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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">Escondre</button> </div> <div id="p-Navigacion" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Navigacion" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigacion </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Acuèlh" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Acu%C3%A8lh"><span>Acuèlh</span></a></li><li id="n-La-tavèrna" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A8dia:La_tav%C3%A8rna"><span>La tavèrna</span></a></li><li id="n-thema" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Acu%C3%A8lh"><span>Portals tematics</span></a></li><li id="n-alphindex" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Totas_las_paginas"><span>Indèx alfabetic</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Pagina_a_l%27azard" title="Afichar una pagina a l'azard [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Una pagina a l'azard</span></a></li><li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a 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<input type="hidden" name="title" value="Especial:Recèrca"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Recercar</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Aisinas personalas"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aparéncia"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Modificar la dimension, la largor e la color del tèxte." > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" 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mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=oc.wikipedia.org&uselang=oc" class=""><span>Far un don</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crear_un_compte&returnto=Papi%C3%A8r" title="Vos es conselhat de crear un compte e de vos connectar ; pasmens, es pas obligatòri" class=""><span>Crear un compte</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Nom_d%27utilizaire&returnto=Papi%C3%A8r" title="Sètz convidat(ada) a vos identificar, mas non es pas obligatòri. 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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Se connectar</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Paginas pels editors non registrats. <a href="/wiki/Ajuda:Introducci%C3%B3" aria-label="Vegeu més informació sobre l'edició"><span>més informació</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Mas_discussions" title="La pagina de discussion per aquesta adreça IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Lloc"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Somari" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Somari</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mòu a la barra laterala</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">Escondre</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Començament</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Istòria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Istòria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Istòria</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Istòria-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Istòria</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Istòria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-De_l'aparicion_de_l'escritura_a_aquela_dau_papier" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#De_l'aparicion_de_l'escritura_a_aquela_dau_papier"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>De l'aparicion de l'escritura a aquela dau papier</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-De_l'aparicion_de_l'escritura_a_aquela_dau_papier-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lo_papier_en_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lo_papier_en_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Lo papier en China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lo_papier_en_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_difusion_dins_lo_mond_musulman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_difusion_dins_lo_mond_musulman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>La difusion dins lo mond musulman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_difusion_dins_lo_mond_musulman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_difusion_en_Euròpa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_difusion_en_Euròpa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>La difusion en Euròpa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_difusion_en_Euròpa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lo_papier_mesoamerican" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lo_papier_mesoamerican"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Lo papier mesoamerican</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lo_papier_mesoamerican-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-L'industrializacion_de_la_produccion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#L'industrializacion_de_la_produccion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>L'industrializacion de la produccion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-L'industrializacion_de_la_produccion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-L'aparicion_de_la_pasta_de_papier_cellulosica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#L'aparicion_de_la_pasta_de_papier_cellulosica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.1</span> <span>L'aparicion de la pasta de papier cellulosica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-L'aparicion_de_la_pasta_de_papier_cellulosica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-L'invencion_dau_carton" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#L'invencion_dau_carton"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.2</span> <span>L'invencion dau carton</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-L'invencion_dau_carton-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fabricacion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fabricacion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Fabricacion</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fabricacion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Fabricacion</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fabricacion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Principis_generaus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Principis_generaus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Principis generaus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Principis_generaus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fabricacion_de_la_pasta_de_papier" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fabricacion_de_la_pasta_de_papier"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Fabricacion de la pasta de papier</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fabricacion_de_la_pasta_de_papier-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Produccion_dei_fuelhs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Produccion_dei_fuelhs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Produccion dei fuelhs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Produccion_dei_fuelhs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tractaments_complementaris" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tractaments_complementaris"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Tractaments complementaris</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tractaments_complementaris-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Procès_modèrne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Procès_modèrne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Procès modèrne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Procès_modèrne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caracterizacion_e_tipologia_dei_papiers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caracterizacion_e_tipologia_dei_papiers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Caracterizacion e tipologia dei papiers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caracterizacion_e_tipologia_dei_papiers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Caracteristicas_principalas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caracteristicas_principalas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Caracteristicas principalas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caracteristicas_principalas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tipologia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tipologia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Tipologia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tipologia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Utilizacion_e_consumacion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utilizacion_e_consumacion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Utilizacion e consumacion</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Utilizacion_e_consumacion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Utilizacion e consumacion</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Utilizacion_e_consumacion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Utilizacions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utilizacions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Utilizacions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utilizacions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Produccion_e_consumacion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Produccion_e_consumacion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Produccion e consumacion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Produccion_e_consumacion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impacte_environamentau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impacte_environamentau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Impacte environamentau</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impacte_environamentau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liames_intèrnes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liames_intèrnes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Liames intèrnes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liames_intèrnes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nòtas_e_referéncias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nòtas_e_referéncias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Nòtas e referéncias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nòtas_e_referéncias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Somari" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Taula de continguts" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Papièr</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 172 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-172" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">172 lengas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papier" title="Papier - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Papier" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papier" title="Papier - aleman de Soïssa" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Papier" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="aleman de Soïssa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%88%E1%88%A8%E1%89%80%E1%89%B5" title="ወረቀት - amaric" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ወረቀት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papel" title="Papel - aragonés" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Papel" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper" title="Paper - anglès antic" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Paper" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="anglès antic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%82" title="ورق - arabi" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ورق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%82" title="ورق - àrab egipci" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ورق" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="àrab egipci" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%9C" title="কাগজ - assamès" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কাগজ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papel" title="Papel - asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Papel" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masinahikanickwemokw" title="Masinahikanickwemokw - atacama" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Masinahikanickwemokw" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="atacama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C4%9F%C4%B1z" title="Kağız - azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kağız" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%BA%DB%8C%D8%B0" title="کاغیذ - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کاغیذ" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%B0%D2%93%D1%8B%D2%99" title="Ҡағыҙ - baixkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡағыҙ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baixkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puop%C4%ABrios" title="Puopīrios - samogitien" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Puopīrios" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="samogitien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papel" title="Papel - Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Papel" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bdr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bdr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratas" title="Keratas - West Coast Bajau" lang="bdr" hreflang="bdr" data-title="Keratas" data-language-autonym="Bajau Sama" data-language-local-name="West Coast Bajau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bajau Sama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Папера - belarús" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Папера" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarús" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Папера - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Папера" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kertas" title="Kertas - betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Kertas" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Хартия - bulgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хартия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%9C" title="कागज - Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कागज" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepa" title="Pepa - bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Pepa" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartas" title="Kartas - banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Kartas" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%9C" title="কাগজ - bengalin" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কাগজ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A4%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8D" title="ཤོག་བུ། - tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཤོག་བུ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper" title="Paper - breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Paper" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papir" title="Papir - bosniac" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Papir" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D2%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Саарһан - Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Саарһан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper" title="Paper - catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Paper" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%81i" title="Cāi - Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Cāi" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Кехат - chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Кехат" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%BA%DB%95%D8%B2" title="کاغەز - kurd central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کاغەز" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurd central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A2%C4%9F%C4%B1t" title="Kâğıt - tàtar de Crimea" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Kâğıt" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="tàtar de Crimea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pap%C3%ADr" title="Papír - chèc" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Papír" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="chèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%82" title="Хут - chovash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хут" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="chovash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papur" title="Papur - gal·lès" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Papur" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gal·lès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papir" title="Papir - danés" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Papir" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articles de qualitat"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papier" title="Papier - alemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Papier" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C4%9F%C4%B1de" title="Kağıde - Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Kağıde" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%86%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%AA%DE%8B%DE%A7%DE%90%DE%B0" title="ކަރުދާސް - divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ކަރުދާސް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%84%CE%AF" title="Χαρτί - grèc" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χαρτί" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper" title="Paper - anglés" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Paper" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papero" title="Papero - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Papero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papel" title="Papel - espanhòl" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Papel" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanhòl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paber" title="Paber - estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Paber" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper" title="Paper - basc" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Paper" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%BA%D8%B0" title="کاغذ - perse" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کاغذ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paperi" title="Paperi - finlandés" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Paperi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepa" title="Pepa - fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Pepa" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papier" title="Papier - francés" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Papier" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiir" title="Papiir - frisó septentrional" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Papiir" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frisó septentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papier" title="Papier - frisó occidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Papier" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frisó occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1ip%C3%A9ar" title="Páipéar - irlandés" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Páipéar" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%99" title="紙 - xinès gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="紙" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="xinès gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A0ipear" title="Pàipear - gaelic escossés" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Pàipear" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaelic escossés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papel" title="Papel - galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Papel" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuatia" title="Kuatia - guaraní" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kuatia" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%B3" title="કાગળ - gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કાગળ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takarda" title="Takarda - haussa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Takarda" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="haussa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%B9%B3%CC%81" title="Chṳ́ - xinès hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chṳ́" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="xinès hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8" title="נייר - ebrèu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נייר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebrèu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC" title="काग़ज़ - Indi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="काग़ज़" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Indi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaagaj" title="Kaagaj - hindi de Fiji" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Kaagaj" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="hindi de Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papir" title="Papir - croat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Papir" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papye" title="Papye - crioll d’Haití" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Papye" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="crioll d’Haití" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pap%C3%ADr" title="Papír - ongrés" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Papír" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ongrés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B2%D5%A9_(%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9)" title="Թուղթ (նյութ) - armèni" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թուղթ (նյութ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armèni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiro" title="Papiro - interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Papiro" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kertas" title="Kertas - indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kertas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papere" title="Papere - interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Papere" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papel" title="Papel - ilocano" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Papel" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papero" title="Papero - ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Papero" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papp%C3%ADr" title="Pappír - islandés" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Pappír" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carta" title="Carta - italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Carta" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%99" title="紙 - japonés" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="紙" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dluwang" title="Dluwang - javanés" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Dluwang" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ქაღალდი - georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქაღალდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qa%C7%B5az" title="Qaǵaz - karakalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Qaǵaz" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="karakalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iferki" title="Iferki - cabil" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Iferki" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="cabil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takaya%C9%A3_hay%CA%8A%CA%8A" title="Takayaɣ hayʊʊ - Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Takayaɣ hayʊʊ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Қағаз - cazac" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қағаз" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="cazac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%8A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F" title="ក្រដាស - cambojian" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ក្រដាស" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="cambojian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%A6" title="ಕಾಗದ - kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಾಗದ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A2%85%EC%9D%B4" title="종이 - corean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="종이" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="corean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaxez" title="Kaxez - curd" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kaxez" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="curd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper" title="Paper - cornic" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Paper" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="cornic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Кагаз - kirguís" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кагаз" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirguís" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charta" title="Charta - latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Charta" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pabeier" title="Pabeier - luxemborgés" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Pabeier" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemborgés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepier" title="Pepier - limburguès" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Pepier" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pap%C3%AA" title="Papê - lígur" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Papê" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="lígur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palp%C3%A9e" title="Palpée - llombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Palpée" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="llombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%88%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%8D" title="ເຈ້ຍ - laosian" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເຈ້ຍ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laosian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popierius" title="Popierius - lituan" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Popierius" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pap%C4%ABrs" title="Papīrs - leton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Papīrs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="leton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taratasy" title="Taratasy - malgash" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Taratasy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karateh" title="Karateh - minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Karateh" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Хартија - macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хартија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="കടലാസ് - malaiàlam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കടലാസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malaiàlam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Цаас - mongòl" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Цаас" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongòl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%86%EA%AF%A6" title="ꯆꯦ - manipurí" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯆꯦ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manipurí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A6" title="कागद - marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कागद" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kertas" title="Kertas - malai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kertas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karta" title="Karta - maltés" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Karta" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%B9%E1%80%80%E1%80%B0" title="စက္ကူ - birman" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စက္ကူ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%B2" title="Конёв - mordovià erza" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Конёв" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="mordovià erza" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iztac_amatl" title="Iztac amatl - Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Iztac amatl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papeer" title="Papeer - baix alemany" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Papeer" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="baix alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papyr" title="Papyr - baix saxó" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Papyr" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="baix saxó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%9C" title="कागज - nepalés" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कागज" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82" title="भ्वं - newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="भ्वं" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate" title="Karate - nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Karate" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="nias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papier" title="Papier - neerlandés" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Papier" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papir" title="Papir - norvegian nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Papir" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegian nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papir" title="Papir - norvegian bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Papir" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegian bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papi" title="Papi - Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Papi" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumuagu" title="Bumuagu - Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Bumuagu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waraqaa" title="Waraqaa - oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Waraqaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%9C" title="କାଗଜ - oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କାଗଜ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC" title="ਕਾਗ਼ਜ਼ - punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਾਗ਼ਜ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papier" title="Papier - alemany palatí" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Papier" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="alemany