurements of differential cross-sections in four-lepton events in 13 TeV proton-proton collisions with the ATLAS detector. JHEP 07, 005 (2021). 
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 arXiv:1911.04813
 
 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR181" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e19667">181</a>] (bottom right).</p><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-8" data-title="Fig. 8"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig8" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 8</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z/figures/8" rel="nofollow"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Fig8_HTML.png?as=webp"><img aria-describedby="Fig8" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Fig8_HTML.png" alt="figure 8" loading="lazy" width="685" height="558"></picture></a></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-8-desc"><p>Log-likelihood contributions from different pools of LHC measurements, plotted across the <span class="mathjax-tex">$(m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_2^0},m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_1^0})$</span> plane for the scan points where the combined constraint from the LHC measurements is at its strongest</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z/figures/8" data-track-dest="link:Figure8 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 8" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-9" data-title="Fig. 9"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig9" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 9</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z/figures/9" rel="nofollow"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Fig9_HTML.png?as=webp"><img aria-describedby="Fig9" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Fig9_HTML.png" alt="figure 9" loading="lazy" width="685" height="181"></picture></a></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-9-desc"><p>The Higgsino (left), wino (middle) and bino (right) fraction of the <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_1^0$</span>, plotted across the <span class="mathjax-tex">$(m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_2^0},m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_1^0})$</span> plane for the scan points where the combined constraint from the LHC measurements is the largest</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z/figures/9" data-track-dest="link:Figure9 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 9" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><p>In Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Fig9">9</a> we show the <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_1^0$</span> composition for the parameter samples contributing to Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Fig8">8</a>. From Figs. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Fig8">8</a> and <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Fig9">9</a> we see that the <i>ZZ</i> cross-section measurements most strongly constrain low-mass scenarios where the <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_1^0$</span> is dominantly Higgsino or a wino-Higgsino mixture. These <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{G}}$</span>-EWMSSM scenarios combine a large total electroweakino production cross-section,<sup><a href="#Fn7"><span class="u-visually-hidden">Footnote </span>7</a></sup> with significant branching ratios for some of the decays <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_{i}^0 \rightarrow Z {{\tilde{G}}}$</span> and/or <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_{i}^0 \rightarrow Z {\tilde{\chi }}_{j}^0$</span>. The measurements of <span class="mathjax-tex">$W^+ W^-$</span> production cross-sections exclude low-mass scenarios with wino-dominated <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_1^0$</span>. Here the strongest <span class="mathjax-tex">$W^+W^-$</span> signal contribution comes from the production of pairs of light, wino-dominated <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_1^\pm $</span>, which decay as <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_1^\pm \rightarrow W^\pm {{\tilde{G}}}$</span>. Finally, the <span class="mathjax-tex">$Z(\rightarrow l^+ l^-) \gamma + X$</span> cross-section measurement constrains scenarios with bino-dominated <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_1^0$</span>. These scenarios typically have a large <span class="mathjax-tex">$\textrm{BR} ({\tilde{\chi }}_1^0 \rightarrow \gamma {{\tilde{G}}})$</span> and a non-negligible <span class="mathjax-tex">$\textrm{BR} ({\tilde{\chi }}_1^0 \rightarrow Z {{\tilde{G}}})$</span>, such that production of any pair of electroweakinos that decay to <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_1^0$</span>’s can result in signal contributions to the measured cross-section.</p><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-10" data-title="Fig. 10"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig10" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 10</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z/figures/10" rel="nofollow"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Fig10_HTML.png?as=webp"><img aria-describedby="Fig10" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Fig10_HTML.png" alt="figure 10" loading="lazy" width="685" height="446"></picture></a></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-10-desc"><p>The log-likelihood impact from including <span class="mathjax-tex">$8\,\text {TeV} $</span> LHC measurements of SM signatures, shown for the highest-likelihood scan points in the mass region around the best-fit point (left) and a higher-mass region (right)</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z/figures/10" data-track-dest="link:Figure10 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 10" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><p>Since the best-fit region predicts light Higgsinos, at masses around <span class="mathjax-tex">$170\,\text {GeV} $</span>, the LHC searches and measurements performed at <span class="mathjax-tex">$\sqrt{s} = 8\,\text {TeV} $</span> can also be relevant. A full investigation of the impact of <span class="mathjax-tex">$8\,\text {TeV} $</span> results is beyond the scope of this study, as it would effectively double the computational cost of our parameter scans. However, to gauge the possible impact, we generate 100,000 events at <span class="mathjax-tex">$8\,\text {TeV} $</span> for each of our 100 highest-likelihood parameter points. We pass the events through <span class="u-sans-serif">Rivet</span> and <span class="u-sans-serif">Contur</span> to compute a log-likelihood contribution from the collection of <span class="mathjax-tex">$\sqrt{s} = 8\,\text {TeV} $</span> measurements in <span class="u-sans-serif">Rivet</span>. The result of this is illustrated in Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Fig10">10</a>, where we show the change in the total log-likelihood for each point when the contribution from <span class="mathjax-tex">$8\,\text {TeV} $</span> measurements is added. In the left-hand panel we show the points close to the best-fit point at <span class="mathjax-tex">$m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_1^0} \sim 170\,\text {GeV} $</span>. Of our 100 highest-likelihood points, some also belong to the higher-mass region, at <span class="mathjax-tex">$m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_1^0} > rsim 280\,\text {GeV} $</span>, shown in the right-hand panel. For the best-fit points in the low-mass region, including the <span class="mathjax-tex">$8\,\text {TeV} $</span> measurements reduces the total log-likelihood by around 0.2 units. As expected, there is a smaller impact on points in the higher-mass region.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec15"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">5.5 </span>Scenarios with a chargino NLSP</h3><p>In contrast with the EWMSSM, the <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{G}}$</span>-EWMSSM admits the possibility of a chargino as the lightest electroweakino. Such a scenario was highlighted in Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Fig1">1</a> where the gray band signals a sudden drop in branching ratio due to <span class="mathjax-tex">$m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_1^{\pm }} < m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_1^{0}}$</span>. While rare for MSSM-like electroweakino mass matrices, and featuring small mass differences, our scan identified still-viable parameter regions with <span class="mathjax-tex">$m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_1^{\pm }} < m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_1^{0}}$</span>, shown in Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Fig11">11</a>.</p><p>We find that in these cases, the points with the highest likelihoods have Higgsino-like electroweakinos, with only small splittings for the <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_1^{\pm }$</span>, <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_1^0$</span> and <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_2^0$</span>, with masses preferred to be in the region of 400–<span class="mathjax-tex">$500\,\text {GeV} $</span>. Here, the decay mode for <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_1^{\pm }$</span> is always <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_1^{\pm }\rightarrow W {{\tilde{G}}}$</span>. Hence, the detectable signal for <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_1^{\pm }{\tilde{\chi }}_1^{\pm }$</span> pair production is two on-shell <i>W</i> bosons and some missing energy from the gravitinos. For the <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_1^{0}$</span>, the dominant decay modes are <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_1^{0}\rightarrow Z {{\tilde{G}}}$</span> and <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_1^{0}\rightarrow h {{\tilde{G}}}$</span> due to the dominant Higgsino component. The detectable signal for <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_1^{0}{\tilde{\chi }}_1^{\pm }$</span> production would then be on-shell <i>WZ</i> or <i>Wh</i> plus missing energy from the gravitinos. Finally, <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_2^0$</span> decays to soft SM fermions and the <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_1^0$</span> or <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_1^\pm $</span>. Thus, the production of <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_1^{0}{\tilde{\chi }}_2^{0}$</span> and <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_1^{\pm }{\tilde{\chi }}_2^{0}$</span> will in effect enhance the cross sections for <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_1^{0}{\tilde{\chi }}_1^{\pm }$</span> and <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_1^{\pm }{\tilde{\chi }}_1^{\pm }$</span> production.</p><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-11" data-title="Fig. 11"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig11" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 11</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z/figures/11" rel="nofollow"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Fig11_HTML.png?as=webp"><img aria-describedby="Fig11" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Fig11_HTML.png" alt="figure 11" loading="lazy" width="685" height="273"></picture></a></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-11-desc"><p>The total log-likelihood plotted across the profile-likelihood surface for the subset of points with <span class="mathjax-tex">$m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_1^\pm } < m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_1^0}$</span>, shown in the <span class="mathjax-tex">$(m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_2^0},m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_1^0})$</span> plane (left) and in the <span class="mathjax-tex">$(m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_1^{\pm }},m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_1^0})$</span> plane (right)</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z/figures/11" data-track-dest="link:Figure11 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 11" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div></div></div></section><section data-title="Conclusions"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec16-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec16"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">6 </span>Conclusions</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec16-content"><p>In this study we have investigated the current viability of the <span class="mathjax-tex">${{\tilde{G}}}$</span>-EWMSSM, the simplest realisation of a light supersymmetric electroweak sector together with a nearly massless gravitino LSP. We have confronted the <span class="mathjax-tex">${{\tilde{G}}}$</span>-EWMSSM with a comprehensive selection of the relevant Run 2 searches at the LHC, relevant past searches at LEP, and, we have, for the first time in a global fit, used a broad set of SM measurements at the LHC to constrain the model by building a new interface between <span class="u-sans-serif">GAMBIT</span> and <span class="u-sans-serif">Contur</span>.</p><p>Our best-fit region for the model is where <span class="mathjax-tex">$|\mu |<|M_1|,M_2$</span>, and is characterised phenomenologically by a trio of relatively light degenerate Higgsinos in the mass range of 140–<span class="mathjax-tex">$500\,\text {GeV} $</span>, with a best fit point around <span class="mathjax-tex">$170\,\text {GeV} $</span>. Due to the collective effect of small excesses over multiple ATLAS and CMS searches we find closed <span class="mathjax-tex">$2\sigma $</span> contours in the parameter space, but we emphasise that this is a model-specific best-fit region and does not constitute a measure of goodness-of-fit.</p><p>Our main result is that the bulk of the <span class="mathjax-tex">${{\tilde{G}}}$</span>-EWMSSM parameter space with electroweakino masses below <span class="mathjax-tex">$1\,\text {TeV} $</span> is excluded by collider searches and measurements. The four exceptions, classified according to the nature of the lightest electroweakinos, are: </p><dl class="c-abbreviation_list"><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>(i):</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>degenerate Higgsinos from <span class="mathjax-tex">$140\,\text {GeV} $</span> and up,</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>(ii):</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>a region of degenerate winos around 400–<span class="mathjax-tex">$500\,\text {GeV} $</span> allowed at the <span class="mathjax-tex">$2\sigma $</span> level,</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>(iii):</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>degenerate winos above <span class="mathjax-tex">$700\,\text {GeV} $</span>, and</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>(iv):</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>a ‘lonely’ bino from <span class="mathjax-tex">$62\,\text {GeV} $</span> and up, decoupled from heavier Higgsinos and winos lying above <span class="mathjax-tex">$800\,\text {GeV} $</span>.</p> </dd></dl><p>For Run 3 of the LHC the degenerate Higgsino region, (i), will be challenging to test fully. Drawing from the lessons learnt in this study, the measurement of SM multi-lepton signatures will continue to be important to exclude parameter space at the low-mass end of the region. Potential improvements to searches sensitive to the important <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_1^{0}\rightarrow h {{\tilde{G}}}$</span> decay (see Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Fig7">7</a>, middle left), will also improve the reach. However, fully excluding this still very viable region will need future <span class="mathjax-tex">$e^+e^-$</span> or muon colliders operating at high enough centre-of-mass energies.</p><p>On the other hand, the surviving wino band, (ii), with masses around <span class="mathjax-tex">$450\,\text {GeV} $</span> seems to be fully excludable with the slightly higher Run 3 centre-of-mass energy and more data, in particular since its survival is already marginal. For the same reason it should also be possible to push the remaining wino region, (iii), to somewhat higher masses with higher cross sections and more data.</p><p>For the lonely bino region, (iv), the search for pair production of light binos decaying to photons is also hampered by low production cross sections. However, we expect some impact here with increasing statistics in Run 3 and beyond to the High-Luminosity LHC, in particular on the parts of parameter space where there is bino production through the decay of heavier electroweakinos, which could realistically be pushed out beyond 1 TeV.</p><p>We emphasise the still open interesting possibility of a reverse mass hierarchy of charginos and neutralinos, with <span class="mathjax-tex">$m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_1^{\pm }} < m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_1^{0}}$</span>, with distinct signal predictions for LHC Run 3 searches. Although the base production cross section is not so high given their Higgsino nature, the preferred region of this scenario should be within reach of Run 3 statistics and the slightly higher centre-of-mass energy, when considering all final states <i>WW</i>, <i>WZ</i> and <i>Wh</i>.</p><p>We make all our generated parameter samples available from <span class="u-sans-serif">Zenodo</span> for further study [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 202" title="GAMBIT Collaboration, Supplementary data: collider constraints on electroweakinos in the presence of a light gravitino (2023). 
 https://zenodo.org/record/7704832
 
