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<li id="toc-Roman_Libya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_Libya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Roman Libya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_Libya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enslavement_of_the_Berbers_and_of_the_Jewish_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enslavement_of_the_Berbers_and_of_the_Jewish_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Enslavement of the Berbers and of the Jewish people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enslavement_of_the_Berbers_and_of_the_Jewish_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enslavement_of_Europeans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enslavement_of_Europeans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Enslavement of Europeans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enslavement_of_Europeans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enslavement_of_West_&_Central_Africans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enslavement_of_West_&_Central_Africans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Enslavement of West & Central Africans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enslavement_of_West_&_Central_Africans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Slavery_in_the_post-Gaddafi_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slavery_in_the_post-Gaddafi_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>Slavery in the post-Gaddafi era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slavery_in_the_post-Gaddafi_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2</span> <span>Reactions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-NCHRL_accusations_of_exaggerated_reporting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NCHRL_accusations_of_exaggerated_reporting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.3</span> <span>NCHRL accusations of exaggerated reporting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NCHRL_accusations_of_exaggerated_reporting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" 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3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Slavery" title="Category:Slavery">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">Forced labour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Shackles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/125px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/188px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/250px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="272" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_21st_century" title="Slavery in the 21st century">Contemporary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">Child labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_military" title="Children in the military">Child soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_sexual_exploitation_of_children" title="Commercial sexual exploitation of children">CSEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage" title="Debt bondage">Debt bondage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage_in_India" title="Debt bondage in India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">Forced marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bride_buying" title="Bride buying">Bride buying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_prostitution" title="Forced prostitution">Forced prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">Human trafficking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trafficking_of_children" title="Trafficking of children">Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_China" title="Human trafficking in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybersex_trafficking" title="Cybersex trafficking">Cybersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Europe" title="Human trafficking in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraud_factory" class="mw-redirect" title="Fraud factory">Fraud factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_India" title="Human trafficking in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_United_States" title="Human trafficking in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Involuntary_servitude" title="Involuntary servitude">Involuntary servitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_21st-century_jihadism" title="Slavery in 21st-century jihadism">... in 21st-century jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_contemporary_Africa" title="Slavery in contemporary Africa">... in Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peon" title="Peon">Peonage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labour" title="Penal labour">Penal labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking" title="Sex trafficking">Sex trafficking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_China" title="Sex trafficking in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Europe" title="Sex trafficking in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_the_United_States" title="Sex trafficking in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Sexual slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">Historical</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_antiquity" title="Slavery in antiquity">Antiquity</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Slavery in ancient Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_law#Three_classes" title="Babylonian law">Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Slavery in ancient Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">Rome</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_medieval_Europe" title="Slavery in medieval Europe">Medieval Europe</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancillae" title="Ancillae">Ancillae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_slave_trade" title="Black Sea slave trade">Black Sea slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Slavery in the Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kholop" title="Kholop">Kholop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_slave_trade" title="Prague slave trade">Prague slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serfs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_serfdom" title="History of serfdom">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom_in_Russia" title="Serfdom in Russia">In Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_reform_of_1861" title="Emancipation reform of 1861">Emancipation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrall" title="Thrall">Thrall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoese_slave_trade" title="Genoese slave trade">Genoese slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_slave_trade" title="Venetian slave trade">Venetian slave trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_slave_trade" title="Balkan slave trade">Balkan slave trade</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of slavery in the Muslim world">Muslim world</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate">Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_al-Andalus" title="Slavery in al-Andalus">Slavery in al-Andalus</a> ‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baqt" title="Baqt">Baqt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukataba" title="Mukataba">Contract of manumission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukhara_slave_trade" title="Bukhara slave trade">Bukhara slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean slave trade">Crimean slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafala_system" title="Kafala system">Kafala system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazar_slave_trade" title="Khazar slave trade">Khazar slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khivan_slave_trade" title="Khivan slave trade">Khivan slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Slavery in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avret_Pazarlar%C4%B1" title="Avret Pazarları">Avret Pazarları</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_on_the_Barbary_Coast" title="Slavery on the Barbary Coast">Barbary Coast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbary pirates">pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Baltimore" title="Sack of Baltimore">Sack of Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raid_of_Su%C3%B0uroy" title="Slave raid of Suðuroy">Slave raid of Suðuroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Abductions" title="Turkish Abductions">Turkish Abductions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_concubinage" title="Islamic views on concubinage">Concubinage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_concubinage_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of concubinage in the Muslim world">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_malakat_aymanukum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma malakat aymanukum">Ma malakat aymanukum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avret_Pazarlar%C4%B1" title="Avret Pazarları">Avret Pazarları</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem" title="Harem">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_harem" title="Abbasid harem">Abbasid harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Imperial_Harem" title="Ottoman Imperial Harem">Ottoman Imperial Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_imperial_harem" title="Safavid imperial harem">Safavid imperial harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_harem" title="Qajar harem">Qajar harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarya" title="Jarya">Jarya</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cariye" title="Cariye">Cariye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odalisque" title="Odalisque">Odalisque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiyan" title="Qiyan">Qiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-walad" title="Umm al-walad">Umm al-walad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Circassian slave trade">Circassian slave trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saqaliba" title="Saqaliba">Saqaliba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate">Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate">Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate">Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Bulgarian_slave_trade" title="Volga Bulgarian slave trade">Volga Bulgarian slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_21st-century_jihadism" title="Slavery in 21st-century jihadism">21st century</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_slave_trade" title="Bristol slave trade">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade_to_Brazil" title="Atlantic slave trade to Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyages:_The_Trans-Atlantic_Slave_Trade_Database" title="Voyages: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database">Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Slave_Coast" title="Dutch Slave Coast">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Passage" title="Middle Passage">Middle Passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantes_slave_trade" title="Nantes slave trade">Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_New_France" title="Slavery in New France">New France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panyarring" title="Panyarring">Panyarring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_colonial_Spanish_America" title="Slavery in colonial Spanish America">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Coast_of_West_Africa" title="Slave Coast of West Africa">Slave Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the colonial history of the United States">Thirteen colonies</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Topics and practice</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">Blackbirding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_children_in_the_military" title="History of children in the military">Child soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghilman" title="Ghilman">Ghilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devshirme" title="Devshirme">Devshirme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolie" title="Coolie">Coolie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corv%C3%A9e" title="Corvée">Corvée labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drapetomania" title="Drapetomania">Drapetomania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysaesthesia_aethiopica" title="Dysaesthesia aethiopica">Dysaesthesia aethiopica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Field slaves in the United States">Field slaves in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">Treatment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gladiator" title="Gladiator">Gladiator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gladiatrix" title="Gladiatrix">Gladiatrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_slave" title="House slave">House slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planter_class" title="Planter