palatí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papier" title="Papier - polonés" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Papier" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pap%C3%A9" title="Papé - piemontès" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Papé" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemontès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%BA%D8%B0" title="کاغذ - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کاغذ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%DA%A9%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%BC%D9%87" title="ليکپاڼه - pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ليکپاڼه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papel" title="Papel - portugués" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Papel" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papil" title="Papil - quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Papil" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A2rtie" title="Hârtie - romanés" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hârtie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Бумага - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бумага" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B0%D2%95%D1%8B" title="Кумааҕы - iacut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Кумааҕы" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="iacut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%BD" title="ᱠᱟᱜᱚᱡᱽ - santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱠᱟᱜᱚᱡᱽ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carta" title="Carta - sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Carta" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper" title="Paper - escossés" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Paper" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="escossés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D8%A7%D8%BA%D8%B0" title="ڪاغذ - sindi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪاغذ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papir" title="Papir - serbocroat" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Papir" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbocroat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%A9%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92" title="කඩදාසි - singalès" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කඩදාසි" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper" title="Paper - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Paper" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papier" title="Papier - eslovac" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Papier" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papir" title="Papir - eslovèn" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Papir" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="eslovèn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakanhi" title="Shakanhi - shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Shakanhi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warqad" title="Warqad - somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Warqad" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letra" title="Letra - albanés" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Letra" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Папир - serbi" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Папир" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kertas" title="Kertas - sondanès" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kertas" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sondanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papper" title="Papper - suedés" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Papper" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karatasi" title="Karatasi - swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Karatasi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papj%C5%AFr" title="Papjůr - silesià" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Papjůr" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="silesià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/tatipeluk" title="tatipeluk - Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="tatipeluk" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="காகிதம் - tamol" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="காகிதம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%82" title="కాగితం - telogó" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కాగితం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telogó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%BE%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Қоғаз - tajic" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Қоғаз" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tajic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9" title="กระดาษ - tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กระดาษ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papel" title="Papel - tagal" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Papel" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A2%C4%9F%C4%B1t" title="Kâğıt - turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kâğıt" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%99%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8C" title="Кәгазь - tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кәгазь" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Кагаз - udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Кагаз" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%80" title="Папір - ucrainés" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Папір" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucrainés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%BA%D8%B0" title="کاغذ - ordó" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کاغذ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ordó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qog%CA%BBoz" title="Qogʻoz - ozbèc" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qogʻoz" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ozbèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carta" title="Carta - vènet" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Carta" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="vènet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumag" title="Bumag - vepse" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Bumag" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="vepse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%E1%BA%A5y" title="Giấy - vietnamian" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giấy" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pap%C3%AE" title="Papî - való" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Papî" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="való" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papel" title="Papel - waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Papel" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%B8" title="纸 - xinès wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="纸" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="xinès wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ქაღარდი - mingrelià" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ქაღარდი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrelià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8" title="פאפיר - yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פאפיר" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper" title="Paper - yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Paper" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceij" title="Ceij - zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Ceij" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%B8" title="纸 - chinés" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="纸" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%B3a" title="Chóa - xinès min del sud" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chóa" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="xinès min del sud" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%99" title="紙 - cantonés" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="紙" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11472#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modificar los ligams interlenga" class="wbc-editpage">Modificar los ligams</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espacis de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Papi%C3%A8r" title="Veire l’article [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discutir:Papi%C3%A8r&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Discussion a prepaus d'aquesta pagina (la pagina non existís pas) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Canvia la variant de llengua" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">occitan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Afichatges"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Papi%C3%A8r"><span>Legir</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papi%C3%A8r&veaction=edit" title="Modificar aquela pagina [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificar</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papi%C3%A8r&action=edit" title="Modificar lo còdi font d'aquela pagina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papi%C3%A8r&action=history" title="Los autors e versions precedentas d'aquesta pagina. 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data-file-width="450" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fotografia" title="Fotografia">Fotografia</a> d'un fuelh de papier.</figcaption></figure> <p>Lo <b>papier</b> (var. <b>papèr</b>, <b>papèir</b>, <b>papièr</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) es un materiau fabricat a partir de fibras de <a href="/wiki/Cellul%C3%B2sa" title="Cellulòsa">cellulòsa</a>. Inventat en <a href="/wiki/Republica_Populara_de_China" title="Republica Populara de China">China</a> vèrs lo sègle II avC, se presenta sota la forma de fuelhs fins. Se difusèt lentament vèrs <a href="/wiki/Eur%C3%B2pa" title="Euròpa">Euròpa</a> en remplaçant pauc a pauc leis supòrts d'<a href="/wiki/Escritura" title="Escritura">escritura</a> pus ancians coma lo <a href="/wiki/Papir%C3%BAs" class="mw-redirect" title="Papirús">papirús</a> ò lo <a href="/wiki/Pergamin" title="Pergamin">pergamin</a>. Venguèt predominant a la fin de l'<a href="/wiki/Edat_Mejana" title="Edat Mejana">Edat Mejana</a> e demòra uei un element de basa dins lei domenis de l'<a href="/wiki/Escritura" title="Escritura">escritura</a>, de l'estampatge, dau <a href="/wiki/Dessenh" title="Dessenh">dessenh</a>, de l'embalatge e l'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Igi%C3%A8na&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Igièna (la pagina existís pas)">igièna</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Istòria"><span id="Ist.C3.B2ria"></span>Istòria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papi%C3%A8r&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modificar la seccion : Istòria" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papi%C3%A8r&action=edit&section=1" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Istòria"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="De_l'aparicion_de_l'escritura_a_aquela_dau_papier"><span id="De_l.27aparicion_de_l.27escritura_a_aquela_dau_papier"></span>De l'aparicion de l'escritura a aquela dau papier</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papi%C3%A8r&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modificar la seccion : De l'aparicion de l'escritura a aquela dau papier" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papi%C3%A8r&action=edit&section=2" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: De l'aparicion de l'escritura a aquela dau papier"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'invencion dau papier foguèt pas concomitanta a aquela de l'<a href="/wiki/Escritura" title="Escritura">escritura</a>. D'efiech, durant l'<a href="/wiki/Antiquitat" title="Antiquitat">Antiquitat</a> Auta, leis escrichs foguèron premier conservats sus de supòrts durs e resistents coma de tauletas d'<a href="/wiki/Argiela" class="mw-redirect" title="Argiela">argiela</a>, de tròç d'<a href="/wiki/Esc%C3%B2r%C3%A7a" class="mw-redirect" title="Escòrça">escòrças</a> ò de <a href="/wiki/Muralha" title="Muralha">muralhas</a> de pèira. Pasmens, rapidament, apareguèron de materiaus pus leugiers e pus soples permetent de simplificar lo transpòrt e l'estocatge. Prefigurant lo papier, lei dos principaus son lo <a href="/wiki/Papir%C3%BAs" class="mw-redirect" title="Papirús">papirús</a> e lo <a href="/wiki/Pergamin" title="Pergamin">pergamin</a>. </p><p>Lo premier apareguèt en <a href="/wiki/Egipte" title="Egipte">Egipte</a> vèrs 3 000 avC. Se difusèt pauc a pauc dins tota la region <a href="/wiki/Mar_Mediterran%C3%A8a" title="Mar Mediterranèa">mediterranèa</a>. Es eissit de cambas entremescladas de <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyperus_papyrus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyperus papyrus (la pagina existís pas)">cyperus papyrus</a></i>, una <a href="/wiki/Planta" class="mw-redirect" title="Planta">planta</a> originària de la vau bassa de <a href="/wiki/Nil" title="Nil">Nil</a>. Lo metòde precís de fabricacion es desconegut mai èra probablament constitüit de tres etapas : decopatge de vetas dins la camba, assemblatge dei vetas dins lei sens verticau e orizontau en preséncia d'<a href="/wiki/Aiga" title="Aiga">aiga</a>, secatge de la preparacion. Puei, un vintenau de fuelhs èran empegadas ensems per formar un rotlèu destinat a l'utilizacion. </p><p>Lo <a href="/wiki/Pergamin" title="Pergamin">pergamin</a> es considerat coma una <a href="/wiki/Invencion" class="mw-disambig" title="Invencion">invencion</a> dau sègle II avC. Dins aquò, de pèus animalas foguèron utilizadas coma supòrt d'<a href="/wiki/Escritura" title="Escritura">escritura</a> avans aquela data que correspond subretot a la generalizacion de son usatge dins certanei regions <a href="/wiki/Mar_Mediterran%C3%A8a" title="Mar Mediterranèa">mediterranèas</a>. A respècte d'aquelei preparacions, lo <a href="/wiki/Pergamin" title="Pergamin">pergamin</a> se destria per un procès de fabricacion ben definit e per la possibilitat de copar lei pèus per formar de paginas qu'èran assembladas en rotlèus ò en <a href="/wiki/Cod%C3%A8x" title="Codèx">codèx</a>. Apreciat per sa resisténcia e sa soplesa, s'impausèt coma lo supòrt principau de l'escrich en <a href="/wiki/Eur%C3%B2pa" title="Euròpa">Euròpa</a> a partir dau sègle VII. Pasmens, èra una matèria onerosa<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Cyperus_papyrus6.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fotografia d'un plantum de cyperus papyrus"><img alt="Fotografia d'un plantum de cyperus papyrus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Cyperus_papyrus6.jpg/90px-Cyperus_papyrus6.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Cyperus_papyrus6.jpg/135px-Cyperus_papyrus6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Cyperus_papyrus6.jpg/180px-Cyperus_papyrus6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Fotografia" title="Fotografia">Fotografia</a> d'un plantum de <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyperus_papyrus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyperus papyrus (la pagina existís pas)">cyperus papyrus</a></i> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Rhind_Mathematical_Papyrus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Papirús egipician dau sègle XVI avC."><img alt="Papirús egipician dau sègle XVI avC." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Rhind_Mathematical_Papyrus.jpg/120px-Rhind_Mathematical_Papyrus.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Rhind_Mathematical_Papyrus.jpg/180px-Rhind_Mathematical_Papyrus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Rhind_Mathematical_Papyrus.jpg/240px-Rhind_Mathematical_Papyrus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="449" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Papir%C3%BAs" class="mw-redirect" title="Papirús">Papirús</a> <a href="/wiki/Egipte_antica" class="mw-redirect" title="Egipte antica">egipician</a> dau sègle XVI avC.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Blank_papyrus_paper.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fuelh de papirús modèrne (sègle XXI)"><img alt="Fuelh de papirús modèrne (sègle XXI)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Blank_papyrus_paper.jpg/115px-Blank_papyrus_paper.jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Blank_papyrus_paper.jpg/173px-Blank_papyrus_paper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Blank_papyrus_paper.jpg/231px-Blank_papyrus_paper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1664" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fuelh de <a href="/wiki/Papir%C3%BAs" class="mw-redirect" title="Papirús">papirús</a> modèrne (sègle XXI)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:LJS489-1.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pergamin de l'Antiquitat Tardiva (sègle IV ò V apC)"><img alt="Pergamin de l'Antiquitat Tardiva (sègle IV ò V apC)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/LJS489-1.jpeg/120px-LJS489-1.jpeg" decoding="async" width="120" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/LJS489-1.jpeg/180px-LJS489-1.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/LJS489-1.jpeg/240px-LJS489-1.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1439" data-file-height="1262" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pergamin de l'<a href="/wiki/Antiquitat" title="Antiquitat">Antiquitat</a> Tardiva (sègle IV ò V apC)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Magna_Carta_(British_Library_Cotton_MS_Augustus_II.106).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fotografia de la Magna Carta escricha sus un pergamin dau sègle XIII"><img alt="Fotografia de la Magna Carta escricha sus un pergamin dau sègle XIII" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Magna_Carta_%28British_Library_Cotton_MS_Augustus_II.106%29.jpg/120px-Magna_Carta_%28British_Library_Cotton_MS_Augustus_II.106%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Magna_Carta_%28British_Library_Cotton_MS_Augustus_II.106%29.jpg/180px-Magna_Carta_%28British_Library_Cotton_MS_Augustus_II.106%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Magna_Carta_%28British_Library_Cotton_MS_Augustus_II.106%29.jpg/240px-Magna_Carta_%28British_Library_Cotton_MS_Augustus_II.106%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7200" data-file-height="4800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Fotografia" title="Fotografia">Fotografia</a> de la <i><a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a></i> escricha sus un pergamin dau sègle XIII</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lo_papier_en_China">Lo papier en China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papi%C3%A8r&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modificar la seccion : Lo papier en China" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papi%C3%A8r&action=edit&section=3" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Lo papier en China"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En <a href="/wiki/Republica_Populara_de_China" title="Republica Populara de China">China</a>, lei supòrts iniciaus de l'escrich foguèron probablament d'<a href="/wiki/%C3%92s" title="Òs">òs</a> e de placas de pèira. Puei, se desvolopèt l'usatge de placas de <a href="/wiki/Fusta" title="Fusta">fusta</a> liadas per de cordetas per formar de rotlèus pus aisats de desplaçar e d'aigar. Lo teissut, generalament de <a href="/wiki/Seda" title="Seda">seda</a>, foguèt tanben adoptat mai, coma lo <a href="/wiki/Pergamin" title="Pergamin">pergamin</a> en <a href="/wiki/Eur%C3%B2pa" title="Euròpa">Euròpa</a>, èra un materiau costós. </p><p>Dins aqueu quadre, lo papier apareguèt dins lo corrent dau sègle II avC e aguèt un succès rapid. Èra principalament fach de fibras de <a href="/wiki/Lin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lin">lin</a> e de <a href="/wiki/Bamb%C3%B3" title="Bambó">bambó</a>. L'inclusion d'autrei <a href="/wiki/Fusta" title="Fusta">fustas</a> permetiá de variar la textura e la <a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">color</a>. Pasmens, segon la <a href="/wiki/Legenda" title="Legenda">legenda</a>, la recèpta de fabricacion foguèt fixada per lo <a href="/wiki/Ministre" title="Ministre">ministre</a> <a href="/wiki/Cai_Lun" title="Cai Lun">Cai Lun</a> en <a href="/wiki/105" class="mw-redirect" title="105">105 apC</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. A cha pauc, lo papier venguèt lo supòrt ordinari de l'<a href="/wiki/Escritura" title="Escritura">escritura</a> e foguèt pereu adoptat en <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> (sègle III), en <a href="/wiki/Cor%C3%A8a" title="Corèa">Corèa</a> (sègle IV) e dins l'<a href="/wiki/Archip%C3%A8la" title="Archipèla">archipèla</a> <a href="/wiki/Japon" title="Japon">nipon</a> (sègle V). Au sègle VII, l'aparicion de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xilografia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xilografia (la pagina existís pas)">xilografia</a> permetèt de l'utilizar per estampar pus rapidament de tèxtes. Aquela generalizacion dau papier facilitèt lo cambi dei tèxtes gràcias a l'aparicion dau <a href="/wiki/Libre" title="Libre">libre</a> dins lo corrent dau sègle III. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Fangmatan_paper_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tròç de papier chinés datant de 179 avC"><img alt="Tròç de papier chinés datant de 179 avC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Fangmatan_paper_map.jpg/120px-Fangmatan_paper_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Fangmatan_paper_map.jpg/180px-Fangmatan_paper_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Fangmatan_paper_map.jpg/240px-Fangmatan_paper_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="609" data-file-height="489" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tròç de papier chinés datant de <a href="/wiki/-179" class="mw-redirect" title="-179">179 avC</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Paperbook%2B256.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fotografia d'un libre escrich en 256 apC"><img alt="Fotografia d'un libre escrich en 256 apC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Paperbook%2B256.jpg/93px-Paperbook%2B256.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Paperbook%2B256.jpg/140px-Paperbook%2B256.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Paperbook%2B256.jpg/187px-Paperbook%2B256.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="1751" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Fotografia" title="Fotografia">Fotografia</a> d'un libre escrich en <a href="/wiki/256" class="mw-redirect" title="256">256 apC</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Jingangjing.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fotografia d'un libre estampat en 868."><img alt="Fotografia d'un libre estampat en 868." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Jingangjing.jpg/120px-Jingangjing.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Jingangjing.jpg/180px-Jingangjing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Jingangjing.jpg/240px-Jingangjing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4917" data-file-height="3438" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Fotografia" title="Fotografia">Fotografia</a> d'un libre estampat en <a href="/wiki/868" class="mw-redirect" title="868">868</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="La_difusion_dins_lo_mond_musulman">La difusion dins lo mond musulman</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papi%C3%A8r&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modificar la seccion : La difusion dins lo mond musulman" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papi%C3%A8r&action=edit&section=4" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: La difusion dins lo mond musulman"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Au <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A8gle_VIII" title="Sègle VIII">sègle VIII</a>, l'utilizacion dau papier se desvolopèt en <a href="/wiki/Asia_Centrala" title="Asia Centrala">Asia Centrala</a> mai son origina es pauc clara. Segon l'<a href="/wiki/Ipot%C3%A8si" title="Ipotèsi">ipotèsi</a> pus frequenta, aquò seriá estat entraïnada per la desfacha <a href="/wiki/Republica_Populara_de_China" title="Republica Populara de China">chinesa</a> còntra leis Arabs a la <a href="/wiki/Batalha_de_Talas" title="Batalha de Talas">batalha de Talas</a> (<a href="/wiki/751" class="mw-redirect" title="751">751</a>). D'efiech, entre lei soudats chinés capturats, se serián trobats de papetiers qu'aurián creat un centre de produccion a <a href="/wiki/Samarcanda" title="Samarcanda">Samarcanda</a> e ansin favorizat la difusion dau papier dins lo mond <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">musulman</a>. Pasmens, aqueu racònte es uei fòrça contestat per leis <a href="/wiki/Arqueologia" title="Arqueologia">arqueològs</a> qu'an descubèrt mai d'un tèxte escrich sus un supòrt papier dins la region datant d'epòcas anterioras a la batalha. De mai, lo procès de fabricacion utilizat per lei papetiers de <a href="/wiki/Samarcanda" title="Samarcanda">Samarcanda</a> èra diferent d'aqueu en vigor en <a href="/wiki/RPC" class="mw-redirect" title="RPC">China</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Dins totei lei cas, lo papier se difusèt rapidament dins l'espaci <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">islamic</a> onte remplacèt lo <a href="/wiki/Pergamin" title="Pergamin">pergamin</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. L'existéncia de papetariás es atestada a <a href="/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad">Bagdad</a> en <a href="/wiki/793" class="mw-redirect" title="793">793</a>, au <a href="/wiki/Lo_Caire" title="Lo Caire">Caire</a> en <a href="/wiki/900" class="mw-redirect" title="900">900</a> e en <a href="/wiki/Al_Andal%C3%B3s" title="Al Andalós">Al Andalós</a> en <a href="/wiki/1046" class="mw-redirect" title="1046">1046</a>. Aquò entraïnèt la formacion d'una importanta <a href="/wiki/Industria" class="mw-redirect" title="Industria">industria</a> amb d'especializacions regionalas marcadas. Per exemple, <a href="/wiki/Samarcanda" title="Samarcanda">Samarcanda</a> venguèt lo centre principau per la fabricacion de papiers preciós destinats ai corts princieras. Au contrari, <a href="/wiki/Egipte" title="Egipte">Egipte</a> s'orientèt vèrs de papiers espés pauc apreciats per escriure mai qu'èran utilizats au sègle XI per embalar d'èrbas ò d'<a href="/wiki/Esp%C3%A8cia_(cosina)" title="Espècia (cosina)">espècias</a> sus lei mercats dau <a href="/wiki/Lo_Caire" title="Lo Caire">Caire</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:5th_or_6th_century_Weber_Manuscript_1,_Nepalese_Paper,_early_NW_Gupta_script,_Sanskrit.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tròç de papier fabricat au sègle V ò au sègle VI en Nepal"><img alt="Tròç de papier fabricat au sègle V ò au sègle VI en Nepal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/5th_or_6th_century_Weber_Manuscript_1%2C_Nepalese_Paper%2C_early_NW_Gupta_script%2C_Sanskrit.jpg/120px-5th_or_6th_century_Weber_Manuscript_1%2C_Nepalese_Paper%2C_early_NW_Gupta_script%2C_Sanskrit.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/5th_or_6th_century_Weber_Manuscript_1%2C_Nepalese_Paper%2C_early_NW_Gupta_script%2C_Sanskrit.jpg/180px-5th_or_6th_century_Weber_Manuscript_1%2C_Nepalese_Paper%2C_early_NW_Gupta_script%2C_Sanskrit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/5th_or_6th_century_Weber_Manuscript_1%2C_Nepalese_Paper%2C_early_NW_Gupta_script%2C_Sanskrit.jpg/240px-5th_or_6th_century_Weber_Manuscript_1%2C_Nepalese_Paper%2C_early_NW_Gupta_script%2C_Sanskrit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1884" data-file-height="732" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tròç de papier fabricat au sègle V ò au sègle VI en <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:5th_or_6th_century_Weber_Manuscript_5,_Central_Asian_Paper,_Central_Asian_Nagari_(Turkestani_Brahmi),_Sanskrit.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tròç de papier fabricat en Asia Centrala au sègle V ò au sègle VI."><img alt="Tròç de papier fabricat en Asia Centrala au sègle V ò au sègle VI." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/5th_or_6th_century_Weber_Manuscript_5%2C_Central_Asian_Paper%2C_Central_Asian_Nagari_%28Turkestani_Brahmi%29%2C_Sanskrit.jpg/120px-5th_or_6th_century_Weber_Manuscript_5%2C_Central_Asian_Paper%2C_Central_Asian_Nagari_%28Turkestani_Brahmi%29%2C_Sanskrit.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/5th_or_6th_century_Weber_Manuscript_5%2C_Central_Asian_Paper%2C_Central_Asian_Nagari_%28Turkestani_Brahmi%29%2C_Sanskrit.jpg/180px-5th_or_6th_century_Weber_Manuscript_5%2C_Central_Asian_Paper%2C_Central_Asian_Nagari_%28Turkestani_Brahmi%29%2C_Sanskrit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/5th_or_6th_century_Weber_Manuscript_5%2C_Central_Asian_Paper%2C_Central_Asian_Nagari_%28Turkestani_Brahmi%29%2C_Sanskrit.jpg/240px-5th_or_6th_century_Weber_Manuscript_5%2C_Central_Asian_Paper%2C_Central_Asian_Nagari_%28Turkestani_Brahmi%29%2C_Sanskrit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2340" data-file-height="1032" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tròç de papier fabricat en <a href="/wiki/Asia_Centrala" title="Asia Centrala">Asia Centrala</a> au sègle V ò au sègle VI.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Page_fragment_from_a_Bible,_Coptic_language,_Egypt,_Islamic_period,_700s_AD_or_later,_paper_-_Oriental_Institute_Museum,_University_of_Chicago_-_DSC07968.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Fotografia d'un tròç de papier fabricat en Egipte au sègle VIII"><img alt="Fotografia d'un tròç de papier fabricat en Egipte au sègle VIII" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Page_fragment_from_a_Bible%2C_Coptic_language%2C_Egypt%2C_Islamic_period%2C_700s_AD_or_later%2C_paper_-_Oriental_Institute_Museum%2C_University_of_Chicago_-_DSC07968.JPG/120px-Page_fragment_from_a_Bible%2C_Coptic_language%2C_Egypt%2C_Islamic_period%2C_700s_AD_or_later%2C_paper_-_Oriental_Institute_Museum%2C_University_of_Chicago_-_DSC07968.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Page_fragment_from_a_Bible%2C_Coptic_language%2C_Egypt%2C_Islamic_period%2C_700s_AD_or_later%2C_paper_-_Oriental_Institute_Museum%2C_University_of_Chicago_-_DSC07968.JPG/180px-Page_fragment_from_a_Bible%2C_Coptic_language%2C_Egypt%2C_Islamic_period%2C_700s_AD_or_later%2C_paper_-_Oriental_Institute_Museum%2C_University_of_Chicago_-_DSC07968.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Page_fragment_from_a_Bible%2C_Coptic_language%2C_Egypt%2C_Islamic_period%2C_700s_AD_or_later%2C_paper_-_Oriental_Institute_Museum%2C_University_of_Chicago_-_DSC07968.JPG/240px-Page_fragment_from_a_Bible%2C_Coptic_language%2C_Egypt%2C_Islamic_period%2C_700s_AD_or_later%2C_paper_-_Oriental_Institute_Museum%2C_University_of_Chicago_-_DSC07968.