 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR202" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e22648">202</a>].</p></div></div></section> </div> <section data-title="Data Availability Statement"><div class="c-article-section" id="data-availability-statement-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="data-availability-statement">Data Availability Statement</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="data-availability-statement-content"> <p>The manuscript has associated data in a data repository. [Authors’ comment: The supplementary repository is provided by Zenodo (DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7704832">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7704832</a>) and contains the complete data set generated for this study, as well as a GAMBIT configuration file and example plotting scripts.]</p> </div></div></section><section data-title="Notes"><div class="c-article-section" id="notes-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="notes">Notes</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="notes-content"><ol class="c-article-footnote c-article-footnote--listed"><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn1" data-counter="1."><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>A new method for identifying non-overlapping combinations of signal regions from large collections of LHC searches was recently presented in Ref. [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 131" title="J.Y. Araz, A. Buckley et. al., Strength in numbers: optimal and scalable combination of LHC new-physics searches. 
 arXiv:2209.00025
 
 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR131" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e8272">131</a>]. We plan to implement this method in <span class="u-sans-serif">GAMBIT</span> and use it in future studies.</p></div></li><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn2" data-counter="2."><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>To avoid the additional computational cost of simulating light electroweakino production through decays of SM bosons, we do not consider parameter points with electroweakino masses below <span class="mathjax-tex">$62.5\,\text {GeV} $</span>.</p></div></li><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn3" data-counter="3."><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>The computational cost of overcoming this problem, also discussed in Refs. [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 17" title="GAMBIT Collaboration, P. Athron et al., Combined collider constraints on neutralinos and charginos. Eur. Phys. J. C 79, 395 (2019). 
 arXiv:1809.02097
 
 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR17" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e10698">17</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 200" title="K. Cranmer et al., Publishing statistical models: Getting the most out of particle physics experiments. SciPost Phys. 12, 037 (2022). 
 arXiv:2109.04981
 
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 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR129" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e10710">129</a>] or <i>full likelihood</i> [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 130" title="ATLAS, G. Aad et al., Reproducing searches for new physics with the ATLAS experiment through publication of full statistical likelihoods" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR130" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e10717">130</a>] approaches.</p></div></li><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn4" data-counter="4."><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>Here <i>f</i> and <span class="mathjax-tex">$f'$</span> are SM fermions.</p></div></li><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn5" data-counter="5."><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>At the best-fit point, the three dominant contributions to the likelihood come from (i) a signal region requiring <span class="mathjax-tex">$\ge 3$</span> <i>b</i>-jets, no leptons, <span class="mathjax-tex">$m_{\text {eff}} > 860\,\text {GeV} $</span> and <span class="mathjax-tex">$E_{T}^{\text {miss}} \in (150,200)\,\text {GeV} $</span> [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 109" title="ATLAS, M. Aaboud et al., Search for pair production of higgsinos in final states with at least three 
 
 
 
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 13
 
 
 TeV 
 
 
 
 $$pp$$
 
 
 pp
 
 
 collisions using the ATLAS detector. Phys. Rev. D 98, 092002 (2018). 
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 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR109" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e14404">109</a>]; (ii) a signal region requiring 3 leptons, no opposite-sign, same-flavour lepton pairs and <span class="mathjax-tex">$E_{T}^{\text {miss}} > 50\,\text {GeV} $</span> [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 111" title="ATLAS, G. Aad et al., Search for supersymmetry in events with four or more charged leptons in 139 
 
 
 
 $$\text{ fb}^{-1}$$
 
 
 
 
 fb
 
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 1
 
 
 
 
 of 
 
 
 
 $$\sqrt{s} $$
 
 
 s
 
 
 = 13 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector. JHEP 07, 167 (2021). 
 arXiv:2103.11684
 
 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR111" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e14446">111</a>]; and (iii) a signal region requiring <span class="mathjax-tex">$\ge 5$</span> leptons [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 124" title="CMS, A. Tumasyan et al., Search for electroweak production of charginos and neutralinos in proton-proton collisions at 
 
 
 
 $$ \sqrt{s} $$
 
 
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 arXiv:2106.14246
 
 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR124" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e14471">124</a>]. Due to the many different final state combinations of leptons and <i>b</i>-jets that can arise in the decays of 2–4 on-shell and off-shell <i>h</i>, <i>Z</i> and <span class="mathjax-tex">$W^\pm $</span> bosons, the best-fit parameter point simultaneously predicts small signal contributions in all of these three signal regions.</p></div></li><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn6" data-counter="6."><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>For <span class="mathjax-tex">$m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_2^0} \approx m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_1^0} \approx 1$</span> TeV in Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Fig4">4</a>, all neutralino components contribute significantly to the composition of <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_1^0$</span>. This is largely a consequence of our scan settings: Since we restrict our study to the parameter space that has <i>all</i> electroweakino masses below <span class="mathjax-tex">$1\,\text {TeV} $</span>, having the lightest neutralino mass close to <span class="mathjax-tex">$1\,\text {TeV} $</span> will correspond to parameter points with <span class="mathjax-tex">$|M_1| \sim M_2 \sim |\mu | \sim 1\,\text {TeV} $</span>.</p></div></li><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn7" data-counter="7."><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>A balanced wino-Higgsino mixture for a low-mass <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_1^0$</span> implies that <span class="mathjax-tex">$M_2$</span> for these points typically is within <span class="mathjax-tex">$\sim 100\,\text {GeV} $</span> of <span class="mathjax-tex">$|\mu |$</span>. This means that at least four of the five heavier electroweakino states will have masses not too much larger than <span class="mathjax-tex">$m_{{\tilde{\chi }}_1^0}$</span>.</p></div></li><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn8" data-counter="8."><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p><span class="mathjax-tex">$H^{\text {miss}}_{\text {T,sig}}$</span> is defined as <span class="mathjax-tex">$H^{\text {miss}}_{\text {T,sig}}=\frac{|\vec {H}_\text {T}^{\text {miss}}|-M}{\sigma _{|\vec {H}_\text {T}^{\text {miss}}|}}$</span>, where <span class="mathjax-tex">$\vec {H}_\text {T}^{\text {miss}}$</span> is the negative vectorial sum of the momenta of the signal jets and the lepton, <span class="mathjax-tex">$M=100$</span> GeV is an offset parameter, and the denominator is computed from the per-event jet energy uncertainties.</p></div></li><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn9" data-counter="9."><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>With the exception of flavour, which is handled by <span class="u-sans-serif">FlavBit</span> [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 205" title="GAMBIT Flavour Workgroup, F.U. Bernlochner, M. Chrząszcz, et al., FlavBit: a GAMBIT module for computing flavour observables and likelihoods. Eur. Phys. J. C 77, 786 (2017). 
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We also thank the ATLAS and CMS experiments for the resources they have made public to enable reinterpretations of their searches and measurements. For computing resources, we thank PRACE for awarding us access to Marconi at CINECA and Joliot-Curie at CEA. Computing resources were also provided by Sigma2, the National Infrastructure for HPC in Norway, under project NN9284K. AF was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NNSFC) Research Fund for International Excellent Young Scientists grant 1950410509. ABu and JB were supported by the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) Consolidated Grant programme awards ST/S000887/1 and ST/S000666/1 respectively, ABe by STFC grant ST/T00679X/1, and TP by the STFC Doctoral Training Programme. The work of CB was supported by the Australian Research Council Discovery Project grant DP210101636. AK and AR were supported by the Research Council of Norway FRIPRO grant 323985. TEG was funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) through the Emmy Noether Grant No. KA 4662/1-1. The work of VA was supported by the European Union Framework Programme for Research and Innovation Horizon 2020 (2014–2021) under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie Grant Agreement No. 765710. YZ was supported by the NNSFC under grant No. 12105248 and 12047503 (Peng-Huan-Wu Theoretical Physics Innovation Center). MJW is supported by the ARC Centre of Excellence for Dark Matter Particle Physics (CE200100008). We made use of <span class="u-sans-serif">pippi v2.2</span> [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 203" title="P. Scott, Pippi-painless parsing, post-processing and plotting of posterior and likelihood samples. Eur. Phys. J. Plus 127, 138 (2012). 
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 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR203" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e22667">203</a>] for this work.</p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="author-information" data-title="Author information"><div class="c-article-section" id="author-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="author-information">Author information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="author-information-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="affiliations">Authors and Affiliations</h3><ol class="c-article-author-affiliation__list"><li id="Aff1"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Physics, University of Oslo, 0316, Oslo, Norway</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Viktor Ananyev, Lasse Lorentz Braseth, Anders Kvellestad, Are Raklev & Jeriek Van den Abeele</p></li><li id="Aff2"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Csaba Balázs</p></li><li id="Aff3"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Physics, Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology (TPPC), King’s College London, Strand, London, WC2R 2LS, UK</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Ankit Beniwal</p></li><li id="Aff4"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Andy Buckley & Tomasz Procter</p></li><li id="Aff5"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower St., London, WC1E 6BT, UK</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Jonathan Butterworth</p></li><li id="Aff6"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Christopher Chang</p></li><li id="Aff7"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Matthias Danninger</p></li><li id="Aff8"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Physics, School of Mathematics and Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, 111 Ren’ai Road, Suzhou Dushu Lake, Science and Education Innovation District, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, 215123, People’s Republic of China</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Andrew Fowlie</p></li><li id="Aff9"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Institute for Theoretical Particle Physics (TTP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Tomás E. Gonzalo</p></li><li id="Aff10"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon, Univ Lyon, Univ Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, UMR 5822, 69622, Villeurbanne, France</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Farvah Mahmoudi</p></li><li id="Aff11"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Theoretical Physics Department, CERN, 1211, Geneva 23, Switzerland</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Farvah Mahmoudi</p></li><li id="Aff12"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Gregory D. Martinez</p></li><li id="Aff13"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Physikalisches Institut der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Markus T. Prim</p></li><li id="Aff14"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Quantum Brilliance Pty Ltd, The Australian National University, Daley Road, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Pat Scott</p></li><li id="Aff15"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Institute for Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology (TTK), RWTH Aachen University, 52056, Aachen, Germany</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Patrick Stöcker</p></li><li id="Aff16"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Physics, ARC Centre of Excellence for Dark Matter Particle Physics & CSSM, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Martin White</p></li><li id="Aff17"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">School of Physics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Yang Zhang</p></li><li id="Aff18"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Telenor Research, 1360, Fornebu, Norway</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Jeriek Van den Abeele</p></li><li id="Aff19"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">CAS Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Yang Zhang</p></li></ol><div class="u-js-hide u-hide-print" data-test="author-info"><span class="c-article__sub-heading">Authors</span><ol class="c-article-authors-search u-list-reset"><li id="auth-Viktor-Ananyev-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Viktor Ananyev</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Viktor%20Ananyev" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - 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The white contour lines show the <span class="mathjax-tex">$1\sigma $</span> and <span class="mathjax-tex">$2\sigma $</span> confidence regions, and the white star in the top-row panels mark the point of highest likelihood. The region with <span class="mathjax-tex">$M_2 < 0$</span> (grey) in the middle panels is included only to ensure equal aspect ratio for all three mass parameters</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z/figures/12" data-track-dest="link:Figure12 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 12" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div> <p>In Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Fig12">12</a> we show profile likelihood results for three different planes of the <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{G}}$</span>-EWMSSM parameters. The panels in the top row show likelihood maps using the full likelihood, i.e. corresponding to the results in Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Fig2">2</a>. In the bottom row we show results for the same parameter planes using the capped likelihood (see Sect. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="section anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Sec4">3.1</a>), corresponding to the results in Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Fig3">3</a>. As discussed in Sect. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="section anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Sec11">5.1</a>, the highest-likelihood solutions are found for <span class="mathjax-tex">$|\mu | < |M_1|, M_2$</span>, <span class="mathjax-tex">$\mu < 0$</span> and <span class="mathjax-tex">$\tan \beta $</span> close to 1. When <span class="mathjax-tex">$|\mu |$</span> is larger than <span class="mathjax-tex">$|M_1|$</span> or <span class="mathjax-tex">$M_2$</span>, the likelihood is only very weakly dependent on <span class="mathjax-tex">$|\mu |$</span> and <span class="mathjax-tex">$\tan \beta $</span>. This explains the patchiness of the capped profile likelihood in the bottom-right panel, since the set of high-likelihood scan samples (which pick out the required <span class="mathjax-tex">$M_1$</span> or <span class="mathjax-tex">$M_2$</span> values) is spread out across large regions in the <span class="mathjax-tex">$(\tan \beta ,\mu )$</span> plane.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="App2">Appendix B: LHC searches</h3><p>Below we give a short description of each 13 TeV LHC search we include in our study, and point out which signal regions our simulation includes. A list of all the searches, along with the corresponding labels used in <span class="u-sans-serif">ColliderBit</span>, is given in Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Tab2">2</a>.</p><div class="c-article-table" data-test="inline-table" data-container-section="table" id="table-2"><figure><figcaption class="c-article-table__figcaption"><b id="Tab2" data-test="table-caption">Table 2 The different ATLAS and CMS searches we simulate for our LHC likelihood, with associated short-hand labels</b></figcaption><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="table-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view table" data-track-label="button" rel="nofollow" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z/tables/2" aria-label="Full size table 2"><span>Full size table</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><p><i>The ATLAS search for electroweak production of charginos and neutralinos in final states with two boosted, hadronically-decaying bosons and missing transverse momentum</i> [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 101" title="ATLAS, G. Aad et al., Search for charginos and neutralinos in final states with two boosted hadronically decaying bosons and missing transverse momentum in 
 