class">Planter class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proslavery_thought" title="Proslavery thought">Proslavery thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saqaliba" title="Saqaliba">Saqaliba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasoning_(slavery)" title="Seasoning (slavery)">Seasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_market" title="Slave market">Slave market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Power" title="Slave Power">Slave Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raiding" title="Slave raiding">Slave raiding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavocracy" title="Slavocracy">Slavocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_slavery" title="Voluntary slavery">Voluntary slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_slavery" title="White slavery">White slavery</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Naval</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galley_slave" title="Galley slave">Galley slave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impressment" title="Impressment">Impressment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbary pirates">Pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghaiing" title="Shanghaiing">Shanghaiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_ship" title="Slave ship">Slave ship</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By country or region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Africa" title="Slavery in Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_contemporary_Africa" title="Slavery in contemporary Africa">Contemporary Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_slave_trade" title="Trans-Saharan slave trade">Trans-Saharan slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_slave_trade" title="Red Sea slave trade">Red Sea slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_slave_trade" title="Indian Ocean slave trade">Indian Ocean slave trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Zanzibar slave trade">Zanzibar slave trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Angola" title="Slavery in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Chad" title="Human trafficking in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Comoros" title="Slavery in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Ethiopia" title="Slavery in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Mali" title="Slavery in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Mauritania" title="Slavery in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Niger" title="Slavery in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Nigeria" title="Slavery in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Seychelles" title="Slavery in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Somalia" title="Slavery in Somalia">Somalia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somali_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Somali slave trade">Somali slave trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_South_Africa" title="Slavery in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Sudan" title="Slavery in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Zanzibar" title="Slavery in Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Americas">North and South America</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Pre-Columbian_America" title="Slavery in Pre-Columbian America">Pre-Columbian America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec slavery">Aztec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_among_the_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery among the indigenous peoples of the Americas">Americas indigenous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_among_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery among Native Americans in the United States">U.S. Natives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Field_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Field slaves in the United States">field slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Female slavery in the United States">female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_slavery_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Contemporary slavery in the United States">contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_states_and_free_states" title="Slave states and free states">maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partus_sequitur_ventrem" title="Partus sequitur ventrem">partus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labor_in_the_United_States" title="Penal labor in the United States">prison labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_codes" title="Slave codes">slave codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_the_enslaved_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Treatment of the enslaved in the United States">treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_trade_in_the_United_States" title="Slave trade in the United States">interregional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-slavery_ideology_in_the_United_States" title="Pro-slavery ideology in the United States">proslavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sexual_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="History of sexual slavery in the United States">sexual slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Bahamas" title="Slavery in the Bahamas">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Canada" title="Slavery in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_British_and_French_Caribbean" title="Slavery in the British and French Caribbean">Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbados_Slave_Code" title="Barbados Slave Code">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Slavery in the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Trinidad" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Trinidad">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_Noir" title="Code Noir">Code Noir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Latin_America" title="Slavery in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brazil" title="Slavery in Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lei_%C3%81urea" title="Lei Áurea">Lei Áurea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Colombia" title="Slavery in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Cuba" title="Slavery in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Haiti" title="Slavery in Haiti">Haiti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restavek" title="Restavek">Restavek</a></li></ul></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">Encomienda</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Puerto_Ricans" title="Afro–Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Asia" title="Slavery in Asia">East, Southeast, and South Asia</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haruwa-charuwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Haruwa-charuwa">Haruwa-charuwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Human trafficking in Southeast Asia">Human trafficking in Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Bhutan" title="Slavery in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brunei" title="Slavery in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_China" title="Slavery in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Booi_Aha" title="Booi Aha">Booi Aha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunuchs_in_China" title="Eunuchs in China">Eunuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laogai" title="Laogai">Laogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_system_in_China" title="Penal system in China">penal system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_India" title="Slavery in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage_in_India" title="Debt bondage in India">Debt bondage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukri_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Chukri System">Chukri System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bawi_system" title="Bawi system">Bawi system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Indonesia" title="Slavery in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Japan" title="Slavery in Japan">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">comfort women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karayuki-san" title="Karayuki-san">Karayuki-san</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Korea" title="Slavery in Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kwalliso" title="Kwalliso">Kwalliso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobi" title="Nobi">Nobi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Malaysia" title="Slavery in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Mongol_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Mongol Empire">Slavery in the Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Thailand" title="Slavery in Thailand">Thailand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_and_prostitution_in_South_Korea" title="United States military and prostitution in South Korea">Yankee princess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Vietnam" title="Slavery in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Oceania">Australia and Oceania</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Australia" title="Slavery in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Australia" title="Human trafficking in Australia">Human trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">Blackbirding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raiding_in_Easter_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave raiding in Easter Island">Slave raiding in Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea">Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding_in_Polynesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackbirding in Polynesia">Blackbirding in Polynesia</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Europe and North Asia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Europe" title="Sex trafficking in Europe">Sex trafficking in Europe</a></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labour_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Penal labour in the United Kingdom">Penal Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Britain" title="Slavery in Britain">Slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_slave_trade" title="Danish slave trade">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Slave_Coast" title="Dutch Slave Coast">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">Germany in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Malta" title="Slavery in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrall" title="Thrall">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Poland" title="Slavery in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Portugal" title="Slavery in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Romania" title="Slavery in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Russia" title="Slavery in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Spain" title="Slavery in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_slave_trade" title="Swedish slave trade">Sweden</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>North Africa and West Asia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Afghanistan" title="Slavery in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Algeria" title="Slavery in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Bahrain" title="Slavery in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Egypt" title="Slavery in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_Middle_East" title="Human trafficking in the Middle East">Human trafficking in the Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Iran" title="Slavery in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Iraq" title="Slavery in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Jordan" title="Slavery in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Kuwait" title="Slavery in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Lebanon" title="Slavery in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Morocco" title="Slavery in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Oman" title="Slavery in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Palestine" title="Slavery in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Slavery in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Syria" title="Slavery in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Tunisia" title="Slavery in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Qatar" title="Slavery in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Yemen" title="Slavery in Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_and_religion" title="Slavery and religion">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_slavery" title="The Bible and slavery">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_slavery" title="Christian views on slavery">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_slavery" title="Catholic Church and slavery">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_slavery" title="Mormonism and slavery">Mormonism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_slavery" title="Jewish views on slavery">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Baháʼí Faith and slavery">Baháʼí Faith</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Opposition and resistance</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Abolitionism in the United Kingdom">U.K.