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3391" data-file-height="3305" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Fotografia" title="Fotografia">Fotografia</a> d'un tròç de papier fabricat en <a href="/wiki/Egipte" title="Egipte">Egipte</a> au sègle VIII</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="La_difusion_en_Euròpa"><span id="La_difusion_en_Eur.C3.B2pa"></span>La difusion en Euròpa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papi%C3%A8r&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modificar la seccion : La difusion en Euròpa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papi%C3%A8r&action=edit&section=5" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: La difusion en Euròpa"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La difusion dau papier dins l'<a href="/wiki/Eur%C3%B2pa" title="Euròpa">Euròpa</a> <a href="/wiki/Cristianisme" title="Cristianisme">crestiana</a> comencèt amb l'aparicion d'una <a href="/wiki/Industria" class="mw-redirect" title="Industria">industria</a> papetiera en <a href="/wiki/Al_Andal%C3%B3s" title="Al Andalós">Al Andalós</a> dins la region de <a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ncia" title="Valéncia">Valéncia</a> vèrs <a href="/wiki/1056" class="mw-redirect" title="1056">1056</a>. De centres de produccion apareguèron pauc a pauc a l'entorn d'aqueu centre a <a href="/wiki/Toledo" title="Toledo">Toledo</a> tre <a href="/wiki/1085" class="mw-redirect" title="1085">1085</a>, en <a href="/wiki/Occit%C3%A0nia" title="Occitània">Occitània</a> vèrs <a href="/wiki/1190" class="mw-redirect" title="1190">1190</a> e a <a href="/wiki/Fabriano" title="Fabriano">Fabriano</a> en <a href="/wiki/It%C3%A0lia" title="Itàlia">Itàlia</a> Centrala en <a href="/wiki/1276" class="mw-redirect" title="1276">1276</a>. Puei, lo movement s'accelerèt amb de papetiers mencionats en <a href="/wiki/Alemanha" title="Alemanha">Alemanha</a> dins leis ans 1320, en <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a" title="França">França</a> en <a href="/wiki/1348" class="mw-redirect" title="1348">1348</a> e en <a href="/wiki/Olanda" title="Olanda">Olanda</a> entre <a href="/wiki/1340" class="mw-redirect" title="1340">1340</a> e <a href="/wiki/1350" class="mw-redirect" title="1350">1350</a>. Tot lo rèsta dau <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continent</a> foguèt agantat avans leis ans 1620. </p><p>Lo centre de <a href="/wiki/Fabriano" title="Fabriano">Fabriano</a> aguèt un ròtle particular durant aqueu periòde en causa de son utilizacion de presoniers arabs per concebre sei procès de produccion. Aquò li permetèt d'aquistar rapidament un important saupre-faire dins lo domeni dau papier preciós entraïnant lo declin dau <a href="/wiki/Pergamin" title="Pergamin">pergamin</a>. Puei, capitèt de melhorar lo principi dau molin de papier, ja conegut dempuei lo sègle XI en <a href="/wiki/Samarcanda" title="Samarcanda">Samarcanda</a>, amb l'introduction d'un sistèma idraulic alternatiu permetent un movement verticau. Aquela innovacion autorizèt lo remplaçament de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%B2la&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mòla (la pagina existís pas)">mòla</a> utilizada per trissar la pelha per de macetas. De progrès importants aguèron tanben luòc en matèria de preparacion de la pelha<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Dins lo corrent dei sègles seguents, la produccion de papier s'industrializèt en <a href="/wiki/Eur%C3%B2pa" title="Euròpa">Euròpa</a> amb la constitucion de centres papetiers capables d'exportar sa produccion a plusors centenaus de <a href="/wiki/Quilom%C3%A8tre" title="Quilomètre">quilomètres</a>. Per exemple, foguèt lo cas d'<a href="/wiki/Aquit%C3%A0nia" class="mw-disambig" title="Aquitània">Aquitània</a> onte leis <a href="/wiki/Prov%C3%ADncias_Unidas" title="Províncias Unidas">Olandés</a> investiguèron de somas importantas. De progrès <a href="/wiki/Tecnologia" title="Tecnologia">tecnics</a> suplementaris permetèron d'aumentar la produccion. Lo pus important es probable lo <a href="/wiki/Cilindre_oland%C3%A9s" title="Cilindre olandés">cilindre olandés</a>, aparegut en <a href="/wiki/1673" class="mw-redirect" title="1673">1673</a>, que remplacèt lei macetas per la fabricacion de papier de <a href="/wiki/Qualitat" title="Qualitat">qualitat</a> bassa. Format d'un cilindre eiriçat de lamas copantas e d'un <a href="/wiki/P%C3%B2st" title="Pòst">pòst</a> garnit de <a href="/wiki/Clav%C3%A8u" class="mw-redirect" title="Clavèu">clavèus</a>, accelerèt considerablament lo tractament de la pelha. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Gutenberg_Bible,_Lenox_Copy,_New_York_Public_Library,_2009._Pic_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fotografia d'una còpia de la Bíblia de Gutenberg (vèrs 1450)"><img alt="Fotografia d'una còpia de la Bíblia de Gutenberg (vèrs 1450)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gutenberg_Bible%2C_Lenox_Copy%2C_New_York_Public_Library%2C_2009._Pic_01.jpg/120px-Gutenberg_Bible%2C_Lenox_Copy%2C_New_York_Public_Library%2C_2009._Pic_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gutenberg_Bible%2C_Lenox_Copy%2C_New_York_Public_Library%2C_2009._Pic_01.jpg/180px-Gutenberg_Bible%2C_Lenox_Copy%2C_New_York_Public_Library%2C_2009._Pic_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gutenberg_Bible%2C_Lenox_Copy%2C_New_York_Public_Library%2C_2009._Pic_01.jpg/240px-Gutenberg_Bible%2C_Lenox_Copy%2C_New_York_Public_Library%2C_2009._Pic_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Fotografia" title="Fotografia">Fotografia</a> d'una còpia de la <a href="/wiki/B%C3%ADblia" title="Bíblia">Bíblia</a> de <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Gutenberg" title="Johannes Gutenberg">Gutenberg</a> (vèrs <a href="/wiki/1450" class="mw-redirect" title="1450">1450</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Veluwse_Papiermolen,_Openluchtmuseum_Arnhem.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fotografia d'un molin destinat a la fabricacion de papier utilizat en 1654"><img alt="Fotografia d'un molin destinat a la fabricacion de papier utilizat en 1654" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Veluwse_Papiermolen%2C_Openluchtmuseum_Arnhem.jpg/120px-Veluwse_Papiermolen%2C_Openluchtmuseum_Arnhem.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Veluwse_Papiermolen%2C_Openluchtmuseum_Arnhem.jpg/180px-Veluwse_Papiermolen%2C_Openluchtmuseum_Arnhem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Veluwse_Papiermolen%2C_Openluchtmuseum_Arnhem.jpg/240px-Veluwse_Papiermolen%2C_Openluchtmuseum_Arnhem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2449" data-file-height="1633" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Fotografia" title="Fotografia">Fotografia</a> d'un molin destinat a la fabricacion de papier utilizat en <a href="/wiki/1654" class="mw-redirect" title="1654">1654</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Pile_hollandaise.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fotografia d'un cilindre olandés (sègle XVII)"><img alt="Fotografia d'un cilindre olandés (sègle XVII)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Pile_hollandaise.jpg/90px-Pile_hollandaise.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Pile_hollandaise.jpg/135px-Pile_hollandaise.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Pile_hollandaise.jpg/180px-Pile_hollandaise.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Fotografia" title="Fotografia">Fotografia</a> d'un <a href="/wiki/Cilindre_oland%C3%A9s" title="Cilindre olandés">cilindre olandés</a> (sègle XVII)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lo_papier_mesoamerican">Lo papier mesoamerican</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papi%C3%A8r&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modificar la seccion : Lo papier mesoamerican" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papi%C3%A8r&action=edit&section=6" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Lo papier mesoamerican"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lo papier foguèt descubèrt d'un biais independent en <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a> a una data encara mau identificada. A l'ora d'ara, lo tròç pus vielh clarament identificat per leis <a href="/wiki/Arqueologia" title="Arqueologia">arqueològs</a> provèn de la segonda mitat dau sègle I apC. Foguèt trobat sus un site de la <a href="/wiki/Cultura_dei_tombas_de_potz" title="Cultura dei tombas de potz">cultura dei tombas de potz</a>, un ensems <a href="/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura">culturau</a> mau conegut de l'Oèst dau <a href="/wiki/Mexic" title="Mexic">Mexic</a> actuau qu'aviá probablament pas de sistèma d'<a href="/wiki/Escritura" title="Escritura">escritura</a>. Pasmens, aquela preséncia pòu s'explicar per l'utilizacion dau papier, en <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a>, dins de ceremònias <a href="/wiki/Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion">religiosas</a> ont èra cremat coma ofrenda ai <a href="/wiki/Dieu" title="Dieu">dieus</a>. L'usatge coma supòrt d'<a href="/wiki/Escritura" title="Escritura">escritura</a> sembla pus tardiu e apareguèt probable dins lei regions <a href="/wiki/Civilizacion_maia" title="Civilizacion maia">maias</a> au sègle V. Coma lei <a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Empèri Roman">Romans</a>, lei Mesoamericans inventèron de <a href="/wiki/Cod%C3%A8x" title="Codèx">codèx</a> per reliar entre elei plusors paginas. </p><p>Dich <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amatl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amatl (la pagina existís pas)">amatl</a></i> en <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">nahuatl</a>, lo papier <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">mesoamerican</a> èra fabricat a partir de la rusca intèrna dau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ficus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ficus (la pagina existís pas)">ficus</a>. Per aquò, aquela darriera èra trempada dins una solucion alcalina (generalament a basa d'<a href="/wiki/Aiga_de_cau%C3%A7" title="Aiga de cauç">aiga de cauç</a>), caufada<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e lavada. Aqueu procès permetiá d'extraire lei fibras de <a href="/wiki/Cellul%C3%B2sa" title="Cellulòsa">cellulòsa</a> qu'èran dispausadas en lei crosant sus una superficia dura e rugosa. Puei, èran batudas per omogeneïzar la preparacion avans secatge. Aquò permetiá de produrre un papier fòrça rugós qu'èra cubèrt d'un jaç d'<a href="/wiki/Amidon" title="Amidon">amidon</a> ò de <a href="/wiki/Cau%C3%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="Cauç">cauç</a> per i permetre l'<a href="/wiki/Escritura" title="Escritura">escritura</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Huex_codex_1a_loc.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fotografia d'un codèx mesoamerican"><img alt="Fotografia d'un codèx mesoamerican" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Huex_codex_1a_loc.jpg/120px-Huex_codex_1a_loc.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Huex_codex_1a_loc.jpg/180px-Huex_codex_1a_loc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Huex_codex_1a_loc.jpg/240px-Huex_codex_1a_loc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="505" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Fotografia" title="Fotografia">Fotografia</a> d'un codèx mesoamerican</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:CeremonialBarkTunicNaBolom.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Tunica de papier utilizada per de ceremònias"><img alt="Tunica de papier utilizada per de ceremònias" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/CeremonialBarkTunicNaBolom.JPG/80px-CeremonialBarkTunicNaBolom.JPG" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/CeremonialBarkTunicNaBolom.JPG/120px-CeremonialBarkTunicNaBolom.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/CeremonialBarkTunicNaBolom.JPG/160px-CeremonialBarkTunicNaBolom.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tunica de papier utilizada per de ceremònias</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="L'industrializacion_de_la_produccion"><span id="L.27industrializacion_de_la_produccion"></span>L'industrializacion de la produccion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papi%C3%A8r&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modificar la seccion : L'industrializacion de la produccion" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papi%C3%A8r&action=edit&section=7" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: L'industrializacion de la produccion"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="L'aparicion_de_la_pasta_de_papier_cellulosica"><span id="L.27aparicion_de_la_pasta_de_papier_cellulosica"></span>L'aparicion de la pasta de papier cellulosica</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papi%C3%A8r&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modificar la seccion : L'aparicion de la pasta de papier cellulosica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papi%C3%A8r&action=edit&section=8" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: L'aparicion de la pasta de papier cellulosica"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'aparicion de l'<a href="/wiki/Estampari%C3%A1" title="Estampariá">estampariá</a> en <a href="/wiki/Eur%C3%B2pa" title="Euròpa">Euròpa</a> au sègle XV i entraïnèt una aumentacion progressiva de la demanda de papier. Per faciar la demanda e protegir sei centres de produccion, leis autoritats adoptèron de reglementacions per limitar ò enebir leis <a href="/wiki/Exportacion" title="Exportacion">exportacions</a> dei matèrias premieras necessàrias a l'industria papetièra (pelha, pega...). Pasmens, lei besonhs contunièron d'aumentar e lo progrès <a href="/wiki/Tecnologia" title="Tecnologia">tecnic</a> agravèt la situacion, especialament a partir de la <a href="/wiki/Revolucion_Industriala" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolucion Industriala">Revolucion Industriala</a>. D'efiech, en <a href="/wiki/1798" class="mw-redirect" title="1798">1798</a>, lo <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a" title="França">Francés</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Nicolas_Robert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Nicolas Robert (la pagina existís pas)">Louis Nicolas Robert</a> (<a href="/wiki/1761" class="mw-redirect" title="1761">1761</a>-<a href="/wiki/1828" class="mw-redirect" title="1828">1828</a>) inventèt la premiera <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maquina_ot%C3%ADs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maquina otís (la pagina existís pas)">maquina otís</a> dedicada a la fabricacion de papier. Lo premier modèl permetiá d'accelerar la produccion d'un factor 10 e foguèt largament perfeccionat e copiat, principalament per lo <a href="/wiki/Reialme_Unit" title="Reialme Unit">Britanic</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Fourdrinier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Fourdrinier (la pagina existís pas)">Henry Fourdrinier</a> (<a href="/wiki/1766" class="mw-redirect" title="1766">1766</a>-<a href="/wiki/1854" class="mw-redirect" title="1854">1854</a>) que donèt son nom a la <a href="/wiki/Maquina" title="Maquina">maquina</a>. Vèrs <a href="/wiki/1850" class="mw-redirect" title="1850">1850</a>, n'aviá 300 au <a href="/wiki/Reialme_Unit" title="Reialme Unit">Reiaume Unit</a>, 250 en <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a" title="França">França</a> e un nombre quasi identic en <a href="/wiki/Alemanha" title="Alemanha">Alemanha</a>. </p><p>Per resòuvre la question dau provesiment en matèrias premieras, una premiera solucion