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distribution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geographic distribution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>By country</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nigeria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nigeria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Nigeria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nigeria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Niger" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Niger"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Niger</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Niger-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cameroon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cameroon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Cameroon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cameroon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ghana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ghana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>Ghana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ghana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Benin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.5</span> <span>Benin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Togo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Togo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.6</span> <span>Togo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Togo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.7</span> <span>Chad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sudan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sudan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.8</span> <span>Sudan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sudan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Speakers_by_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speakers_by_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Speakers by country</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speakers_by_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Dialects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Dialects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Traditional_dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Traditional dialects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northernmost_dialects_and_loss_of_tonality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northernmost_dialects_and_loss_of_tonality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Northernmost dialects and loss of tonality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northernmost_dialects_and_loss_of_tonality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ghanaian_Hausa_dialect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ghanaian_Hausa_dialect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Ghanaian Hausa dialect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ghanaian_Hausa_dialect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_native_dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_native_dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Other native dialects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_native_dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-native_Hausa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-native_Hausa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Non-native Hausa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-native_Hausa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hausa-based_pidgins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hausa-based_pidgins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Hausa-based pidgins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hausa-based_pidgins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Loan_words" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loan_words"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Loan words</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loan_words-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glottalic_consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glottalic_consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Glottalic consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glottalic_consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Tones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Morphology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Morphology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Nouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Writing systems</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Writing_systems-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Writing systems subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Writing_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Boko_(Latin)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boko_(Latin)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span><i>Boko</i> (Latin)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boko_(Latin)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ajami_(Arabic)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ajami_(Arabic)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span><i>Ajami</i> (Arabic)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ajami_(Arabic)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Other systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oral_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oral_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Oral literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oral_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hausa language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 105 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-105" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">105 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa" title="Hausa – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hausa" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="हौसा भाषा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="हौसा भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الهوسية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الهوسية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_%E1%B8%A5ausa" title="Idioma ḥausa – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma ḥausa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="হাউসা ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হাউসা ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Хаўса (мова) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хаўса (мова)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0_(%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="Хауса (език) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хауса (език)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haousaeg" title="Haousaeg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Haousaeg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haussa" title="Haussa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Haussa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hau%C5%A1tina" title="Hauština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hauština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chihausa" title="Chihausa – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chihausa" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawsa" title="Hawsa – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hawsa" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gb%C9%9Bngb%C9%9Bhili" title="Gbɛngbɛhili – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Gbɛngbɛhili" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa_(Sprache)" title="Hausa (Sprache) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hausa (Sprache)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa_keel" title="Hausa keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hausa keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1_%CE%A7%CE%AC%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Γλώσσα Χάουσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γλώσσα Χάουσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_hausa" title="Idioma hausa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma hausa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C5%ADsa_lingvo" title="Haŭsa lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Haŭsa lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa_(hizkuntza)" title="Hausa (hizkuntza) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hausa (hizkuntza)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%87" title="زبان هوسه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان هوسه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa_bhasa" title="Hausa bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Hausa bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa_m%C3%A1l" title="Hausa mál – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Hausa mál" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haoussa" title="Haoussa – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Haoussa" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausare" title="Hausare – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Hausare" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_H%C3%A1sais" title="An Hásais – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Hásais" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_hausa" title="Lingua hausa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua hausa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%EC%9A%B0%EC%82%AC%EC%96%B4" title="하우사어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="하우사어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshen_Hausa" title="Harshen Hausa – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Harshen Hausa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="हाउसा भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हाउसा भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa_jezik" title="Hausa jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hausa jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa-linguo" title="Hausa-linguo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Hausa-linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/As%E1%BB%A5s%E1%BB%A5_Hausa" title="Asụsụ Hausa – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Asụsụ Hausa" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_a_Hausa" title="Pagsasao a Hausa – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao a Hausa" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Hausa" title="Bahasa Hausa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Hausa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsiHausa" title="IsiHausa – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IsiHausa" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1sa" title="Hása – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hása" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_hausa" title="Lingua hausa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua hausa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%94_(%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%94)" title="האוסה (שפה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האוסה (שפה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awuusa_k%CA%8An%CA%8A%C5%8B" title="Awuusa kʊnʊŋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Awuusa kʊnʊŋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90)" title="ჰაუსა (ენა) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰაუსა (ენა)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igihawusa" title="Igihawusa – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Igihawusa" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kihausa" title="Kihausa – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kihausa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0_(%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2)" title="Хауса (кыв) – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Хауса (кыв)" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%AE%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B2" title="ພາສາເຮົາຊາ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພາສາເຮົາຊາ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Haussana" title="Lingua Haussana – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Haussana" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausu_valoda" title="Hausu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hausu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haus%C5%B3_kalba" title="Hausų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hausų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lihausa" title="Lihausa – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Lihausa" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa_(lingua)" title="Hausa (lingua) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Hausa (lingua)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0_(%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="Хауса (јазик) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хауса (јазик)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_haosa" title="Fiteny haosa – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny haosa" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%97%E0%B4%B8_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="ഹൗസ ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹൗസ ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="हौसा भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हौसा भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90)" title="ჰაუსა (ნინა) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჰაუსა (ნინა)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%87" title="الهوسيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الهوسيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B3" title="هوس – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="هوس" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Hausa" title="Bahasa Hausa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Hausa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa_langwej" title="Hausa langwej – Nigerian Pidgin" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Hausa langwej" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="Nigerian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Naijá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa_(taal)" title="Hausa (taal) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hausa (taal)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="हाउसा भाषा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हाउसा भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="हौसा भाषा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="हौसा भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B5%E8%AA%9E" title="ハウサ語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハウサ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa" title="Hausa – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Hausa" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa" title="Hausa – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hausa" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa" title="Hausa – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hausa" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauss%C3%A0_(lenga)" title="Haussà (lenga) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Haussà (lenga)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawussaa" title="Hawussaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Hawussaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xausa_(til)" title="Xausa (til) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xausa (til)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A4%D8%B3%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="ہاؤسا بولی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہاؤسا بولی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa" title="Hausa – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Hausa" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="هاوسا ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هاوسا ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_Hausa" title="Lenga Hausa – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga Hausa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_hausa" title="Język hausa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język hausa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_hau%C3%A7%C3%A1" title="Língua hauçá – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua hauçá" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_hausa" title="Limba hausa – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba hausa" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawsa_simi" title="Hawsa simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Hawsa simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0_(%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA)" title="Хауса (язык) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хауса (язык)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A3%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱦᱟᱣᱥᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱦᱟᱣᱥᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_Hausa" title="Gjuha Hausa – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha Hausa" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hausa language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hau%C5%A1tina" title="Hauština – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hauština" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Af-Hawsa" title="Af-Hawsa – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Af-Hawsa" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%BE%DB%95%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%95" title="زمانی ھەوسە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی ھەوسە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0_(%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="Хауса (језик) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хауса (језик)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa_jezik" title="Hausa jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hausa jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausan_kieli" title="Hausan kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hausan kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa" title="Hausa – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hausa" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Hausa" title="Wikang Hausa – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Hausa" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B9%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="ஹவுசா மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஹவுசா மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Хауса теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Хауса теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Забони хауса – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони хауса" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausaca" title="Hausaca – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hausaca" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kpat_(a%CC%B1lyem)" title="Kpat (a̱lyem) – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Kpat (a̱lyem)" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Хауса (мова) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хауса (мова)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ہوسا زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہوسا زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%DB%8B%D8%B3%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="خاۋسا تىلى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="خاۋسا تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Hausa" title="Tiếng Hausa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Hausa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B1%AA%E8%90%A8%E8%AF%AD" title="豪萨语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="豪萨语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88d%C3%A8_Ha%C3%BAs%C3%A1" title="Èdè Haúsá – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Èdè Haúsá" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B1%AA%E8%96%A9%E6%96%87" title="豪薩文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="豪薩文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausaki" title="Hausaki – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Hausaki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B1%AA%E8%90%A8%E8%AF%AD" title="豪萨语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="豪萨语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-igl mw-list-item"><a href="https://igl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichi_Akechi" title="Ichi Akechi – Igala" lang="igl" hreflang="igl" data-title="Ichi Akechi" data-language-autonym="Igala" data-language-local-name="Igala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Hausa" title="Basa Hausa – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Basa Hausa" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-knc mw-list-item"><a href="https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa" title="Hausa – Central Kanuri" lang="knc" hreflang="knc" data-title="Hausa" data-language-autonym="Yerwa Kanuri" data-language-local-name="Central Kanuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yerwa Kanuri</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q56475#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Hausa+language%22">"Hausa language"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Hausa+language%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Hausa+language%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Hausa+language%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Hausa+language%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Hausa+language%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #faecc8;">Hausa</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #faecc8;"><span title="Hausa-language text"><span lang="ha-Arab" dir="rtl">هَرْشٜىٰن هَوْسَا</span></span> <span title="Hausa-language text"><i lang="ha-Latn">Harshen</i></span>/<span title="Hausa-language text"><i lang="ha-Latn">Halshen Hausa</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/aʊ/: 'ou' in 'mouth'">aʊ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/a9\/Ha-Hausa4.ogg\/Ha-Hausa4.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"listen"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ha-Hausa4.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a9/Ha-Hausa4.ogg/Ha-Hausa4.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">listen</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Ha-Hausa4.ogg" title="File:Ha-Hausa4.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a><sup id="cite_ref-e28_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e28-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Hausa_people" title="Hausa people">Hausa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Speakers</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">L1</a>: 58 million (2023–2024)<sup id="cite_ref-e28_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e28-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">L2</a>: 36 million (2021–2024)<sup id="cite_ref-e28_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e28-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>Total: 94 million (2023–2024)<sup id="cite_ref-e28_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e28-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afro-Asiatic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Chadic_languages" title="Chadic languages">Chadic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/West_Chadic_languages" title="West Chadic languages">West</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Hausa%E2%80%93Gwandara_languages" title="Hausa–Gwandara languages">Hausa–Gwandara (A.1)</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Hausa</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Boko_alphabet" title="Boko alphabet">Boko alphabet</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hausa_Ajami" title="Hausa Ajami">Hausa Ajami</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Hausa Braille">Hausa Braille</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #faecc8;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/18px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/27px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/35px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">national status</a>)</li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">national status</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised minority<br />language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="vertical-align:middle;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/23px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/35px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/45px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #faecc8;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=ha">ha</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=182">hau</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/hau" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:hau">hau</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/haus1257">haus1257</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=19-HAA-b">19-HAA-b</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Hausa_language_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Hausa_language_map.png/250px-Hausa_language_map.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Hausa_language_map.png/375px-Hausa_language_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Hausa_language_map.png/500px-Hausa_language_map.png 2x" data-file-width="3571" data-file-height="4519" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Areas of Niger and Nigeria where Hausa people are based. Hausa tribes are to the north.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Hausa</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/aʊ/: 'ou' in 'mouth'">aʊ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauer2007?_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauer2007?-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Hausa-language text"><i lang="ha">Harshen</i></span>/<span title="Hausa-language text"><i lang="ha">Halshen Hausa</i></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/a9\/Ha-Hausa4.ogg\/Ha-Hausa4.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"listen"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ha-Hausa4.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a9/Ha-Hausa4.ogg/Ha-Hausa4.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">listen</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Ha-Hausa4.ogg" title="File:Ha-Hausa4.