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Anti-Slavery_Conference_1889%E2%80%9390" title="Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90">Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_Slavery_Commission" title="Temporary Slavery Commission">Temporary Slavery Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_Slavery_Convention" title="1926 Slavery Convention">1926 Slavery Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Experts_on_Slavery" title="Committee of Experts on Slavery">Committee of Experts on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_Committee_of_Experts_on_Slavery" title="Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery">Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_Hoc_Committee_on_Slavery" title="Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery">Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplementary_Convention_on_the_Abolition_of_Slavery" title="Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery">Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_abolitionists" title="List of abolitionists">Abolitionists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Slave_Trade_Convention" title="Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention">Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavery_International" title="Anti-Slavery International">Anti-Slavery International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Africa" title="Blockade of Africa">Blockade of Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Africa_Squadron" title="West Africa Squadron">U.K.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Slave_Trade_Patrol" title="African Slave Trade Patrol">U.S.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Colonization_Society" title="American Colonization Society">Colonization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compensated_emancipation" title="Compensated emancipation">Compensated emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">Freedman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manumission" title="Manumission">Manumission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_suit" title="Freedom suit">Freedom suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Power" title="Slave Power">Slave Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Songs_of_the_Underground_Railroad" title="Songs of the Underground Railroad">songs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_rebellion" title="Slave rebellion">Slave rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Trade_Act" title="Slave Trade Act">Slave Trade Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_international_law" title="Slavery in international law">International law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Servile_War" title="Third Servile War">Third Servile War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13th Amendment to the United States Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_abolition_of_slavery_and_serfdom" title="Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom">Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolition_of_slave_trade_in_Persian_gulf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf (page does not exist)">Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AC_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3" class="extiw" title="fa:ممنوعیت تجارت برده در خلیج فارس">fa</a>]</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_at_common_law" title="Slavery at common law">Common law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude" title="Indentured servitude">Indentured servitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">Forced labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slaves in the United States">Fugitive slaves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slave_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slave laws in the United States">laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Convention" title="Fugitive Slave Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp_maroons" title="Great Dismal Swamp maroons">Great Dismal Swamp maroons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slaves" title="List of slaves">List of slaves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slave_owners" title="List of slave owners">owners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_last_survivors_of_American_slavery" title="List of last survivors of American slavery">last survivors of American slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slavery-related_memorials_and_museums" title="List of slavery-related memorials and museums">List of slavery-related memorials and museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_marriages_in_the_United_States" title="Slave marriages in the United States">Slave marriages in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_narrative" title="Slave narrative">Slave narrative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_slavery" title="List of films featuring slavery">films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Songs_of_the_United_States" title="Slave Songs of the United States">songs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_name" title="Slave name">Slave name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_catcher" title="Slave catcher">Slave catcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_patrol" title="Slave patrol">Slave patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Slave_Route_Project" title="The Slave Route Project">Slave Route Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slave_breeding_in_the_United_States" title="Slave breeding in the United States">breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_court_cases_in_the_United_States_involving_slavery" title="List of court cases in the United States involving slavery">court cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_and_slavery" title="George Washington and slavery">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_and_slavery" title="Thomas Jefferson and slavery">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams_and_abolitionism" title="John Quincy Adams and abolitionism">J.Q. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_and_slavery" title="Abraham Lincoln and slavery">Lincoln</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_acres_and_a_mule" title="Forty acres and a mule">40 acres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_iron_bit" title="Slave iron bit">Iron bit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Day" title="Emancipation Day">Emancipation Day</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Forced_labour" title="Template:Forced labour"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Forced_labour" title="Template talk:Forced labour"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Forced_labour" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Forced labour"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Slavery in Libya</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has a long history and a lasting impact on the <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libyan</a> culture. It is closely connected with the wider context of <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_slave_trade" title="Trans-Saharan slave trade">trans-Saharan slave trade</a>. </p><p>Since Ancient times, the territory of modern Libya was a transit area for the slave trade from Sub-Saharan Africa across the Sahara desert to the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>. The Trans-Saharan slave trade was known from antiquity and continued until the 20th-century. Slavery in <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Tripolitania" title="Ottoman Tripolitania">Ottoman Libya</a> was nominally prohibited in the 19th-century, but the abolition laws were not enforced. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Italian_colonization_of_Libya" title="Italian colonization of Libya">Italian colonial period</a> (1912–1951) the slavery and slave trade was finally suppressed in practice. Abolition was, however, a gradual and slow process, and the institution of slavery continued long into the colonial period, particularly in the interior desert areas, where the Italian control was weak. The Trans-Saharan slave trade in the interior of Libya was still in operation as late as the 1930s. </p><p>In the 21st-century, the Libyan slave trade of Africans across the Sahara continues, with open-air <a href="/wiki/Slave_market" title="Slave market">slave markets</a> reported in a number of cities in Libya, including the capital city, <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Libya&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_antiquity" title="Slavery in antiquity">Slavery in antiquity</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of slavery in the Muslim world">History of slavery in the Muslim world</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate">Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate">Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_Libya">Roman Libya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Libya&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Roman Libya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_antiquity" title="Slavery in antiquity">Slavery in antiquity</a></div> <p>As a <a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Roman province</a>, Tripolitania was a major exporter of agricultural products, as well as a centre for the gold and slaves conveyed to the coast by the <a href="/wiki/Garamantes" title="Garamantes">Garamentes</a>, while Cyrenaica remained an important source of wines, drugs, and horses.<sup id="cite_ref-MommyTheodore_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MommyTheodore-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enslavement_of_the_Berbers_and_of_the_Jewish_people">Enslavement of the Berbers and of the Jewish people</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Libya&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Enslavement of the Berbers and of the Jewish people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate">Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate">Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate">Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate</a></div> <p>When <a href="/wiki/Amr_ibn_al-As" title="Amr ibn al-As">Amr ibn al-As</a> conquered Tripoli in 643, he forced the Jewish and Christian Berbers to give their wives and children as slaves to the Arab army as part of their <i>jizya</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Uqba_ibn_Nafi" title="Uqba ibn Nafi">Uqba ibn Nafi</a> would often enslave for himself (and to sell to others) countless Berber girls, "the likes of which no one in the world had ever seen."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abd_al-Hakam" title="Ibn Abd al-Hakam">Ibn Abd al-Hakam</a> recounts that the Arab General <a href="/wiki/Hassan_ibn_al-Nu%27man" title="Hassan ibn al-Nu'man">Hassan ibn al-Nu'man</a> would often abduct "young, female Berber slaves of unparalleled beauty, some of which were worth a thousand dinars." Al-Hakam confirms that up to one hundred thousand slaves were captured by Musa and his son and nephew during the conquest of North Africa. In <a href="/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier">Tangier</a>, Musa enslaved all the Berber inhabitants. Musa sacked a fortress near <a href="/wiki/Kairouan" title="Kairouan">Kairouan</a> and took with him all the children as slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of Berbers enslaved "amounted to a number never before heard of in any of the countries subject to the rule of Islam" up to that time. As a result, "most of the African cities were depopulated, [and] the fields remained without cultivation." Even so, Musa "never ceased pushing his conquests until he arrived before <a href="/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier">Tangiers</a>, the citadel of their [Berbers’] country and the mother of their cities, which he also besieged and took, obliging its inhabitants to embrace Islam."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The historian Pascual de Gayangos observed: “Owing to the system of warfare adopted by the Arabs, it is not improbable that the number of captives here specified fell into Musa’s hands. It appears both from Christian and Arabian authorities that populous towns were not infrequently razed to the ground and their inhabitants, amounting to several thousands, led into captivity.”<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Successive Muslim rulers of North Africa continued to enslave the Berbers en masse. The historian <a href="/wiki/Hugh_N._Kennedy" title="Hugh N. Kennedy">Hugh N. Kennedy</a> observed that "the Islamic jihad looks uncomfortably like a giant slave trade."