foguèt trobada per <a href="/wiki/Justus_Claproth" title="Justus Claproth">Justus Claproth</a> (<a href="/wiki/1728" class="mw-redirect" title="1728">1728</a>-<a href="/wiki/1805" class="mw-redirect" title="1805">1805</a>) que concebèt un procès permetent de levar la <a href="/wiki/Tencha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tencha">tencha</a> e de reciclar lo papier. Pasmens, la solucion vertadiera venguèt amb la descubèrta de la <a href="/wiki/Cellul%C3%B2sa" title="Cellulòsa">cellulòsa</a> per lo <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a" title="França">Francés</a> <a href="/wiki/Anselme_Payen" title="Anselme Payen">Anselme Payen</a> (<a href="/wiki/1795" class="mw-redirect" title="1795">1795</a> ò <a href="/wiki/1798" class="mw-redirect" title="1798">1798</a> - <a href="/wiki/1871" class="mw-redirect" title="1871">1871</a>) en <a href="/wiki/1834" class="mw-redirect" title="1834">1834</a>. Dins lo corrent deis ans 1840, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Gottlob_Keller" title="Friedrich Gottlob Keller">Friedrich Gottlob Keller</a> (<a href="/wiki/1816" class="mw-redirect" title="1816">1816</a>-<a href="/wiki/1895" class="mw-redirect" title="1895">1895</a>) capitèt de trobar un metòde per utilizar aquela fibra per produrre una <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasta_de_papier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasta de papier (la pagina existís pas)">pasta de papier</a> novèla a basa de <a href="/wiki/Fusta" title="Fusta">fusta</a>. Sospichada tre <a href="/wiki/1719" class="mw-redirect" title="1719">1719</a> per <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9-Antoine_Ferchault_de_R%C3%A9aumur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="René-Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur (la pagina existís pas)">Réaumur</a> (<a href="/wiki/1683" class="mw-redirect" title="1683">1683</a>-<a href="/wiki/1757" class="mw-redirect" title="1757">1757</a>), aquela possibilitat foguèt fòrça estudiat per lei <a href="/wiki/Quimia" title="Quimia">quimistas</a> de la segonda dau sègle XIX que melhorèron la qualitat dei fibras utilizadas e dei pastas. Vèrs <a href="/wiki/1900" class="mw-redirect" title="1900">1900</a>, la pelha èra ansin estada totalement abandonada au profiech de la <a href="/wiki/Fusta" title="Fusta">fusta</a>. </p><p>Demorèron alora doas questions qu'ocupèt l'industria papetiera durant una partida importanta dau sègle XX. La premiera regardèt un fenomèn de destruccion lenta dau papier causat per l'utilizacion d'<a href="/wiki/Alum" title="Alum">alum</a> coma additiu per preparar la pasta. Aguent de proprietats <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acidas</a>, aquela substància degradava lo papier en quauquei decennis. Dins lo corrent deis ans 1930, la crenhença d'una pèrda massisa dei documents escrichs foguèt donc a l'origina de recèrcas sus de papiers sensa aciditat. Plusors metòdes foguèron desvolopats amb la neutralizacion de la pasta coma principi de basa. Per aquò, es necessari siá d'apondre de substàncias basicas per eliminar l'<a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">aciditat</a> (bicarbonat) siá d'utilizar d'additius neutres (<a href="/wiki/Carbonat_de_calci" title="Carbonat de calci">carbonat de calci</a>). En comparason dau papier acid, lo papier alcalin a una durada de vida mejana de 500 ans que pòu agantar 1 000 ans per lei papiers de qualitat superiora. </p><p>Lo segond problema foguèt de contentar la demanda qu'explosèt rapidament amb lo desvolopament de la <a href="/wiki/Premsa" title="Premsa">premsa</a> e de la <a href="/wiki/Literatura" title="Literatura">literatura</a> populara. Per aquò, foguèt necessari de modernizar lei maquinas de Fourdrinier per aumentar sa <a href="/wiki/Velocitat" title="Velocitat">velocitat</a> e sa lesa. Lo principi generau evolucionèt gaire. En revènge, aquò renforcèt mai l'<a href="/wiki/Industria" class="mw-redirect" title="Industria">industrializacion</a> dau sector amb la construccion de <a href="/wiki/Maquina" title="Maquina">maquinas</a> totjorn pus importantas. Per exemple, en <a href="/wiki/1908" class="mw-redirect" title="1908">1908</a>, lo modèl pus poderós aviá una <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lesa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lesa (la pagina existís pas)">lesa</a> de 4,15 m per una velocitat de 165 m/min. Un sègle pus tard, la <a href="/wiki/Velocitat" title="Velocitat">velocitat</a> èra passada a mai de 2 000 m/min per de lesas superioras a 10 m. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Couze-et-Saint-Front_Moulin_Rouzique_machine_forme_ronde_(2).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Maquina de papier francesa dau sègle XIX"><img alt="Maquina de papier francesa dau sègle XIX" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Couze-et-Saint-Front_Moulin_Rouzique_machine_forme_ronde_%282%29.JPG/120px-Couze-et-Saint-Front_Moulin_Rouzique_machine_forme_ronde_%282%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Couze-et-Saint-Front_Moulin_Rouzique_machine_forme_ronde_%282%29.JPG/180px-Couze-et-Saint-Front_Moulin_Rouzique_machine_forme_ronde_%282%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Couze-et-Saint-Front_Moulin_Rouzique_machine_forme_ronde_%282%29.JPG/240px-Couze-et-Saint-Front_Moulin_Rouzique_machine_forme_ronde_%282%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2870" data-file-height="2155" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Maquina de papier <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a" title="França">francesa</a> dau sègle XIX</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Florida_Pulp_and_Paper_Company_mill,_Cantonment,_Florida.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fotografia d'un molin de papier de 1947"><img alt="Fotografia d'un molin de papier de 1947" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Florida_Pulp_and_Paper_Company_mill%2C_Cantonment%2C_Florida.jpg/120px-Florida_Pulp_and_Paper_Company_mill%2C_Cantonment%2C_Florida.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Florida_Pulp_and_Paper_Company_mill%2C_Cantonment%2C_Florida.jpg/180px-Florida_Pulp_and_Paper_Company_mill%2C_Cantonment%2C_Florida.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Florida_Pulp_and_Paper_Company_mill%2C_Cantonment%2C_Florida.jpg/240px-Florida_Pulp_and_Paper_Company_mill%2C_Cantonment%2C_Florida.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="465" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Fotografia" title="Fotografia">Fotografia</a> d'un molin de papier de <a href="/wiki/1947" class="mw-redirect" title="1947">1947</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Papermaking_machine_at_a_paper_mill_near_Pensacola.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fotografia d'una maquina de Fourdrinier utilizada dins leis ans 1950"><img alt="Fotografia d'una maquina de Fourdrinier utilizada dins leis ans 1950" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Papermaking_machine_at_a_paper_mill_near_Pensacola.jpg/120px-Papermaking_machine_at_a_paper_mill_near_Pensacola.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Papermaking_machine_at_a_paper_mill_near_Pensacola.jpg/180px-Papermaking_machine_at_a_paper_mill_near_Pensacola.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Papermaking_machine_at_a_paper_mill_near_Pensacola.jpg/240px-Papermaking_machine_at_a_paper_mill_near_Pensacola.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="468" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Fotografia" title="Fotografia">Fotografia</a> d'una maquina de Fourdrinier utilizada dins leis ans 1950</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Book_suffering_from_slow_fire.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fotografia d'un libre deis ans 1920 que son papier es en cors de desintegracion en causa de son aciditat"><img alt="Fotografia d'un libre deis ans 1920 que son papier es en cors de desintegracion en causa de son aciditat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Book_suffering_from_slow_fire.jpg/120px-Book_suffering_from_slow_fire.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Book_suffering_from_slow_fire.jpg/180px-Book_suffering_from_slow_fire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Book_suffering_from_slow_fire.jpg/240px-Book_suffering_from_slow_fire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3672" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Fotografia" title="Fotografia">Fotografia</a> d'un libre deis ans 1920 que son papier es en cors de desintegracion en causa de son <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">aciditat</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Blank_book_on_a_table.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Papier blanc modèrne (ans 2010)"><img alt="Papier blanc modèrne (ans 2010)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Blank_book_on_a_table.jpg/120px-Blank_book_on_a_table.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Blank_book_on_a_table.jpg/180px-Blank_book_on_a_table.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Blank_book_on_a_table.jpg/240px-Blank_book_on_a_table.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Papier blanc modèrne (ans 2010)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="L'invencion_dau_carton"><span id="L.27invencion_dau_carton"></span>L'invencion dau carton</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papi%C3%A8r&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modificar la seccion : L'invencion dau carton" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papi%C3%A8r&action=edit&section=9" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: L'invencion dau carton"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe">Article detalhat: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carton (la pagina existís pas)">Carton</a>.</div> <p>L'invencion dau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carton (la pagina existís pas)">carton</a> es tradicionalament atribuïda a un estudiant de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9-Antoine_Ferchault_de_R%C3%A9aumur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="René-Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur (la pagina existís pas)">Réaumur</a> que l'auriá imaginat per fabricar de <a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%B2c_de_cartas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jòc de cartas (la pagina existís pas)">jòcs de cartas</a> e de plats. Foguèt probablament inventat ulteriorament dins d'autrei regions d'un biais independent. Son usatge se genaralizèt dins lo corrent de la segonda dau mitat dau sègle XIX amb la <a href="/wiki/Revolucion_Industriala" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolucion Industriala">Revolucion Industriala</a>. Una premiera etapa importanta aguèt luòc en <a href="/wiki/1850" class="mw-redirect" title="1850">1850</a> amb la mesa en servici de la premiera <a href="/wiki/Maquina" title="Maquina">maquina</a> permetent de produrre un <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carton (la pagina existís pas)">carton</a> de mai d'un jaç. Puei, en <a href="/wiki/1871" class="mw-redirect" title="1871">1871</a>, foguèt inventat lo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carton_ondejat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carton ondejat (la pagina existís pas)">carton ondejat</a> que son usatge se difusèt largament durant la <a href="/wiki/Premiera_Gu%C3%A8rra_Mondiala" class="mw-redirect" title="Premiera Guèrra Mondiala">Premiera Guèrra Mondiala</a> (<a href="/wiki/1914" class="mw-redirect" title="1914">1914</a>-<a href="/wiki/1918" class="mw-redirect" title="1918">1918</a>). Uei, es lo materiau de basa per lo transpòrt d'objèctes de talha mejana. </p><p>En mai dau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carton_ondejat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carton ondejat (la pagina existís pas)">carton ondejat</a>, existís mai d'un autre tipe de carton. Lei pus frequents son : </p> <ul><li>lo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carton_alveolar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carton alveolar (la pagina existís pas)">carton alveolar</a> que se caracteriza per una absorpcion dei tuerts fòrça importanta. Aquò li conferís una resisténcia fòrça importanta ai constrenchas fisicas qu'es identica a aquela de la <a href="/wiki/Fusta" title="Fusta">fusta</a> per un pes sèt còps pus feble.</li> <li>lo carton gris qu'es un materiau de 1 a 3 mm d'espessor qu'es sovent eissit dau reciclatge. Es sovent utilizat per lei reliaduras.</li> <li>lo carton fusta qu'es un materiau fòrça rigid que son espessor varia de 0,75 a 4 mm. Son aplicacion pus coneguda es la realizacion de maquetas en <a href="/wiki/Arquitectura" title="Arquitectura">arquitectura</a>.</li> <li>lo carton laminat qu'es un carton fin rigid qu'es, per exemple, utilizat per fabricar lei <a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%B2c_de_cartas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jòc de cartas (la pagina existís pas)">jòcs de cartas</a>.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Corrugated_Cardboard.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Tròç de carton modèrne (ans 2000)"><img alt="Tròç de carton modèrne (ans 2000)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Corrugated_Cardboard.JPG/120px-Corrugated_Cardboard.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Corrugated_Cardboard.JPG/180px-Corrugated_Cardboard.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Corrugated_Cardboard.JPG/240px-Corrugated_Cardboard.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tròç de carton modèrne (ans 2000)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Archief_Kruisherenklooster_Maastricht_(RHCL)-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Caissas de carton utilizadas per archivar de documents"><img alt="Caissas de carton utilizadas per archivar de documents" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Archief_Kruisherenklooster_Maastricht_%28RHCL%29-2.jpg/120px-Archief_Kruisherenklooster_Maastricht_%28RHCL%29-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Archief_Kruisherenklooster_Maastricht_%28RHCL%29-2.jpg/180px-Archief_Kruisherenklooster_Maastricht_%28RHCL%29-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Archief_Kruisherenklooster_Maastricht_%28RHCL%29-2.jpg/240px-Archief_Kruisherenklooster_Maastricht_%28RHCL%29-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2802" data-file-height="1871" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Caissas de carton utilizadas per archivar de documents</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fabricacion">Fabricacion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papi%C3%A8r&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modificar la seccion : Fabricacion" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papi%C3%A8r&action=edit&section=10" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Fabricacion"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Principis_generaus">Principis generaus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papi%C3%A8r&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modificar la seccion : Principis generaus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papi%C3%A8r&action=edit&section=11" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Principis generaus"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fabricacion_de_la_pasta_de_papier">Fabricacion de la pasta de papier</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papi%C3%A8r&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modificar la seccion : Fabricacion de la pasta de papier" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papi%C3%A8r&action=edit&section=12" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Fabricacion de la pasta de papier"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe">Article detalhat: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasta_de_papier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasta de papier (la pagina existís pas)">Pasta de papier</a>.