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Hausa_Ajami" title="Hausa Ajami">Ajami</a>: <span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ms-Arab" dir="rtl">هَرْشٜىٰن هَوْسَا</span></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Chadic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chadic language">Chadic language</a> spoken primarily by the <a href="/wiki/Hausa_people" title="Hausa people">Hausa people</a> in the northern parts of <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a>, and the southern parts of <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>, with significant minorities in <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a>. A small number of speakers also exist in <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hau_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hau-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hausa is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_language_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Afroasiatic language family">Afroasiatic language family</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is the most widely spoken language within the <a href="/wiki/Chadic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chadic">Chadic</a> branch of that family. Despite originating from a non-tonal language family, Hausa utilizes differences in pitch to distinguish words and grammar. <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> estimated that it was spoken as a first language by some 54 million people and as a <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">second language</a> by another 34 million, bringing the total number of Hausa speakers to an estimated 88 million.<sup id="cite_ref-e27_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e27-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Nigeria, the Hausa film industry is known as <a href="/wiki/Kannywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannywood">Kannywood</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hausa_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic languages</a></div> <p>Hausa belongs to the <a href="/wiki/West_Chadic_languages" title="West Chadic languages">West Chadic languages</a> subgroup of the <a href="/wiki/Chadic_languages" title="Chadic languages">Chadic languages</a> group, which in turn is part of the <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic language</a> family.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hausa_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geographic distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nigeria_linguistic_1979.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Nigeria_linguistic_1979.jpg/200px-Nigeria_linguistic_1979.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Nigeria_linguistic_1979.jpg/300px-Nigeria_linguistic_1979.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Nigeria_linguistic_1979.jpg/400px-Nigeria_linguistic_1979.jpg 2x" data-file-width="846" data-file-height="705" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Nigeria" title="Languages of Nigeria">linguistic groups of Nigeria</a> in 1979</figcaption></figure> <p>Native speakers of Hausa, the <a href="/wiki/Hausa_people" title="Hausa people">Hausa people</a>, are mostly found in southern <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> and northern <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The language is used as a <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> by non-native speakers in most of northern <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, southern <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a>, southern <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_country">By country</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hausa_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: By country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Hausa_language" title="Special:EditPage/Hausa language">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Hausa+language%22">"Hausa language"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Hausa+language%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Hausa+language%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Hausa+language%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Hausa+language%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Hausa+language%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nigeria">Nigeria</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hausa_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Nigeria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Nigeria, Hausa is dominant throughout the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Nigeria">north</a>, but not dominant in the states of <a href="/wiki/Kwara" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwara">Kwara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kogi_State" title="Kogi State">Kogi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benue_State" title="Benue State">Benue</a>. States (or cities) in which Hausa is spoken predominantly include <a href="/wiki/Kano,_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kano, Nigeria">Kano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaduna" title="Kaduna">Kaduna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katsina" class="mw-redirect" title="Katsina">Katsina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daura" title="Daura">Daura</a>, Gobir, <a href="/wiki/Zaria" title="Zaria">Zaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sokoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Sokoto">Sokoto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birnin_Kebbi" title="Birnin Kebbi">Birnin Kebbi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gusau" title="Gusau">Gusau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutse" title="Dutse">Dutse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hadejia" title="Hadejia">Hadejia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bauchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bauchi">Bauchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Misau" title="Misau">Misau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zamfara_State" title="Zamfara State">Zamfara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gombe" class="mw-disambig" title="Gombe">Gombe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nafada" title="Nafada">Nafada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maiduguri" title="Maiduguri">Maiduguri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yobe" class="mw-redirect" title="Yobe">Yobe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yola,_Nigeria" title="Yola, Nigeria">Yola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jalingo" title="Jalingo">Jalingo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos" title="Jos">Jos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lafia" title="Lafia">Lafia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nasarawa_State" title="Nasarawa State">Nasarawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minna" title="Minna">Minna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kontagora" title="Kontagora">Kontagora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keffi" title="Keffi">Keffi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abuja" title="Abuja">Abuja</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Niger">Niger</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hausa_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Niger"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Niger, Hausa is spoken by up to 53% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is very popular in the cities of <a href="/wiki/Maradi,_Niger" title="Maradi, Niger">Maradi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diffa" title="Diffa">Diffa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tahoua" title="Tahoua">Tahoua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zinder" title="Zinder">Zinder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tillaberi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tillaberi">Tillaberi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dosso,_Niger" title="Dosso, Niger">Dosso</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Agadez" title="Agadez">Agadez</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cameroon">Cameroon</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hausa_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cameroon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Cameroon, Hausa is spoken in the north, including the cities of <a href="/wiki/Ngaoundere" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngaoundere">Ngaoundere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garoua" title="Garoua">Garoua</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maroua" title="Maroua">Maroua</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ghana">Ghana</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hausa_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ghana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Ghana, Hausa is the lingua franca of the <a href="/wiki/Zongo_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Zongo community">Zongo communities</a> across the country.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Benin">Benin</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hausa_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Benin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Benin, Hausa is spoken in the north. Cities where it is spoken include <a href="/wiki/Parakou" title="Parakou">Parakou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kandi,_Benin" title="Kandi, Benin">Kandi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natitingou" title="Natitingou">Natitingou</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Djougou" title="Djougou">Djougou</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Togo">Togo</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hausa_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Togo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Togo, Hausa is spoken in the north. Cities where it is spoken include <a href="/wiki/Sokode" class="mw-redirect" title="Sokode">Sokode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kara,_Togo" title="Kara, Togo">Kara</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dapaong" title="Dapaong">Dapaong</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chad">Chad</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hausa_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Chad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Chad, Hausa is spoken in the south. Cities where it is spoken include <a href="/wiki/N%27Djamena" title="N'Djamena">N'Djamena</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sudan">Sudan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hausa_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sudan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Sudan, Hausa is spoken in almost all the states of <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazirah,_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Jazirah, Sudan">Jazirah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blue_Nile,_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Nile, Sudan">Blue Nile</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kordofan" title="Kordofan">Kordofan</a>, Darfur States, Gadaref State, Red Sea State, White Nile State, River Nile<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Speakers_by_country">Speakers by country</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hausa_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Speakers by country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hausa is widely used as a lingua franca across much of West Africa and is spoken by people from various ethnic and cultural backgrounds across Northern Nigeria and Niger. It also serves as a lingua franca in other West African countries and mainly serves as a language of intercommunication among some Muslims in the region. Its influence extends far east to Sudan where it is used as a lingua franca among communities in Darfur mostly by the <a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fulani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kanuri_people" title="Kanuri people">Bornu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Hausa speakers, <i>Ethnologue</i> (2025)<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country</th> <th>Hausa speakers (L1+L2)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Nigeria" title="Languages of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></td> <td>67 million </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/18px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/27px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/35px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Niger" title="Languages of Niger">Niger</a></td> <td>22 million </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/40px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/60px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ivory_Coast" title="Languages of Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></td> <td>1.6 million </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/23px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/35px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/45px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Benin" title="Languages of Benin">Benin</a></td> <td>1.2 million </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sudan" title="Languages of Sudan">Sudan</a></td> <td>900,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ghana" title="Languages of Ghana">Ghana</a></td> <td>600,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/40px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/60px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Cameroon" title="Languages of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></td> <td>400,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/40px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/60px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Chad" title="Languages of Chad">Chad</a></td> <td>300,000 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialects">Dialects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hausa_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/WIKITONGUES-_Abubakar_speaking_Hausa.webm/220px--WIKITONGUES-_Abubakar_speaking_Hausa.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="343" data-mwtitle="WIKITONGUES-_Abubakar_speaking_Hausa.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:WIKITONGUES-_Abubakar_speaking_Hausa.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bb/WIKITONGUES-_Abubakar_speaking_Hausa.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Abubakar_speaking_Hausa.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bb/WIKITONGUES-_Abubakar_speaking_Hausa.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Abubakar_speaking_Hausa.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/WIKITONGUES-_Abubakar_speaking_Hausa.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bb/WIKITONGUES-_Abubakar_speaking_Hausa.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Abubakar_speaking_Hausa.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bb/WIKITONGUES-_Abubakar_speaking_Hausa.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Abubakar_speaking_Hausa.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bb/WIKITONGUES-_Abubakar_speaking_Hausa.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Abubakar_speaking_Hausa.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bb/WIKITONGUES-_Abubakar_speaking_Hausa.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Abubakar_speaking_Hausa.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>A spoken sample of modern Hausa</figcaption></figure> <p>Hausa presents a wide uniformity wherever it is spoken.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, linguists have identified dialect areas with a cluster of features characteristic of each one.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_dialects">Traditional dialects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hausa_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Traditional dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Eastern Hausa <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialects</a> include <i>Dauranci</i> in <a href="/wiki/Daura" title="Daura">Daura</a>, <i>Kananci</i> in <a href="/wiki/Kano_(city)" title="Kano (city)">Kano</a>, <i>Bausanci</i> in <a href="/wiki/Bauchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bauchi">Bauchi</a>, <i>Gudduranci</i> in <a href="/wiki/Katagum" title="Katagum">Katagum</a> <a href="/wiki/Misau" title="Misau">Misau</a> and part of <a href="/wiki/Borno_State" title="Borno State">Borno</a>, and <i>Hadejanci</i> in <a href="/wiki/Hadejia" title="Hadejia">Hadejiya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Western Hausa dialects include <i>Sakkwatanci</i> in <a href="/wiki/Sokoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Sokoto">Sokoto</a>, <i>Katsinanci</i> in <a href="/wiki/Katsina" class="mw-redirect" title="Katsina">Katsina</a>, <i>Arewanci</i> in <a href="/wiki/Gobir" title="Gobir">Gobir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adar" title="Adar">Adar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kebbi_State" title="Kebbi State">Kebbi</a>, and Zanhwaranci in <a href="/wiki/Zamfara" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamfara">Zamfara</a>, and <i>Kurhwayanci</i> in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurfey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurfey (page does not exist)">Kurfey</a> in Niger. <a href="/wiki/Katsina" class="mw-redirect" title="Katsina">Katsina</a> is transitional between Eastern and Western dialects. <a href="/wiki/Sokoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Sokoto">Sokoto</a> is used in a variety of classical <a href="/wiki/Hausa_literature" title="Hausa literature">Hausa literature</a>, and is often known as <i>Classical Hausa</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Caron2011_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caron2011-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Northern Hausa dialects include <i><a href="/wiki/Arewa" title="Arewa">Arewa</a></i> (meaning 'North') and <i>Arewaci</i>. </p><p><i>Zazzaganci</i> in <a href="/wiki/Zazzau" title="Zazzau">Zazzau</a> is the major Southern dialect.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Daura (<i>Dauranchi</i>) and Kano (<i>Kananci</i>) dialects are the standard. The <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio_France_Internationale" title="Radio France Internationale">Radio France Internationale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a> offer Hausa services on their international news web sites using Dauranci and Kananci. In recent language development Zazzaganci took over the innovation of writing and speaking the current Hausa language use.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northernmost_dialects_and_loss_of_tonality">Northernmost dialects and loss of tonality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hausa_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Northernmost dialects and loss of tonality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The western to eastern Hausa dialects of <i>Kurhwayanci</i>, Dam<i>agaram</i> and <i>Adarawa</i>, represent the traditional northernmost limit of native Hausa communities.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are spoken in the northernmost <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">sahel</a> and mid-<a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Saharan</a> regions in west and central <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Tillaberi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tillaberi">Tillaberi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tahoua" title="Tahoua">Tahoua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dosso_Region" title="Dosso Region">Dosso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maradi_Region" title="Maradi Region">Maradi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agadez" title="Agadez">Agadez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zinder" title="Zinder">Zinder</a> regions.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While mutually comprehensible with other dialects (especially <i>Sakkwatanci</i>, and to a lesser extent <i>Gaananci</i>), the northernmost dialects have slight grammatical and lexical differences owing to frequent contact with the <a href="/wiki/Zarma_people" title="Zarma people">Zarma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fula</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_people" title="Tuareg people">Tuareg</a> groups and cultural changes owing to the geographical differences between the grassland and desert zones. These dialects also have the quality of bordering on non-tonal <a href="/wiki/Pitch_accent" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitch accent">pitch accent</a> dialects. </p><p>This link between non-tonality and geographic location is not limited to Hausa alone, but is exhibited in other northern dialects of neighbouring languages; example includes differences within the <a href="/wiki/Songhay_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Songhay language">Songhay language</a> (between the non-tonal northernmost dialects of <a href="/wiki/Koyra_Chiini" class="mw-redirect" title="Koyra Chiini">Koyra Chiini</a> in <a href="/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu">Timbuktu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Koyraboro_Senni" title="Koyraboro Senni">Koyraboro Senni</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gao" title="Gao">Gao</a>; and the tonal southern <a href="/wiki/Zarma_language" title="Zarma language">Zarma</a> dialect, spoken from western <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> to northern <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>), and within the <a href="/wiki/Soninke_language" title="Soninke language">Soninke language</a> (between the non-tonal northernmost dialects of <a href="/wiki/Imraguen_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Imraguen language">Imraguen</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nemadi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nemadi (page does not exist)">Nemadi</a> spoken in east-central <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>; and the tonal southern dialects of <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ghanaian_Hausa_dialect">Ghanaian Hausa dialect</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hausa_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ghanaian Hausa dialect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ghanaian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghanaian">Ghanaian</a> Hausa dialect (<i>Gaananci</i>), spoken in <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a>, is a distinct western native Hausa dialect-bloc with adequate linguistic and media resources available. Separate smaller Hausa dialects are spoken by an unknown number of Hausa further west in parts of <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a>, and in the <a href="/wiki/Haoussa_Foulane" title="Haoussa Foulane">Haoussa Foulane</a>, Badji Haoussa, Guezou Haoussa, and <a href="/wiki/Ansongo" title="Ansongo">Ansongo</a> districts of northeastern <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> (where it is designated as a minority language by the Malian government), but there are very little linguistic resources and research done on these particular dialects at this time. </p><p>Gaananci forms a separate group from other Western Hausa dialects, as it now falls outside the contiguous Hausa-dominant area, and is usually identified by the use of <i>c</i> for <i>ky</i>, and <i>j</i> for <i>gy</i>. This is attributed to the fact that Ghana's Hausa population descend from <a href="/wiki/Hausa-Fulani" class="mw-redirect" title="Hausa-Fulani">Hausa-Fulani</a> traders settled in the <a href="/wiki/Zongo_settlements" title="Zongo settlements">zongo</a> districts of major trade-towns up and down the previous <a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti Empire">Asante</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gonja_people" title="Gonja people">Gonja</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dagomba_people" title="Dagomba people">Dagomba</a> kingdoms stretching from the <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">sahel</a> to coastal regions, in particular the cities of <a href="/wiki/Accra" title="Accra">Accra</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sabon_Zango" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabon Zango">Sabon Zango</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nima,_Accra" title="Nima, Accra">Nima</a>), <a href="/wiki/Takoradi" class="mw-redirect" title="Takoradi">Takoradi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Coast" title="Cape Coast">Cape Coast</a> </p><p>Gaananci exhibits noted inflected influences from <a href="/wiki/Zarma_language" title="Zarma language">Zarma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gur_languages" title="Gur languages">Gur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dyula_language" title="Dyula language">Jula</a>-<a href="/wiki/Bambara_language" title="Bambara language">Bambara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akan_language" title="Akan language">Akan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Soninke_language" title="Soninke language">Soninke</a>, as Ghana is the westernmost area in which the Hausa language is a major lingua-franca among sahelian/Muslim West Africans, including both Ghanaian and non-Ghanaian <a href="/wiki/Zongo_settlements" title="Zongo settlements">zango</a> migrants primarily from the northern regions, or <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a>. Ghana also marks the westernmost boundary in which the <a href="/wiki/Hausa_people" title="Hausa people">Hausa people</a> inhabit in any considerable number. Immediately west and north of Ghana (in <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire" class="mw-redirect" title="Côte d'Ivoire">Côte d'Ivoire</a>, and Burkina Faso), Hausa is abruptly replaced with <a href="/wiki/Dioula_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioula language">Dioula</a>–<a href="/wiki/Bambara_language" title="Bambara language">Bambara</a> as the main sahelian/Muslim lingua-franca of what become predominantly <a href="/wiki/Manding_languages" title="Manding languages">Manding</a> areas, and native Hausa-speakers plummet to a very small urban minority. </p><p>Because of this, and the presence of surrounding <a href="/wiki/Central_Tano_languages" title="Central Tano languages">Akan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gbe_languages" title="Gbe languages">Gbe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gur_languages" title="Gur languages">Gur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mande_languages" title="Mande languages">Mande languages</a>, Gaananci was historically isolated from the other Hausa dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this difference, grammatical similarities between <i>Sakkwatanci</i> and Ghanaian Hausa determine that the dialect, and the origin of the Ghanaian Hausa people themselves, are derived from the northwestern Hausa area surrounding Sokoto.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hausa is also widely spoken by non-native <a href="/wiki/Gur_languages" title="Gur languages">Gur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mand%C3%A9_peoples" title="Mandé peoples">Mandé</a> Ghanaian Muslims, but differs from Gaananci, and rather has features consistent with non-native Hausa dialects. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_native_dialects">Other native dialects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hausa_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Other native dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hausa is also spoken in various parts of Cameroon and Chad, which combined the mixed dialects of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Nigeria">Northern Nigeria</a> and Niger. In addition, Arabic has had a great influence in the way Hausa is spoken by the native Hausa speakers in these areas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-native_Hausa">Non-native Hausa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hausa_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Non-native Hausa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>, Hausa's use as a <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> has given rise to a non-native pronunciation that differs vastly from native pronunciation by way of key omissions of <a href="/wiki/Implosive_consonant" title="Implosive consonant">implosive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">ejective</a> consonants present in native Hausa dialects, such as <i>ɗ</i>, <i>ɓ</i> and <i>kʼ/ƙ</i>, which are pronounced by non-native speakers as <i>d</i>, <i>b</i> and <i>k</i> respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This creates confusion among non-native and native Hausa speakers, as non-native pronunciation does not distinguish words like <i><i lang="ha"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/daidai#Hausa" class="extiw" title="wikt:daidai">daidai</a></i></i> ("correct") and <i><i lang="ha"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C9%97ai%C9%97ai#Hausa" class="extiw" title="wikt:ɗaiɗai">ɗaiɗai</a></i></i> ("one-by-one"). Another difference between native and non-native Hausa is the omission of <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">vowel length</a> in words and change in the standard <a href="/wiki/Tonal_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonal languages">tone</a> of native Hausa dialects (ranging from native <a href="/wiki/Fulani" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulani">Fulani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_people" title="Tuareg people">Tuareg</a> Hausa-speakers omitting tone altogether, to Hausa speakers with <a href="/wiki/Gur_languages" title="Gur languages">Gur</a> or <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba</a> <a href="/wiki/Mother_tongue" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother tongue">mother tongues</a> using additional tonal structures similar to those used in their native languages). Use of masculine and feminine <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">gender</a> nouns and sentence structure are usually omitted or interchanged, and many native Hausa nouns and verbs are substituted with non-native terms from local languages. </p><p>Non-native speakers of Hausa numbered more than 25 million and, in some areas, live close to native Hausa. It has replaced many other languages especially in the north-central and north-eastern part of Nigeria and continues to gain popularity in other parts of Africa as a result of Hausa movies and music which spread out throughout the region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hausa-based_pidgins">Hausa-based pidgins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hausa_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Hausa-based pidgins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: tan;">Gibanawa</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Jega,_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Jega, Nigeria">Jega, Nigeria</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><i>None</i><sup id="cite_ref-e25gib_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e25gib-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;">Hausa-based <a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">pidgin</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: tan;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/gib" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:gib">gib</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/giba1240">giba1240</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/4211">Gibanawa</a></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236303919" /> <p><span class="anchor" id="Gibanawa"></span>There are several <a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">pidgin</a> forms of Hausa. <a href="/wiki/Barikanchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Barikanchi">Barikanchi</a> was formerly used in the <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Nigeria">colonial army</a> of Nigeria. Gibanawa is currently in widespread use in <a href="/wiki/Jega,_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Jega, Nigeria">Jega</a> in northwestern Nigeria, south of the native Hausa area.<sup id="cite_ref-e25gib_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e25gib-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Loan_words">Loan words</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hausa_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Loan words"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Hausa language has a long history of borrowing words from other languages, usually from the languages being spoken around and near <a href="/wiki/Hausaland" class="mw-redirect" title="Hausaland">Hausaland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Word </th> <th>Language </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>akwati</i> - 'box', <i>agogo</i> - 'clock', <i>ashana</i> - 'matches' </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>dattijo</i> - 'old man', <i>inna</i> - 'mother', <i>kawu</i> – 'uncle' </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fula_language" title="Fula language">Fulani</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>karatu</i> – 'reading', <i>rubutu</i> – 'writing', <i>birni</i> – 'city' </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kanuri_language" title="Kanuri language">Kanuri</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hausa_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hausa_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hausa has between 23 and 25 consonant phonemes depending on the speaker. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Consonant phonemes </caption> <tbody><tr style="font-size:90%"> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Post-<br />alveolar</a> </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_consonant" title="Dorsal consonant">Dorsal</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">front</a></small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">plain</a></small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Labialized_velar_consonant" title="Labialized velar consonant">round</a></small> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4" style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/Plosive_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Plosive consonant">Plosive</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Implosive_consonant" title="Implosive consonant">implosive</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_implosive" title="Voiced bilabial implosive">ɓ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_implosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar implosive">ɗ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voiced_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced consonant">voiced</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d</a></span>)<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_plosive" title="Voiced palatal plosive">ɟ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">ɡʷ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_consonant" title="Tenuis consonant">tenuis</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_plosive" title="Voiceless palatal plosive">c</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">kʷ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">ejective</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolar ejective affricate">t</a></span>)<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_fricative" title="Alveolar ejective fricative">sʼ</a></span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Palato-alveolar ejective affricate">tʃʼ</a></span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_ejective_stop" title="Palatal ejective stop">cʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_stop" title="Velar ejective stop">kʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">kʷʼ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_consonant" title="Tenuis consonant">tenuis</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiceless bilabial fricative">ɸ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Creaky_voice" title="Creaky voice">j̰</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/Rhotic_consonant" title="Rhotic consonant">Rhotic</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_flap" title="Voiced retroflex flap">ɽ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The three-way contrast between <a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">palatals</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/c<span class="wrap"> </span>ɟ<span class="wrap"> </span>cʼ/</span>, plain velars <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡ<span class="wrap"> </span>kʼ/</span>, and labialized velars <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kʷ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡʷ<span class="wrap"> </span>kʷʼ/</span> is found only before long and short <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span>, e.g. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/cʼaːɽa/</span> ('grass'), <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kʼaːɽaː/</span> ('to increase'), <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kʷʼaːɽaː/</span> ('shea-nuts'). Before front vowels, only palatals and labialized velars occur, e.g. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ciːʃiː/</span> ('jealousy') vs. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kʷiːɓiː/</span> ('side of body'). Before rounded vowels, only labialized velars occur, e.g. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kʷoːɽaː/</span> ('ringworm').<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuhYalwa199991_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuhYalwa199991-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Glottalic_consonants">Glottalic consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hausa_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Glottalic consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hausa has <a href="/wiki/Glottalic_consonant" title="Glottalic consonant">glottalic consonants</a> (implosives and ejectives) at four or five <a href="/wiki/Place_of_articulation" title="Place of articulation">places of articulation</a> (depending on the dialect). They require movement of the glottis during <a href="/wiki/Pronunciation" title="Pronunciation">pronunciation</a> and have a <a href="/wiki/Staccato" title="Staccato">staccato</a> sound. </p><p>They are written with modified versions of Latin letters. They can also be denoted with an <a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">apostrophe</a>, either before or after depending on the letter, as shown below: </p> <ul><li>ɓ / b', an <a href="/wiki/Implosive_consonant" title="Implosive consonant">implosive consonant</a>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_implosive" title="Voiced bilabial implosive">ɓ</a>]</span>, sometimes <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔb]</span>;</li> <li>ɗ / d', an implosive <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_implosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar implosive">ɗ</a>]</span>, sometimes <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dʔ]</span>;</li> <li>ts', an <a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">ejective consonant</a>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tsʼ]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sʼ]</span>, according to the dialect;</li> <li>ch', an ejective <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Palato-alveolar ejective affricate">tʃʼ</a>]</span> (does not occur in Kano dialect)</li> <li>ƙ / k', an ejective <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʼ]</span>; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʲʼ]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʷʼ]</span> are separate consonants;</li> <li>ƴ / 'y is a <a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">palatal</a> <a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">approximant</a> with <a href="/wiki/Creaky_voice" title="Creaky voice">creaky voice</a>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[j̰]</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> found in only a small number of high-frequency words (e.g. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j̰áːj̰áː/</span> "children", <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j̰áː/</span> "daughter"). Historically it developed from palatalized <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_implosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar implosive">ɗ</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Newman2000_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newman2000-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hausa_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hausa_vowel_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Hausa_vowel_chart.svg/250px-Hausa_vowel_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Hausa_vowel_chart.svg/375px-Hausa_vowel_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Hausa_vowel_chart.svg/500px-Hausa_vowel_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="923" data-file-height="702" /></a><figcaption>Hausa vowel chart, from <a href="#CITEREFSchuhYalwa1999">Schuh & Yalwa (1999</a>:91). The short vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i,<span class="wrap"> </span>u,<span class="wrap"> </span>a/</span> have a much wider range of allophones than what is presented on the chart.</figcaption></figure> <p>Hausa vowels occur in five different vowel qualities, all of which can be short or long, totaling 10 <a href="/wiki/Monophthong" title="Monophthong">monophthongs</a>. In addition, there are four <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongs</a>, giving a total number of 14 vocalic phonemes. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Length_(phonetics)" title="Length (phonetics)">i iː</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Length_(phonetics)" title="Length (phonetics)">u uː</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Length_(phonetics)" title="Length (phonetics)">e eː</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Length_(phonetics)" title="Length (phonetics)">o oː</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Length_(phonetics)" title="Length (phonetics)">a aː</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt><dl><dd></dd></dl></dt></dl> <p>In comparison with the long vowels, the short <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i,<span class="wrap"> </span>u/</span> can be similar in quality to the long vowels, <a href="/wiki/Mid-centralized" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-centralized">mid-centralized</a> to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a>,<span class="wrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a>]</span> or centralized to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a>,<span class="wrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Close_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close central rounded vowel">ʉ</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuhYalwa199990–91_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuhYalwa199990–91-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Medial <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i,<span class="wrap"> </span>u/</span> can be neutralized to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a><span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Close_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close central rounded vowel">ʉ</a>]</span>, with the rounding depending on the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuhYalwa199990_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuhYalwa199990-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Medial <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e,<span class="wrap"> </span>o/</span> are neutralized with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuhYalwa199990_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuhYalwa199990-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The short <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span> can be either similar in quality to the long <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aː/</span>, or it can be as high as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>]</span>, with possible intermediate pronunciations (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ɐ</a><span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid central unrounded vowel">ɜ</a>]</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuhYalwa199990–91_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuhYalwa199990–91-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 4 diphthongs in Hausa are <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ai,<span class="wrap"> </span>au,<span class="wrap"> </span>iu,<span class="wrap"> </span>ui/</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tones">Tones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hausa_language&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Tones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hausa is a <a href="/wiki/Tonal_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonal language">tonal language</a>. Each of its five <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowels</a> may have low tone, high tone or falling tone. In standard written Hausa, tone is not marked. In recent linguistic and pedagogical materials, tone is marked by means of diacritics. </p> <dl><dd><span style="font-size:120%">à è ì ò ù</span> – low tone: <a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent">grave accent</a> (<span style="font-size:120%">`</span>)</dd></dl> <dl><dd><span style="font-size:120%">â ê î ô û</span> – falling tone: <a href="/wiki/Circumflex" title="Circumflex">circumflex</a> (<span style="font-size:120%">ˆ</span>)</dd></dl> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute accent</a> (<span style="font-size:120%">´</span>) may be used for high tone, but the usual practice is to leave high tone unmarked. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphology">Morphology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hausa_language&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nouns">Nouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hausa_language&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Except for the <a href="/wiki/Zaria" title="Zaria">Zaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bauchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bauchi">Bauchi</a> dialects spoken south of <a href="/wiki/Kano_(city)" title="Kano (city)">Kano</a>, Hausa distinguishes between masculine and feminine genders.<sup id="cite_ref-Caron2011_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caron2011-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hausa, like the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Chadic_languages" title="Chadic languages">Chadic languages</a> in particular and <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afro-Asiatic languages</a> in general, is known for its complex, irregular pluralization of nouns. Noun plurals in Hausa are derived using a variety of morphological processes, such as suffixation, infixation, reduplication, or a combination of any of these processes. There are 20 plural classes proposed by Newman (2000).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Class</th> <th>Affix</th> <th>Singular (ex.)</th> <th>Plural (ex.)</th> <th>Gloss (ex.) </th></tr> <tr> <th>1 </th> <td>a-a</td> <td>sirdì</td> <td>sir<b>à</b>d<b>a</b></td> <td>'saddle' </td></tr> <tr> <th>2 </th> <td>a-e</td> <td>gulbi</td> <td>gul<b>à</b>b<b>e</b></td> <td>'stream' </td></tr> <tr> <th>3 </th> <td>a-u</td> <td>kurmì</td> <td>kur<b>à</b>m<b>u</b></td> <td>'grove' </td></tr> <tr> <th>4 </th> <td>-aCe</td> <td>wuri</td> <td>wur<b>à</b>r<b>e</b></td> <td>'place' </td></tr> <tr> <th>5 </th> <td>-ai</td> <td>malàm</td> <td>malàm<b>ai</b></td> <td>'teacher' </td></tr> <tr> <th>6 </th> <td>-anni</td> <td>watà</td> <td>wàt<b>ànni</b></td> <td>'moon' </td></tr> <tr> <th>7 </th> <td>-awa</td> <td>talàkà</td> <td>talak<b>awa</b></td> <td>'commoner' </td></tr> <tr> <th>8 </th> <td>-aye</td> <td>zomo</td> <td>zom<b>àye</b></td> <td>'hare' </td></tr> <tr> <th>9 </th> <td>-Ca</td> <td>tabò</td> <td>tab<b>ba</b></td> <td>'scar' </td></tr> <tr> <th>10 </th> <td>-Cai</td> <td>tudù</td> <td>tùd<b>dai</b></td> <td>'high ground' </td></tr> <tr> <th>11 </th> <td>-ce2</td> <td>ciwò</td> <td>cìwà<b>ce-cìwàce</b></td> <td>'illness' </td></tr> <tr> <th>12 </th> <td>-Cuna</td> <td>cikì</td> <td>cik<b>kunà</b></td> <td>'belly' </td></tr> <tr> <th>13 </th> <td>-e2</td> <td>camfì</td> <td>càmf<b>e-càmfe</b></td> <td>'superstition' </td></tr> <tr> <th>14 </th> <td>-i</td> <td>tàurarò</td> <td>tàuràr<b>i</b></td> <td>'star' </td></tr> <tr> <th>15 </th> <td>-oCi</td> <td>tagà</td> <td>tag<b>ogi</b></td> <td>'window' </td></tr> <tr> <th>16 </th> <td>-u</td> <td>kujèra</td> <td>kùjèr<b>u</b></td> <td>'chair' </td></tr> <tr> <th>17 </th> <td>u-a</td> <td>cokàli</td> <td>cok<b>u</b>l<b>à</b></td> <td>'spoon' </td></tr> <tr> <th>18 </th> <td>-uka</td> <td>layi</td> <td>lay<b>ukà</b></td> <td>'lane' </td></tr> <tr> <th>19 </th> <td>-una</td> <td>rìga</td> <td>rig<b>unà</b></td> <td>'gown' </td></tr> <tr> <th>20 </th> <td>X2</td> <td>àkàwu</td> <td>àkàwu-<b>àkàwu</b></td> <td>'clerk' </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hausa_language&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hausa marks tense differences by different sets of subject pronouns, sometimes with the pronoun combined with some additional particle. For this reason, a subject pronoun must accompany every verb in Hausa, regardless of whether the subject is known from previous context or is expressed by a noun subject.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Time, aspect, and mood<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3" colspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2">1st person </th> <th colspan="3">2nd person </th> <th colspan="3">3rd person </th> <th rowspan="3">indef </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">singular </th> <th rowspan="2">plural </th> <th colspan="2">singular </th> <th rowspan="2">plural </th> <th colspan="2">singular </th> <th rowspan="2">plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>m </th> <th>f </th> <th>m </th> <th>f </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">perfect </th> <th> </th> <td>naː </td> <td>mun </td> <td>kaː </td> <td>kin </td> <td>kun </td> <td>jaː </td> <td>taː </td> <td>sun </td> <td>an </td></tr> <tr> <th>relative </th> <td>na </td> <td>mukà </td> <td>ka </td> <td>kikà </td> <td>kukà </td> <td>ja </td> <td>ta </td> <td>sukà </td> <td>akà </td></tr> <tr> <th>negative </th> <td>bàn ... ba </td> <td>bàmù ... ba </td> <td>bàkà ... ba </td> <td>bàkì ... ba </td> <td>bàkù ... ba </td> <td>bài ... ba </td> <td>bàtà ... ba </td> <td>bàsù ... ba </td> <td>bà’à ... ba </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4">continuous </th> <th> </th> <td>inàː </td> <td>munàː </td> <td>kanàː </td> <td>kinàː </td> <td>kunàː </td> <td>janàː / ʃinàː </td> <td>tanàː </td> <td>sunàː </td> <td>anàː </td></tr> <tr> <th>relative </th> <td>nakèː / nikèː </td> <td>mukèː </td> <td>kakèː </td> <td>kikèː </td> <td>kukèː </td> <td>jakèː / ʃikèː </td> <td>takèː </td> <td>sukèː </td> <td>akèː </td></tr> <tr> <th>negative </th> <td>baː nàː </td> <td>baː màː </td> <td>baː kàː </td> <td>baː kjàː </td> <td>baː kwàː </td> <td>baː jàː </td> <td>baː tàː </td> <td>baː sàː </td> <td>baː àː </td></tr> <tr> <th>negative<br /><small>(possessives)</small> </th> <td>bâː ni </td> <td>bâː mu </td> <td>bâː ka </td> <td>bâː ki </td> <td>bâː ku </td> <td>bâː ʃi </td> <td>bâː ta </td> <td>bâː su </td> <td>bâː a </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">subjunctive </th> <th> </th> <td>ìn </td> <td>mù </td> <td>kà </td> <td>kì </td> <td>kù </td> <td>jà </td> <td>tà </td> <td>sù </td> <td>à </td></tr> <tr> <th>negative </th> <td>kadà/kâr ìn </td> <td>kadà/kâr mù </td> <td>kadà/kâr kà </td> <td>kadà/kâr kì </td> <td>kadà/kâr kù </td> <td>kadà/kâr jà </td> <td>kadà/kâr tà </td> <td>kadà/kâr sù </td> <td>kadà/kâr à </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">future </th> <th> </th> <td>zân / zaː nì </td> <td>zaː mù </td> <td>zaː kà </td> <td>zaː kì </td> <td>zaː kù </td> <td>zâi / zaː jà </td> <td>zaː tà </td> <td>zaː sù </td> <td>zaː à </td></tr> <tr> <th>negative </th> <td>bà/bàː zân ... ba /<br />bà/bàː zaː nì ... ba </td> <td>bà/bàː zaː mù ... ba </td> <td>bà/bàː zaː kà ... ba </td> <td>bà/bàː zaː kì ... ba </td> <td>bà/bàː zaː kù ... ba </td> <td>bà/bàː zâi ...ba /<br />bà/bàː zaː jà ... ba </td> <td>bà/bàː zaː tà ... ba </td> <td>bà/bàː zaː sù ... ba </td> <td>bà/bàː zaː à ... ba </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">indefinite future </th> <th> </th> <td>nâː </td> <td>mâː/mwâː </td> <td>kâː </td> <td>kjâː </td> <td>kwâː </td> <td>jâː </td> <td>tâː </td> <td>sâː/swâː </td> <td>âː </td></tr> <tr> <th>negative </th> <td>bà nâː... ba </td> <td>bà mâː/mwâː ... ba </td> <td>bà kâː ... ba </td> <td>bà kjâː ... ba </td> <td>bà kwâː ... ba </td> <td>bà jâː ... ba </td> <td>bà tâː ... ba </td> <td>bà sâː/swâː ... ba </td> <td>bà âː ... ba </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">habitual </th> <th> </th> <td>nakàn </td> <td>mukàn </td> <td>kakàn </td> <td>kikàn </td> <td>kukàn </td> <td>jakàn </td> <td>takàn </td> <td>sukàn </td> <td>akàn </td></tr> <tr> <th>negative </th> <td>bà nakàn ... ba </td> <td>bà mukàn ... ba </td> <td>bà kakàn ... ba </td> <td>bà kikàn ... ba </td> <td>bà kukàn ... ba </td> <td>bà jakàn ... ba </td> <td>bà takàn ... ba </td> <td>bà sukàn ... ba </td> <td>bà akàn ... ba </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hausa_language&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hausa <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verbs</a> are classified into 7 grades and are inflected based on whether they are followed by an object.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Grade 1</b>: Example: <i>kāmā̀</i> (to take).</li></ul> <ul><li><b>Grade 2</b>: <a href="/wiki/Transitive_verbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Transitive verbs">transitive</a> verbs that end in <i>ā</i>. Example: <i>sàyā</i> (to buy).</li></ul> <ul><li><b>Grade 3</b>: <a href="/wiki/Intransitive_verbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Intransitive verbs">intransitive</a> verbs that end in <i>a</i>. Example: <i>shìga</i> (to enter).</li></ul> <ul><li><b>Grade 4</b>: Example: <i>riƙḕ</i> (to hold).</li></ul> <ul><li><b>Grade 5</b>: Example: <i>mayar̃</i> (to put back).</li></ul> <ul><li><b>Grade 6</b>: verbs that end in <i>o</i>. Example: <i>kāwō</i> (to bring).</li></ul> <ul><li><b>Grade 7</b>: verbs that end in <i>u</i>. Example: <i>kā̀mu</i> (to get captured).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_systems">Writing systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hausa_language&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Writing systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boko_(Latin)"><span id="Boko_.28Latin.29"></span><i>Boko</i> (Latin)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hausa_language&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Boko (Latin)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Boko_alphabet" title="Boko alphabet">Boko alphabet</a></div> <p>Hausa's modern official <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin-based alphabet</a> called <i><a href="/wiki/Boko_(alphabet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boko (alphabet)">boko</a></i>, which was introduced in the 1930s by the British colonial administration. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>A a</th> <th>B b</th> <th><a href="/wiki/%C6%81" title="Ɓ">Ɓ ɓ</a></th> <th>C c</th> <th>D d</th> <th><a href="/wiki/%C6%8A" title="Ɗ">Ɗ ɗ</a></th> <th>E e</th> <th>F f</th> <th>G g</th> <th>H h</th> <th>I i</th> <th>J j</th> <th>K k</th> <th><a href="/wiki/%C6%98" title="Ƙ">Ƙ ƙ</a></th> <th>L l </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_implosive" title="Voiced bilabial implosive">ɓ</a>/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʃ/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_implosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar implosive">ɗ</a>/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiceless bilabial fricative">ɸ</a>/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/(d)ʒ/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kʼ/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>M m</th> <th>N n</th> <th>O o</th> <th>R r</th> <th>(R̃ r̃)</th> <th>S s</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Sh_(digraph)" title="Sh (digraph)">Sh sh</a></th> <th>T t</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ts_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ts (digraph)">Ts ts</a></th> <th>U u</th> <th>W w</th> <th>Y y</th> <th><a href="/wiki/%C6%B3" title="Ƴ">Ƴ ƴ</a></th> <th>Z z</th> <th><a href="/wiki/%CA%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="ʼ">ʼ</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_flap" title="Voiced retroflex flap">ɽ</a>/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/(t)sʼ/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʄ/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔ/</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The letter <i><a href="/wiki/%C6%B3" title="Ƴ">ƴ</a></i> (y with a right hook) is used only in <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>; in <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> it is written <i>ʼy</i>. </p><p>Tone and vowel length are not marked in writing. So, for example, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dàɡà/</span> "from" and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dáːɡáː/</span> "battle" are both written <i>daga</i>. The distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɽ/</span> (which does not exist for all speakers) is not marked in orthography, but may be indicated with R̃ r̃ for the trill in linguistic transcription. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ajami_(Arabic)"><span id="Ajami_.28Arabic.29"></span><i>Ajami</i> (Arabic)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hausa_language&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Ajami (Arabic)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hausa_Ajami" title="Hausa Ajami">Hausa Ajami</a></div> <p>Hausa has also been written in <i><a href="/wiki/Hausa_Ajami" title="Hausa Ajami">ajami</a></i>, an <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic alphabet</a>, since the early 17th century. The first known work to be written in Hausa is Riwayar Nabi Musa by Abdullahi Suka in the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup"><span title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">these early texts were written in Arabic</span></a></i>]</sup> There is no standard system of using <i>ajami</i>, and different writers may use letters with different values. Short vowels are written regularly with the help of <a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%A4arak%C4%81t" class="mw-redirect" title="Ḥarakāt">vowel marks</a>, which are seldom used in Arabic texts other than the Quran. Many medieval Hausa manuscripts in <i>ajami</i>, similar to the <a href="/wiki/Timbuktu_Manuscripts" title="Timbuktu Manuscripts">Timbuktu Manuscripts</a>, have been discovered recently; some of them even describe <a href="/wiki/Constellation" title="Constellation">constellations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendars" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic calendars">calendars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As <a href="/wiki/Hausa_Ajami" title="Hausa Ajami">Hausa Ajami</a> script was never recognized and regulated officially, there has never been a top down imposition of a unified convention. Standardization of letters in Ajami has happened over time and in various stages, in synch with neighbouring Ajami traditions, as well as external factors.<sup id="cite_ref-dobronravine_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dobronravine-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bondarev_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bondarev-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, there exists two general orthographic traditions, each derived from two Quranic orthographic practices.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of these is based on the Quran recitation and inscription of the 8th century religious scholar <a href="/wiki/Hafs" title="Hafs">Hafs ibn Sulayman</a>, the other based on the Quran recitation and inscription of another 8th Century scholar, <a href="/wiki/Warsh" title="Warsh">Warsh</a>. <i>Hafs</i> tradition is the most popular across the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a>, and especially in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>. <i>Warsh</i> tradition is the second most popular tradition across the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a>, and has been especially popular in <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a>. </p><p>For example, vowels in Hausa Ajami script, including representation of vowel [e], and differentiation of short versus long vowels, were one of the first aspects to be unified and standardized. Consonants on the other hand, especially consonant letters for representing sounds that don't exist in Arabic, took longer to become standardized. Some new letters were even coined in the late 19th and early 20th century, and because of the direct influence of the <a href="/wiki/Boko_alphabet" title="Boko alphabet">Boko alphabet</a> (Latin alphabet). For example, whereas previously in writing, sounds [b] and [ɓ] may have usually been written with a singe letter <i>ba</i> '<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ب</span>‎', it was the innovation of introducing the separate letter in Latin alphabet that created an impetus for scholars writing in Ajami script, to innovate and introduce a separate Ajami letter for the distinct sound as well.<sup id="cite_ref-bondarev_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bondarev-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Below is the list of letters of Hausa Ajami, in both <a href="/wiki/Warsh" title="Warsh">Warsh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hafs" title="Hafs">Hafs</a> traditions. Beige highlight marks letters that are only used for writing of loan words of Arabic or European origin. Green highlight marks letters that are innovations of Hausa orthography and are not used in <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic language</a>. </p> <table> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Hausa Ajami (Warsh Convention)<sup id="cite_ref-bondarev_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bondarev-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Git_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Git-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Letter<br />(Naskh) </th> <th>Letter<br />(Hausawi/Kanuri) </th> <th>Latin Equivalent </th> <th>IPA </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script_in_Unicode" title="Arabic script in Unicode">Unicode</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" /><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ا</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:140%;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1221277196">.mw-parser-output .alkalami-regular{font-size:1.25em;font-weight:400;font-family:"Alkalami",sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style><span class="alkalami-regular script-hausawi" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ا</span>‎</span> </td> <td>‌- <br /> A a </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Zero_(linguistics)" title="Zero (linguistics)">∅</a>]</span>/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>]</span>/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%A7" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ا">U+0627</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" /><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ب</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:140%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221277196" /><span class="alkalami-regular script-hausawi" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ب</span>‎</span> </td> <td>‌B b </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%A8" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ب">U+0628</a> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#d0dead"> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" /><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ݑ</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:140%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221277196" /><span class="alkalami-regular script-hausawi" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ݑ</span>‎</span> </td> <td>‌Ɓ ɓ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_implosive" title="Voiced bilabial implosive">ɓ</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DD%91" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ݑ">U+0751</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" /><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ت</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:140%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221277196" /><span class="alkalami-regular script-hausawi" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ت</span>‎</span> </td> <td>‌T t </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%AA" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ت">U+062A</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" /><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ث</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:140%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221277196" /><span class="alkalami-regular script-hausawi" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ث</span>‎</span> </td> <td>‌C c </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%AB" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ث">U+062B</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" /><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ج</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:140%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221277196" /><span class="alkalami-regular script-hausawi" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ج</span>‎</span> </td> <td>‌J j </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%AC" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ج">U+062C</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" /><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ح</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:140%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221277196" /><span class="alkalami-regular script-hausawi" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ح</span>‎</span> </td> <td>‌H h </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%AD" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ح">U+062D</a> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFEFD5"> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" /><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">خ</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:140%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221277196" /><span class="alkalami-regular script-hausawi" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">خ</span>‎</span> </td> <td>‌H h<br />(Kh kh) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%AE" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:خ">U+062E</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" /><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">د</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:140%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221277196" /><span class="alkalami-regular script-hausawi" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">د</span>‎</span> </td> <td>‌D d </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%AF" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:د">U+062F</a> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFEFD5"> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" /><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ذ</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:140%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221277196" /><span class="alkalami-regular script-hausawi" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ذ</span>‎</span> </td> <td>‌Z z </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B0" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ذ">U+0630</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" /><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ر</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:140%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221277196" /><span class="alkalami-regular script-hausawi" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ر</span>‎</span> </td> <td>‌R r </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_flap" title="Voiced retroflex flap">ɽ</a>]</span>/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B1" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ر">U+0631</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" /><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ز</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:140%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221277196" /><span class="alkalami-regular script-hausawi" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ز</span>‎</span> </td> <td>‌Z z </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B2" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ز">U+0632</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" /><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">س</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:140%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221277196" /><span class="alkalami-regular script-hausawi" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">س</span>‎</span> </td> <td>‌S s </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B3" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:س">U+0633</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" /><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ش</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:140%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221277196" /><span class="alkalami-regular script-hausawi" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ش</span>‎</span> </td> <td>‌Sh sh (<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria"><img alt="Nigeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span>)<br />Ch ch(<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger"><img alt="Niger" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/18px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/27px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/35px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B4" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ش">U+0634</a> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFEFD5"> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" /><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ص</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:140%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221277196" /><span class="alkalami-regular script-hausawi" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ص</span>‎</span> </td> <td>‌S s </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B5" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ص">U+0635</a> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFEFD5"> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" /><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ض</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:140%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221277196" /><span class="alkalami-regular script-hausawi" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ض</span>‎</span> </td> <td>‌L l </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B6" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ض">U+0636</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" /><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ط</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:140%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221277196" /><span class="alkalami-regular script-hausawi" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ط</span>‎</span> </td> <td>‌Ɗ ɗ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_implosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar implosive">ɗ</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B7" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ط">U+0637</a> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFEFD5"> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" /><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ظ</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:140%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221277196" /><span class="alkalami-regular script-hausawi" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ظ</span>‎</span> </td> <td>Z z </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B8" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ظ">U+0638</a> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#d0dead"> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" /><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڟ</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:140%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221277196" /><span class="alkalami-regular script-hausawi" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڟ</span>‎</span> </td> <td>‌Ts ts </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a>]</span>/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_fricative" title="Alveolar ejective fricative">sʼ</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%9F" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڟ">U+069F</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" /><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ع</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:140%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221277196" /><span class="alkalami-regular script-hausawi" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ع</span>‎</span> </td> <td>‌ʼ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Zero_(linguistics)" title="Zero (linguistics)">∅</a>]</span>/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B9" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ع">U+0639</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" /><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">غ</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:140%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221277196" /><span class="alkalami-regular script-hausawi" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">غ</span>‎</span> </td> <td>‌G g </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%BA" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:غ">U+063A</a> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#d0dead"> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" /><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڠ</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:140%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221277196" /><span class="alkalami-regular script-hausawi" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ࣃ</span>‎</span> </td> <td>‌Gw gw<br />Gy gy </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">ɡʷ</a>]</span>/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">ɡʲ</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A3%83" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ࣃ">U+08C3</a><br />(<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%A0" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڠ">U+06A0</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" /><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ࢻـ ࢻ</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:140%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221277196" /><span class="alkalami-regular script-hausawi" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ࢻـ ࢻ</span>‎</span> </td> <td>‌F f </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiceless bilabial fricative">ɸ</a>]</span>/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A2%BB" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ࢻ">U+088B</a> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFEFD5"> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" /><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڥ</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:140%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221277196" /><span class="alkalami-regular script-hausawi" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڥ</span>‎</span> </td> <td>P p </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%A5" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڥ">U+06A5</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" /><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ࢼـ ࢼ</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:140%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221277196" /><span class="alkalami-regular script-hausawi" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ࢼـ ࢼ</span>‎</span> </td> <td>‌Ƙ ƙ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_implosive" title="Voiceless velar implosive">ƙ</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A2%BC" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ࢼ">U+08BC</a> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#d0dead"> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" /><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڨ</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:140%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221277196" /><span class="alkalami-regular script-hausawi" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ࣄـ ࣄ</span>‎</span> </td> <td>‌Ƙw ƙw<br />Ƙy ƙy </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">ƙʷ</a>]</span>/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">ƙʲ</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A3%84" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ࣄ">U+08C4</a><br />(<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%A8" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڨ">U+06A8</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" /><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ک</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:140%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221277196" /><span class="alkalami-regular script-hausawi" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ک</span>‎</span> </td> <td>‌K k </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%A9" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ک">U+06A9</a> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#d0dead"> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" /><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ݣ</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:140%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221277196" /><span class="alkalami-regular script-hausawi" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ݣ</span>‎</span> </td> <td>‌Kw kw<br />Ky ky </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">kʷ</a>]</span>/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">kʲ</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DD%A3" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ݣ">U+0763</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" /><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ل</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:140%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221277196" /><span class="alkalami-regular script-hausawi" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ل</span>‎</span> </td> <td>‌L l </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%84" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ل">U+0644</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" /><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">م</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:140%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221277196" /><span class="alkalami-regular script-hausawi" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">م</span>‎</span> </td> <td>‌M m </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%85" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:م">U+0645</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" /><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ࢽـ ࢽ</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:140%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221277196" /><span class="alkalami-regular script-hausawi" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ࢽـ ࢽ</span>‎</span> </td> <td>‌N n </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A2%BD" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ࢽ">U+08BD</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" /><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">هـ ه</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:140%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221277196" /><span class="alkalami-regular script-hausawi" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">هـ ه</span>‎</span> </td> <td>‌H h </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%87" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ه">U+0647</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" /><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">و</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:140%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221277196" /><span class="alkalami-regular script-hausawi" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">و</span>‎</span> </td> <td>‌W w<br />O o<br />U u </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>]</span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a>]</span><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a>]</span>) </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%88" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:و">U+0648</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" /><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ی</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:140%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221277196" /><span class="alkalami-regular script-hausawi" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ی</span>‎</span> </td> <td>‌Y y<br />I i </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>]</span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a>]</span>) </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DB%8C" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ی">U+06CC</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" /><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ىٰ</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:140%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221277196" /><span