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arab chronicles record vast numbers of Berber slaves taken, especially in the accounts of <a href="/wiki/Musa_ibn_Nusayr" title="Musa ibn Nusayr">Musa ibn Nusayr</a>, who became the governor of Africa in 698, and who "was cruel and ruthless against any tribe that opposed the tenets of the Muslim faith, but generous and lenient to those who converted."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muslim historian <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Qutaybah" title="Ibn Qutaybah">Ibn Qutaybah</a> recounts <a href="/wiki/Musa_ibn_Nusayr" title="Musa ibn Nusayr">Musa ibn Nusayr</a> waging "battles of extermination" against the Berbers and how he "killed myriads of them, and made a surprising number of prisoners."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the historian As-sadfi, the number of slaves taken by <a href="/wiki/Musa_ibn_Nusayr" title="Musa ibn Nusayr">Musa ibn Nusayr</a> was greater than in any of the previous Islamic conquests.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Musa went out against the Berbers, and pursued them far into their native deserts, leaving wherever he went traces of his passage, killing numbers of them, taking thousands of prisoners, and carrying on the work of havoc and destruction. When the nations inhabiting the dreary plains of Africa saw what had befallen the Berbers of the coast and of the interior, they hastened to ask for peace and place themselves under the obedience of Musa, whom they solicited to enlist them in the ranks of his army</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enslavement_of_Europeans">Enslavement of Europeans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Libya&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Enslavement of Europeans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">Barbary slave trade</a></div> <p>There is historical evidence of North African Muslim slave raids all along the Mediterranean coasts across Christian Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of slaves traded across the Mediterranean region were predominantly of European origin from the 7th to 15th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 15th century, Ethiopians sold slaves from western borderland areas (usually just outside the realm of the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Ethiopia" title="Emperor of Ethiopia">Emperor of Ethiopia</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Ennarea" title="Ennarea">Ennarea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> European slaves where also traded South: in the 17th-century, European slaves are noted to have been imported to the Sub-Saharan African <a href="/wiki/Bornu_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bornu Empire">Bornu Empire</a> from Tripoli in Libya.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around 170 Christians enslaved in Tripoli – mainly <a href="/wiki/Sicilians" title="Sicilians">Sicilians</a> or <a href="/wiki/Maltese_people" title="Maltese people">Maltese</a> – were liberated when the city was <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Tripoli" title="Spanish conquest of Tripoli">captured by the Spanish</a> in 1510.<sup id="cite_ref-vella1975_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vella1975-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Gozo_(1551)" title="Invasion of Gozo (1551)">Ottoman attack of Gozo</a> in July 1551, some 5,000 to 7,000 people were enslaved and were initially taken to North Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-curmi2023_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-curmi2023-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although most were later taken to <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, some of the enslaved Gozitans remained in territory which now forms part of Libya. There are records of some being sold in <a href="/wiki/Tajura" title="Tajura">Tajura</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-fiorini1997_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fiorini1997-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and according to tradition, some enslaved Gozitans were taken to <a href="/wiki/Tarhuna" title="Tarhuna">Tarhuna</a> where they and their descendants converted to Islam and assimilated into the local population.<sup id="cite_ref-curmi2024_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-curmi2024-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some reportedly maintained memory of their Maltese ancestry until as late as <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-vella1975_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vella1975-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is estimated that between 1 million and 1.25 million Europeans were captured by pirates and sold as slaves between the 16th and 19th century. Reports of Barbary raids and kidnappings of those in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancien_r%C3%A9gime" title="Ancien régime">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberia">Iberia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a> and as far north as <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> exist from this period.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Famous accounts of Barbary slave raids include a mention in the Diary of <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pepys" title="Samuel Pepys">Samuel Pepys</a> and a raid on the coastal village of <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Baltimore" title="Sack of Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, Ireland, during which pirates left with the entire populace of the settlement. Such raids in the Mediterranean were so frequent and devastating that the coastline between Venice and Malaga<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suffered widespread depopulation, and settlement there was discouraged. It was said that this was largely because "there was no one left to capture any longer".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enslavement_of_West_&_Central_Africans"><span id="Enslavement_of_West_.26_Central_Africans"></span>Enslavement of West & Central Africans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Libya&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Enslavement of West & Central Africans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Afro-Arabs" title="Afro-Arabs">Afro-Arabs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_trade" title="Trans-Saharan trade">Trans-Saharan trade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_slave_trade" title="Trans-Saharan slave trade">Trans-Saharan slave trade</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman slave trade">Ottoman slave trade</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arabslavers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Arabslavers.jpg/220px-Arabslavers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Arabslavers.jpg/330px-Arabslavers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Arabslavers.jpg/440px-Arabslavers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="378" /></a><figcaption>A depiction of slaves being transported across the <a href="/wiki/Sahara_desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahara desert">Sahara desert</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>When Tripoli was <a href="/wiki/Hospitaller_Tripoli" title="Hospitaller Tripoli">under Hospitaller rule</a> between 1530 and 1551, black slaves were exported from Tripoli to <a href="/wiki/Hospitaller_Malta" title="Hospitaller Malta">Hospitaller Malta</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wettinger2006_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wettinger2006-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hospitallers imposed a tax of two <a href="/wiki/Ducat" title="Ducat">ducats</a> per slave sold in Tripoli.<sup id="cite_ref-vella1975_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vella1975-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_people" title="Tuareg people">Tuareg</a> and others who are indigenous to Libya facilitated, taxed and partly organized the trade from the south along the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_trade_routes" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-Saharan trade routes">trans-Saharan trade routes</a>. In the 1830s – a period when slave trade flourished – <a href="/wiki/Ghadames" title="Ghadames">Ghadames</a> was handling 2,500 slaves a year.<sup id="cite_ref-McLachlan_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLachlan-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The regency of Tripoli was subjected to Western pressure to end the flourishing Trans-Saharan slave trade by the 1840s, but the ruler, though he explained himself willing in 1842, could not persuade the chiefs of the interior, who were major players in the Trans-Saharan slave trade between <a href="/wiki/Borno_State" title="Borno State">Bornu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sokoto_(city)" title="Sokoto (city)">Sokoto</a> to the Libyan coast.<sup id="cite_ref-Africa,_Vol_1998_p74_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Africa,_Vol_1998_p74-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even though the slave trade was officially abolished in <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Firman_of_1857" class="mw-redirect" title="Firman of 1857">Firman of 1857</a>, this law was never enforced, and continued in practice<sup id="cite_ref-Africa,_Vol_1998_p74_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Africa,_Vol_1998_p74-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at least until the 1890s.<sup id="cite_ref-Lisa_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lisa-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British Consul in <a href="/wiki/Benghazi" title="Benghazi">Benghazi</a> wrote in 1875 that the slave trade had reached an enormous scale and that the slaves who were sold in <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> had quadrupled in price. This trade, he wrote, was encouraged by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Libya">local government</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lisa_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lisa-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italian_Postcard_1937_-_%22Costumi_Africani%22_(Cyrenaica).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Italian_Postcard_1937_-_%22Costumi_Africani%22_%28Cyrenaica%29.jpg/170px-Italian_Postcard_1937_-_%22Costumi_Africani%22_%28Cyrenaica%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Italian_Postcard_1937_-_%22Costumi_Africani%22_%28Cyrenaica%29.jpg/255px-Italian_Postcard_1937_-_%22Costumi_Africani%22_%28Cyrenaica%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Italian_Postcard_1937_-_%22Costumi_Africani%22_%28Cyrenaica%29.jpg/340px-Italian_Postcard_1937_-_%22Costumi_Africani%22_%28Cyrenaica%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3952" data-file-height="5808" /></a><figcaption>Italian postcard from 1937, purporting to show an enslaved <a href="/wiki/Italian_Libya" title="Italian Libya">Cyrenaican (Libyan)</a> woman. Sensualised depiction of slavery was a common cultural trope of the early 20th century.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Vischer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adolf Vischer (page does not exist)">Adolf Vischer</a> writes in an article published in 1911 that: "...it has been said that slave traffic is still going on on the Benghazi-<a href="/wiki/Wadai_Sultanate" title="Wadai Sultanate">Wadai</a> route, but it is difficult to test the truth of such an assertion as, in any case, the traffic is carried on secretly".<sup id="cite_ref-Adolf_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adolf-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At <a href="/wiki/Kufra" title="Kufra">Kufra</a>, the Egyptian traveller <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Hassanein" title="Ahmed Hassanein">Ahmed Hassanein Bey</a> found out in 1916 that he could buy a girl slave for five pounds sterling while in 1923 he found that the price had risen to 30 to 40 pounds sterling.