 
 
 $$pp$$
 
 
 pp
 
 
 collisions at 
 
 
 
 $$\sqrt{s}$$
 
 
 s
 
 
 = 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector. Phys. Rev. D 104, 112010 (2021). 
 arXiv:2108.07586
 
 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR101" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e24703">101</a>]: This search (<span class="u-sans-serif">ATLAS_2BoostedBosons</span>) targets the pair production of electroweakinos, where each of them is assumed to decay into the LSP and an on-shell <i>W</i>, <i>Z</i> or SM Higgs boson. The mass difference between the produced electroweakinos and the LSP is assumed to be at least 400 GeV. The analysis is optimised on three different scenarios: (1) a baseline MSSM scenario where the produced electroweakinos and the LSPs can be either binos, winos or Higgsinos, (2) a general gauge mediation-inspired scenario in which the LSP is a gravitino and the heavier particles are Higgsinos and (3) a scenario with an axino LSP, where the heavier particles are assumed to be Higgsinos. Various simplified models are considered in each case. The analysis is performed in two fully-hadronic final states: the <i>qqqq</i> final state arising from <i>W</i>/<i>Z</i> bosons each decaying to light-flavour quarks/antiquarks, and the <i>bbqq</i> final state which arises from a <i>Z</i> or Higgs boson decaying to <span class="mathjax-tex">$b{\bar{b}}$</span> and a <i>W</i> or <i>Z</i> boson decaying to light-flavour quarks/antiquarks. The analysis uses events with at least two large-<i>R</i> jets, and counts the <i>b</i>-multiplicity of each of these jets using a <i>b</i>-tagged track jet procedure. Boosted boson tagging algorithms are then defined to identify various SM boson decays in the two leading large-<i>R</i> jets: <span class="mathjax-tex">$W_{qq}(Z_{qq})$</span>-tagging targets <span class="mathjax-tex">$W(Z)\rightarrow qq$</span>, whilst <span class="mathjax-tex">$Z_{bb}(h_{bb})$</span>-tagging targets <span class="mathjax-tex">$Z(h)\rightarrow bb$</span>. <span class="mathjax-tex">$V_{qq}$</span>-tagging is used to denote the logical OR of <span class="mathjax-tex">$W_{qq}$</span>- and <span class="mathjax-tex">$Z_{qq}$</span>-tagging. Signal regions are then defined using the multiciplities of the different boson tags <span class="mathjax-tex">$n(W_{qq})$</span>, <span class="mathjax-tex">$n(Z_{qq})$</span>, <span class="mathjax-tex">$n(V_{qq})$</span>, <span class="mathjax-tex">$n(Z_{bb})$</span> and <span class="mathjax-tex">$n(h_{bb})$</span>. Additional background rejection is provided by selections such as a veto on <i>b</i>-jets that do not originate from the boosted boson candidates, lower bounds on the effective mass <span class="mathjax-tex">$m_{\text {eff}}$</span> (defined as the scalar sum of the <span class="mathjax-tex">$p_T$</span> of the two leading large-<i>R</i> jets and <span class="mathjax-tex">$E_{\text {T}}^{\text {miss}}$</span>), lower bounds on <span class="mathjax-tex">$E_{\text {T}}^{\text {miss}}$</span>, cuts on an event shape variable, and a lower bound on the stransverse mass <span class="mathjax-tex">$m_{\text {T2}}$</span> constructed from the two leading large-<i>R</i> jets. Our implementation of this search includes the signal regions <span class="u-sans-serif">4Q-WW</span>, <span class="u-sans-serif">4Q-WZ</span>, <span class="u-sans-serif">4Q-ZZ</span> and <span class="u-sans-serif">4Q-VV</span>. Due to difficulties with reproducing the <i>b</i>-tagging for small radius track jets we do not include the signal regions that rely on this.</p><p><i>The ATLAS search for gluino and squark production in final states with jets and missing transverse momentum</i> [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 102" title="ATLAS, G. Aad et al., Search for squarks and gluinos in final states with jets and missing transverse momentum using 139 
 
 
 
 $$\text{fb}^{-1}$$
 
 
 fb
 
 -
 1
 
 
 
 of 
 
 
 
 $$\sqrt{s}$$
 
 
 s
 
 
 =13 TeV 
 
 
 
 $$pp$$
 
 
 pp
 
 
 collision data with the ATLAS detector. JHEP 02, 143 (2021). 
 arXiv:2010.14293
 
 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR102" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e25370">102</a>]: This is the flagship ATLAS supersymmetry search for squarks and gluinos (<span class="u-sans-serif">ATLAS_0lep</span>), targeting events with multiple jets and significant missing transverse momentum. Although it is optimised on models of squark and gluino production, similar final states can be produced by electroweakino production with subsequent cascade decay processes that produce hadronically-decaying gauge bosons. We implement the optimised single-bin signal regions that are designed to present the ATLAS results in a model-independent way (<span class="u-sans-serif">2j-1600</span>, <span class="u-sans-serif">2j-2200</span>, <span class="u-sans-serif">2j-2800</span>, <span class="u-sans-serif">4j-1000</span>, <span class="u-sans-serif">4j-2200</span>, <span class="u-sans-serif">4j-3400</span>, <span class="u-sans-serif">5j-1600</span>, <span class="u-sans-serif">6j-1000</span>, <span class="u-sans-serif">6j-2200</span> and <span class="u-sans-serif">6j-3400</span>). The signal region selections include requirements on the multiplicity and transverse momenta of the jets in each event, the angular separation between the jets and the missing transverse momentum vector, the aplanarity, <span class="mathjax-tex">$E_{\text {T}}^{\text {miss}}/\sqrt{H_{\text {T}}}$</span> and <span class="mathjax-tex">$m_{\text {eff}}$</span>.</p><p><i>The ATLAS search for top squarks in the jets plus missing transverse momentum final state</i> [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 103" title="ATLAS, M. Aaboud et al., Search for a scalar partner of the top quark in the jets plus missing transverse momentum final state at 
 
 
 
 $$\sqrt{s}$$
 
 
 s
 
 
 =13 TeV with the ATLAS detector. JHEP 12, 085 (2017). 
 arXiv:1709.04183
 
 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR103" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e25478">103</a>]: This search (<span class="u-sans-serif">ATLAS_0lep_stop</span>) seeks to uncover evidence of stop production in final states with four or more jets plus missing transverse momentum. Five sets of signal region are defined in the analysis, targeting different stop simplified models, with a range of different included sparticles and sparticle mass differences. The six <span class="u-sans-serif">SRA</span> and <span class="u-sans-serif">SRB</span> regions employ top-mass reconstruction to increase sensitivity to models in which the stop produces a top quark, which makes them less relevant for the scenario considered in this paper. The five <span class="u-sans-serif">SRC</span> regions use recursive jigsaw variables to target regions with a small <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{t}}_1-{\tilde{\chi }}^0_1$</span> mass difference, the details of which are highly-dependent on the treatment of initial state radiation in the Monte Carlo generator used to model LHC events. We do not include these <span class="u-sans-serif">SRC</span> regions due to known deficiencies of the Pythia initial state radiation model in this region. The two <span class="u-sans-serif">SRD</span> regions are optimised for direct top squark production where both top squarks decay via <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{t}}\rightarrow b{\tilde{\chi }}^\pm _1$</span>. At least five jets are required, two of which must be <i>b</i>-tagged, and further requirements are placed on the jet transverse momenta and the scalar sum of the transverse momenta of the two jets with the highest <i>b</i>-tag weights. Finally, the <span class="u-sans-serif">SRE</span> signal region is designed for models with highly boosted top quarks. Requirements on the jet mass of reclustered fat jets are used, alongside requirements on the main discriminating variables <span class="mathjax-tex">$H_T$</span>, <span class="mathjax-tex">$E_T^\text {miss}$</span> and <span class="mathjax-tex">$E_T^\text {miss}/\sqrt{H_T}$</span>.</p><p><i>The ATLAS search for top squarks in final states with one lepton, jets plus missing transverse momentum</i> [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 104" title="ATLAS, M. Aaboud et al., Search for top-squark pair production in final states with one lepton, jets, and missing transverse momentum using 36 
 
 
 
 $$\text{ fb}^{-1}$$
 
 
 
 
 fb
 
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 of 
 
 
 
 $$ \sqrt{s}=13 $$
 
 
 
 s
 
 =
 13
 
 
 TeV pp collision data with the ATLAS detector. JHEP 06, 108 (2018). 
 arXiv:1711.11520
 
 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR104" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e25702">104</a>]: This search (<span class="u-sans-serif">ATLAS_1lep_stop</span>) is optimised on simplified models of stop production with decays that produce one lepton (through a real or off-shell leptonically-decaying <i>W</i> boson), and also on a dark matter model with a spin-0 mediator produced in association with two top quarks. All signal region are required to have exactly one signal lepton, and 2, 3 or 4 jets. Five regions labelled <span class="u-sans-serif">tN</span> are optimised for the decay pattern <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{t}}\rightarrow t {\tilde{\chi }}^0_1$</span>, using selections on variables such as the <span class="mathjax-tex">$am_{\text {T2}}$</span> variable, the transverse mass <span class="mathjax-tex">$m_T$</span> formed from the lepton and missing transverse momentum, the <span class="mathjax-tex">$H^{\text {miss}}_{\text {T,sig}}$</span><sup><a href="#Fn8"><span class="u-visually-hidden">Footnote </span>8</a></sup> and the mass of a reconstructed hadronic top quark. Note that we do not include three signal regions that use a boosted decision tree in the definition of the signal region, since this is very difficult to reproduce outside of the ATLAS collaboration. Two additional signal regions, <span class="u-sans-serif">bWN</span> and <span class="u-sans-serif">bffN</span>, are dedicated to the three-body (<span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{t}}\rightarrow bW{\tilde{\chi }}^\pm _1$</span>) and four-body (<span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{t}}\rightarrow bff'{\tilde{\chi }}^\pm _1$</span>) decay searches. Six signal regions target various <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{t}}\rightarrow b{\tilde{\chi }}^\pm _1$</span> scenarios: three are optimised on a simplified model that assumes <span class="mathjax-tex">$m_{{\tilde{\chi }}^\pm _1}=2m_{{\tilde{\chi }}^0_1}$</span> (labels <span class="u-sans-serif">bC2x_diag</span>, <span class="u-sans-serif">bC2x_med</span>, <span class="u-sans-serif">bCbv</span>), and three are designed to search for the case of a Higgsino LSP, in which the <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}^\pm _1$</span>, <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}^0_2$</span> and <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}^0_1$</span> are close in mass (labels <span class="u-sans-serif">bCsoft_diag</span>, <span class="u-sans-serif">bCsoft_med</span>, <span class="u-sans-serif">bCsoft_high</span>). In the latter case, the signature is characterised by low-momentum leptons or jets from highly off-shell <i>W</i> or <i>Z</i> bosons, and the analysis benefits from a dedicated soft lepton reconstruction. Finally, three extra signal regions (<span class="u-sans-serif">DM_low_loose</span>, <span class="u-sans-serif">DM_low</span>, <span class="u-sans-serif">DM_high</span>) are optimised on the dark matter mediator model, with the analysis using similar variables to the regions targeting the decay <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{t}}\rightarrow t {\tilde{\chi }}^0_1$</span>.</p><p>The ATLAS search for top squarks in final states with two opposite-charge leptons and missing transverse momentum [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 105" title="ATLAS, G. Aad et al., Search for new phenomena in events with two opposite-charge leptons, jets and missing transverse momentum in pp collisions at 
 
 
 
 $$\sqrt{{\rm s}} $$
 
 
 s
 
 
 = 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector. JHEP 04, 165 (2021). 
 arXiv:2102.01444
 
 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR105" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e26441">105</a>]: This search (<span class="u-sans-serif">ATLAS_2lep_stop</span>) is optimised on similar models of direct stop production to the 0 lepton and 1 lepton searches. Events are required to have exactly two light leptons (electrons or muons) of opposite charge, with an invariant mass outside of the <i>Z</i> boson mass window in the case of same flavour leptons. A series of discriminating variables are constructed from the missing transverse momentum and <span class="mathjax-tex">$p_T$</span> values of the leading leptons and jets, with other useful variables including a variant of <span class="mathjax-tex">$m_{\text {T2}}$</span> and the super-razor variables first defined in Ref. [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 204" title="M.R. Buckley, J.D. Lykken, C. Rogan, M. Spiropulu, Super-razor and searches for sleptons and charginos at the LHC. Phys. Rev. D 89, 055020 (2014). 
 arXiv:1310.4827
 