class="alkalami-regular script-hausawi" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ىٰ</span>‎</span> </td> <td>‌E e </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%89" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ى">U+0649</a><br />plus<br /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E2%97%8C%D9%B0" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:◌ٰ">U+0670</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" /><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ؿـ ؿ</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:140%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221277196" /><span class="alkalami-regular script-hausawi" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ؿـ ؿ</span>‎</span> </td> <td>‌ˈy (<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria"><img alt="Nigeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span>)<br />Ƴ ƴ(<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger"><img alt="Niger" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/18px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/27px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/35px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔʲ]</span>/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_implosive" title="Voiced palatal implosive">ʄ</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%BF" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ؿ">U+063F</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Hausa Ajami (Hafs Convention)<sup id="cite_ref-MuKoyiAjamiDaLarabci_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MuKoyiAjamiDaLarabci-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Letter<br />(Naskh) </th> <th>Latin Equivalent </th> <th>IPA </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script_in_Unicode" title="Arabic script in Unicode">Unicode</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" /><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ا</span>‎</span> </td> <td>‌- <br /> A a </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Zero_(linguistics)" title="Zero (linguistics)">∅</a>]</span>/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>]</span>/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%A7" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ا">U+0627</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" /><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ب</span>‎</span> </td> <td>‌B b </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%A8" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ب">U+0628</a> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#d0dead"> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" /><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ٻ</span>‎</span> </td> <td>‌Ɓ ɓ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_implosive" title="Voiced bilabial implosive">ɓ</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%BB" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ٻ">U+067B</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" /><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ت</span>‎</span> </td> <td>‌T t </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%AA" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ت">U+062A</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" /><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ث</span>‎</span> </td> <td>‌C c </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%AB" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ث">U+062B</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" /><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ج</span>‎</span> </td> <td>‌J j </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%AC" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ج">U+062C</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" /><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ح</span>‎</span> </td> <td>‌H h </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%AD" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ح">U+062D</a> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFEFD5"> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" /><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">خ</span>‎</span> </td> <td>‌H h<br />(Kh kh) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%AE" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:خ">U+062E</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" /><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">د</span>‎</span> </td> <td>‌D d </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%AF" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:د">U+062F</a> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFEFD5"> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" /><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ذ</span>‎</span> </td> <td>‌Z z </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B0" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ذ">U+0630</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" /><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ر</span>‎</span> </td> <td>‌R r </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_flap" title="Voiced retroflex flap">ɽ</a>]</span>/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B1" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ر">U+0631</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" /><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ز</span>‎</span> </td> <td>‌Z z </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B2" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ز">U+0632</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" /><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">س</span>‎</span> </td> <td>‌S s </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B3" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:س">U+0633</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" /><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ش</span>‎</span> </td> <td>‌Sh sh (<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria"><img alt="Nigeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span>)<br />Ch ch(<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger"><img alt="Niger" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/18px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/27px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/35px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B4" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ش">U+0634</a> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFEFD5"> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" /><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ص</span>‎</span> </td> <td>‌S s </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B5" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ص">U+0635</a> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFEFD5"> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" /><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ض</span>‎</span> </td> <td>‌L l </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B6" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ض">U+0636</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" /><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ط</span>‎</span> </td> <td>‌Ɗ ɗ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_implosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar implosive">ɗ</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B7" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ط">U+0637</a> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFEFD5"> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" /><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ظ</span>‎</span> </td> <td>Z z </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B8" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ظ">U+0638</a> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#d0dead"> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" /><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڟ</span>‎</span> </td> <td>‌Ts ts </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a>]</span>/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_fricative" title="Alveolar ejective fricative">sʼ</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%9F" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڟ">U+069F</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" /><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ع</span>‎</span> </td> <td>‌ʼ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Zero_(linguistics)" title="Zero (linguistics)">∅</a>]</span>/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B9" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ع">U+0639</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" /><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">غ</span>‎</span> </td> <td>‌G g </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%BA" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:غ">U+063A</a> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#d0dead"> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" /><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڠ</span>‎</span> </td> <td>‌Gw gw<br />Gy gy </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">ɡʷ</a>]</span>/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">ɡʲ</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%A0" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڠ">U+06A0</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" /><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ف</span>‎</span> </td> <td>‌F f </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiceless bilabial fricative">ɸ</a>]</span>/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%81" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ف">U+0641</a> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFEFD5"> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" /><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڥ</span>‎</span> </td> <td>P p </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%A5" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڥ">U+06A5</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" /><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ق</span>‎</span> </td> <td>‌Ƙ ƙ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_implosive" title="Voiceless velar implosive">ƙ</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%82" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ق">U+0642</a> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#d0dead"> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" /><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڨ</span>‎</span> </td> <td>‌Ƙw ƙw<br />Ƙy ƙy </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">ƙʷ</a>]</span>/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">ƙʲ</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%A8" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڨ">U+06A8</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" /><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ك</span>‎</span> </td> <td>‌K k </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%83" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ك">U+0643</a> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#d0dead"> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" /><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڭ</span>‎</span> </td> <td>‌Ƙ ƙ<br />Ky ky </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">kʷ</a>]</span>/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">kʲ</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%AD" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڭ">U+06AD</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" /><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ل</span>‎</span> </td> <td>‌L l </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%84" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ل">U+0644</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" /><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">م</span>‎</span> </td> <td>‌M m </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%85" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:م">U+0645</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" /><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ن</span>‎</span> </td> <td>‌N n </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%86" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ن">U+0646</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" /><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">هـ ه</span>‎</span> </td> <td>‌H h </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%87" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ه">U+0647</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" /><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">و</span>‎</span> </td> <td>‌W w<br />O o<br />U u </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>]</span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a>]</span><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a>]</span>) </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%88" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:و">U+0648</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" /><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ي</span>‎</span> </td> <td>‌Y y<br />I i </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>]</span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a>]</span>) </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%8A" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ي">U+064A</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" /><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ىٰ</span>‎</span> </td> <td>‌E e </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%89" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ى">U+0649</a><br />plus<br /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E2%97%8C%D9%B0" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:◌ٰ">U+0670</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" /><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ۑـ ۑ</span>‎</span> </td> <td>‌ˈy (<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria"><img alt="Nigeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span>)<br />Ƴ ƴ(<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger"><img alt="Niger" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/18px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/27px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/35px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔʲ]</span>/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_implosive" title="Voiced palatal implosive">ʄ</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DB%91" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ۑ">U+06D1</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_systems">Other systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hausa_language&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Other systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hausa_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Hausa Braille">Hausa Braille</a></div> <p>Hausa is one of three indigenous languages of Nigeria that have been rendered in <a href="/wiki/Hausa_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Hausa Braille">braille</a>. </p><p>At least three other writing systems for Hausa have been proposed or "discovered". None of these are in active use beyond perhaps some individuals. </p> <ul><li>A Hausa alphabet, named in some sources as <i>Salifou</i> or <i>Gobiri</i>, supposedly of ancient origin<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in use north of <a href="/wiki/Maradi_Region" title="Maradi Region">Maradi</a>, Niger.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Apparently there are people who use this north of Maradi. Any further insights into the origin and use would be appreciated. (November 2018)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A script that apparently originated with the writing/publishing group Raina Kama in the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A script called "Tafi" proposed in the 1970s(?)<sup id="cite_ref-:3_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oral_literature">Oral literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hausa_language&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Oral literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Introduction_to_Hausa_proverbs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Introduction_to_Hausa_proverbs.jpg/220px-Introduction_to_Hausa_proverbs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Introduction_to_Hausa_proverbs.jpg/330px-Introduction_to_Hausa_proverbs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Introduction_to_Hausa_proverbs.jpg/440px-Introduction_to_Hausa_proverbs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1435" data-file-height="1857" /></a><figcaption>Introduction to Hausa proverbs in Rattray (1913)</figcaption></figure><p>In 1905, George Charleton Merrick (a British army officer and Hausa interpreter)<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> published <i>Hausa Proverbs,</i> a collection of over 400 proverbs in Hausa (Roman script) with English translations.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here are some of those proverbs: </p><ul><li>"<i>Fawa biu tana bata hankali'n kuda.</i>" "Two pieces of meat confuse the mind of the fly (i.e to hesitate between two things)." (#18)</li> <li>"<i>Da ayi jiranka ga abinchi, gara akayi ka jira'n abinchi.</i>" "Better that you should be made to wait for food than that food should be made to wait for you." (#26)</li> <li>"<i>Kunkurru ya so dambe, ba shi da yasa.</i>" "The tortoise wishes to fight with his fists, but he has no fingers (i.e. impotent wrath)." (#45)</li> <li>"<i>Komi ya ke chikkin dan kaza, shafu ya deddi da sanninshi.</i>" "Whatever there is inside a chicken, the hawk has been familiar with it for a very long time (i.e. there is not much that you can teach me about that)." (#47)</li> <li>"<i>Kaffa'n woni ba ta wa woni taffia.</i>" "The legs of one man are no good to another for walking." (#61)</li></ul> <p>Charles Henry Robinson's <i>Hausa Grammar</i>, also published in 1905, contains a selection of proverbs in Hausa (Roman script) with English translations; here are a few of those proverbs:<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>"<i>Giwa awani gari zomo.</i>" "An elephant is a hare in another town (i.e. a great man is a nobody where no one knows him)."</li> <li>"<i>Idan ka rubuta ya tabbatta, idan ka kiyaye ya gudu.</i>" "If you write, the writing remains; if you keep a thing in your mind, it flees away."</li> <li>"<i>Alberkachin kaza kadangari shi kan sha ruan kasko.</i>" "Thanks to the fowl, the lizard finds water to drink in the pot (i.e. if there were no fowls, there would be no water put out; this is said when a man gains some benefit through no virtue of his own)."</li> <li>"<i>Karambanin akwai ta gaida kura.</i>" "It is no business of the goat to salute the hyena; i.e. if a man meddles with that which does not concern him, he has only himself to thank for his misfortune."</li> <li>"<i>Haukan kaza amren musuru.</i>" "It is madness for the fowl to marry a cat (i.e. the meaning is practically the same as the preceding)."</li></ul> <p>A collection of over 100 Hausa proverbs in both Hausa and English translation appears in Volume 2 of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Sutherland_Rattray" title="Robert Sutherland Rattray">R. S. Rattray</a>'s <i>Hausa Folklore, Customs, Proverbs, etc. by Malam Shaihu</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hausa text is printed both in Arabic script as provided by Malam Shaihu, a <a href="/wiki/Kano_(city)" title="Kano (city)">Kano</a>-born Hausa teacher,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in Roman transliteration provided by Rattray. Here are some of those proverbs: </p> <ul><li>"<i>Hanchi bai san dadin gishiri ba.</i>" "The nose does not know the flavor of the salt." (#7)</li> <li>"<i>Kinwa che ba ta gida, domin hakanan bera ke gada.</i>" "The cat is not at home, because of that the mice are playing." (#15)</li> <li>"<i>Kaza mai-yaya, ita ke tsoro shirwa.</i>" "It is the hen with chicks that fears the hawk." (#21)</li> <li>"<i>Gingidin kunama, kowa ya taba, shi sha kashi.</i>" "The snoozing scorpion, whoever touches it (quickly) gets a blow." (#39)</li> <li>"<i>Harara bai mari ba.</i>" "A frown is not a slap (it does not hurt)." (#43)</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cu31924026919518_0000.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Cu31924026919518_0000.jpg/220px-Cu31924026919518_0000.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Cu31924026919518_0000.jpg/330px-Cu31924026919518_0000.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Cu31924026919518_0000.jpg/440px-Cu31924026919518_0000.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1650" data-file-height="2589" /></a><figcaption>Cover of AJN Tremearne's Hausa Folktales (1914) showing Gizo the Spider</figcaption></figure><p>Rattray also includes 30 stories told in Hausa by Malam Shaihu: 21 stories with human characters in volume 1,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 9 animal stories in volume 2,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> featuring a cycle of stories about Gizo, the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_spiders#Africa" title="Cultural depictions of spiders">trickster spider of Hausa tradition</a>. </p><p>There are several other collections of traditional Hausa tales available in both Hausa and English translation. <a href="/wiki/James_Sch%C3%B6n" title="James Schön">J.F. Schon</a>'s <i>Magana Hausa</i> of 1885 includes the Hausa text of 83 tales with an English translation available in some, but not all, editions.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1914, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_John_Newman_Tremearne" title="Arthur John Newman Tremearne">A.J.N. Tremearne</a> published the Hausa texts of over 170 Hausa stories in <i>Hausa Folktales</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which features Gizo the trickster spider on its cover, with English translations having appeared earlier in Tremearne's <i>Hausa Superstitions and Customs</i><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other publications. More recently, Neil Skinner's <i>Hausa Tales and Traditions</i><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> provides English translations of the stories that first appeared in 1924 in Frank Edgar’s <i>Tatsuniyoyi na Hausa</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hausa_language&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/56px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Languages">Languages portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Niger" title="History of Niger">History of Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nigeria" title="History of Nigeria">History of Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanem Empire">Kanem Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klingenheben%27s_law" title="Klingenheben's law">Klingenheben's law</a> – Hausa-language sound law</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bornu_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bornu Empire">Bornu Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayajidda_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayajidda (mythology)">Bayajidda</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hausa_language&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Only countries with at least 100,000 speakers are shown.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hausa_language&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e28-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e28_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e28_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e28_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e28_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/hau">Hausa language</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (28th ed., 2025) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauer2007?-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauer2007?_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBauer2007">Bauer (2007)</a>, p. ?.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWolff" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Wolff, H. Ekkehard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hausa-language">"Hausa language"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hausa+language&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.aulast=Wolff&rft.aufirst=H.+Ekkehard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FHausa-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHausa+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldmapper.org/maps/spread-of-the-hausa-language-2005/">"Spread of the Hausa Language"</a>. <i>Worldmapper</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Ibadan [Nigeria]: University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-978-030-535-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-978-030-535-2"><bdi>978-978-030-535-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/48668741">48668741</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tsarin+sauti+da+nahawun+hausa&rft.place=Ibadan+%5BNigeria%5D&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F48668741&rft.isbn=978-978-030-535-2&rft.aulast=Sani&rft.aufirst=M.+A.+Z.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F48668741&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHausa+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSimwa2018" class="citation web cs1">Simwa, Adrianna (2018-06-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legit.ng/1176164-major-hausa-states-nigeria.html">"List of states in Nigeria predominantly inhabited by the Hausas"</a>. <i>Legit.ng - Nigeria news</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=scriptsource.org&rft.atitle=ScriptSource+%E2%80%93+Salifou+Hausa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscriptsource.org%2Fcms%2Fscripts%2Fpage.php%3Fitem_id%3Dscript_detail%26key%3DQa16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHausa+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bisharat.net/Demos/Hausa_alpha_2.htm">"Hausa alphabet from a 1993 publication"</a>. <i>www.bisharat.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bisharat.net&rft.atitle=Hausa+alphabet+from+a+1993+publication&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bisharat.net%2FDemos%2FHausa_alpha_2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHausa+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bisharat.net/Demos/Hausa_alpha_3.htm">"Hausa alphabet from a 1993 publication"</a>. <i>www.bisharat.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bisharat.net&rft.atitle=Hausa+alphabet+from+a+1993+publication&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bisharat.net%2FDemos%2FHausa_alpha_3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHausa+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. G. G. (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=65o1AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA408">"The Upavon Incident."</a> <i>The Aeroplane</i>: 408.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Merrick, George C. (1905). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hausaproverbs00merrrich/">Hausa Proverbs.</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robinson, Charles H. (1905). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hausagrammarwit00burdgoog/page/n105/mode/2up?view=theater">Hausa Grammar.