<sup id="cite_ref-Wright_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wright-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the Trans-Saharan slave trade was still operating in the interior of Libya, where Italian control was weak or non-existing, chattel slavery also existed in the fully Italian controlled coastal areas of Libya long in to the colonial period, despite the slavery prohibition policy of the Italians. African slaves were still used as domestic house slaves in affluent Libyan private households in big coastal cities as <a href="/wiki/Benghazi" title="Benghazi">Benghazi</a> as late as in the 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-Wright_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wright-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Danish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Danish people">Danish</a> convert to Islam <a href="/wiki/Knud_Holmboe" title="Knud Holmboe">Knud Holmboe</a>, crossed the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Libya" title="Italian Libya">Italian Libyan</a> desert in 1930, and was told that slavery is still practiced in Kufra and that he could buy a slave girl for 30 pounds sterling at the Thursday <a href="/wiki/Slave_market" title="Slave market">slave market</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wright_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wright-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/James_Richardson_(explorer)" title="James Richardson (explorer)">James Richardson</a>'s testimony, when he visited Ghadames, most slaves were from <a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Bornu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wright2_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wright2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Italians reported to the <a href="/wiki/Advisory_Committee_of_Experts_on_Slavery" title="Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery">Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery</a> in the 1930s that all former slaves in <a href="/wiki/Italian_Tripolitania" title="Italian Tripolitania">Italian Tripolitania</a> - slavery in Libya was since long formally abolished - were free to leave their former Arab owners if they wished, but that they stayed because they were socially depressed; and that in the oases of Cyrenaica and the interiour of Sanusiya, the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_slave_trade" title="Trans-Saharan slave trade">Trans-Saharan slave trade</a> had been erased in parallel with Italian conquest, during which 900 slaves had been freed in the Kufra slave market.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Libya&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> documented cases of migrants frequently being arbitrarily detained and sold in Libyan detention centers.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> also noted that migrants traveling through Libya were subject to detention in overcrowded and unhygienic conditions, and torture.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The US state department also noted in their 2010 report on human trafficking: "As in previous years, there were isolated reports that women from West and Central Africa were forced into prostitution in Libya. There were also reports that migrants from Georgia were subjected to forced labor in Libya," and argued that the Libyan government did not show significant evidence of effort to prosecute traffickers or protect trafficking victims.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Slavery_in_the_post-Gaddafi_era">Slavery in the post-Gaddafi era</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Libya&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Slavery in the post-Gaddafi era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the overthrow of the <a href="/wiki/Gaddafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaddafi">Gaddafi</a> government after the <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Civil War">First Libyan Civil War</a> in 2011, Libya has been plagued by disorder, leaving migrants with little cash and no papers vulnerable. Libya is a <a href="/wiki/European_migrant_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="European migrant crisis">major exit point</a> for African migrants heading to Europe. The <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Migration" title="International Organization for Migration">International Organization for Migration</a> (IOM) published a report in April 2017 showing that many of the migrants from West, Central and Sahelian Africa heading to Europe are sold as slaves after being detained by <a href="/wiki/People_smugglers" class="mw-redirect" title="People smugglers">people smugglers</a> or militia groups. African countries south of Libya were targeted for slave trading and transferred to Libyan slave markets instead. According to the victims, the price is higher for migrants with skills like painting and tiling.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slaves are often <a href="/wiki/Ransom" title="Ransom">ransomed</a> to their families and until <a href="/wiki/Ransom" title="Ransom">ransom</a> can be paid are tortured, forced to work, sometimes to death and eventually executed or left to starve if they can't pay for too long. Women are often raped and used as <a href="/wiki/Sex_slave" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex slave">sex slaves</a> and sold to <a href="/wiki/Brothel" title="Brothel">brothels</a> and private Libyan clients.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many child migrants also suffer from abuse and <a href="/wiki/Child_rape" class="mw-redirect" title="Child rape">child rape</a> in Libya.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After receiving unverified CNN video of a November 2017 <a href="/wiki/Slave_auction" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave auction">slave auction</a> in Libya, a human trafficker told <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Arabic" title="Al Jazeera Arabic">Al-Jazeera</a> that hundreds of migrants are bought and sold across the country every week.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Migrants%27_African_routes" title="Migrants' African routes">Migrants</a> who have gone through <a href="/wiki/Libyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan">Libyan</a> detention centres have shown signs of many human rights abuses such as severe abuse, including <a href="/wiki/Electric_shocks" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric shocks">electric shocks</a>, burns, lashes and even skinning, stated the director of health services on the Italian island of <a href="/wiki/Lampedusa" title="Lampedusa">Lampedusa</a> to <a href="/wiki/Euronews" title="Euronews">Euronews</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A Libyan group known as the Asma Boys have antagonized migrants from other parts of Africa from at least as early as 2000, destroying their property.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nigerian migrants in January 2018 gave accounts of abuses in detention centres, including being leased or sold as slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Videos of Sudanese migrants being burnt and whipped for ransom, were released later on by their families on social media.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2018, the United Nations applied sanctions against four Libyans (including a Coast Guard commander) and two Eritreans for their criminal leadership of slave trade networks.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2023 report by the <a href="/wiki/UN_Human_Rights_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Human Rights Council">UN Human Rights Council</a> warned that <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a> were being committed by state security forces and militia groups against migrants in Libya, which included women being forced into <a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">sexual slavery</a>. The report highlighted that the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> contributed to these crimes by sending support to such forces.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reactions">Reactions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Libya&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Reactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The governments of <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> responded to the reports by recalling their ambassadors from Libya.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CNN report incited outrage. Hundreds of protesters, mostly young black people, protested in front of the Libyan embassy in central <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, with French police firing tear gas to disperse them. <a href="/wiki/Moussa_Faki" title="Moussa Faki">Moussa Faki Mahamat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union_Commission" title="Chairperson of the African Union Commission">chairman</a> of the <a href="/wiki/African_Union_Commission" title="African Union Commission">African Union Commission</a>, called the auctions "despicable".<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Protests also took place outside Libyan embassies in <a href="/wiki/Bamako" title="Bamako">Bamako</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conakry" title="Conakry">Conakry</a><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Yaound%C3%A9" title="Yaoundé">Yaoundé</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/UN_Secretary-General" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Secretary-General">UN Secretary-General</a> <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Guterres" title="António Guterres">António Guterres</a> stated that he was horrified by the auction footage and these crimes should be investigated as possible crimes against humanity.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hundreds protested outside the <a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Libya,_London" title="Embassy of Libya, London">Libyan Embassy</a> on 9 December 2017 in London.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/President_of_Niger" class="mw-redirect" title="President of Niger">President of Niger</a> <a href="/wiki/Mahamadou_Issoufou" title="Mahamadou Issoufou">Mahamadou Issoufou</a> summoned the Libyan ambassador and demanded the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> to investigate Libya for slave trade. <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Burkina_Faso)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Burkina Faso)">Foreign minister of Burkina Faso</a> Alpha Barry also stated he had summoned the Libyan ambassador for consultations.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> on 22 November 2017 sought an emergency meeting of <a href="/wiki/UN_Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Security Council">UN Security Council</a>, while <a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a> called the footage "scandalous" and "unacceptable." He called the auctions a crime against humanity.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Nigeria" title="President of Nigeria">President of Nigeria</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammadu_Buhari" title="Muhammadu Buhari">Muhammadu Buhari</a> stated that Nigerians were being treated like goats and stated stranded Nigerian migrants in Libya will be brought back.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> agreed on 30 November 2017 to set up a task force in Libya against migrant abuse. The task force's aim is to coordinate its work with the GNA to dismantle trafficking and criminal networks. It also aims to help countries of origin and transit hubs to tackle migration with development and stability.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> African and European leaders agreed on the same day to evacuate the migrants trapped in camps.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Former Nigerian aviation minister <a href="/wiki/Femi_Fani-Kayode" title="Femi Fani-Kayode">Femi Fani-Kayode</a> published images on <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> claiming that slaves were having their organs harvested and some of their bodies are burnt. He also quoted a report claiming that 75% of the slaves are from southern Nigeria. It was unclear however whether his images were authentic.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A Ghanaian lawyer, Bobby Banson, also claimed that the organs of the migrants were being harvested and they were not being sold for work. He requested African Union to set up an ad-hoc committee to investigate the slave trade.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2017, the progressive media watchdog organization <a href="/wiki/Fairness_%26_Accuracy_in_Reporting" title="Fairness & Accuracy in Reporting">FAIR</a> accused the mainstream media in <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western</a> nations of whitewashing the role NATO and the United States played in the resurgence of open slave markets in Libya, following the NATO-led ousting of Muammar Qadhafi in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="NCHRL_accusations_of_exaggerated_reporting">NCHRL accusations of exaggerated reporting</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Libya&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: NCHRL accusations of exaggerated reporting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In November 2017, the National Commission for Human Rights in Libya (NCHRL) claimed that the media reports of slavery in Libya were exaggerated, and that while slavery existed in Libya, it was also rare as well.<sup id="cite_ref-libyaobserver_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-libyaobserver-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slave auctions, the commission said, are "such rare sights" and "are very discrete and clandestine".<sup id="cite_ref-libyaobserver_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-libyaobserver-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The commission also called for the Libyan government to stamp out the illegal practice of slavery as well.