 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR204" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e26495">204</a>]. Various signal regions are optimised for 2-body, 3-body and 4-body stop decays. For the case of 2-body decays, the ATLAS analysis also defines a set of seven inclusive signal regions (labelled <span class="u-sans-serif">SR2bInc</span>) intended to provide less model-specific sensitivity. Our implementation of the search uses this set of inclusive signal regions.</p><p><i>The ATLAS search for top squarks in events with a Higgs or</i> <i>Z</i> <b>boson</b> [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 106" title="ATLAS, G. Aad et al., Search for top squarks in events with a Higgs or 
 
 
 
 $$Z$$
 
 Z
 
 boson using 139 
 
 
 
 $$\text{ fb}^{-1}$$
 
 
 
 
 fb
 
 -
 1
 
 
 
 
 of 
 
 
 
 $$pp$$
 
 
 pp
 
 
 collision data at 
 
 
 
 $$\sqrt{s}=13$$
 
 
 
 s
 
 =
 13
 
 
 TeV with the ATLAS detector. Eur. Phys. J. C 80, 1080 (2020). 
 arXiv:2006.05880
 
 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR106" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e26512">106</a>]: This search (<span class="u-sans-serif">ATLAS_2OSlep_Z</span>) is optimised on various simplified models of top squark production in which a top squark decays to produce a Higgs or <i>Z</i> boson. Top squark decays involving <i>Z</i> bosons are targeted using a 3-lepton selection, with at least one same-flavour-opposite-sign pair (SFOS) whose invariant mass is consistent with <i>Z</i> boson mass. Further selections are placed on the transverse momenta of the three leading leptons, the jet multiplicity, the <i>b</i>-jet multiplicity, the transverse momenta of the leading jet and <i>b</i>-jet, the missing transverse energy, a variant of <span class="mathjax-tex">$m_{\text {T2}}$</span> and the transverse momentum of the SFOS pair. Events containing Higgs bosons are targeted using a 1-lepton event selection, with further selections placed on the jet and <i>b</i>-jet multiplicity, the transverse mass formed from the lepton and the missing transverse momentum, and the missing transverse energy significance. In addition, a Higgs tagger built from a neural network is used to identify Higgs boson candidates, and events must contain at least one of them. Due to the difficulty of reproducing this Higgs tagging with sufficient accuracy, our implementation of this search covers only the 3-lepton final states (labels <span class="u-sans-serif">SRZ1A</span>, <span class="u-sans-serif">SRZ1B</span>, <span class="u-sans-serif">SRZ2A</span>, <span class="u-sans-serif">SRZ2B</span>).</p><p><i>The ATLAS search for charginos and sleptons in final states with two leptons and missing transverse momentum</i> [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 107" title="ATLAS, G. Aad et al., Search for electroweak production of charginos and sleptons decaying into final states with two leptons and missing transverse momentum in 
 
 
 
 $$\sqrt{s}=13$$
 
 
 
 s
 
 =
 13
 
 
 TeV 
 
 
 
 $$pp$$
 
 
 pp
 
 
 collisions using the ATLAS detector. Eur. Phys. J. C 80, 123 (2020). 
 arXiv:1908.08215
 
 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR107" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e26577">107</a>]: This search (<span class="u-sans-serif">ATLAS_2OSlep_chargino</span>) is optimised on simplified models of slepton and chargino production, targeting chargino pair production with decays to lightest neutralinos and <i>W</i> bosons, chargino cascade decays through sleptons to lightest neutralinos, and the direct production of slepton pairs. Events are required to have exactly two opposite-charge light leptons with an invariant mass greater than 100 GeV. Selected events must also have no <i>b</i>-tagged jets, and large values of <span class="mathjax-tex">$E_T^{\text {miss}}$</span> and <span class="mathjax-tex">$E_T^{\text {miss}}$</span> significance. Further discrimination comes from the use of the <span class="mathjax-tex">$m_{\text {T2}}$</span> variable. Four sets of signal regions are defined (labels <span class="u-sans-serif">SR-SF-0J</span>, <span class="u-sans-serif">SR-SF-1J</span>, <span class="u-sans-serif">SR-DF-0J</span>, <span class="u-sans-serif">SR-DF-1J</span>) based on whether the leptons have the same or a different flavour, and whether the events have 0 or 1 non-<i>b</i>-tagged jets. From this, the ATLAS analysis defines a total of 16 inclusive signal regions, intended for more model-independent sensitivity, and a set of 36 signal regions with fine-grained binning in <span class="mathjax-tex">$m_{\text {T2}}$</span>, to maximise sensitivity to the simplified model studied by ATLAS. In our study we use the inclusive signal regions.</p><p><i>The ATLAS search for bottom and top squarks in final states with two</i> <i>b</i><i>-tagged jets and missing transverse momentum</i> [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 108" title="ATLAS, M. Aaboud et al., Search for supersymmetry in events with 
 
 
 
 $$b$$
 
 b
 
 -tagged jets and missing transverse momentum in 
 
 
 
 $$pp$$
 
 
 pp
 
 
 collisions at 
 
 
 
 $$\sqrt{s}=13$$
 
 
 
 s
 
 =
 13
 
 
 TeV with the ATLAS detector. JHEP 11, 195 (2017). 
 arXiv:1708.09266
 
 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR108" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e26708">108</a>]: This search (<span class="u-sans-serif">ATLAS_2b</span>) is optimised on various simplified models of stop and sbottom production, targeting final states with 2 <i>b</i>-tagged jets, large missing transverse momentum and either zero leptons or one lepton. A long list of discriminating variables is used, including the minimum <span class="mathjax-tex">$\varDelta \varPhi $</span> between any of the leading jets and the missing transverse momentum vector, <span class="mathjax-tex">$H_{\text {T}}$</span> (defined as the scalar sum of the <span class="mathjax-tex">$p_T$</span> values of a subset of the jets in the event), <span class="mathjax-tex">$m_{\text {eff}}$</span>, ratios of the missing transverse energy with <span class="mathjax-tex">$m_{\text {eff}}$</span> and <span class="mathjax-tex">$\sqrt{H_{\text {T}}}$</span>, the contranverse mass, <span class="mathjax-tex">$am_{\text {T2}}$</span> and others. Three zero lepton signal regions and three one lepton signal regions are defined. Due to challenges in reproducing the cuts based on <span class="mathjax-tex">$am_{\text {T2}}$</span> our study only uses the zero lepton signal regions (labels <span class="u-sans-serif">0 L_SRA350</span>, <span class="u-sans-serif">0 L_SRA450</span>, <span class="u-sans-serif">0 L_SRA550</span>, <span class="u-sans-serif">0 L_SRB</span>, <span class="u-sans-serif">0 L_SRC</span>).</p><p><i>The ATLAS search for Higgsinos in final states with at least three</i> <i>b</i><i>-tagged jets</i> [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 109" title="ATLAS, M. Aaboud et al., Search for pair production of higgsinos in final states with at least three 
 
 
 
 $$b$$
 
 b
 
 -tagged jets in 
 
 
 
 $$\sqrt{s} = 13$$
 
 
 
 s
 
 =
 13
 
 
 TeV 
 
 
 
 $$pp$$
 
 
 pp
 
 
 collisions using the ATLAS detector. Phys. Rev. D 98, 092002 (2018). 
 arXiv:1806.04030
 
 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR109" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e26934">109</a>]: This search (<span class="u-sans-serif">ATLAS_3b</span>) targets Higgsino production and decay in gauge-mediated supersymmetry scenarios, in which each Higgsino is assumed to decay to a Higgs boson and a gravitino. Two complementary analyses, targeting high- and low-mass signals, are performed. For the high-mass analysis, events with at least three <i>b</i>-tagged jets are selected, and jet pairs are assigned to two Higgs candidates. For the low-mass analysis, events with four <i>b</i>-jets are analysed by grouping the jets into Higgs candidates. Selections are placed on a number of kinematic variables including <span class="mathjax-tex">$m_{\text {eff}}$</span>, <span class="mathjax-tex">$E_{\text {T}}^{\text {miss}}$</span>, the mass of the Higgs boson candidates, angular variables and the minimum transverse mass formed with the missing transverse momentum vector and any of the leading four jets. Due to some overlaps between the signal regions for the low-mass and high-mass analyses, our analysis only uses the low-mass signal regions. From this analysis we have implemented all the 46 signal regions optimised for exclusion.</p><p><i>The ATLAS search for chargino-neutralino pair production in final states with three leptons and missing transverse momentum</i> [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 110" title="ATLAS, G. Aad et al., Search for chargino-neutralino pair production in final states with three leptons and missing transverse momentum in 
 
 
 
 $$\sqrt{s} = 13$$
 
 
 
 s
 
 =
 13
 
 
 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector. Eur. Phys. J. C 81, 1118 (2021). 
 arXiv:2106.01676
 
 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR110" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e27002">110</a>]: This search (<span class="u-sans-serif">ATLAS_3lep</span>) is optimised on two scenarios of electroweakino production. In the first, a <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_1^\pm $</span> and <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_2^0$</span> are produced (both wino-dominated), with subsequent decay to a bino-dominated <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_1^0$</span>. In the second, the <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_1^\pm $</span>, <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_2^0$</span> and <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_1^0$</span> are pure Higgsino states, and are therefore typically more mass degenerate (although an arbitrary mass hierarchy is assigned in order to define a parameter plane in which to optimise the analysis). The analysis has three dedicated selections to cover different mass regimes and assumptions, including an on-shell <i>WZ</i> selection, an off-shell <i>WZ</i> selection and a <i>Wh</i> selection. All consider final states with exactly three leptons, possible ISR jets and <span class="mathjax-tex">$E_{\text {T}}^{\text {miss}}$</span>. Events with at least one SFOS pair are divided into three bins of the SFOS pair invariant mass, <span class="mathjax-tex">$m_{ll}$</span>, covering the regions below, on and above the <i>Z</i> mass. Each <span class="mathjax-tex">$m_{ll}$</span> bin is further divided into <span class="mathjax-tex">$E_{\text {T}}^{miss}$</span> and <span class="mathjax-tex">$m_{\text {T}}$</span> bins, where the transverse mass <span class="mathjax-tex">$m_{T}$</span> is defined using the lepton that is not in the SFOS pair (and which can therefore be assumed to arise from a <i>W</i> boson decay). Events are further separated by their jet multiplicity, and by two different variants of <span class="mathjax-tex">$H_\text {T}$</span>, defined as the scalar sum of the transverse momenta of jets or leptons depending on the definition. Signal regions for events with a different-flavour-opposite-sign (DFOS) lepton pair are defined separately, using selections on the jet multiplicity, <span class="mathjax-tex">$E_{\text {T}}^{\text {miss}}$</span> significance, transverse momentum for the third-leading lepton, and the <span class="mathjax-tex">$\varDelta R$</span> between the DFOS leptons and the same-flavour-same-sign lepton that is nearest in <span class="mathjax-tex">$\phi $</span>. Our implementation includes 39 of the 41 signal regions targeting on-shell <i>WZ</i> or <i>Wh</i> production, leaving out the two regions <span class="u-sans-serif">SR-Wh-DFOS-1</span> and <span class="u-sans-serif">SR-Wh-DFOS-2</span> for which some cuts rely on object resolution variables that are not available in our fast event simulation framework.</p><p><i>The ATLAS search for gluino, electroweakino or slepton production in final states with four or more leptons</i> [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 111" title="ATLAS, G. Aad et al., Search for supersymmetry in events with four or more charged leptons in 139 
 
 
 
 $$\text{ fb}^{-1}$$
 
 
 
 
 fb
 
 -
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 of 
 
 
 
 $$\sqrt{s} $$
 
 
 s
 
 
 = 13 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector. JHEP 07, 167 (2021). 
 arXiv:2103.11684
 
 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR111" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e27466">111</a>]: This search (<span class="u-sans-serif">ATLAS_4lep</span>) is optimised on different R-parity violating and R-parity conserving SUSY scenarios that can produce lepton-rich final states. The simplified model used for the R-parity conserving scenarios is a model with Higgsino production and a gravitino LSP, thus highly relevant for our study. Events are required to have four or more leptons (electrons, muons or hadronically-decaying taus). The signal regions for four-lepton events are classified by whether the events have four light leptons and zero taus, three light leptons and one tau, or two light leptons and two taus. Further selections are placed on the number of <i>b</i>-tagged jets, the presence or absence of a <i>Z</i> boson, <span class="mathjax-tex">$E_T^{\text {miss}}$</span> and <span class="mathjax-tex">$m_{\text {eff}}$</span>. A further signal region is also defined, requiring at least five light leptons, subject to no kinematic requirements. Our implementation includes all the zero-tau signal regions, i.e. the five-lepton region (label <span class="u-sans-serif">SR5L</span>) and the seven regions with four light leptons (the regions with the <span class="u-sans-serif">SR0</span> label). In particular, this includes the the two signal regions <span class="u-sans-serif">SR0-ZZ-loose-bveto</span> and <span class="u-sans-serif">SR0-ZZ-tight-bveto</span> designed to target the Higgsino plus gravitino scenario.</p><p><i>The ATLAS search for squarks and gluinos in final states with same-sign leptons and jets</i> [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 112" title="ATLAS, G. Aad et al., Search for squarks and gluinos in final states with same-sign leptons and jets using 139 
 