</div> <p>La <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasta_de_papier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasta de papier (la pagina existís pas)">pasta de papier</a> es lo materiau de basa de la fabricacion dau papier. Uei, es principalement producha a partir de <a href="/wiki/Fusta" title="Fusta">fusta</a> mai tot materiau contenent de fibras de <a href="/wiki/Cellul%C3%B2sa" title="Cellulòsa">cellulòsa</a> pòu èsser utilizat. <a href="/wiki/Ist%C3%B2ria" title="Istòria">Istoricament</a>, serviguèron donc de matèrias premieras de <a href="/wiki/Teissut" class="mw-disambig" title="Teissut">teissuts</a> d'origina vegetala (<a href="/wiki/Coton" title="Coton">coton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lin">lin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canebe" class="mw-redirect" title="Canebe">canebe</a>...), de vegetaus lignocellulosics (<a href="/wiki/Lin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lin">lin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canebe" class="mw-redirect" title="Canebe">canebe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cana_de_sucre" title="Cana de sucre">cana de sucre</a>...), de papiers gausits ò de cròtas d'<a href="/wiki/Erbiv%C3%B2r" title="Erbivòr">erbivòrs</a> <a href="/wiki/Domesticacion" title="Domesticacion">domestics</a>. </p><p>La premiera etapa de la fabricacion de la pasta consistís a facilitar la liberacion de la <a href="/wiki/Cellul%C3%B2sa" title="Cellulòsa">cellulòsa</a> en destructurant la matèria en preséncia d'<a href="/wiki/Aiga" title="Aiga">aiga</a>. La <a href="/wiki/Fusta" title="Fusta">fusta</a> es ansin deruscada, trissada e raspada, la pelha es estraçada e desfilfrada e lo papier es trissat avans d'èsser mesclat amb d'<a href="/wiki/Aiga" title="Aiga">aiga</a>. Puei, la mescla obtenguda a la sortida d'aqueleis operacions dèu èsser filtrada e omogeneïzada. Per aquò, es necessari de la passar dins de banhs onte pòu subir de tractaments complementaris. Aquò es fòrça important dins lo cas de la pasta de <a href="/wiki/Fusta" title="Fusta">fusta</a> que contèn d'impuretats (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lignina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lignina (la pagina existís pas)">lignina</a>...) que pòdon s'eliminar amb un apondon de bisulfat (subretot utilizat per lei <a href="/wiki/Conif%C3%A8r" class="mw-redirect" title="Conifèr">conifèrs</a>) ò de sulfat. Es tanben possible de realizar una operacion de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Blanquiment_(papier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blanquiment (papier) (la pagina existís pas)">blanquiment</a> gràcias a d'agents oxidants (<a href="/wiki/Peroxid" title="Peroxid">peroxids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%B2r" title="Clòr">clòr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxig%C3%A8n" title="Oxigèn">oxigèn</a>...) ò de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fongicida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fongicida (la pagina existís pas)">fongicidas</a> per conservar la pasta pus lòngtemps. </p><p>Lei quantitats d'<a href="/wiki/Aiga" title="Aiga">aiga</a> pura requistas per la preparacion de la pasta son fòrça importantas (51 L per 500 fuelhs de papier produch a partir de <a href="/wiki/Fusta" title="Fusta">fusta</a> e 130 L dins lo cas de fuelhs reciclats<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). La consumacion d'<a href="/wiki/Energia" title="Energia">energia</a> es tanben una question de considerar dins l'implantacion de l'<a href="/wiki/Usina" title="Usina">usina</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Produccion_dei_fuelhs">Produccion dei fuelhs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papi%C3%A8r&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Modificar la seccion : Produccion dei fuelhs" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papi%C3%A8r&action=edit&section=13" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Produccion dei fuelhs"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Maugrat la modernizacion dei metòdes de produccion, la fabricacion dei fuelhs seguís lei tres meteisseis etapas dempuei l'invencion dau papier. Premier, es necessari d'injectar la pasta dins una forma onte va pèrdre una partida importanta de son <a href="/wiki/Aiga" title="Aiga">aiga</a> per gravitat. Puei, la mescla es preissat per eliminar lo rèsta de l'aiga. Enfin, après secatge, s'obtèn un fuelh que pòu subir de tractaments complementaris segon lei besonhs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tractaments_complementaris">Tractaments complementaris</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papi%C3%A8r&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Modificar la seccion : Tractaments complementaris" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papi%C3%A8r&action=edit&section=14" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Tractaments complementaris"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lei tractaments complementaris son relativament nombrós. Permèton de donar certanei proprietats coma au papier. N'existís dos tipes principaus que son : </p> <ul><li>lo colatge que consistís a metre en plaça un jaç exterior donat sus un fuelh.</li> <li>lo calandratge que permet d'alisar lo papier.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Procès_modèrne"><span id="Proc.C3.A8s_mod.C3.A8rne"></span>Procès modèrne</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papi%C3%A8r&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Modificar la seccion : Procès modèrne" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papi%C3%A8r&action=edit&section=15" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Procès modèrne"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Fourdrinier_paper_machine,_Frogmore_Mills_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1544694.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Fourdrinier_paper_machine%2C_Frogmore_Mills_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1544694.jpg/220px-Fourdrinier_paper_machine%2C_Frogmore_Mills_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1544694.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Fourdrinier_paper_machine%2C_Frogmore_Mills_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1544694.jpg/330px-Fourdrinier_paper_machine%2C_Frogmore_Mills_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1544694.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Fourdrinier_paper_machine%2C_Frogmore_Mills_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1544694.jpg/440px-Fourdrinier_paper_machine%2C_Frogmore_Mills_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1544694.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fotografia" title="Fotografia">Fotografia</a> d'una <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maquina_de_papier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maquina de papier (la pagina existís pas)">maquina de papier</a> modèrna.</figcaption></figure> <p>Lo procès modèrne de fabricacion utiliza la <a href="/wiki/Fusta" title="Fusta">fusta</a> ò lo papier coma <a href="/wiki/Mat%C3%A8ria_premiera" title="Matèria premiera">matèria premiera</a>. La proporcion varia entre lei país mai la part de papier reciclat pòu aisament agantar de valors superioras a 50% dins de regions dotadas d'un sistèma de collecta eficaça. Lo papier es estraçat e plaçat dins de sèrvas emplidas d'<a href="/wiki/Aiga" title="Aiga">aiga</a> per tornar formar una pasta qu'es filtrada. Es possible de levar la <a href="/wiki/Tencha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tencha">tencha</a> mai aquela operacion es pas sistematica. De son caire, la <a href="/wiki/Fusta" title="Fusta">fusta</a> es plaçada dins un desfibraire. Aquò es una <a href="/wiki/Maquina" title="Maquina">maquina</a> verticala que permet de caufar la <a href="/wiki/Fusta" title="Fusta">fusta</a> entre 100 e 175 °C. De produch quimics son aponduts per facilitar la liberacion dei fibras. L'engenh es tanben equipada de cadenas per deruscar la <a href="/wiki/Fusta" title="Fusta">fusta</a> e d'una <a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%B2la&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mòla (la pagina existís pas)">mòla</a> per la trissar. Puei, la matèria ansin tractada tomba dins una sèrva d'<a href="/wiki/Aiga" title="Aiga">aiga</a>. La mescla permet de produrre la pasta qu'es generalament lavada e filtrada avans utilizacion. Un traitement de blanquiment pòu tanben aver luòc amb de <a href="/wiki/Peroxid" title="Peroxid">peroxids</a> ò de compausats clorats dins lei metòdes ancians e de <a href="/wiki/Dioxig%C3%A8n" title="Dioxigèn">dioxigèn</a> dins lei pus recents. </p><p>Lei produchs quimics permèton de donar de proprietats diferentas au papier. Lo bisulfit (acid) es basat sus l'accion dau <a href="/wiki/Dioxid_de_sofre" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioxid de sofre">dioxid de sofre</a> que permet de solubilizar la lignina e leis impuretats dei <a href="/wiki/Conif%C3%A8r" class="mw-redirect" title="Conifèr">conifèrs</a>. Permet de produrre una pasta que sei proprietats son similaras a aquelei dei pastas fabricadas a partir de pelha. Lo sulfat (alcalin) permet de tractar totei lei tipes de <a href="/wiki/Fusta" title="Fusta">fusta</a> ò de <a href="/wiki/Vegetau" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetau">vegetaus</a>. Son agent actiu es la <a href="/wiki/Soda" class="mw-disambig" title="Soda">soda</a>. Entraïna la formacion d'una pasta sorna. Aquela <a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">color</a> demorèt lòngtemps un problema car son blanquiment es pus malaisat d'aqueu de la pasta realizada amb de bisulfits. </p><p>Per l'injeccion dins la maquina de papier, la pasta arriba dins una <a href="/w/index.php?title=Caissa_de_t%C3%A8sta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caissa de tèsta (la pagina existís pas)">caissa de tèsta</a>. Fòrça diluïda (1% de concentracion), passa dins un sistèma de labras que permèton de formar un giscle ben omogenèu sus una taula de formacion compausada d'una tala e de sistèmas d'estorratge. La <a href="/wiki/Gravitat" title="Gravitat">gravitat</a> e la velocitat de la taula (mai de 2 000 m/mn) permèton d'eliminar una importanta partida de l'<a href="/wiki/Aiga" title="Aiga">aiga</a>, çò qu'entraïna la formacion d'un tapís de fibras de mai en mai dens. Aqueu darrier es alora dirigit vèrs de sistèmas d'aspiracion e una pressa que permèton de redurre la proporcion d'<a href="/wiki/Aiga" title="Aiga">aiga</a> a 60%. A la sortida de la pressa, lo fuelh es pron solid per quitar son supòrt de formacion e passar dins lei secadors. L'objectiu es de secar lo papier gràcias a un ensems de cilindres curats caufants. La <a href="/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura">temperatura</a> i es pauc a pauc aumentada fins a 120 °C. Aquò permet de demenir la concentracion d'<a href="/wiki/Aiga" title="Aiga">aiga</a> entre 5 e 10%. </p><p>Lei procès complementaris de tractament se debanan après lo secatge. Lo calandratge necessita solament dos cilindres en rotacion. En revènge, l'apondon d'un jaç suplementari a la superficia dau papier es pus complèx. Demanda d'empegar un jaç constituït de <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigments</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Minerau" title="Minerau">mineraus</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbonat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carbonat (la pagina existís pas)">carbonats</a>...) ò de derivats dau <a href="/wiki/Cauch%C3%B3" title="Cauchó">cauchó</a>. La fabricacion dei preparacions requistas per l'operacion es generalament realizat dins una zòna separada e son aplicacion es realizat dins una <a href="/wiki/Maquina" title="Maquina">maquina</a> dicha pegadera. Enfin, lo papier es condicionat en bobina. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caracterizacion_e_tipologia_dei_papiers">Caracterizacion e tipologia dei papiers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papi%C3%A8r&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Modificar la seccion : Caracterizacion e tipologia dei papiers" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papi%C3%A8r&action=edit&section=16" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Caracterizacion e tipologia dei papiers"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Caracteristicas_principalas">Caracteristicas principalas</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papi%C3%A8r&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Modificar la seccion : Caracteristicas principalas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papi%C3%A8r&action=edit&section=17" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Caracteristicas principalas"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Leis usatges e la <a href="/wiki/Qualitat" title="Qualitat">qualitat</a> dau papier son definits per la mesura de plusors grandors caracteristicas. Entre lei pus importantas, se pòdon citar : </p> <ul><li>l'espessor.</li> <li>lo gramatge.</li> <li>l'umiditat que mesura lo percentatge d'<a href="/wiki/Aiga" title="Aiga">aiga</a> a respècte dau gramatge.</li> <li>la man qu'es lo rapòrt entre l'espessor e lo gramatge.</li> <li>lo lissat Bekk que mesura la durada d'escolament d'un volum d'<a href="/wiki/Aire" title="Aire">aire</a> a la superficia dau papier.</li> <li>la porositat Bekk que mesura lo flux d'aire a travèrs un papier.</li> <li>l'opacitat.</li> <li>la blancor mesurada a 457 nm.</li> <li>la brilhància a 20, 60, 75 e 85°.</li> <li>la rugositat qu'es la talha mejana dei gibas presentas sus lo papier.</li> <li>lo bofant que mesura l'aumentacion d'espessor dau papier dins una piela de fuelhs. Es lo rapòrt entre la mesura de l'espessor d'una piela de cinc fuelhs e lo gramatge.</li> <li>la color (ò tencha).</li> <li>la rigiditat.</li> <li>la longor de rompedura.</li> <li>lo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Module_de_Young&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Module de Young (la pagina existís pas)">module de Young</a>.</li> <li>lo coeficient de friccion a respèct d'un autre materiau (papier, metau, <a href="/wiki/Cauch%C3%B3" title="Cauchó">cauchó</a>...).</li> <li>la coesion dau papier.