</a></i> pp. 91-106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rattray, R. S. (1913). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hausafolklorecus02rattuoft/page/252/mode/2up?view=theater">Hausa Folklore, Customs, Proverbs, etc. by Malam Shaihu: Volume 2.</a></i> pp. 252-279.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bivins, Mary Wren (1997). "Daura and Gender in the Creation of a Hausa National Epic." <i>African Languages and Cultures</i>. 10: 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rattray, R. S. (1913). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hausafolklorecus01rattuoft/">Hausa Folklore, Customs, Proverbs, etc. by Malam Shaihu: Volume 1.</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rattray, R. S. (1913). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hausafolklorecus02rattuoft/page/10/mode/2up?view=theater">Hausa Folklore, Customs, Proverbs, etc. by Malam Shaihu: Volume 2.</a></i> pp. 10-149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schön, James Frederick (1885). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/schon-magana-hausa-english-1885">Magana Hausa, to Which Is Added a Translation in English.</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tremearne, Arthur John Newman (1914). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924026919518">Hausa Folktales: The Hausa Text of the Stories in Hausa Superstitions and Customs, in Folk-lore, and in Other Publications.</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tremearne, Arthur John Newman (1913). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924026472278/">Hausa Superstitions and Customs</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Skinner, Neil (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hausatalestradit0001edga/"><i>Hausa Tales and Traditions: An English Translation of Tatsuniyoyi na Hausa</i></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edgar, Frank (1924). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006941062">Tatsuniyoyi na Hausa.</a></i></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hausa_language&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Edward_Philips" title="John Edward Philips">Philips, John Edward</a>. “Hausa in the Twentieth Century: An Overview.” in <i>Sudanic Africa, </i>vol. 15, 2004, pp. 55–84. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/25653413">online</a>, on Romanization of the language.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBauer2007" class="citation book cs1">Bauer, Laurie (2007). <i>The Linguistics Student's Handbook</i>. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2758-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2758-5"><bdi>978-0-7486-2758-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Linguistics+Student%27s+Handbook&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-2758-5&rft.aulast=Bauer&rft.aufirst=Laurie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHausa+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchuhYalwa1999" class="citation book cs1">Schuh, Russell G.; Yalwa, Lawan D. (1999). "Hausa". <i>Handbook of the International Phonetic Association</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">90–</span>95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-63751-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-63751-1"><bdi>0-521-63751-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hausa&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E90-%3C%2Fspan%3E95&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-521-63751-1&rft.aulast=Schuh&rft.aufirst=Russell+G.&rft.au=Yalwa%2C+Lawan+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHausa+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Henry_RobinsonWilliam_Henry_BrooksHausa_Association,_London1899" class="citation book cs1">Charles Henry Robinson; William Henry Brooks; Hausa Association, London (1899). <i>Dictionary of the Hausa Language: Hausa–English</i>. The Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+the+Hausa+Language%3A+Hausa%E2%80%93English&rft.pub=The+Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1899&rft.au=Charles+Henry+Robinson&rft.au=William+Henry+Brooks&rft.au=Hausa+Association%2C+London&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHausa+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchön,_James_Frederick_(Rev.)1882" class="citation book cs1">Schön, James Frederick (Rev.) (1882). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/grammarofhausal00sch/page/n5"><i>Grammar of the Hausa language</i></a>. London: Church Missionary House. p. 270. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20181019202419/https://archive.org/stream/grammarofhausal00sch/grammarofhausal00sch_djvu.txt">Archived</a> from the original on October 19, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Oct 19,</span> 2018</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Archive.org" class="mw-redirect" title="Archive.org">archive.org</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grammar+of+the+Hausa+language&rft.place=London&rft.pages=270&rft.pub=Church+Missionary+House&rft.date=1882&rft.au=Sch%C3%B6n%2C+James+Frederick+%28Rev.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgrammarofhausal00sch%2Fpage%2Fn5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHausa+language" class="Z3988"></span> (Now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>).</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hausa_language&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/40px-Scholia_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/60px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/80px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="104" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Scholia" class="extiw" title="d:Wikidata:Scholia">Scholia</a> has a <i>topic</i> profile for <i><b><a href="https://iw.toolforge.org/scholia/topic/Q56475" class="extiw" title="toolforge:scholia/topic/Q56475">Hausa language</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/hausa.htm">Omniglot</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140513011326/http://library.columbia.edu/subject-guides/africa/subjects/hausa_bibliography.html">Hausa Language Acquisitions</a> at Columbia University Libraries</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wold.clld.org/vocabulary/4">Hausa Vocabulary List</a> –World Loanword Database</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040603144544/http://www.univie.ac.at/afrikanistik/oracle/KofarHausaE.html">Hausa Dictionary</a> at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Vienna" title="University of Vienna">University of Vienna</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED252096"><i>Hausar Yau Da Kullum:</i></a> –Intermediate and Advanced Lessons in Hausa Language and Culture</li> <li>Robinson, Charles Henry. (1899) <i>Hausa-English Dictionary</i>, in both Latin and Ajami, Vol 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryhausa01englgoog/page/n2/mode/2up">https://archive.org/details/dictionaryhausa01englgoog/page/n2/mode/2up</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Hausa language</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/20px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/category:Hausa_language" class="extiw" title="wikt:category:Hausa language">Definitions</a></b> from Wiktionary</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hausa_language" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Hausa language">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/29px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Hausa" class="extiw" title="b:Hausa">Textbooks</a></b> from Wikibooks</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/20px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Hausa_phrasebook" class="extiw" title="voy:Hausa phrasebook">Phrasebook</a></b> from Wikivoyage</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="ha:">Hausa edition</a></b> of Wikipedia</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56475" class="extiw" title="d:Q56475">Data</a></b> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="West_Chadic_languages438" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:West_Chadic_languages" title="Template:West Chadic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:West_Chadic_languages" title="Template talk:West Chadic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:West_Chadic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:West Chadic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="West_Chadic_languages438" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/West_Chadic_languages" title="West Chadic languages">West Chadic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hausa%E2%80%93Gwandara_languages" title="Hausa–Gwandara languages">Hausa–<br />Gwandara</a> (A.1)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gwandara_language" title="Gwandara language">Gwandara</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hausa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bole%E2%80%93Tangale_languages" title="Bole–Tangale languages">Bole–<br />Tangale</a> (A.2)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bole</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C6%81eele_language" title="Ɓeele language">Ɓeele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bole_language" title="Bole language">Bole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bure_language" title="Bure language">Bure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dazawa_language" title="Dazawa language">Daza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deno_language" title="Deno language">Deno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galambu_language" title="Galambu language">Galambu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gera_language" title="Gera language">Gera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geruma_language" title="Geruma language">Geruma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giiwo_language" title="Giiwo language">Giiwo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karai-karai" title="Karai-karai">Karai-karai</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kubi_language" title="Kubi language">Kubi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngamo_language" title="Ngamo language">Ngamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maaka_language" title="Maaka language">Maaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_language_(Chadic)" title="Pali language (Chadic)">Pali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tangale</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goji_language" title="Goji language">Goji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanakuru_language" title="Kanakuru language">Kanakuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kholok_language" title="Kholok language">Kholok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulung_language_(West_Chadic)" title="Kulung language (West Chadic)">Kulung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutto_language" title="Kutto language">Kutto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwaami_language" title="Kwaami language">Kwaami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyam_language" title="Nyam language">Nyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pero_language" title="Pero language">Pero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piya_language" title="Piya language">Piya-Kwonci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangale_language" title="Tangale language">Tangale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Angas_languages" title="Angas languages">Angas</a> (A.3)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beln%C9%99ng_language" title="Belnəng language">Belnəng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cakfem-Mushere_language" title="Cakfem-Mushere language">Cakfem-Mushere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakato_language" title="Chakato language">Chakato</a> (Jorto)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goemai_language" title="Goemai language">Goemai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jibyal_language" title="Jibyal language">Jibyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koenoem_language" title="Koenoem language">Koenoem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miler_language" title="Miler language">Miler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miship_language" title="Miship language">Miship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montol_language" title="Montol language">Montol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwaghavul_language" title="Mwaghavul language">Mwaghavul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngas_language" title="Ngas language">Ngas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nteng_language" title="Nteng language">Nteng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_language" title="Pan language">Pan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyapun_language" title="Pyapun language">Pyapun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tal_language" title="Tal language">Tal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiwom_language" title="Yiwom language">Yiwom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ron_languages" title="Ron languages">Ron</a> (A.4)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duhwa_language" title="Duhwa language">Duhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyer_language" title="Fyer language">Fyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulere_language" title="Kulere language">Kulere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundat_language" title="Mundat language">Mundat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_language" title="Ron language">Ron</a> <ul><li>Bokkos</li> <li>Daffo-Butura</li> <li>Shagawu</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sha_language" title="Sha language">Sha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambas_language" title="Tambas language">Tambas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bade_languages" title="Bade languages">Bade</a> (B.1)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Auyokawa_language" title="Auyokawa language">Auyokawa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bade_language" title="Bade language">Bade</a> <ul><li><i>Shirawa</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C6%8Auwai_language" title="Ɗuwai language">Ɗuwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngizim_language" title="Ngizim language">Ngizim</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Teshenawa_language" title="Teshenawa language">Teshenawa</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Bauchi_languages" title="North Bauchi languages">North Bauchi</a><br />(Warji) (B.2)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ajawa_language" title="Ajawa language">Ajawa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciwogai_language" title="Ciwogai language">Ciwogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diri_language" title="Diri language">Diri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kariya_language" title="Kariya language">Kariya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mburku_language" title="Mburku language">Mburku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miya_language" title="Miya language">Miya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%CA%BCa_language" title="Paʼa language">Paʼa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siri_language" title="Siri language">Siri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warji_language" title="Warji language">Warji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zumbun_language" title="Zumbun language">Zumbun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Bauchi_languages" title="South Bauchi languages">South Bauchi</a><br />(Barawa) (B.3)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zaar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dass_language" title="Dass language">Dass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geji_language" title="Geji language">Geji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polci_language" title="Polci language">Polci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saya_language" title="Saya language">Saya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zari_language" title="Zari language">Zari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeem_language" title="Zeem language">Zeem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Guruntum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guruntum_language" title="Guruntum language">Guruntum-Mbaaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ju_language_(Chadic)" title="Ju language (Chadic)">Ju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tala_language" title="Tala language">Tala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zangwal_language" title="Zangwal language">Zangwal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Boghom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boghom_language" title="Boghom language">Boghom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimi_language_(Nigeria)" title="Jimi language (Nigeria)">Jimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimi_language_(Nigeria)" title="Jimi language (Nigeria)">Jum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kir-Balar_language" title="Kir-Balar language">Kir-Balar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantsi_language_(Nigeria)" title="Mantsi language (Nigeria)">Mangas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poki_language" title="Poki language">Poki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a>. See also: <a href="/wiki/Chadic_languages" title="Chadic languages">Chadic languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Cameroon190" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Cameroon" title="Template:Languages of Cameroon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Cameroon" title="Template talk:Languages of Cameroon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Cameroon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Cameroon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Cameroon190" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Cameroon" title="Languages of Cameroon">Languages of Cameroon</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamum_language" title="Bamum language">Bamum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulu_language" title="Bulu language">Bulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duala_language" title="Duala language">Duala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewondo_language" title="Ewondo language">Ewondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fula_language" title="Fula language">Fulfulde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kom_language_(Cameroon)" title="Kom language (Cameroon)">Kom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nso_language" title="Nso language">Lamnso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medumba_language" title="Medumba language">Medumba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pidgins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_Pidgin_English" title="Cameroonian Pidgin English">Cameroonian Pidgin English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camfranglais" title="Camfranglais">Camfranglais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewondo_Populaire" title="Ewondo Populaire">Ewondo Populaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous and Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chadian_Arabic" title="Chadian Arabic">Chadian Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afade_language" title="Afade language">Afade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aghem_language" title="Aghem language">Aghem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babanki_language" title="Babanki language">Babanki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bafaw-Balong_language" title="Bafaw-Balong language">Bafaw-Balong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bafia_language_(Cameroon)" title="Bafia language (Cameroon)">Bafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baka_language" title="Baka language">Baka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldemu_language" title="Baldemu language">Baldemu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamali_language" title="Bamali language">Bamali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bambalang_language" title="Bambalang language">Bambalang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bana_language" title="Bana language">Bana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangolan_language" title="Bangolan language">Bangolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankon_language" title="Bankon language">Bankon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bata_language" title="Bata language">Bata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bati_language_(Cameroon)" title="Bati language (Cameroon)">Bati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batu_language" title="Batu language">Batu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebele_language" title="Bebele language">Bebele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebil_language" title="Bebil language">Bebil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beti_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Beti language">Beti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bikya_language" title="Bikya language">Bikya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishuo_language" title="Bishuo language">Bishuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitare_language" title="Bitare language">Bitare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomwali_language" title="Bomwali language">Bomwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonkeng_language" title="Bonkeng language">Bonkeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bube_language" title="Bube language">Bube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bung_language" title="Bung language">Bung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buwal_language" title="Buwal language">Buwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byep_language" title="Byep language">Byep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caka_language" title="Caka language">Caka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceve-Maci_language" title="Iceve-Maci language">Ceve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamba_Leko" title="Chamba Leko">Chamba Leko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuvok_language" title="Cuvok language">Cuvok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daba_language" title="Daba language">Daba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doyayo_language" title="Doyayo language">Dowayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C6%8Augwor_language" title="Ɗugwor language">Ɗugwor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duli_language" title="Duli language">Duli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eman_language" title="Eman language">Eman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esimbi_language" title="Esimbi language">Esimbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eton_language" title="Eton language">Eton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evant_language" title="Evant language">Evant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fa%CA%BC_language" title="Faʼ language">Fa’</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_language" title="Fang language">Fang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanji_language" title="Fanji language">Fanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fe%27fe%27_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Fe'fe' language">Fe'fe'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fut_language" title="Fut language">Fut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gawar_language" title="Gawar language">Gawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghomala%27_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghomala' language">Ghomala'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gidar_language" title="Gidar language">Gidar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glavda_language" title="Glavda language">Glavda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gude_language" title="Gude language">Gude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunu_language" title="Gunu language">Gunu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gvoko_language" title="Gvoko language">Gvoko</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hdi_language" title="Hdi language">Hdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijuk_language" title="Hijuk language">Hijuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hina_language" title="Hina language">Hina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hya_language" title="Hya language">Hya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipulo_language" title="Ipulo language">Ipulo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iyive_language" title="Iyive language">Iyive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimi_language_(Cameroon)" title="Jimi language (Cameroon)">Jimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jina_language" title="Jina language">Jina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaalong_language" title="Kaalong language">Kaalong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kako_language" title="Kako language">Kako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali_language" title="Kali language">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanuri_language" title="Kanuri language">Kanuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kare_language_(Adamawa)" title="Kare language (Adamawa)">Kare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasabe_language" title="Kasabe language">Kasabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kera_language" title="Kera language">Kera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ki_language" title="Ki language">Ki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kogo_language" title="Kogo language">Kogo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kol_language_(Cameroon)" title="Kol language (Cameroon)">Kol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koma_language" title="Koma language">Koma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kpwe_language" title="Kpwe language">Kpwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuo_language" title="Kuo language">Kuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutin_language" title="Kutin language">Kutin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwa%CA%BC_language" title="Kwaʼ language">Kwa’</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwakum_language" title="Kwakum language">Kwakum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwasio_language" title="Kwasio language">Kwasio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%27bi_language" title="La'bi language">La'bi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagwan_language" title="Lagwan language">Lagwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limba_language_(Cameroon)" title="Limba language (Cameroon)">Limba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbum_language" title="Limbum language">Limbum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_language_(Cameroon)" title="Luo language (Cameroon)">Luo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%C9%97a_language" title="Maɗa language">Maɗa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafa_language" title="Mafa language">Mafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majera_language" title="Majera language">Majera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makaa_language" title="Makaa language">Makaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malgbe_language" title="Malgbe language">Malgbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manenguba_languages" title="Manenguba languages">Manenguba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangbai_language" title="Mangbai language">Mangbai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manza_language" title="Manza language">Manza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maslam_language" title="Maslam language">Maslam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massa_language" title="Massa language">Massa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matal_language" title="Matal language">Matal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazagway_language" title="Mazagway language">Mazagway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mb%C9%99%CA%BC_language" title="Mbəʼ language">Mbə’</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mboa_language" title="Mboa language">Mboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbudum_language" title="Mbudum language">Mbudum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbuko_language" title="Mbuko language">Mbuko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbule_language" title="Mbule language">Mbule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbum_language" title="Mbum language">Mbum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mefele_language" title="Mefele language">Mefele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengaka_language" title="Mengaka language">Məgaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leti_language_(Cameroon)" title="Leti language (Cameroon)">Mengisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menyam_language" title="Menyam language">Menyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merey_language" title="Merey language">Merey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesaka_language" title="Mesaka language">Mesaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mfumte_language" title="Mfumte language">Mfumte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mofu-Gudur_language" title="Mofu-Gudur language">Mofu-Gudur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moloko_language" title="Moloko language">Moloko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mono_language_(Cameroon)" title="Mono language (Cameroon)">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpade_language" title="Mpade language">Mpade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpumpong_language" title="Mpumpong language">Mpumpong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mser_language" title="Mser language">Mser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundang_language" title="Mundang language">Mundang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nga%27ka_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nga'ka language">Mungaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musgu_language" title="Musgu language">Musgu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muyang_language" title="Muyang language">Muyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagumi_language" title="Nagumi language">Nagumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nda%E2%80%99nda%E2%80%99_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nda’nda’ language">Nda’nda’</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndai_language" title="Ndai language">Ndai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nen_language_(Cameroon)" title="Nen language (Cameroon)">Nen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nga%27ka_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nga'ka language">Nga'ka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngambay_language" title="Ngambay language">Ngambay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngiemboon_language" title="Ngiemboon language">Ngiemboon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngomba_language" title="Ngomba language">Ngomba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngombale_language" title="Ngombale language">Ngombale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngwe_language" title="Ngwe language">Ngwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbari_language" title="Nimbari language">Nimbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Njem_language" title="Njem language">Njem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Njerep_language" title="Njerep language">Njerep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkongho_language" title="Nkongho language">Nkongho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanga_language" title="Tanga language">Noho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noni_language" title="Noni language">Noni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Giziga_language" title="North Giziga language">North Giziga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Mofu_language" title="North Mofu language">North Mofu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Gbaya_language" title="Northwest Gbaya language">Northwest Gbaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyokon_language" title="Nyokon language">Nyokon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyong_language" title="Nyong language">Nyong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nzakambay_language" title="Nzakambay language">Nzakambay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nzanyi_language" title="Nzanyi language">Nzanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nzime_language" title="Nzime language">Nzime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblo_language" title="Oblo language">Oblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oroko_language" title="Oroko language">Oroko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pam_language" title="Pam language">Pam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_language" title="Baba language">Papia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkwa_language" title="Parkwa language">Parkwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinyin_language" title="Pinyin language">Pinyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pol_language" title="Pol language">Pol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongo_language" title="Pongo language">Pongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psiky%C9%9B_dialect" title="Psikyɛ dialect">Psikyɛ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rombi_language" title="Rombi language">Rombi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharwa_language" title="Sharwa language">Sharwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Giziga_language" title="South Giziga language">South Giziga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwu_language" title="Suwu language">Suwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swo_language" title="Swo language">Swo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibea_language" title="Tibea language">Tibea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikar_language" title="Tikar language">Tikar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_language" title="To language">To</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsuvan_language" title="Tsuvan language">Tsuvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupuri_language" title="Tupuri language">Tupuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vame_language" title="Vame language">Vame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vemgo-Mabas_language" title="Vemgo-Mabas language">Vemgo-Mabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vengo_language" title="Vengo language">Vengo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vere_language" title="Vere language">Vere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voko_language" title="Voko language">Voko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perema_language" title="Perema language">Wom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuzlam_language" title="Wuzlam language">Wuzlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamba_language" title="Yamba language">Yamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yambe_language" title="Yambe language">Yambe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasa_language" title="Yasa language">Yasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yedina_language" title="Yedina language">Yedina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemba_language" title="Yemba language">Yemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeni_language" title="Yeni language">Yeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zizilivakan_language" title="Zizilivakan language">Zizilivakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulgo-Gemzek_language" title="Zulgo-Gemzek language">Zulgo-Gemzek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zumaya_language" title="Zumaya language">Zumaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_American_Sign_Language#Francophone_African_Sign_Language" title="Varieties of American Sign Language">Francophone African Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maroua_Sign_Language" title="Maroua Sign Language">Maroua Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>See also:</b> <a href="/wiki/General_Alphabet_of_Cameroon_Languages" title="General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages">General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Chad78" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Chad" title="Template:Languages of Chad"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Chad" title="Template talk:Languages of Chad"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Chad" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Chad"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Chad78" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Chad" title="Languages of Chad">Languages of Chad</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagirmi_language" title="Bagirmi language">Bagirmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bongor_Arabic" title="Bongor Arabic">Bongor Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian_Arabic" title="Chadian Arabic">Chadian Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daza_language" title="Daza language">Daza(ga)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanembu_language" title="Kanembu language">Kanembu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maba_language" title="Maba language">Maba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngambay_language" title="Ngambay language">Ngambay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sar_language" title="Sar language">Sara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teda_language" title="Teda language">Teda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mser_language" title="Mser language">Mser</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic Language">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Niger91" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Niger" title="Template:Languages of Niger"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Niger" title="Template talk:Languages of Niger"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Niger" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Niger"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Niger91" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Niger" title="Languages of Niger">Languages of Niger</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buduma_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Buduma language">Buduma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fula_language" title="Fula language">Fulfulde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurma_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurma language">Gurma</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanuri_language" title="Kanuri language">Kanuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhay_languages" title="Songhay languages">Songhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasawaq_language" title="Tasawaq language">Tassawaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tebu_languages" title="Tebu languages">Toubou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuareg_languages" title="Tuareg languages">Tamajeq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarma_language" title="Zarma language">Zarma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Tamajeq_language" title="Air Tamajeq language">Air Tamajeq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian_Arabic" title="Chadian Arabic">Chadian Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daza_language" title="Daza language">Daza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaado_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaado language">Kaado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamahaq_language" title="Tamahaq language">Tamahaq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic Language">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Nigeria140" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Nigeria" title="Template:Languages of Nigeria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Nigeria" title="Template talk:Languages of Nigeria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Nigeria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Nigeria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Nigeria140" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Nigeria" title="Languages of Nigeria">Languages of Nigeria</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_English" title="Nigerian English">English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_language" title="Igbo language">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recognised languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berom_language" title="Berom language">Berom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebira_language" title="Ebira language">Ebira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edo_language" title="Edo language">Edo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibibio-Efik_languages" title="Ibibio-Efik languages">Efik-Ibibio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fula_language" title="Fula language">Fulfulde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwari_language" title="Gwari language">Gbagyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idoma_language" title="Idoma language">Idoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igala_language" title="Igala language">Igala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijaw_languages" title="Ijaw languages">Ijaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoko_language" title="Isoko language">Isoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izere_language" title="Izere language">Izere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jju_language" title="Jju language">Jju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukunoid_languages" title="Jukunoid languages">Jukun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanuri_language" title="Kanuri language">Kanuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nupe_language" title="Nupe language">Nupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karai-karai" title="Karai-karai">Karai-karai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiv_language" title="Tiv language">Tiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyap_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyap language">Tyap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukwuani-Aboh-Ndoni_language" title="Ukwuani-Aboh-Ndoni language">Ukwuani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urhobo_language" title="Urhobo language">Urhobo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e6e6ff;"><div id="Indigenous_languages_(grouped_by_Nigerian_state)107" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Indigenous languages <span style="font-size: 85%;">(grouped by <a href="/wiki/States_of_Nigeria" title="States of Nigeria">Nigerian state</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adamawa_State" title="Adamawa State">Adamawa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Baa language">Baa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacama_language" title="Bacama language">Bacama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali_language_(Adamawa)" title="Bali language (Adamawa)">Bali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bata_language" title="Bata language">Bata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boga_language" title="Boga language">Boga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bura_language" title="Bura language">Bura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamba_Leko" title="Chamba Leko">Chamba Leko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daba_language" title="Daba language">Daba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daka_language" title="Daka language">Daka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong_language_(Nigeria)" title="Dong language (Nigeria)">Dong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fali_of_Mubi" title="Fali of Mubi">Fali of Mubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ga%27anda_language" title="Ga'anda language">Ga'anda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaa_language" title="Gaa language">Gaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gude_language" title="Gude language">Gude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudu_language" title="Gudu language">Gudu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holma_language" title="Holma language">Holma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huba_language" title="Huba language">Huba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hwana_language" title="Hwana language">Hwana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hya_language" title="Hya language">Hya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamwe_language" title="Kamwe language">Kamwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanakuru_language" title="Kanakuru language">Kanakuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirya-Konz%C9%99l_language" title="Kirya-Konzəl language">Kirya-Konzəl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kofa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kofa language">Kofa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koma_language" title="Koma language">Koma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kpasam_language" title="Kpasam language">Kpasam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kugama_language" title="Kugama language">Kugama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumba_language" title="Kumba language">Kumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamang_language" title="Lamang language">Lamang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longuda_language" title="Longuda language">Longuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margi_language" title="Margi language">Margi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margi_South_language" title="Margi South language">Margi South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumuye_language" title="Mumuye language">Mumuye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngwaba_language" title="Ngwaba language">Ngwaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyong_language" title="Nyong language">Nyong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nzanyi_language" title="Nzanyi language">Nzanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psiky%C9%9B_dialect" title="Psikyɛ dialect">Psikyɛ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukur_language" title="Sukur language">Sukur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taram_language" title="Taram language">Taram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teme_language" title="Teme language">Teme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tso_language" title="Tso language">Tso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vere_language" title="Vere language">Vere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waja_language" title="Waja language">Waja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wom_language_(Nigeria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wom language (Nigeria)">Wom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yendang_language" title="Yendang language">Yendang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zizilivakan_language" title="Zizilivakan language">Zizilivakan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Akwa_Ibom_State" title="Akwa Ibom State">Akwa Ibom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaang_language" title="Anaang language">Anaang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekit language">Ekit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibibio_language" title="Ibibio language">Ibibio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obolo_language" title="Obolo language">Obolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oron_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Oron language">Oron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bauchi_State" title="Bauchi State">Bauchi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C6%81eele_language" title="Ɓeele language">Ɓeele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bole_language" title="Bole language">Bole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bure_language" title="Bure language">Bure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciwogai_language" title="Ciwogai language">Ciwogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dass_language" title="Dass language">Dass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dazawa_language" title="Dazawa language">Dazawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deno_language" title="Deno language">Deno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dikaka_language" title="Dikaka language">Dikaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulbu_language" title="Dulbu language">Dulbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galambu_language" title="Galambu language">Galambu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gera_language" title="Gera language">Gera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geruma_language" title="Geruma language">Geruma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giiwo_language" title="Giiwo language">Giiwo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guruntum_language" title="Guruntum language">Guruntum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalaa_language" title="Jalaa language">Jalaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarawa_language_(Nigeria)" title="Jarawa language (Nigeria)">Jarawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimi_language_(Nigeria)" title="Jimi language (Nigeria)">Jimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karekare_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Karekare language">Karekare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kariya_language" title="Kariya language">Kariya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kir-Balar_language" title="Kir-Balar language">Kir-Balar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubi_language" title="Kubi language">Kubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kushi language">Kushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusur%E2%80%93Myet_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kusur–Myet language">Kusur–Myet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutto_language" title="Kutto language">Kutto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwaami_language" title="Kwaami language">Kwaami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labir_language" title="Labir language">Labir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longuda_language" title="Longuda language">Longuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangas_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangas language">Mangas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mburku_language" title="Mburku language">Mburku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miya_language" title="Miya language">Miya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%27a_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pa'a language">Pa'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piya_language" title="Piya language">Piya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polci_language" title="Polci language">Polci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiki_language" title="Shiki language">Shiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siri_language" title="Siri language">Siri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tso_language" title="Tso language">Tso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warji_language" title="Warji language">Warji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zangwal_language" title="Zangwal language">Zangwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zumbun_language" title="Zumbun language">Zumbun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bayelsa_State" title="Bayelsa State">Bayelsa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Izon_language" title="Izon language">Izon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epie_language" title="Epie language">Epie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urhobo-Isoko" class="mw-redirect" title="Urhobo-Isoko">Urhobo-Isoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Ijo" title="Southeast Ijo">Southeast Ijo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Benue_State" title="Benue State">Benue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eggon_language" title="Eggon language">Eggon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igede_language" title="Igede language">Igede</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Borno_State" title="Borno State">Borno</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afade_language" title="Afade language">Afade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bura_language" title="Bura language">Bura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cibak_language" title="Cibak language">Cibak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cineni_language" title="Cineni language">Cineni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dghwede_language" title="Dghwede language">Dghwede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glavda_language" title="Glavda language">Glavda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gude_language" title="Gude language">Gude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guduf-Gava_language" title="Guduf-Gava language">Guduf-Gava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gvoko_language" title="Gvoko language">Gvoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jara_language" title="Jara language">Jara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jilbe_language" title="Jilbe language">Jilbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamwe_language" title="Kamwe language">Kamwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanakuru_language" title="Kanakuru language">Kanakuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamang_language" title="Lamang