 
 
 $$\text{ fb}^{-1}$$
 
 
 
 
 fb
 
 -
 1
 
 
 
 
 of data collected with the ATLAS detector. JHEP 06, 046 (2020). 
 arXiv:1909.08457
 
 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR112" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e27542">112</a>]: This search (<span class="u-sans-serif">ATLAS_MultiLep_strong</span>) is optimised on simplified models of gluino and squark production, covering the case of both R-parity conversation and R-parity violation. Events are required to have two same-sign leptons and may contain additional leptons. In the case of the R-parity conserving search, large missing transverse momentum is required. Five signal regions are defined using the number of leptons and their relative electric charges, the number of jets and the number of <i>b</i>-tagged jets. Key kinematic variables used include the effective mass <span class="mathjax-tex">$m_{\text {eff}}$</span>, <span class="mathjax-tex">$E_T^{\text {miss}}$</span> and its ratio to <span class="mathjax-tex">$m_{\text {eff}}$</span> and the invariant mass of same-sign electron pairs (which reduces contamination from <span class="mathjax-tex">$Z\rightarrow e^+ e^-$</span> decays where the charge of one electron is mismeasured). We include all five signal regions in our analysis.</p><p><i>The ATLAS search for gauge-mediated supersymmetry in final states with photons, jets and missing transverse momentum</i> [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 113" title="ATLAS, G. Aad et al., Search for new phenomena in final states with photons, jets and missing transverse momentum in 
 
 
 
 $$pp$$
 
 
 pp
 
 
 collisions at 
 
 
 
 $$\sqrt{s} = 13$$
 
 
 
 s
 
 =
 13
 
 
 TeV with the ATLAS detector" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR113" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e27662">113</a>]: This search (<span class="u-sans-serif">ATLAS_PhotonGGM_1photon</span>) is optimised on a simplified model in which pair-produced gluinos decay to neutralinos, which in turn decay to a gravitino, at least one photon and jets. Three signal regions are defined which target the cases of large, medium and small mass differences between the gluino and neutralino, and all of them veto leptons in the selected events. Further selections are placed on the transverse momentum of the leading photon, the jet multiplicity, the angular separations of the jet and photon momenta with the missing transverse energy vector, <span class="mathjax-tex">$E_{\text {T}}^{\text {miss}}$</span>, <span class="mathjax-tex">$H_{\text {T}}$</span> and a variable called <span class="mathjax-tex">$R_{\text {T}}^4$</span>, defined as the ratio of the scalar sum of the <span class="mathjax-tex">$p_{\text {T}}$</span> for the four leading jets, and the scalar sum of the <span class="mathjax-tex">$p_{\text {T}}$</span> for all signal jets in the event. Our implementation includes all three signal regions.</p><p><i>The ATLAS search for photonic signatures from gauge-mediated supersymmetry models</i> [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 114" title="ATLAS, M. Aaboud et al., Search for photonic signatures of gauge-mediated supersymmetry in 13 TeV 
 
 
 
 $$pp$$
 
 
 pp
 
 
 collisions with the ATLAS detector. Phys. Rev. D 97, 092006 (2018). 
 arXiv:1802.03158
 
 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR114" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e27794">114</a>]: This search (<span class="u-sans-serif">ATLAS_PhotonGGM_2photon</span>) is optimised on models of both strong and electroweak sparticle production, and targets final states with either a single photon and multiple jets, or two photons, plus significant missing transverse momentum in both cases. Discriminating variables include <span class="mathjax-tex">$m_{\text {eff}}$</span>, <span class="mathjax-tex">$E_{\text {T}}^{\text {miss}}$</span>, a variant of <span class="mathjax-tex">$H_{\text {T}}$</span>, the angular separation between photons and the missing transverse momentum vector and <span class="mathjax-tex">$R_{\text {T}}^4$</span> (the scalar sum of the transverse momenta of the four leading jets divided by the scalar sum of the transverse momenta of all jets in the event). Our implementation contains all signal regions from the paper, but in our analysis we only use the two-photon signal regions (labels <span class="u-sans-serif">SRaa_SL</span>, <span class="u-sans-serif">SRaa_SH</span>, <span class="u-sans-serif">SRaa_WL</span>, <span class="u-sans-serif">SRaa_WH</span>), since the one-photon signal regions largely overlap with (and are superseded by) the signal regions in <span class="u-sans-serif">ATLAS_PhotonGGM_1photon</span> above.</p><p><i>The ATLAS search for exotic decays of the Higgs boson to at least one photon and missing transverse momentum</i> [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 115" title="ATLAS, M. Aaboud et al., Search for exotic decays of the Higgs boson to at least one photon and missing transverse momentum using 79.8 
 
 
 
 $$\text{ fb}^{-1}$$
 
 
 
 
 fb
 
 -
 1
 
 
 
 
 of proton–proton collisions collected at 
 
 
 
 $$\sqrt{s}=13$$
 
 
 
 s
 
 =
 13
 
 
 TeV with the ATLAS detector" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR115" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e27919">115</a>]: This search (<span class="u-sans-serif">ATLAS_Z_photon</span>) targets exotic decays of the Higgs boson to, for example, a gravitino and a lightest neutralino, with the neutralino subsequently decaying to a gravitino and a photon, This generates a final state with a single photon plus missing transverse energy, and one can reduce SM backgrounds by looking for events with a Higgs boson produced in association with a <i>Z</i> boson. One can also generate final states with two photons if the Higgs boson decays to a pair of neutralinos that subsequently decay. Events are selected in the analysis if they have at least one photon, moderate <span class="mathjax-tex">$E_{\text {T}}^{\text {miss}}$</span> and two opposite-sign electrons or muons with an invariant mass within 10 GeV of the <i>Z</i> boson mass (and no additional leptons). A <span class="mathjax-tex">$\gamma E_{\text {T}}^{\text {miss}}$</span> system is defined by performing the vector sum of the photon momentum or momenta and the missing momentum vector in the transverse plane. The search relies on two discriminating variables that quantify the angular separation of the two-lepton and <span class="mathjax-tex">$\gamma E_{\text {T}}^{\text {miss}}$</span> systems and the <span class="mathjax-tex">$p_T$</span> asymmetry of the two systems, and the analysis has only one signal region.</p><p><i>The CMS search for gluino and squark production in final states with multiple jets and missing transverse momentum</i> [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 116" title="CMS, A.M. Sirunyan et al., Search for supersymmetry in proton-proton collisions at 13 TeV in final states with jets and missing transverse momentum. JHEP 10, 244 (2019). 
 arXiv:1908.04722
 
 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR116" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e28051">116</a>]: This is the flagship CMS search for gluino and squark production (<span class="u-sans-serif">CMS_0lep</span>), and is the CMS equivalent of the ATLAS search presented in Ref. [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 102" title="ATLAS, G. Aad et al., Search for squarks and gluinos in final states with jets and missing transverse momentum using 139 
 
 
 
 $$\text{fb}^{-1}$$
 
 
 fb
 
 -
 1
 
 
 
 of 
 
 
 
 $$\sqrt{s}$$
 
 
 s
 
 
 =13 TeV 
 
 
 
 $$pp$$
 
 
 pp
 
 
 collision data with the ATLAS detector. JHEP 02, 143 (2021). 
 arXiv:2010.14293
 
 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR102" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e28057">102</a>]. Search regions are defined in a four-dimensional space of variables given by the total number of jets, the number of <i>b</i>-tagged jets, the scalar sum of the jet <span class="mathjax-tex">$p_{\text {T}}$</span> values (<span class="mathjax-tex">$H_{\text {T}}$</span>), and the magnitude of the vector <span class="mathjax-tex">$p_{\text {T}}$</span> sum of the jets (<span class="mathjax-tex">$H_{\text {T}^{\text {miss}}}$</span>). In total, there are 174 exclusive signal region bins. For our analysis, we implement 12 aggregate search bins which are presented in an appendix of the paper, and which are constructed from the original search bins after taking correlations into account.</p><p><i>The CMS search for chargino and neutralino production in the WH final state</i> [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 117" title="CMS, A.M. Sirunyan et al., Search for electroweak production of charginos and neutralinos in WH events in proton-proton collisions at 
 
 
 
 $$ \sqrt{s}=13 $$
 
 
 
 s
 
 =
 13
 
 
 TeV. JHEP 11, 029 (2017). 
 arXiv:1706.09933
 
 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR117" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e28162">117</a>]: This search (<span class="u-sans-serif">CMS_1lep_bb</span>) is optimised on simplified models of chargino and neutralino production, with subsequent decays to a lightest neutralino and either a <i>W</i> or Higgs boson. Events are required to have an electron or muon, two <i>b</i>-tagged jets with an invariant mass close to the Higgs boson mass and significant missing transverse momentum. Discriminating variables include the transverse mass of the lepton-neutrino system, the contranverse mass, and the <span class="mathjax-tex">$E_{\text {T}}^{\text {miss}}$</span>. The paper defines two signal regions, distinguished by the selection on <span class="mathjax-tex">$E_{\text {T}}^{\text {miss}}$</span>. In our analysis we use both signal regions, and account for the correlated background uncertainties using the correlation coefficient provided by the CMS collaboration.</p><p><i>The CMS search for stop production in final states with one lepton</i> [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 118" title="CMS, A.M. Sirunyan et al., Search for top squark pair production in pp collisions at 
 
 
 
 $$ \sqrt{s}=13 $$
 
 
 
 s
 
 =
 13
 
 
 TeV using single lepton events. JHEP 10, 019 (2017). 
 arXiv:1706.04402
 
 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR118" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e28234">118</a>]: This search (<span class="u-sans-serif">CMS_1lep_stop</span>) is optimised on simplified models of stop production, and targets events with a single isolated electron or muon, jets and large missing transverse momentum. Two sets of signal regions are defined; one for a large range of <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{t}}_1-{\tilde{\chi }}_1^0$</span> mass splittings, and one for compressed spectra. For the first set of 27 signal regions, events are selected based on the number of jets, the <span class="mathjax-tex">$E_{\text {T}}^{\text {miss}}$</span>, the invariant mass of the lepton and the closest <i>b</i>-tagged jet and a special “topness” variable. For the second set of 4 signal regions, at least five jets are required, and with the highest <span class="mathjax-tex">$p_{\text {T}}$</span> jet must not be <i>b</i>-tagged since it is expected to arise from initial state radiation. Further selections are placed on the angular separations of the missing transverse momentum and the lepton/jets, plus the <span class="mathjax-tex">$p_{\text {T}}$</span> of the lepton. Our analysis makes use of a smaller set of six aggregated signal regions that are provided in an appendix of the paper.</p><p><i>The CMS search for stop production and dark matter in final states with two opposite-charge leptons</i> [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 119" title="CMS, A.M. Sirunyan et al., Search for top squarks and dark matter particles in opposite-charge dilepton final states at 
 
 
 
 $$\sqrt{s}=$$
 
 
 
 s
 
 =
 
 
 13 TeV. Phys. Rev. D 97, 032009 (2018). 
 arXiv:1711.00752
 
 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR119" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e28371">119</a>]: This search (<span class="u-sans-serif">CMS_2lep_stop</span>) is optimised on models of stop production, and on dark matter models with a scalar or pseudo-scalar mediator in which the mediator is produced in association with a pair of top quarks. Events are selected if they have exactly two leptons with opposite charge and, in the case of a same-flavour lepton pair, the invariant mass of the lepton pair must not be close to the <i>Z</i> mass. Events must also have at least two jets, at least one <i>b</i>-tagged jet and a moderate amount of missing transverse momentum. Signal regions are defined in bins of three variables: two variants of <span class="mathjax-tex">$m_{\text {T2}}$</span>, and <span class="mathjax-tex">$E_{\text {T}}^{\text {miss}}$</span>, giving 13 signal regions, which are further split into 26 regions by separating events with same-flavour and different-flavour lepton pair. Our analysis includes all 26 signal regions, plus makes use of the covariance matrix provided by the CMS collaboration to account for the correlated background uncertainties.</p><p><i>The CMS search for charginos and neutralinos in final states with two low-momentum opposite-charge leptons</i> [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 120" title="CMS, A.M. Sirunyan et al., Search for new physics in events with two soft oppositely charged leptons and missing transverse momentum in proton-proton collisions at 
 