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tipologia">Tipologia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papi%C3%A8r&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Modificar la seccion : Tipologia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papi%C3%A8r&action=edit&section=18" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Tipologia"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lei tipes diferents de papier actuau se destrian en foncion de son utilizacion. Lo premier es constituït per lei papiers d'usatge grafic que son lei supòrts de la comunicacion, de la <a href="/wiki/Literatura" title="Literatura">literatura</a> e l'informacion. Es probablament la categoria pus coneguda. </p><p>Lo segond gropa lei papiers destinats a l'embalatge. Son concebuts per protegir un ben. N'existís dos sostipes. Lo premier es format per lei <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carton (la pagina existís pas)">cartons</a> que son de papier espés, de còps ondejat, que permèton de crear d'embalatges presentant un bòn compromés entre la resisténcia e lo pes. Lo rèsta es compausat de papier d'embalatge fòrça resistents. Principalalent produch dins lei <a href="/wiki/Lanas" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Lanas">Lanas</a> en <a href="/wiki/Occit%C3%A0nia" title="Occitània">Occitània</a>, lo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Papier_kraft&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Papier kraft (la pagina existís pas)">papier kraft</a> fa partida d'aquel ensems. </p><p>Lo tresen tipe major de papier es aqueu dei papiers d'igièna. Intran dins la fabricacion dau papier teissut ò dei mocadors. Enfin, lo quatren grop recampa totei lei papiers <a href="/wiki/Industria" class="mw-redirect" title="Industria">industriaus</a> ò especiaus. Necessitan generalament de procès de produccion pus avançats e son destinats a d'aplicacions sensiblas ò complèxas (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilhet_de_banca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bilhet de banca (la pagina existís pas)">bilhets de banca</a>, papiers abrasius...). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Utilizacion_e_consumacion">Utilizacion e consumacion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papi%C3%A8r&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Modificar la seccion : Utilizacion e consumacion" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papi%C3%A8r&action=edit&section=19" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Utilizacion e consumacion"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Utilizacions">Utilizacions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papi%C3%A8r&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Modificar la seccion : Utilizacions" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papi%C3%A8r&action=edit&section=20" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Utilizacions"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Leis aplicacions principalas dau papier modèrne correspondon a sa tipologia. Es a dire qu'es principalament utilizat coma supòrt d'<a href="/wiki/Escritura" title="Escritura">escritura</a>, coma produch d'embalatge, coma papier d'igièna ò coma papier especiau. Pasmens, existís d'usatges segondaris dins leis <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">arts</a>. Lei pus frequentas regardan la decoracion onte lo papier pòu èsser adoptat coma ornament murau. Per exemple, es sovent lo cas dins l'<a href="/wiki/Arquitectura" title="Arquitectura">arquitectura</a> tradicionala de <a href="/wiki/Japon" title="Japon">Japon</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Produccion_e_consumacion">Produccion e consumacion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papi%C3%A8r&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Modificar la seccion : Produccion e consumacion" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papi%C3%A8r&action=edit&section=21" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Produccion e consumacion"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La produccion mondiala de papier èra de 399,5 milions de <a href="/wiki/Tona" title="Tona">tonas</a> en <a href="/wiki/2015" class="mw-redirect" title="2015">2015</a>. Aquò es una valor en aumentacion (+10% entre <a href="/wiki/2005" title="2005">2005</a> e <a href="/wiki/2015" class="mw-redirect" title="2015">2015</a>) en causa dau desvolopament dei capacitats de l'<a href="/wiki/Industria" class="mw-redirect" title="Industria">industria</a> papetiera <a href="/wiki/Republica_Populara_de_China" title="Republica Populara de China">chinesa</a> que son passadas de 38 a 105 milions de <a href="/wiki/Tona" title="Tona">tonas</a> durant lo meteis periòde. Lo país es ansin vengut lo premier productor mondiau seguit per leis <a href="/wiki/Estats_Units_d%27America" title="Estats Units d'America">Estats Units d'America</a> (73 milions de tonas), <a href="/wiki/Japon" title="Japon">Japon</a> (26,6 milions de tonas), <a href="/wiki/Alemanha" title="Alemanha">Alemanha</a> (22,6 milions de tonas) e la <a href="/wiki/Cor%C3%A8a_del_Sud" title="Corèa del Sud">Corèa dau Sud</a> (11,5 milions de tonas). Plusors país tenent de <a href="/wiki/Selva" class="mw-redirect" title="Selva">seuvas</a> importantas sus son territòri figuravan tanben en tèsta dau classament (<a href="/wiki/Estat" title="Estat">estats</a> <a href="/wiki/Escandin%C3%A0via" title="Escandinàvia">escandinaus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canad%C3%A0" title="Canadà">Canadà</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil">Brasil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/It%C3%A0lia" title="Itàlia">Itàlia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a" title="França">França</a>...). </p><p>De son caire, la consumacion es egalament en aumentacion. La màger part d'aquela darriera es l'òbra dei país desvolopats, de <a href="/wiki/Republica_Populara_de_China" title="Republica Populara de China">China</a> e dei poissanças emergentas. Pasmens, segon lei tipes de papier, conoís d'evolucions contràrias. Es en baissa per lo papier d'edicion qu'es concurrenciat per lei supòrts <a href="/wiki/Informatica" title="Informatica">informatics</a> e qu'es tocat per lei <a href="/wiki/Politica" title="Politica">politicas</a> de proteccion de l'environament mesas en plaça dins lei companhiás e leis administracions. En revènge, aumenta per lo papier d'igièna, que despend de la <a href="/wiki/Demografia" title="Demografia">demografia</a>, e per leis embalatges que varian en foncion de l'intensitat dei cambis <a href="/wiki/Economia" title="Economia">economics</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impacte_environamentau">Impacte environamentau</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papi%C3%A8r&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Modificar la seccion : Impacte environamentau" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papi%C3%A8r&action=edit&section=22" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Impacte environamentau"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La produccion e la consumacion de papier an un impacte environamentau non negligible. Lo premier regarda sei besonhs de <a href="/wiki/Mat%C3%A8ria_premiera" title="Matèria premiera">matèrias premieras</a>. Aperaquí 40% de la produccion mondiala de <a href="/wiki/Fusta" title="Fusta">fusta</a> es ansin destinat a l'industria papetiera. Lei quantitats d'<a href="/wiki/Aiga" title="Aiga">aiga</a> requistas son tanben fòrça importantas, especialament durant leis etapas de preparacion de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasta_de_papier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasta de papier (la pagina existís pas)">pasta</a>. Fau egalament produrre l'<a href="/wiki/Energia" title="Energia">energia</a> necessàrias au caufatge de la mescla d'<a href="/wiki/Aiga" title="Aiga">aiga</a> e de <a href="/wiki/Fusta" title="Fusta">fusta</a> e a l'alimentacion dei <a href="/wiki/Maquina" title="Maquina">maquinas</a> de produccion. Enfin, aqueleis efiechs negatius sus la biodiversitat son agravats per lei substàncias utilizadas durant lei procès de fabricacion (produchs <a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%B2r" title="Clòr">clorats</a>) e per aquelei contenguts per lo papier e, subretot, la <a href="/wiki/Tencha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tencha">tencha</a> durant sa decomposicion. </p><p>Per faciar aquelei problemas, l'<a href="/wiki/Industria" class="mw-redirect" title="Industria">industria</a> a ja adoptat quauquei mesuras de reduccion de l'impacte de seis activitats. Per exemple, en <a href="/wiki/Eur%C3%B2pa" title="Euròpa">Euròpa</a>, l'utilizacion de certanei produchs de blanquiment es desenant enebida. D'autra part, un nombre important de companhiás an crompat de <a href="/wiki/Selva" class="mw-redirect" title="Selva">seuvas</a> per assegurar sei provesiments e defugir l'usatge de <a href="/wiki/Fusta" title="Fusta">fusta</a> eissida de la <a href="/wiki/Desforestacion" class="mw-redirect" title="Desforestacion">desforestacion</a>. Dins aquò, aquela practica entraïna sovent la creacion de seuvas artificialas que pòdon pas tenir lo ròtle <a href="/wiki/Biologia" title="Biologia">biologic</a> d'una <a href="/wiki/Selva" class="mw-redirect" title="Selva">seuva</a> vertadiera<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Lo desvolopament dau reciclatge es pereu une solucion. Dins aquò, lo papier es pas un materiau que pòu se reciclar infinidament car lei fibras de <a href="/wiki/Cellul%C3%B2sa" title="Cellulòsa">cellulòsa</a> se denaturan pauc a pauc. Ansin, dins lo cas d'un papier d'edicion, una <a href="/wiki/Tona" title="Tona">tona</a> de papier gausit permet pas d'obtenir mai de 900 <a href="/wiki/Quilograma" title="Quilograma">kg</a> de papier reciclat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Liames_intèrnes"><span id="Liames_int.C3.A8rnes"></span>Liames intèrnes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papi%C3%A8r&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Modificar la seccion : Liames intèrnes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papi%C3%A8r&action=edit&section=23" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Liames intèrnes"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carton (la pagina existís pas)">Carton</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellul%C3%B2sa" title="Cellulòsa">Cellulòsa</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filigrana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Filigrana (la pagina existís pas)">Filigrana</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maquina_de_papier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maquina de papier (la pagina existís pas)">Maquina de papier</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papir" title="Papir">Papirús</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasta_de_papier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasta de papier (la pagina existís pas)">Pasta de papier</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papi%C3%A8r&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Modificar la seccion : Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papi%C3%A8r&action=edit&section=24" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Bibliografia"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nòtas_e_referéncias"><span id="N.C3.B2tas_e_refer.C3.A9ncias"></span>Nòtas e referéncias</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papi%C3%A8r&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Modificar la seccion : Nòtas e referéncias" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papi%C3%A8r&action=edit&section=25" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Nòtas e referéncias"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dicod'Òc, Lo Congrès permanent de la lenga occitan, cèrca « papier », consultat lo 4 de març de <a href="/wiki/2020" class="mw-redirect" title="2020">2020</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201001131024/https://locongres.org/fr/applications/dicodoc-fr/dicodoc-recherche?option=com_dicodoc&view=search&Itemid=683&type=fr-oc&q=papier+">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Per exemple, la copia d'una <a href="/wiki/B%C3%ADblia" title="Bíblia">Bíblia</a> complèta necessitava la pèu d'aperaquí 650 <a href="/wiki/Moton" class="mw-redirect" title="Moton">motons</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Se l'existéncia de <a href="/wiki/Cai_Lun" title="Cai Lun">Cai Lun</a> es globalament atestada, son ròtle dins la difusion dau papier es en realitat mau segur. Pasmens, lo poder imperiau l'utilizèt coma icòna e <a href="/wiki/Cai_Lun" title="Cai Lun">Cai Lun</a> venguèt una mena de <a href="/wiki/Dieu" title="Dieu">divinitat</a> per lei papetiers.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Quentin Censier, « Empire arabe contre Empire chinois ? La Bataille de Talas (751) », <i>Sur le champ</i>, consultat lo 5 de febrier de 2023, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sPBIk4E73ms">[2]</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pasmens, l'usatge dau <a href="/wiki/Pergamin" title="Pergamin">pergamin</a>, especialament aqueu dau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Velin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Velin (la pagina existís pas)">velin</a>, se mantenguèt per la còpia dei tèxtes <a href="/wiki/Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion">religiós</a> coma l'<a href="/wiki/Alcoran" title="Alcoran">Alcoran</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Foguèron ajudats per l'evolucion de l'industria textila europèa dau periòde qu'abandonèt pauc a pauc la <a href="/wiki/Lana" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Lana">lana</a> au profiech dau <a href="/wiki/Lin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lin">lin</a> e dau <a href="/wiki/Canebe" class="mw-redirect" title="Canebe">canebe</a> que contènon de fibras de <a href="/wiki/Cellul%C3%B2sa" title="Cellulòsa">cellulòsa</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dins lo procès modèrne de fabricacion de l’<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amatl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amatl (la pagina existís pas)">amatl</a></i>, lo caufatge es perseguit fins au bolhiment de l'<a href="/wiki/Aiga" title="Aiga">aiga</a>. Pasmens, lei recèrcas menadas per leis <a href="/wiki/Arqueologia" title="Arqueologia">arqueològs</a> semblan indicar l'utilizacion d'un caufatge mens fòrt durant lo periòde <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">mesoamerican</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Se se considera tota la cadena de produccion, lo papier reciclat a pasmens un impacte environamentau mens important.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">D'efiech, una seuva artificiala es sovent constituïda d'un nombre limitat d'<a href="/wiki/Esp%C3%A8cia_(biologia)" title="Espècia (biologia)">espècias</a> d'<a href="/wiki/Arbre" title="Arbre">aubres</a> especialament selecionnadas. De mai, en certanei cas, es rapidament copada, çò que favoriza l'agotament dei tèrras.</span> </li> </ol>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Recuperada de « <a dir="ltr" href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Papièr&oldid=2423130">https://oc.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Papièr&oldid=2423130</a> »</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Categorias" title="Especial:Categorias">Categorias de la pagina</a> : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:P%C3%A0gines_amb_mides_d%27imatge_que_contenen_px_addicionals" title="Categoria:Pàgines amb mides d'imatge que contenen px addicionals">Pàgines amb mides d'imatge que contenen px addicionals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Article_redigit_en_proven%C3%A7au" title="Categoria:Article redigit en provençau">Article redigit en provençau</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Papi%C3%A8r" title="Categoria:Papièr">Papièr</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Aquela pagina es estada modificada pel darrièr còp lo 17 febrièr de 2024 a 00.46.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright"><span style="white-space: normal"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A8dia:Drech_d%27autor" title="Wikipèdia:Drech d'autor">Drech d'autor</a> : Los tèxtes son disponibles jos <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.fr">licéncia Creative Commons paternitat pertatge a l’identic</a> ; d’autras condicions se pòdon aplicar. 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