<sup id="cite_ref-libyaobserver_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-libyaobserver-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Libya&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/32px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/48px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/64px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Libya" title="Portal:Libya">Libya portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="African slave trade">African slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Libya" title="Human trafficking in Libya">Human trafficking in Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_contemporary_Africa" title="Slavery in contemporary Africa">Slavery in contemporary Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Islamic views on slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Arabs" title="Afro-Arabs">Afro-Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Slavery in the Ottoman Empire">Slavery in the Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="2011 military intervention in Libya">2011 military intervention in Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_abolition_of_slavery_and_serfdom" title="Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom">Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Libya&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTRT_World2017" class="citation web cs1">TRT World (12 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j5Oo21chusE">"Libya Slave Trade: Rights group says migrants sold off in markets"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/j5Oo21chusE">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-21 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Libya+Slave+Trade%3A+Rights+group+says+migrants+sold+off+in+markets&rft.date=2017-04-12&rft.au=TRT+World&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dj5Oo21chusE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Libya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTRT_World2017" class="citation web cs1">TRT World (26 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N2mKWRjASmo">"Profiting off the misery of others: Libya's migrant 'slave trade'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/N2mKWRjASmo">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-21 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Profiting+off+the+misery+of+others%3A+Libya%27s+migrant+%27slave+trade%27&rft.date=2017-04-26&rft.au=TRT+World&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DN2mKWRjASmo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Libya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190330130812/http://alwaght.com/en/News/89562/Immigrant-Women%2C-Children-Raped%2C-Starved-in-Libya%E2%80%99s-Hellholes-Unicef">"Immigrant Women, Children Raped, Starved in Libya's Hellholes: Unicef"</a>. 28 February 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alwaght.com/en/News/89562/Immigrant-Women,-Children-Raped,-Starved-in-Libya%E2%80%99s-Hellholes-Unicef">the original</a> on 30 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Immigrant+Women%2C+Children+Raped%2C+Starved+in+Libya%27s+Hellholes%3A+Unicef&rft.date=2017-02-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falwaght.com%2Fen%2FNews%2F89562%2FImmigrant-Women%2C-Children-Raped%2C-Starved-in-Libya%25E2%2580%2599s-Hellholes-Unicef&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Libya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuackenbush2017" class="citation magazine cs1">Quackenbush, Casey (2017-12-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/5042560/libya-slave-trade/">"What You Need to Know About the Libyan Slave Trade"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0040-781X">0040-781X</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=What+You+Need+to+Know+About+the+Libyan+Slave+Trade&rft.date=2017-12-01&rft.issn=0040-781X&rft.aulast=Quackenbush&rft.aufirst=Casey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F5042560%2Flibya-slave-trade%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Libya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker2019" class="citation magazine cs1">Baker, Aryn (2019-03-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/longform/african-slave-trade/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'It Was As if We Weren't Human.' Inside the Modern Slave Trade Trapping African Migrants"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0040-781X">0040-781X</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=%27It+Was+As+if+We+Weren%27t+Human.%27+Inside+the+Modern+Slave+Trade+Trapping+African+Migrants&rft.date=2019-03-14&rft.issn=0040-781X&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Aryn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2Flongform%2Fafrican-slave-trade%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Libya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaib2018" class="citation web cs1">Naib, Fatma (2018-01-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/1/26/slavery-in-libya-life-inside-a-container">"Slavery in Libya: Life inside a container"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Jazeera">Al Jazeera</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Slavery+in+Libya%3A+Life+inside+a+container&rft.date=2018-01-26&rft.aulast=Naib&rft.aufirst=Fatma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2018%2F1%2F26%2Fslavery-in-libya-life-inside-a-container&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Libya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-42038451">"Libya migrant 'slave market' footage sparks outrage"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 2017-11-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Libya+migrant+%27slave+market%27+footage+sparks+outrage&rft.date=2017-11-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-42038451&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Libya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MommyTheodore-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MommyTheodore_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mommsen, Theodore. <i>The Provinces of the Roman Empire</i> Chapter: Africa</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPipes1981" class="citation book cs1">Pipes, Daniel (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ByLG-2hZX-MC"><i>Slave Soldiers and Islam: The Genesis of a Military System</i></a>. Daniel Pipes. pp. <span class="nowrap">142–</span>43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300024470" title="Special:BookSources/9780300024470"><bdi>9780300024470</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slave+Soldiers+and+Islam%3A+The+Genesis+of+a+Military+System&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E142-%3C%2Fspan%3E43&rft.pub=Daniel+Pipes&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=9780300024470&rft.aulast=Pipes&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DByLG-2hZX-MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Libya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2007" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, Hugh (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QNsCPOnTfhoC"><i>The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live In</i></a>. Da Capo Press. p. 206. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780306815850" title="Special:BookSources/9780306815850"><bdi>9780306815850</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Arab+Conquests%3A+How+the+Spread+of+Islam+Changed+the+World+We+Live+In&rft.pages=206&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780306815850&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQNsCPOnTfhoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Libya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_MwoDsz2VeEC"><i>The History of the Conquest of Egypt, North Africa and Spain: Known as the Futuh</i></a>. Cosimo. January 2010. p. 170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781616404352" title="Special:BookSources/9781616404352"><bdi>9781616404352</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Conquest+of+Egypt%2C+North+Africa+and+Spain%3A+Known+as+the+Futuh&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=Cosimo&rft.date=2010-01&rft.isbn=9781616404352&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_MwoDsz2VeEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Libya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qVqlswEACAAJ"><i>Barbarians, Marauders, And Infidels</i></a>. Basic Books. 26 May 2004. p. 124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813391533" title="Special:BookSources/9780813391533"><bdi>9780813391533</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barbarians%2C+Marauders%2C+And+Infidels&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2004-05-26&rft.isbn=9780813391533&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqVqlswEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Libya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PJNgCwAAQBAJ"><i>The Myth of the Andalusian Paradise</i></a>. Open Road Media. 9 February 2016. pp. <span class="nowrap">43–</span>44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781504034692" title="Special:BookSources/9781504034692"><bdi>9781504034692</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Myth+of+the+Andalusian+Paradise&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E43-%3C%2Fspan%3E44&rft.pub=Open+Road+Media&rft.date=2016-02-09&rft.isbn=9781504034692&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPJNgCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Libya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Makkari1964" class="citation book cs1">Al-Makkari, Ahmed ibn Mohammed (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9YUxnQEACAAJ"><i>The History of the Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain</i></a>. p. 252.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Mohammedan+Dynasties+in+Spain&rft.pages=252&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Al-Makkari&rft.aufirst=Ahmed+ibn+Mohammed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9YUxnQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Libya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1b5CngEACAAJ"><i>The History of the Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain</i></a>. 1964. p. 1:510n10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Mohammedan+Dynasties+in+Spain&rft.pages=1%3A510n10&rft.date=1964&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1b5CngEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Libya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PJNgCwAAQBAJ"><i>The Myth of the Andalusian Paradise</i></a>. Open Road Media. 9 February 2016. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781504034692" title="Special:BookSources/9781504034692"><bdi>9781504034692</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Myth+of+the+Andalusian+Paradise&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Open+Road+Media&rft.date=2016-02-09&rft.isbn=9781504034692&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPJNgCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Libya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2007" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, Hugh (10 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DWRKDgAAQBAJ"><i>The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live In</i></a>. Hachette Books. p. 222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81728-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81728-1"><bdi>978-0-306-81728-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Arab+Conquests%3A+How+the+Spread+of+Islam+Changed+the+World+We+Live+In&rft.pages=222&rft.pub=Hachette+Books&rft.date=2007-12-10&rft.isbn=978-0-306-81728-1&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDWRKDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Libya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qVqlswEACAAJ"><i>Barbarians, Marauders, And Infidels</i></a>. 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Open Road Media. 9 February 2016. pp. <span class="nowrap">42–</span>44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781504034692" title="Special:BookSources/9781504034692"><bdi>9781504034692</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Myth+of+the+Andalusian+Paradise&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E42-%3C%2Fspan%3E44&rft.pub=Open+Road+Media&rft.date=2016-02-09&rft.isbn=9781504034692&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPJNgCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Libya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PJNgCwAAQBAJ"><i>The Myth of the Andalusian Paradise</i></a>. Open Road Media. 9 February 2016. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781504034692" title="Special:BookSources/9781504034692"><bdi>9781504034692</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Myth+of+the+Andalusian+Paradise&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Open+Road+Media&rft.date=2016-02-09&rft.isbn=9781504034692&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPJNgCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Libya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConlin2009" class="citation cs2">Conlin, Joseph (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?as_isbn=9780495572886"><i>The American Past: A Survey of American History</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">MA</a>: Wadsworth, p. 206, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-57288-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-57288-6"><bdi>978-0-495-57288-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Past%3A+A+Survey+of+American+History&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pages=206&rft.pub=Wadsworth&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-495-57288-6&rft.aulast=Conlin&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fas_isbn%3D9780495572886&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Libya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDaniel1995" class="citation cs2">McDaniel, Antonio (1995), <i>Swing low, sweet chariot: the mortality cost of colonizing Liberia in the nineteenth century</i>, University of Chicago Press, p. 11, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-55724-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-55724-3"><bdi>978-0-226-55724-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Swing+low%2C+sweet+chariot%3A+the+mortality+cost+of+colonizing+Liberia+in+the+nineteenth+century&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-226-55724-3&rft.aulast=McDaniel&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Libya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Emery Van Donzel, "Primary and Secondary Sources for Ethiopian Historiography. The Case of Slavery and Slave-Trade in Ethiopia," in Claude Lepage, ed., <i>Études éthiopiennes</i>, vol I. France: Société française pour les études éthiopiennes, 1994, pp.187-88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Phillips, W. D. (1985). Slavery from Roman Times to the Early Transatlantic Trade. Storbritannien: Manchester University Press. p126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vella1975-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vella1975_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vella1975_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vella1975_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVella1975" class="citation journal cs1">Vella, Andrew P. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200709081653/https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/123456789/37478/1/3.pdf">"The Order of Malta and the defence of Tripoli 1530–1551"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Melita Historica</i>. <b>6</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">362–</span>381. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/123456789/37478/1/3.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Melita+Historica&rft.atitle=The+Order+of+Malta+and+the+defence+of+Tripoli+1530%E2%80%931551&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E362-%3C%2Fspan%3E381&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Vella&rft.aufirst=Andrew+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.um.edu.mt%2Flibrary%2Foar%2Fbitstream%2F123456789%2F37478%2F1%2F3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Libya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-curmi2023-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-curmi2023_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurmi2023" class="citation journal cs1">Curmi, Luca (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250112172542/https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/123456789/117642/1/The%20attack%20on%20Gozo%20of%201551%20and%20its%20effects%20on%20the%20Gozo%20population%20Part%201%202023.pdf">"The Attack on Gozo of 1551 and its Effects on the Gozo Population – Part I"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Gozo Observer</i> (47): <span class="nowrap">16–</span>23. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1996-3114">1996-3114</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/123456789/117642/1/The%20attack%20on%20Gozo%20of%201551%20and%20its%20effects%20on%20the%20Gozo%20population%20Part%201%202023.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 12 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Gozo+Observer&rft.atitle=The+Attack+on+Gozo+of+1551+and+its+Effects+on+the+Gozo+Population+%E2%80%93+Part+I&rft.issue=47&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E16-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.date=2023&rft.issn=19963114&rft.aulast=Curmi&rft.aufirst=Luca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.um.edu.mt%2Flibrary%2Foar%2Fbitstream%2F123456789%2F117642%2F1%2FThe%2520attack%2520on%2520Gozo%2520of%25201551%2520and%2520its%2520effects%2520on%2520the%2520Gozo%2520population%2520Part%25201%25202023.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Libya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fiorini1997-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fiorini1997_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiorini1997" class="citation book cs1">Fiorini, Stanley (1997). "The 1551 Siege of Gozo and the Repopulation of the Island". In Farrugia, J.; Briguglio, L. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241115182021/https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/123456789/76561/1/The_1551_siege_of_Gozo_and_the_repopulation_of_the_island_1997.pdf"><i>A Focus on Gozo</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Gozo" title="Gozo">Gozo</a>: Formatek Ltd. pp. <span class="nowrap">74–</span>90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9990949034" title="Special:BookSources/9990949034"><bdi>9990949034</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/123456789/76561/1/The_1551_siege_of_Gozo_and_the_repopulation_of_the_island_1997.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+1551+Siege+of+Gozo+and+the+Repopulation+of+the+Island&rft.btitle=A+Focus+on+Gozo&rft.place=Gozo&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E74-%3C%2Fspan%3E90&rft.pub=Formatek+Ltd&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9990949034&rft.aulast=Fiorini&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.um.edu.mt%2Flibrary%2Foar%2Fbitstream%2F123456789%2F76561%2F1%2FThe_1551_siege_of_Gozo_and_the_repopulation_of_the_island_1997.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Libya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-curmi2024-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-curmi2024_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurmi2024" class="citation journal cs1">Curmi, Luca (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250112172635/https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/123456789/127889/1/The%20Attack%20on%20Gozo%20of%201551%20and%20its%20effects%20on%20the%20Gozo%20population.pdf">"The Attack on Gozo of 1551 and its Effects on the Gozo Population – Part II: The Aftermath of 1551: Economic Aspects (till c.1600)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Gozo Observer</i> (48): <span class="nowrap">11–</span>21. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1996-3114">1996-3114</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/123456789/127889/1/The%20Attack%20on%20Gozo%20of%201551%20and%20its%20effects%20on%20the%20Gozo%20population.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 12 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Gozo+Observer&rft.atitle=The+Attack+on+Gozo+of+1551+and+its+Effects+on+the+Gozo+Population+%E2%80%93+Part+II%3A+The+Aftermath+of+1551%3A+Economic+Aspects+%28till+c.1600%29&rft.issue=48&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.date=2024&rft.issn=19963114&rft.aulast=Curmi&rft.aufirst=Luca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.um.edu.mt%2Flibrary%2Foar%2Fbitstream%2F123456789%2F127889%2F1%2FThe%2520Attack%2520on%2520Gozo%2520of%25201551%2520and%2520its%2520effects%2520on%2520the%2520Gozo%2520population.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Libya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110725220038/http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/whtslav.htm">"When Europeans Were Slaves: Research Suggests White Slavery Was Much More Common Than Previously Believed"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/whtslav.htm">the original</a> on 2011-07-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=When+Europeans+Were+Slaves%3A+Research+Suggests+White+Slavery+Was+Much+More+Common+Than+Previously+Believed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresearchnews.osu.edu%2Farchive%2Fwhtslav.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Libya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/white_slaves_05.shtml">"BBC - History - British History in depth: British Slaves on the Barbary Coast"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+-+History+-+British+History+in+depth%3A+British+Slaves+on+the+Barbary+Coast&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fbritish%2Fempire_seapower%2Fwhite_slaves_05.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Libya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/white_slaves_02.shtml">"BBC - History - British History in depth: British Slaves on the Barbary Coast"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+-+History+-+British+History+in+depth%3A+British+Slaves+on+the+Barbary+Coast&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fbritish%2Fempire_seapower%2Fwhite_slaves_02.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Libya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wettinger2006-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wettinger2006_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWettinger2006" class="citation book cs1">Wettinger, Godfrey (2006). "Black African slaves in Malta". In Mercieca, S. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240727092406/https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/123456789/30359/1/Black_African_slaves_in_Malta_2006.pdf"><i>Mediterranean seascapes : proceedings of an International Conference held in Malta in conjunction with Euromed Heritage II, Navigation du Savoir Project (Valletta, 2004)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Msida" title="Msida">Msida</a>: Malta University Publishers Ltd. pp. <span class="nowrap">65–</span>82. 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(1978), pp. 285-294.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Africa,_Vol_1998_p74-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Africa,_Vol_1998_p74_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Africa,_Vol_1998_p74_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. VI, Abridged Edition: Africa in the Nineteenth Century Until the 1880s. (1998). Storbritannien: University of California Press. p74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lisa-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lisa_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lisa_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1984" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson, Lisa (1984). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/163044">"Nineteenth-Century Reform in Ottoman Libya"</a></span>. <i>International Journal of Middle East Studies</i>. <b>16</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">325–</span>348. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020743800028208">10.1017/S0020743800028208</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-7438">0020-7438</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/163044">163044</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=Nineteenth-Century+Reform+in+Ottoman+Libya&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E325-%3C%2Fspan%3E348&rft.date=1984&rft.issn=0020-7438&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F163044%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020743800028208&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F163044&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Libya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adolf-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Adolf_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVischer1911" class="citation journal cs1">Vischer, Adolf (1911). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1778642">"Tripoli"</a></span>. <i>The Geographical Journal</i>. <b>38</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">487–</span>494. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1778642">10.2307/1778642</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0016-7398">0016-7398</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1778642">1778642</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Geographical+Journal&rft.atitle=Tripoli&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E487-%3C%2Fspan%3E494&rft.date=1911&rft.issn=0016-7398&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1778642%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1778642&rft.aulast=Vischer&rft.aufirst=Adolf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1778642&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Libya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wright-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wright_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wright_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wright_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright,_John2007" class="citation book cs1">Wright, John (2007). <i>The trans-Saharan slave trade</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Seeking+safety%2Cfinding+fear.