 
 
 $$\sqrt{s}=$$
 
 
 
 s
 
 =
 
 
 13 TeV. Phys. Lett. B 782, 440–467 (2018). 
 arXiv:1801.01846
 
 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR120" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e28438">120</a>]: This search (<span class="u-sans-serif">CMS_2lep_soft</span>) is optimised on simplified models of chargino and neutralino production where the mass difference between the mass-degenerate <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_2^0$</span> and <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_1^\pm $</span> and the <span class="mathjax-tex">${\tilde{\chi }}_1^0$</span> is small, such that decays proceed via off-shell <i>W</i> and <i>Z</i> bosons. A separate series of signal regions targets stop production. Selected events in both cases must contain two opposite-charge leptons (of either the same or different flavour) with a low transverse momentum, moderate <span class="mathjax-tex">$E_{\text {T}}^{\text {miss}}$</span> and at least one jet. No <i>b</i>-tagged jets must be present and further selections are applied to variables such as the invariant mass and transverse momentum of the dilepton pair, <span class="mathjax-tex">$E_{\text {T}}^{\text {miss}}/H_{\text {T}}$</span>, <span class="mathjax-tex">$H_{\text {T}}$</span> and the transverse masses form from the leptons and the missing transverse momentum. For the electroweakino search, signal regions are defined in bins of <span class="mathjax-tex">$E_{\text {T}}^{\text {miss}}$</span> and the dilepton invariant mass. For the stop search, signal regions are defined in bins of <span class="mathjax-tex">$E_{\text {T}}^{\text {miss}}$</span> and the transverse momentum of the leptons. We implement all of the signal regions in our analysis, and treat the correlated background uncertainties using the covariance matrices provided by CMS.</p><p><i>The CMS search for supersymmetry in final states with two opposite-sign same-flavour leptons and missing transverse energy</i> [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 121" title="CMS, A.M. Sirunyan et al., Search for supersymmetry in final states with two oppositely charged same-flavor leptons and missing transverse momentum in proton-proton collisions at 
 
 
 
 $$\sqrt{s} =$$
 
 
 
 s
 
 =
 
 
 13 TeV. JHEP 04, 123 (2021). 
 arXiv:2012.08600
 
 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR121" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e28693">121</a>]: This search (<span class="u-sans-serif">CMS_2OSlep</span>) is optimised on various simplified models of gluino, squark, slepton and electroweakino production, and targets three potential signatures: (1) an excess of events with a lepton pair, whose invariant mass is consistent with the <i>Z</i> boson mass, (2) a kinematic edge in the invariant mass distribution of the lepton pair and (3) non-resonant production of two leptons. A set of strong production signal regions is defined using selections on the jet and <i>b</i>-jet multiplicities, <span class="mathjax-tex">$H_{\text {T}}$</span>, a variant of <span class="mathjax-tex">$m_{\text {T2}}$</span> and <span class="mathjax-tex">$E_{\text {T}}^{\text {miss}}$</span>, with the signal regions binned in the latter of these variables. On-<i>Z</i> electroweak production signal regions are defined using selections on the jet and <i>b</i>-jet multiplicities, the dijet invariant mass (sometimes defined using the <i>b</i>-jets), two different variants of <span class="mathjax-tex">$m_{\text {T2}}$</span> and <span class="mathjax-tex">$E_{\text {T}}^{\text {miss}}$</span>. In addition, a set of boosted signal regions is defined by requiring that there is a large radius jet with <span class="mathjax-tex">$p_T>200$</span> GeV, consistent with a hadronically-decaying gauge boson. For the dilepton edge search, a first approach is based on a fit to the dilepton invariant mass using events that pass selections on <span class="mathjax-tex">$m_{\text {T2}}$</span> and <span class="mathjax-tex">$E_{\text {T}}^{\text {miss}}$</span>. A second approach uses counts in various bins of <span class="mathjax-tex">$E_{\text {T}}^{\text {miss}}$</span>, after applying other selections on <span class="mathjax-tex">$m_{\text {T2}}$</span> and the jet and <i>b</i>-jet multiplicities. An additional requirement is placed on a novel variable that characterises how “<span class="mathjax-tex">$t{\bar{t}}$</span>-like” the events are. Finally, a set of slepton search regions are defined using selections on the jet and <i>b</i>-jet multiplicities, <span class="mathjax-tex">$m_{\text {T2}}$</span>, <span class="mathjax-tex">$E_{\text {T}}^{\text {miss}}$</span> and the ratio of the transverse momenta of the sub-leading lepton with the leading jet. Our implementation includes all signal regions except the edge fit regions, due to difficulty of implementing these outside of the CMS collaboration. We use the covariance matrices provided by CMS to account for correlated background uncertainties.</p><p><i>The CMS search for charginos and stops in final states with two opposite-charge leptons</i> [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 122" title="CMS, A.M. Sirunyan et al., Searches for pair production of charginos and top squarks in final states with two oppositely charged leptons in proton-proton collisions at 
 
 
 
 $$\sqrt{s}=$$
 
 
 
 s
 
 =
 
 
 13 TeV. JHEP 11, 079 (2018). 
 arXiv:1807.07799
 
 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR122" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e29059">122</a>]: This search (<span class="u-sans-serif">CMS_2OSlep_chargino_stop</span>) is optimised on various simplified models of chargino and stop production and decay. Events are selected if they contain two opposite-charge electrons or muons, plus missing transverse momentum. For events with a same-flavour lepton pair, the invariant mass of the dilepton pair must not be close to the <i>Z</i> mass. For the chargino search, signal regions are defined in bins of the <span class="mathjax-tex">$E_{\text {T}}^{\text {miss}}$</span>, number of <i>b</i>-tagged jets, number of jets, same-flavour or different-flavour status of the leptons and <span class="mathjax-tex">$m_{\text {T2}}$</span>. For the stop search, an extra requirement is added on the number of “ISR jets”, defined as jets with <span class="mathjax-tex">$p_{\text {T}}>$</span>150 GeV and no <i>b</i>-tag. We implement all of the chargino and stop regions, and make use of the covariance matrices provided by the CMS collaboration.</p><p><i>The CMS search for beyond-Standard Model physics in final states with jets and two same-sign or at least three charged leptons</i> [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 123" title="CMS, A.M. Sirunyan et al., Search for physics beyond the standard model in events with jets and two same-sign or at least three charged leptons in proton-proton collisions at 
 
 
 
 $$\sqrt{s}=$$
 
 
 
 s
 
 =
 
 
 13 TeV. Eur. Phys. J. C 80, 752 (2020). 
 arXiv:2001.10086
 
 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR123" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e29156">123</a>]: This search (<span class="u-sans-serif">CMS_2SSlep_stop</span>) is optimised on various simplified models of gluino production and decay, including both R-parity conserving and violating processes. Six exclusive categories of events are defined using preliminary selections on the lepton multiplicity and charge, plus <span class="mathjax-tex">$E_{\text {T}}^{\text {miss}}$</span>. For events with two leptons, the leptons must have the same sign. For events with at least three charged leptons, separate categories are defined for the cases where there either is or is not an opposite-sign same-flavour pair with an invariant mass consistent with the <i>Z</i> boson mass. The main search is performed using a very large number of binned regions, and we instead implement the set of 17 inclusive signal regions (labels <span class="u-sans-serif">ISR1</span>–<span class="u-sans-serif">ISR17</span>) that are designed for easier interpretation of the results. These are defined in bins of the minimum transverse mass formed from either of the leptons and the missing transverse momentum, <span class="mathjax-tex">$E_{\text {T}}^{\text {miss}}$</span>, the jet and <i>b</i>-tagged jet multiplicities and <span class="mathjax-tex">$H_{\text {T}}$</span>.</p><p><i>The CMS search for electroweak production of charginos and neutralinos in final states with three or four leptons, up to two hadronically-decaying</i> <span class="mathjax-tex">$\tau $</span> <i>leptons or two same-sign light leptons</i> [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 124" title="CMS, A. Tumasyan et al., Search for electroweak production of charginos and neutralinos in proton-proton collisions at 
 
 
 
 $$ \sqrt{s} $$
 
 
 s
 
 
 = 13 TeV. JHEP 04, 147 (2022). 
 arXiv:2106.14246
 
 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR124" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e29276">124</a>]:This search (<span class="u-sans-serif">CMS_MultiLep</span>) is optimised on a broad range of simplified models of chargino and neutralino production, including <span class="mathjax-tex">$\tilde{\chi _2}^0\tilde{\chi _1}^\pm $</span> production with decays to lightest neutralinos via intermediate sleptons or with Higgs, <i>W</i> or <i>Z</i> bosons, and <span class="mathjax-tex">$\tilde{\chi _1}^0\tilde{\chi _1}^0$</span> production with decays to gravitinos and <i>Z</i> or Higgs bosons. A number of event categories are defined in the analysis, based on the lepton multiplicity, whether there is a same-sign lepton pair or same-flavour-opposite-sign lepton pair, and the hadronically-decaying <span class="mathjax-tex">$\tau $</span> lepton multiplicity. The analysis is performed using a large number of binned signal regions for each category. The key variables used are various variants of <span class="mathjax-tex">$m_{\text {T2}}$</span>, the transverse momentum of the dilepton system in 2 lepton events, <span class="mathjax-tex">$E_{\text {T}}^{\text {miss}}$</span>, the dilepton invariant mass of same-flavour-opposite-sign lepton pairs, the transverse mass formed from the trilepton system, dilepton system or a single lepton and the missing transverse energy vector, <span class="mathjax-tex">$H_{\text {T}}$</span>, the <span class="mathjax-tex">$\varDelta R$</span> separation between leptons, and the invariant mass formed from a light lepton and a hadronically-decaying <span class="mathjax-tex">$\tau $</span> lepton. Our analysis includes the signal regions labelled <span class="u-sans-serif">SS01</span>–<span class="u-sans-serif">SS20</span> (two same-sign leptons), <span class="u-sans-serif">A01</span>–<span class="u-sans-serif">A64</span> (three leptons, one SFOS pair), <span class="u-sans-serif">B01</span>–<span class="u-sans-serif">B03</span> (three leptons, no SFOS pair), <span class="u-sans-serif">G01</span>–<span class="u-sans-serif">G05</span> (four leptons, two SFOS pairs) and <span class="u-sans-serif">H01</span>–<span class="u-sans-serif">H03</span> (four leptons, one or zero SFOS pairs).</p><p><i>The CMS search for gauge-mediated supersymmetry in events with at least one photon and missing transverse momentum</i> [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 125" title="CMS, A.M. Sirunyan et al., Search for gauge-mediated supersymmetry in events with at least one photon and missing transverse momentum in pp collisions at 
 
 
 
 $$\sqrt{s} = $$
 
 
 
 s
 
 =
 
 
 13 TeV. Phys. Lett. B 780, 118–143 (2018). 
 arXiv:1711.08008
 
 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR125" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e29565">125</a>]: This search (<span class="u-sans-serif">CMS_photon</span>) is optimised on various simplified models of gauge-mediated supersymmetry breaking, in which neutralinos and charginos decay to produce gravitinos and photons, as well as <i>Z</i>, <i>W</i> and Higgs bosons. Events are required to contain at least one high-energy photon plus large missing transverse momentum. The signal regions feature common selections on the transverse mass formed from the missing transverse momentum and the photon, and the <span class="mathjax-tex">$E_{\text {T}}^{\text {miss}}$</span>. After these selections, four signal regions are defined as bins in <span class="mathjax-tex">$S_{\text {T}}^\gamma $</span>, the scalar sum of <span class="mathjax-tex">$E_{\text {T}}^{\text {miss}}$</span> and the <span class="mathjax-tex">$p_{\text {T}}$</span> of all photons in the event. We implement all four signal regions in our analysis.</p><p><i>The CMS search for gauge-mediated supersymmetry in events with two photons and missing transverse momentum</i> [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 126" title="CMS, A.M. Sirunyan et al., Search for supersymmetry in final states with photons and missing transverse momentum in proton-proton collisions at 13 TeV. JHEP 06, 143 (2019). 
 arXiv:1903.07070
 
 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR126" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e29686">126</a>]: This search (<span class="u-sans-serif">CMS_2photon</span>) is optimised on simplified models of squark and gluino production, with cascade decays terminating in lightest neutralinos that always decay to a photon and a gravitino. Events are required to have two photons and large missing transverse momentum, and to satisfy various selections on their electromagnetic activity. Six signal regions are defined by selecting different ranges of <span class="mathjax-tex">$E_{\text {T}}^{\text {miss}}$</span>, and all of these are implemented in our analysis.</p><p><i>The CMS search for gauge-mediated supersymmetry in events with a photon, an electron or muon and large missing transverse momentum</i> [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 127" title="CMS, A.M. Sirunyan et al., Search for supersymmetry in events with a photon, a lepton, and missing transverse momentum in proton-proton collisions at 
 