language">Lamang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maaka_language" title="Maaka language">Maaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafa_language" title="Mafa language">Mafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margi_language" title="Margi language">Margi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margi_South_language" title="Margi South language">Margi South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nggwahyi_language" title="Nggwahyi language">Nggwahyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putai_language" title="Putai language">Putai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tera_language" title="Tera language">Tera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandala_language" title="Wandala language">Wandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yedina_language" title="Yedina language">Yedina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cross_River_State" title="Cross River State">Cross River</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abanyom_language" title="Abanyom language">Abanyom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efik_language" title="Efik language">Efik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbe_language" title="Mbe language">Mbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbembe_language" title="Mbembe language">Mbembe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Delta_State" title="Delta State">Delta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urhobo-Isoko" class="mw-redirect" title="Urhobo-Isoko">Urhobo-Isoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ika_language_(Nigeria)" title="Ika language (Nigeria)">Ika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izon_language" title="Izon language">Izon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoko_language" title="Isoko language">Isoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukwuani-Aboh-Ndoni_language" title="Ukwuani-Aboh-Ndoni language">Ukwuani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urhobo_language" title="Urhobo language">Uhrobo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Edo_State" title="Edo State">Edo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afenmai_language" title="Afenmai language">Afenmai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishan language">Ishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bini_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bini language">Bini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gombe_State" title="Gombe State">Gombe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awak_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Awak language">Awak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangwinji_language" title="Bangwinji language">Bangwinji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bole_language" title="Bole language">Bole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadiya_language" title="Dadiya language">Dadiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jara_language" title="Jara language">Jara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamo_language" title="Kamo language">Kamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngamo_language" title="Ngamo language">Ngamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pero_language" title="Pero language">Pero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangale_language" title="Tangale language">Tangale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tera_language" title="Tera language">Tera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tula_language" title="Tula language">Tula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waja_language" title="Waja language">Waja</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jigawa_State" title="Jigawa State">Jigawa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bade_language" title="Bade language">Bade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teshenawa_language" title="Teshenawa language">Teshenawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kaduna_State" title="Kaduna State">Kaduna</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adara_language" title="Adara language">Adara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahwai_language" title="Ahwai language">Ahwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanufi_language" title="Kanufi language">Anib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atsam_language" title="Atsam language">Atsam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayu_language" title="Ayu language">Ayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berom_language" title="Berom language">Berom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bu_language" title="Bu language">Bu-Ninkada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bina_language" title="Bina language">Bina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piti_language" title="Piti language">Bishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cori_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cori language">Cori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doka_language" title="Doka language">Doka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungu_language" title="Dungu language">Dungu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duya_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Duya language">Duya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iku_language" title="Iku language">Ekhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gbagyi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gbagyi language">Gbagyi-Gbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwandara_language" title="Gwandara language">Gwandara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyong_language" title="Gyong language">Gyong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasha_language" title="Hasha language">Hasha</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyam_language" title="Hyam language">Hyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulu_language" title="Kulu language">Ikulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jju_language" title="Jju language">Jju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaivi_language" title="Kaivi language">Kaivi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinuku_language" title="Kinuku language">Kinuku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kono_language_(Nigeria)" title="Kono language (Nigeria)">Koonu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuwa-Zamani_language" title="Shuwa-Zamani language">Kuzamani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mada_language" title="Mada language">Mada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mala_language" title="Mala language">Mala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nghan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nghan language">Nghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikyob-Nindem_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikyob-Nindem language">Nikyob-Nindem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninzo_language" title="Ninzo language">Ninzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numana_language" title="Numana language">Numana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nungu_language" title="Nungu language">Nungu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyankpa_language" title="Nyankpa language">Nyankpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruma_language" title="Ruma language">Ruma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambe_language" title="Sambe language">Sambe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sha_language" title="Sha language">Sha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamang_language" title="Shamang language">Shamang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurama_language" title="Kurama language">T'kurmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Map_language" title="Map language">Timap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheni-Ziriya_language" title="Sheni-Ziriya language">TiSeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vori_language" title="Vori language">Tivori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toro_language" title="Toro language">Toro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gbiri-Niragu_language" title="Gbiri-Niragu language">Tugbiri-Niragu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumi_language" title="Tumi language">Tumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyap_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyap language">Tyap (Fantswam, Gworog, Sholyio, Takad, Tyap Mabatado, Tyecharak, Tyuku)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vono_language" title="Vono language">Vono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koro_Wachi_language" title="Koro Wachi language">Wachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhire_language" title="Zhire language">Zhire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kano_State" title="Kano State">Kano</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C6%8Auwai_language" title="Ɗuwai language">Ɗuwai</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurama_language" title="Kurama language">Tikurmi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kebbi_State" title="Kebbi State">Kebbi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cipu_language" title="Cipu language">Cipu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damakawa_language" title="Damakawa language">Damakawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hun-Saare_language" title="Hun-Saare language">Hun-Saare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kogi_State" title="Kogi State">Kogi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basa-Benue_language" title="Basa-Benue language">Basa-Benue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassa_Nge_people" title="Bassa Nge people">Bassa Nge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igala_language" title="Igala language">Igala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nupe_language" title="Nupe language">Nupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oworo_dialect" title="Oworo dialect">Oworo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kwara_State" title="Kwara State">Kwara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kakanda_language" title="Kakanda language">Kakanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kupa_language" title="Kupa language">Kupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nupe_language" title="Nupe language">Nupe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nasarawa_State" title="Nasarawa State">Nasarawa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ake_language" title="Ake language">Ake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alumu_language" title="Alumu language">Alumu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basa-Benue_language" title="Basa-Benue language">Basa-Benue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duhwa_language" title="Duhwa language">Duhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eggon_language" title="Eggon language">Eggon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasha_language" title="Hasha language">Hasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jili_language" title="Jili language">Jili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toro_language" title="Toro language">Toro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Niger_State" title="Niger State">Niger</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asu_language_(Nigeria)" title="Asu language (Nigeria)">Asu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bariba_language" title="Bariba language">Bariba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cipu_language" title="Cipu language">Cipu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gbagyi_people" title="Gbagyi people">Gbagyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwandara_language" title="Gwandara language">Gwandara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jijili_language" title="Jijili language">Jijili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakanda_language" title="Kakanda language">Kakanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nupe_language" title="Nupe language">Nupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongu_language" title="Pongu language">Pongu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ondo_State" title="Ondo State">Ondo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itsekiri_language" title="Itsekiri language">Itsekiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izon_language" title="Izon language">Izon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukaan_language" title="Ukaan language">Ukaan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plateau_State" title="Plateau State">Plateau</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barkul_language" title="Barkul language">Barkul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berom_language" title="Berom language">Berom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boghom_language" title="Boghom language">Bogghom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bole_language" title="Bole language">Bole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cakfem-Mushere_language" title="Cakfem-Mushere language">Cakfem-Mushere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dass_language" title="Dass language">Dass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Fyam language">Fyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyer_language" title="Fyer language">Fyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goemai_language" title="Goemai language">Goemai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horom_language" title="Horom language">Horom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izere_language" title="Izere language">Izere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorto_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jorto language">Jorto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koenoem_language" title="Koenoem language">Koenoem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kofyar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kofyar language">Kofyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulere_language" title="Kulere language">Kulere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miship_language" title="Miship language">Miship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montol_language" title="Montol language">Montol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundat_language" title="Mundat language">Mundat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwaghavul_language" title="Mwaghavul language">Mwaghavul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngas_language" title="Ngas language">Ngas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe_language" title="Pe language">Pe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyapun_language" title="Pyapun language">Pyapun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigwe_language" title="Rigwe language">Rigwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_language" title="Ron language">Ron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sha_language" title="Sha language">Sha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sur_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sur language">Sur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tal_language" title="Tal language">Tal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambas_language" title="Tambas language">Tambas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarok_language" title="Tarok language">Tarok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyap_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyap language">Tyap (Takad)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yankam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yankam language">Yankam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiwom_language" title="Yiwom language">Yiwom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rivers_State" title="Rivers State">Rivers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abua_language" title="Abua language">Abua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baan_language" title="Baan language">Baan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biseni_language" title="Biseni language">Biseni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defaka_language" title="Defaka language">Defaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degema_language" title="Degema language">Degema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekpeye_language" title="Ekpeye language">Ekpeye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleme_language" title="Eleme language">Eleme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engenni_language" title="Engenni language">Engenni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gokana_language" title="Gokana language">Gokana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijaw_languages" title="Ijaw languages">Ijaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikwerre_language" title="Ikwerre language">Ikwerre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalabari_language" title="Kalabari language">Kalabari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khana_language" title="Khana language">Khana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kugbo_language" title="Kugbo language">Kugbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkoroo_language" title="Nkoroo language">Nkoroo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%E2%80%99chi%E2%80%99chi%E2%80%99_language" class="mw-redirect" title="O’chi’chi’ language">O’chi’chi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obolo_language" title="Obolo language">Obolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obulom_language" title="Obulom language">Obulom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odual_language" title="Odual language">Odual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogba_language" title="Ogba language">Ogba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogbogolo_language" title="Ogbogolo language">Ogbogolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogbronuagum_language" title="Ogbronuagum language">Ogbronuagum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogoni_languages" title="Ogoni languages">Ogoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okodia_language" title="Okodia language">Okodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oruma_language" title="Oruma language">Oruma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tee_language" title="Tee language">Tee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukwuani-Aboh-Ndoni_language" title="Ukwuani-Aboh-Ndoni language">Ukwuani-Aboh-Ndoni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Taraba_State" title="Taraba State">Taraba</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baissa_Fali_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Baissa Fali language">Baissa Fali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bete_language_(Nigeria)" title="Bete language (Nigeria)">Bete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buru_language_(Nigeria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Buru language (Nigeria)">Buru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadiya_language" title="Dadiya language">Dadiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donga_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Donga language">Donga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kholok_language" title="Kholok language">Kholok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kpati_language" title="Kpati language">Kpati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laka_language_(Nigeria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Laka language (Nigeria)">Laka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lufu_language" title="Lufu language">Lufu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumuye_language" title="Mumuye language">Mumuye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyam_language" title="Nyam language">Nyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyingwom_language" title="Nyingwom language">Nyingwom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangseng_language" title="Pangseng language">Pangseng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rang_language" title="Rang language">Rang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarok_language" title="Tarok language">Tarok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waja_language" title="Waja language">Waja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waka_language" title="Waka language">Waka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yendang_language" title="Yendang language">Yendang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoti_language" title="Yoti language">Yoti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yobe_State" title="Yobe State">Yobe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bade_language" title="Bade language">Bade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bole_language" title="Bole language">Bole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C6%8Auwai_language" title="Ɗuwai language">Ɗuwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karekare_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Karekare language">Karekare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngamo_language" title="Ngamo language">Ngamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngizim_language" title="Ngizim language">Ngizim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian Sign Language">Nigerian Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bura_Sign_Language" title="Bura Sign Language">Bura Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_Sign_Language" title="Hausa Sign Language">Hausa Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" 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href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Nigerian_alphabet" title="Pan-Nigerian alphabet">Pan-Nigerian alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_braille" title="Nigerian braille">Nigerian braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medefaidrin" title="Medefaidrin">Medefaidrin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hausa_people_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=111" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hausa" title="Template:Hausa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hausa" title="Template talk:Hausa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hausa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hausa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hausa_people_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=111" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hausa_people" title="Hausa people">Hausa people</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_Hausa_people.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Hausa_people.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_Hausa_people.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Hausa_people.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="450" /></span></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_architecture" title="Hausa architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_Day" title="Hausa Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_Folk-lore" title="Hausa Folk-lore">Folk-lore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_Kingdoms" title="Hausa Kingdoms">Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_marriage_in_Hausa_culture" title="Traditional marriage in Hausa culture">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_music" title="Hausa music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_people" title="Hausa people">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hausa_people" title="List of Hausa people">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-588f8cd696-88bmk","wgBackendResponseTime":292,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.467","walltime":"1.909","ppvisitednodes":{"value":21145,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":448548,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":21442,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":22,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":20,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":268524,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1510.004 1 -total"," 22.09% 333.553 2 Template:Infobox_language"," 20.53% 310.014 2 Template:Infobox"," 18.29% 276.226 1 Template:Reflist"," 6.37% 96.206 9 Template:Navbox"," 6.01% 90.764 6 Template:Lang"," 5.07% 76.528 27 Template:Cite_web"," 4.84% 73.059 1 Template:Short_description"," 4.62% 69.774 1 Template:Cite_encyclopedia"," 4.49% 67.744 1 Template:West_Chadic_languages"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.724","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":22486674,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBauer2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBodomo1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaron2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCharles_Henry_RobinsonWilliam_Henry_BrooksHausa_Association,_London1899\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChayes\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDepartmentArmy1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuerini\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuzmán_NaranjoBecker2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHausawa2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirk-Greene1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMazruiMazruiMazrui1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewman1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiley2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSani1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchuhYalwa1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchön,_James_Frederick_(Rev.)1882\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimwa2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVerde2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolff\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFonnaedo2021\"] = 1,\n [\"Gibanawa\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n 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[\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Scholia\"] = 1,\n [\"Script/Arabic\"] = 73,\n [\"Script/Hausawi\"] = 36,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 6,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sigfig\"] = 11,\n [\"Sister bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 3,\n [\"West Chadic languages\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikt-lang\"] = 2,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7ccc697c5f-wg7pz","timestamp":"20250402092847","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Hausa language","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hausa_language","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q56475","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q56475","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-29T18:16:35Z","dateModified":"2025-03-30T16:58:16Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/25\/Hausa_language_map.png","headline":"Chadic language spoken by the Hausa people"}</script> </body> </html>