+Refugees%2C+asylum-seekers+and+migrants+in+Libya+and+Malta.&rft.pub=Amnesty+International&rft.date=2010-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fdownload%2FDocuments%2F40000%2Freg010042010en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Libya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.refworld.org/docid/4c1883e02d.html">"United States Department of State, Trafficking in Persons Report 2010 - Libya, 14 June 2010"</a>. <i>Refworld</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=African+and+European+leaders+want+to+evacuate+thousands+mired+in+Libyan+slave+trade&rft.date=2017-11-30&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Bearak&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fworldviews%2Fwp%2F2017%2F11%2F30%2Fafrican-and-european-leaders-want-to-evacuate-thousands-mired-in-libyan-slave-trade%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Libya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsweek.com/nigerian-slaves-have-organs-harvested-and-bodies-burned-728320">"Nigerian slaves have organs harvested, bodies mutilated and are set on fire, horrifying pictures claim"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a></i>. 2017-12-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Nigerian+slaves+have+organs+harvested%2C+bodies+mutilated+and+are+set+on+fire%2C+horrifying+pictures+claim&rft.date=2017-12-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fnigerian-slaves-have-organs-harvested-and-bodies-burned-728320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Libya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171213010537/http://www.huffingtonpost.co.za/2017/12/03/lawyer-slaves-in-libya-are-used-for-organ-trade_a_23295417/">"Lawyer: Slaves In Libya Are Used For Organ Trade"</a>. <i>Newsweek</i>. December 3, 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.co.za/2017/12/03/lawyer-slaves-in-libya-are-used-for-organ-trade_a_23295417/">the original</a> on December 13, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 24,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Lawyer%3A+Slaves+In+Libya+Are+Used+For+Organ+Trade&rft.date=2017-12-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.co.za%2F2017%2F12%2F03%2Flawyer-slaves-in-libya-are-used-for-organ-trade_a_23295417%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Libya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorton2017" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Norton" class="mw-redirect" title="Ben Norton">Norton, Ben</a> (2017-11-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fair.org/home/media-nato-regime-change-war-libya-slave-markets">"Media Erase NATO Role in Bringing Slave Markets to Libya"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Fairness_%26_Accuracy_in_Reporting" title="Fairness & Accuracy in Reporting">Fairness & Accuracy in Reporting</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-04-04</span></span>. <q>The American and British media have awakened to the grim reality in Libya, where African refugees are for sale in open-air slave markets. Yet a crucial detail in this scandal has been downplayed or even ignored in many corporate media reports: the role of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in bringing slavery to the North African nation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fairness+%26+Accuracy+in+Reporting&rft.atitle=Media+Erase+NATO+Role+in+Bringing+Slave+Markets+to+Libya&rft.date=2017-11-28&rft.aulast=Norton&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffair.org%2Fhome%2Fmedia-nato-regime-change-war-libya-slave-markets&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Libya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-libyaobserver-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-libyaobserver_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-libyaobserver_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-libyaobserver_70-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.libyaobserver.ly/news/libyan-human-rights-body-upset-over-cnn-report-slave-auctions-libya">"Libyan human rights body upset over CNN report of slave auctions in Libya - The Libya Observer"</a>. <i>www.libyaobserver.ly</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Slavery_in_Africa271" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Africa_topic" title="Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Africa_topic" title="Template talk:Africa topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Africa_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Slavery_in_Africa271" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Africa" title="Slavery in Africa">Slavery in Africa </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Algeria" title="Slavery in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Angola" title="Slavery in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Benin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Benin (page does not exist)">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Botswana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Botswana (page does not exist)">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Burkina_Faso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Burkina Faso (page does not exist)">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Burundi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Burundi (page does not exist)">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Cameroon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Cameroon (page does not exist)">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Cape_Verde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Cape Verde (page does not exist)">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_the_Central_African_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in the Central African Republic (page does not exist)">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Comoros" title="Slavery in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (page does not exist)">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Djibouti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Djibouti (page does not exist)">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Egypt" title="Slavery in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Equatorial_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Equatorial Guinea (page does not exist)">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Eritrea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Eritrea (page does not exist)">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Eswatini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Eswatini (page does not exist)">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Ethiopia" title="Slavery in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Gabon" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_the_Gambia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in the Gambia (page does not exist)">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Ghana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Ghana (page does not exist)">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Guinea (page does not exist)">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Guinea-Bissau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Guinea-Bissau (page does not exist)">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Ivory_Coast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Ivory Coast (page does not exist)">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Kenya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Kenya (page does not exist)">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Lesotho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Lesotho (page does not exist)">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Liberia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Liberia (page does not exist)">Liberia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Madagascar" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Malawi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Malawi (page does not exist)">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Mali" title="Slavery in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Mauritania" title="Slavery in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Mauritius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Mauritius (page does not exist)">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Morocco" title="Slavery in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Mozambique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Mozambique (page does not exist)">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Namibia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Namibia (page does not exist)">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Niger" title="Slavery in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Nigeria" title="Slavery in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Rwanda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Rwanda (page does not exist)">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in São Tomé and Príncipe (page does not exist)">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Senegal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Senegal (page does not exist)">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Seychelles" title="Slavery in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Sierra_Leone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Sierra Leone (page does not exist)">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Somalia" title="Slavery in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_South_Africa" title="Slavery in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_South_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in South Sudan (page does not exist)">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Sudan" title="Slavery in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Tanzania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Tanzania (page does not exist)">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Togo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Togo (page does not exist)">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Tunisia" title="Slavery in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Uganda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Uganda (page does not exist)">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Zambia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Zambia (page does not exist)">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Zimbabwe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Zimbabwe (page does not exist)">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">States with limited<br />recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (page does not exist)">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_the_Canary_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in the Canary Islands (page does not exist)">Canary Islands</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Ceuta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Ceuta (page does not exist)">Ceuta</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Melilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Melilla (page does not exist)">Melilla</a>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(Spain)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Madeira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Madeira (page does not exist)">Madeira</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Portugal)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Mayotte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Mayotte (page does not exist)">Mayotte</a> / <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_R%C3%A9union" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Réunion">Réunion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(France)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Saint_Helena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Saint Helena (page does not exist)">Saint Helena</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Ascension_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Ascension Island (page does not exist)">Ascension Island</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Tristan_da_Cunha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Tristan da Cunha (page does not exist)">Tristan da Cunha</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(United Kingdom)</span></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Libya&oldid=1276764027">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Libya&oldid=1276764027</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Libya" title="Category:Society of 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