 
 
 $$\sqrt{s} =$$
 
 
 
 s
 
 =
 
 
 13 TeV. JHEP 01, 154 (2019). [
 arXiv:1812.04066
 
 ]" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR127" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e29724">127</a>]: This search (<span class="u-sans-serif">CMS_1photon_1lepton</span>) is optimised on simplified models of gauge-mediated supersymmetry breaking that include gluino and quark production, plus direct production of neutralinos and charginos. Events are required to have at least one photon and at least one electron or muon. In the case of more than one light lepton, the lepton with the highest transverse momentum is used in the analysis. Selections are placed on the transverse mass formed from the lepton plus missing transverse momentum, and the <span class="mathjax-tex">$E_{\text {T}}^{\text {miss}}$</span>, and multiple signal regions are defined in bins of <span class="mathjax-tex">$E_{\text {T}}^{\text {miss}}$</span>, the transverse momentum of the photon and <span class="mathjax-tex">$H_{\text {T}}$</span> (defined as the scalar sum of the jet <span class="mathjax-tex">$p_{\text {T}}$</span> values in the event). The CMS search defines 18 signal regions per lepton channel (i.e. electron or muon), and we implement all regions in our analysis.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="App3">Appendix C: Code extensions</h3><p>In this Appendix we describe the extensions to the <span class="u-sans-serif">GAMBIT</span> framework introduced for this study, and how to use them. See Refs. [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 78" title="GAMBIT Collaboration, P. Athron, C. Balázs, et al., GAMBIT: the global and modular beyond-the-standard-model inference tool. Eur. Phys. J. C 77, 784 (2017). 
 arXiv:1705.07908
 
 . Addendum in [79]" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR78" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e29843">78</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 185" title="S. Bloor, T.E. Gonzalo et al., The GAMBIT universal model machine: from Lagrangians to likelihoods. 
 arXiv:2107.00030
 
 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR185" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e29846">185</a>] for a general introduction to the <span class="u-sans-serif">GAMBIT</span> framework and Ref. [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 183" title="GAMBIT Collider Workgroup, C. Balázs, A. Buckley, et al., ColliderBit: a GAMBIT module for the calculation of high-energy collider observables and likelihoods. Eur. Phys. J. C 77, 795 (2017). 
 arXiv:1705.07919
 
 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR183" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e29852">183</a>] for an introduction to the <span class="u-sans-serif">ColliderBit</span> module.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec20"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">1.1 </span>C.1 <span class="u-sans-serif">GAMBIT</span> models with a light gravitino</h3><p>The first modification is the addition of a new family of models <span class="u-sans-serif">MSSMXatY_mG</span> , mirroring the existing family of MSSM models <span class="u-sans-serif">MSSMXatY</span> in <span class="u-sans-serif">GAMBIT</span>, supplemented with a new parameter <span class="u-monospace">mG</span> which codifies the mass of a light gravitino. As in the existing <span class="u-sans-serif">MSSMXatY</span> models, <span class="u-sans-serif">X</span> refers to the number of parameters and <span class="u-sans-serif">Y</span> to the scale at which the parameters are defined (which itself could be a parameter in <span class="u-sans-serif">MSSMXatQ</span> models) (e.g. <span class="u-sans-serif">MSSM30atMGUT</span> has 30 parameters defined at the GUT scale). Models with alternate parametrisation are labelled with increasing alphabetical letters after the number of parameters (e.g. <span class="u-sans-serif">MSSM10batQ</span> ) or in the specific case of reparametrisation with <span class="mathjax-tex">$m_A$</span> and <span class="mathjax-tex">$\mu $</span> instead of <span class="mathjax-tex">$m_{H_u}$</span> and <span class="mathjax-tex">$m_{H_d}$</span>, models are labelled with the suffix <span class="u-sans-serif">_mA</span> (e.g. <span class="u-sans-serif">MSSM30atMGUT_mA</span> . The specific model used in the study is the <span class="u-sans-serif">MSSM11atQ_mA_mG</span> , defined as </p><dl class="c-abbreviation_list"><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn><span class="mathjax-tex">${\textbf {\textsf {MSSM11atQ\_mA\_mG}}}:$</span>:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <img src="//media.springernature.com/lw218/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Figa_HTML.gif" style="width:218px;max-width:none;" alt=""><img src="//media.springernature.com/lw313/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Figb_HTML.gif" alt=""> <p>An MSSM parametrisation with 11 parameters plus a gravitino mass <span class="u-monospace">mG</span>, of which we vary only four in this study: <span class="u-monospace">TanBeta</span>, <span class="u-monospace">M1</span>, <span class="u-monospace">M2</span> and <span class="u-monospace">mu</span>. We fix the other parameters to <span class="u-monospace">mG</span> = 1 eV, <span class="u-monospace">Ad_3</span> = <span class="u-monospace">Ae_3</span> = <span class="u-monospace">Au_3</span> = 0, <span class="u-monospace">M3</span> = <span class="u-monospace">mA</span> = 5 TeV and <span class="u-monospace">ml2</span> = <span class="u-monospace">mq2</span> = (3 TeV)<span class="mathjax-tex">$^2$</span>, to decouple all superpartners other than the electroweakinos and the gravtino from the low energy phenomenology. The input parameters are defined at a scale <span class="u-monospace">Qin</span> = 3 TeV. We choose to use a model parametrised with <span class="u-monospace">mA</span> and <span class="u-monospace">mu</span> instead of <span class="u-monospace">mHu2</span> and <span class="u-monospace">mHd2</span>, as <span class="mathjax-tex">$\mu $</span> controls the Higgsino masses.</p> </dd></dl><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec21"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">1.2 </span>C.2 Additions to <span class="u-sans-serif">DecayBit</span> </h3> <div class="c-article-table" data-test="inline-table" data-container-section="table" id="table-3"><figure><figcaption class="c-article-table__figcaption"><b id="Tab3" data-test="table-caption">Table 3 Capabilities and module functions added to <span class="u-sans-serif">DecayBit</span> for this study. The</b></figcaption><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="table-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view table" data-track-label="button" rel="nofollow" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z/tables/3" aria-label="Full size table 3"><span>Full size table</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div> <p>The <span class="u-sans-serif">GAMBIT</span> module <span class="u-sans-serif">DecayBit</span> takes care of the computation of the decay widths of the various BSM particles [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 186" title="GAMBIT Models Workgroup, P. Athron, C. Balázs, et al., SpecBit, DecayBit and PrecisionBit: GAMBIT modules for computing mass spectra, particle decay rates and precision observables. Eur. Phys. J. C 78, 22 (2018). 
 arXiv:1705.07936
 
 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR186" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e30464">186</a>]. As detailed on Sect. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="section anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Sec2">2</a>, the main channel for the production of gravitinos is through the decays of the light electroweakinos. Therefore, for the purpose of this study we have implemented new capabilities and module functions for the computation of the decays of neutralinos and charginos to gravitinos, which can be seen in Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Tab3">3</a>. The capabilities <img src="//media.springernature.com/lw288/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Figu_HTML.gif" alt="">, where <img src="//media.springernature.com/lw11/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Figv_HTML.gif" style="width:11px;max-width:none;" alt=""> runs through the neutralino eigenstates, i.e. <img src="//media.springernature.com/lw11/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Figw_HTML.gif" style="width:11px;max-width:none;" alt=""><span class="mathjax-tex">$=1,\dots ,4$</span>, compute the decay of each of the neutralinos to a gravitino and a <span class="mathjax-tex">$\gamma $</span>, <i>h</i> or <i>Z</i>, following eqs. (<a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="equation anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Equ5">5</a>)-(<a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="equation anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Equ7">7</a>). The capabilities <img src="//media.springernature.com/lw272/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Figx_HTML.gif" alt="">, where <img src="//media.springernature.com/lw7/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Figy_HTML.gif" style="width:7px;max-width:none;" alt=""> runs through the chargino eigenstates, i.e. <img src="//media.springernature.com/lw7/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Figz_HTML.gif" style="width:7px;max-width:none;" alt=""><span class="mathjax-tex">$=1,2$</span>, compute the decay of each of the charginos to a gravitino and a (possibly off-shell) <i>W</i>-boson.</p><p>In order to combine the newly added decays to gravitinos with the pre-existing decay channels of neutralinos and charginos, we implemented a new set of module functions that provide the capabilities <img src="//media.springernature.com/lw205/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Figaa_HTML.gif" style="width:205px;max-width:none;" alt=""> and <img src="//media.springernature.com/lw189/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Figab_HTML.gif" style="width:189px;max-width:none;" alt="">, respectively. These module functions, also seen in Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Tab3">3</a> are called <img src="//media.springernature.com/lw195/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Figac_HTML.gif" style="width:195px;max-width:none;" alt=""> and <img src="//media.springernature.com/lw178/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Figad_HTML.gif" style="width:178px;max-width:none;" alt="">, and simply combine the decay tables computed by <span class="u-monospace">SUSY-HIT</span>, via the capabilities <img src="//media.springernature.com/lw231/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Figae_HTML.gif" style="width:231px;max-width:none;" alt=""> and <img src="//media.springernature.com/lw214/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Figaf_HTML.gif" style="width:214px;max-width:none;" alt="">, with the computation for the decays to gravitinos, via the capabilities introduced above, <img src="//media.springernature.com/lw288/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Figag_HTML.gif" alt=""> and <img src="//media.springernature.com/lw272/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Figah_HTML.gif" alt="">.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec22"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">1.3 </span>C.3 Additions to <span class="u-sans-serif">ColliderBit</span> </h3> <div class="c-article-table" data-test="inline-table" data-container-section="table" id="table-4"><figure><figcaption class="c-article-table__figcaption"><b id="Tab4" data-test="table-caption">Table 4 New <span class="u-sans-serif">ColliderBit</span> capabilities for the <span class="u-sans-serif">ColliderBit</span> added in this study, including a new LEP search, restructuring of the event generation capabilities and new capabilities for LHC measurements, using <span class="u-sans-serif">Rivet</span> and <span class="u-sans-serif">Contur</span> as backends. Note that the dependency type is only provided when there is ambiguity and that every <span class="u-sans-serif">Contur</span> related function has a partner function with the prefix <img src="//media.springernature.com/lw55/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Figai_HTML.gif" style="width:55px;max-width:none;" alt="">, which allows running different sets of <span class="u-sans-serif">Contur</span> options in the same run</b></figcaption><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="table-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view table" data-track-label="button" rel="nofollow" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z/tables/4" aria-label="Full size table 4"><span>Full size table</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div> <p><span class="u-sans-serif">ColliderBit</span> [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 183" title="GAMBIT Collider Workgroup, C. Balázs, A. Buckley, et al., ColliderBit: a GAMBIT module for the calculation of high-energy collider observables and likelihoods. Eur. Phys. J. C 77, 795 (2017). 
 arXiv:1705.07919
 
 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR183" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e31679">183</a>] is the <span class="u-sans-serif">GAMBIT</span> module that handles anything related to collider physics,<sup><a href="#Fn9"><span class="u-visually-hidden">Footnote </span>9</a></sup> such as LHC searches, LEP limits and Higgs measurements. It is naturally the most relevant module used in a collider-focused study such as this one. We extended <span class="u-sans-serif">ColliderBit</span> significantly for this study, implementing new LHC analyses (Appendix B), adding a new LEP limit, and introducing the ability to compute the likelihood for BSM models to agree with LHC SM-like measurements, using the new interfaces to <span class="u-sans-serif">Rivet</span> and <span class="u-sans-serif">Contur</span>.</p><p>For the most part in this study we reuse the pre-existing LEP upper limits on electroweakino production, which we re-interpret for the gravitino model. However, we added a new module function to compute the limit from an L3 multi-photon and missing energy search, which is exclusive of models such as this one. For this purpose we added a new module function, <img src="//media.springernature.com/lw154/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Figdk_HTML.gif" style="width:154px;max-width:none;" alt="">, providing a capability of the same name, to compute the 95% CL upper limit on the cross section. The new capabilitiy and module function can be found in Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Tab4">4</a>.</p><p>The machinery for computing the likelihood for LHC measurements follows the structure of the existing <span class="u-sans-serif">ColliderBit</span>, where a Monte Carlo event generator (e.g. <span class="u-sans-serif">Pythia 8</span>) is used to simulate hard scattering events at the LHC, each of those events is passed through a native detector simulation, then a collection of analyses, and a likelihood is computed from the resulting yields. In previous incarnations of <span class="u-sans-serif">ColliderBit</span>, the events generated by <span class="u-sans-serif">Pythia 8</span> were immediately converted into a <img src="//media.springernature.com/lw128/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Figdl_HTML.gif" style="width:128px;max-width:none;" alt=""> type, which is needed for detector simulation and analysis of the events. However, to compute the predicted yields of a given simulated event for LHC SM measurements in <span class="u-sans-serif">Rivet</span>, the event must be provided as a HepMC event (<img src="//media.springernature.com/lw138/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Figdm_HTML.gif" style="width:138px;max-width:none;" alt=""> type). This is done by splitting the existing module function <img src="//media.springernature.com/lw162/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Figdn_HTML.gif" style="width:162px;max-width:none;" alt="">, which provides the capability <img src="//media.springernature.com/lw161/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Figdo_HTML.gif" style="width:161px;max-width:none;" alt="">, into three parts, one that returns a <img src="//media.springernature.com/lw121/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Figdp_HTML.gif" style="width:121px;max-width:none;" alt="">, carrying the original name, one that converts the event to a <img src="//media.springernature.com/lw128/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Figdq_HTML.gif" style="width:128px;max-width:none;" alt="">, called <img src="//media.springernature.com/lw239/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Figdr_HTML.gif" style="width:239px;max-width:none;" alt="">, and one that converts the event into a <img src="//media.springernature.com/lw138/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Figds_HTML.gif" style="width:138px;max-width:none;" alt="">, called <img src="//media.springernature.com/lw212/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Figdt_HTML.gif" style="width:212px;max-width:none;" alt="">. With this, each generated event can be converted to whichever format it is needed in for native <span class="u-sans-serif">ColliderBit</span> LHC search analyses, or for SM measurements using <span class="u-sans-serif">Rivet</span>. This new structure of module functions can be seen in Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Tab4">4</a>.</p><div class="c-article-table" data-test="inline-table" data-container-section="table" id="table-5"><figure><figcaption class="c-article-table__figcaption"><b id="Tab5" data-test="table-caption">Table 5 Statistics that can be returned by <span class="u-sans-serif">Contur</span> when running on a Python <img src="//media.springernature.com/lw70/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Figdu_HTML.gif" style="width:70px;max-width:none;" alt=""></b></figcaption><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="table-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view table" data-track-label="button" rel="nofollow" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z/tables/5" aria-label="Full size table 5"><span>Full size table</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><p>Lastly, some of the most relevant additions to <span class="u-sans-serif">ColliderBit</span> are module functions to compute the likelihood for LHC SM measurements, using <span class="u-sans-serif">Rivet</span> and <span class="u-sans-serif">Contur</span>. The new module function <img src="//media.springernature.com/lw154/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Figeb_HTML.gif" style="width:154px;max-width:none;" alt=""> provides an eponymous capability and analyses a given HepMC event using <span class="u-sans-serif">Rivet</span> ’s measurements. Its output, a <span class="u-sans-serif">YODA</span><sup><a href="#Fn10"><span class="u-visually-hidden">Footnote </span>10</a></sup> analysis object written as a stream, is then used by the module function <img src="//media.springernature.com/lw297/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Figec_HTML.gif" alt="">, which provides the capability <img src="//media.springernature.com/lw137/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Figed_HTML.gif" style="width:137px;max-width:none;" alt=""> and that runs the <span class="u-sans-serif">YODA</span> analysis object through <span class="u-sans-serif">Contur</span> to compute the likelihood. An additional module function, <img src="//media.springernature.com/lw281/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Figee_HTML.gif" alt=""> provides the same capability and performs the same computation but starting from a <span class="u-sans-serif">YODA</span> analysis object read from a file. Both of these functions return a <img src="//media.springernature.com/lw111/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Figef_HTML.gif" style="width:111px;max-width:none;" alt=""> structure which contains the output from <span class="u-sans-serif">Contur</span>, including the total likelihood value as well as the likelihood value per pool. These respective values are extracted by the module functions <img src="//media.springernature.com/lw262/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Figeg_HTML.gif" alt=""> and <img src="//media.springernature.com/lw329/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Figeh_HTML.gif" alt="">, which provide the capabilities <img src="//media.springernature.com/lw205/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Figei_HTML.gif" style="width:205px;max-width:none;" alt=""> and <img src="//media.springernature.com/lw271/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Figej_HTML.gif" alt="">, respectively. For debugging purposes only, there exists an additional module function <img src="//media.springernature.com/lw348/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Figek_HTML.gif" alt="">, providing the capability <img src="//media.springernature.com/lw288/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Figel_HTML.gif" alt=""> that extract the tag of the dominant histogram(s) in each pool. Descriptions of these capabilities and module functions can be found in Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Tab4">4</a>. Finally, each of the module functions that use <span class="u-sans-serif">Contur</span> has a partner function that allows running with multiple sets of <span class="u-sans-serif">Contur</span> options simultaneously, and these are called <img src="//media.springernature.com/lw349/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Figem_HTML.gif" alt="">, <img src="//media.springernature.com/lw381/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Figen_HTML.gif" alt="">, <img src="//media.springernature.com/lw400/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Figeo_HTML.gif" alt="">, <img src="//media.springernature.com/lw375/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Figep_HTML.gif" alt=""> and <img src="//media.springernature.com/lw349/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Figeq_HTML.gif" alt="">. The <img src="//media.springernature.com/lw51/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Figer_HTML.gif" style="width:51px;max-width:none;" alt=""> variation of the <img src="//media.springernature.com/lw61/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Figes_HTML.gif" style="width:61px;max-width:none;" alt=""> function is required to provide a single one of the multiple likelihoods to <span class="u-sans-serif">ColliderBit</span> for combination with LHC search likelihoods, whereas the <img src="//media.springernature.com/lw25/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Figet_HTML.gif" style="width:25px;max-width:none;" alt=""> version – which comes under its own dedicated <img src="//media.springernature.com/lw256/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Figeu_HTML.gif" alt=""> capability – can be used to collect and save all the likelihoods for examination after the run.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec23"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">1.4 </span>C.4 New backend interfaces: <span class="u-sans-serif">Rivet</span> and <span class="u-sans-serif">Contur</span> </h3><p>One the major breakthroughs of this study is the simultaneous combination of LHC searches and measurements in the analysis. This is possible due to the newly developed interfaces to <span class="u-sans-serif">Rivet</span> 3.1.5 [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 206" title="A. Buckley, J. Butterworth et al., Rivet user manual. Comput. Phys. Commun. 184, 2803–2819 (2013). 
 arXiv:1003.0694
 
 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR206" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e32160">206</a>], which contains the extensive library of measurements, and <span class="u-sans-serif">Contur</span> 2.1.1 [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 80" title="J.M. Butterworth, D. Grellscheid, M. Krämer, B. Sarrazin, D. Yallup, Constraining new physics with collider measurements of Standard Model signatures. JHEP 03, 078 (2017). 
 arXiv:1606.05296
 
 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR80" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e32166">80</a>], which takes care of the rigorous statistical combination of the results from individual measurements.</p><p><span class="u-sans-serif">Rivet</span> is written in <img src="//media.springernature.com/lw36/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Figev_HTML.gif" style="width:36px;max-width:none;" alt="">, so its interface to <span class="u-sans-serif">GAMBIT</span> is auto-generated using the package <span class="u-sans-serif">BOSS</span> [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 78" title="GAMBIT Collaboration, P. Athron, C. Balázs, et al., GAMBIT: the global and modular beyond-the-standard-model inference tool. Eur. Phys. J. C 77, 784 (2017). 
 arXiv:1705.07908
 
 . Addendum in [79]" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR78" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e32185">78</a>], to allow dynamic loading of <span class="u-sans-serif">Rivet</span> classes. Although some modifications of <span class="u-sans-serif">BOSS</span> were needed to interface <span class="u-sans-serif">Rivet</span>, these will not be documented here, but in a future publication. This interface provides <span class="u-sans-serif">GAMBIT</span> with access to the classes inside of <span class="u-sans-serif">Rivet</span> and some of its global functions. In particular, the only class of interest for the interface is the <img src="//media.springernature.com/lw128/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Figew_HTML.gif" style="width:128px;max-width:none;" alt=""> class, which handles the analysis of the passed HepMC events. The usage of this class in <span class="u-sans-serif">ColliderBit</span> was described above. Note that at the time of writing, <span class="u-sans-serif">Rivet</span> 3.1.5 and, in particular, the class <img src="//media.springernature.com/lw128/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Figex_HTML.gif" style="width:128px;max-width:none;" alt="">, is not threadsafe. This class must therefore be used within a <img src="//media.springernature.com/lw67/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Figey_HTML.gif" style="width:67px;max-width:none;" alt=""> section. In addition to the aforementioned class, <span class="u-sans-serif">GAMBIT</span> also uses the global function <img src="//media.springernature.com/lw153/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Figez_HTML.gif" style="width:153px;max-width:none;" alt="">. This function is just called once at the beginning of the scan by the backend initialisation function to inform <span class="u-sans-serif">Rivet</span> of the location of the analysis library.</p><p>The interface to the <span class="u-monospace">Python</span> package <span class="u-sans-serif">Contur</span> opens the possibility to compute the likelihood for LHC measurements from a <span class="u-sans-serif">YODA</span> analysis object generated by <span class="u-sans-serif">Rivet</span>. Two backend convenience functions were implemented for this purpose: <img src="//media.springernature.com/lw204/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Figfa_HTML.gif" style="width:204px;max-width:none;" alt="">, which reads the analysis object from a <span class="u-sans-serif">YODA</span> file, and <img src="//media.springernature.com/lw220/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Figfb_HTML.gif" style="width:220px;max-width:none;" alt="">, which reads it from a standard <img src="//media.springernature.com/lw102/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Figfc_HTML.gif" style="width:102px;max-width:none;" alt="">. Both of these functions provide the same capability <img src="//media.springernature.com/lw160/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Figfd_HTML.gif" style="width:160px;max-width:none;" alt="">, but with different signatures, as the former takes just a string with the <span class="u-sans-serif">YODA</span> file path, and the latter a shared pointer to the stream. In addition, both functions take as an argument a list of options for <span class="u-sans-serif">Contur</span> (see [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 80" title="J.M. Butterworth, D. Grellscheid, M. Krämer, B. Sarrazin, D. Yallup, Constraining new physics with collider measurements of Standard Model signatures. JHEP 03, 078 (2017). 
 arXiv:1606.05296
 
 " href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#ref-CR80" id="ref-link-section-d154747430e32283">80</a>] for a list of useful options). The value returned by both functions is an object of the class <img src="//media.springernature.com/lw111/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Figfe_HTML.gif" style="width:111px;max-width:none;" alt="">, which is a simple class designed to manage the <span class="u-monospace">Python</span> dictionary produced by <span class="u-sans-serif">Contur</span>. Lastly, the backend convenience function <img src="//media.springernature.com/lw246/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Figff_HTML.gif" style="width:246px;max-width:none;" alt="">, which provides the capability <img src="//media.springernature.com/lw153/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Figfg_HTML.gif" style="width:153px;max-width:none;" alt="">, is used to inform <span class="u-sans-serif">Rivet</span> of the analyses known to <span class="u-sans-serif">Contur</span>.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec24"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">1.5 </span>C.5 Adaptations to <span class="u-sans-serif">Rivet</span> and <span class="u-sans-serif">Contur</span> </h3><p>Besides the implementation of the interfaces to <span class="u-sans-serif">Rivet</span> and <span class="u-sans-serif">Contur</span> on the side of <span class="u-sans-serif">GAMBIT</span>, minor modifications of each of these packages were necessary to adapt them to the <span class="u-sans-serif">GAMBIT</span> workflow.</p><p>Typically, <span class="u-sans-serif">Contur</span> is run on <span class="u-sans-serif">YODA</span> files that have been generated in a separate <span class="u-sans-serif">Rivet</span> run. However, in a high-performance computing environment, the cost of writing and reading from a <span class="u-sans-serif">YODA</span> file at each parameter point would be prohibitive. Therefore, <span class="u-sans-serif">Rivet</span> and <span class="u-sans-serif">Contur</span> were adapted so that the <span class="u-sans-serif">YODA</span> file could be passed between them in memory via <img src="//media.springernature.com/lw102/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Figfh_HTML.gif" style="width:102px;max-width:none;" alt="">.</p><p>In <span class="u-sans-serif">Rivet</span>, this means the <img src="//media.springernature.com/lw128/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Figfi_HTML.gif" style="width:128px;max-width:none;" alt=""> class received a new overload to the <img src="//media.springernature.com/lw45/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Figfj_HTML.gif" style="width:45px;max-width:none;" alt=""> method to output to <img src="//media.springernature.com/lw102/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Figfk_HTML.gif" style="width:102px;max-width:none;" alt="">. This is also available in the Python interface, and became available as of <span class="u-sans-serif">Rivet</span> 3.1.4.</p><p>The changes to <span class="u-sans-serif">Contur</span> were more significant. The <img src="//media.springernature.com/lw36/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Figfl_HTML.gif" style="width:36px;max-width:none;" alt=""> run function now takes a dictionary of arguments, and if the <img src="//media.springernature.com/lw101/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Figfm_HTML.gif" style="width:101px;max-width:none;" alt=""> term contains a Python <img src="//media.springernature.com/lw70/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Figfn_HTML.gif" style="width:70px;max-width:none;" alt=""> – which can be converted to and from a <span class="u-monospace">C++</span><img src="//media.springernature.com/lw102/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Figfo_HTML.gif" style="width:102px;max-width:none;" alt=""> – then <span class="u-sans-serif">Contur</span> will run on that stream. When run like this, the <span class="u-sans-serif">Contur</span> main will return a dictionary containing various statistics. Which outputs appear in the dictionary is controlled by the <img src="//media.springernature.com/lw260/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-023-11574-z/MediaObjects/10052_2023_11574_Figfp_HTML.gif" alt=""> argument, and the options here are summarised by Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11574-z#Tab5">5</a>. These features first appeared in <span class="u-sans-serif">Contur</span> 2.1.1.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Rights and permissions"><div class="c-article-section" id="rightslink-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="rightslink">Rights and permissions</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="rightslink-content"> <p><b>Open Access</b> This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. 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Collider constraints on electroweakinos in the presence of a light gravitino | The European Physical Journal C