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class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_sl.wikipedia.org&uselang=sl" class=""><span>Denarni prispevki</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Registracija&returnto=Hidrati+plinov" title="Predlagamo vam, da si ustvarite račun in se prijavite, vendar to ni obvezno." class=""><span>Ustvari račun</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Prijava&returnto=Hidrati+plinov" title="Prijava je zaželena, vendar ni obvezna [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Prijava</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Več možnosti" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Osebna orodja" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Osebna orodja</span> </label> <div 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<div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Projekt"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Vsebina" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Vsebina</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">prestavi v stransko letvico</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skrij</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Uvod</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Zgradba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zgradba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Zgradba</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zgradba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naravni_plinski_hidrati" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naravni_plinski_hidrati"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Naravni plinski hidrati</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Naravni_plinski_hidrati-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vklopi podrazdelek Naravni plinski hidrati</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Naravni_plinski_hidrati-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hidrati_zemeljskega_plina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hidrati_zemeljskega_plina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Hidrati zemeljskega plina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hidrati_zemeljskega_plina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plinski_hidrati_v_plinovodih" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plinski_hidrati_v_plinovodih"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Plinski hidrati v plinovodih</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plinski_hidrati_v_plinovodih-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inhibitorji" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inhibitorji"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Inhibitorji</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inhibitorji-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prazni_klatrati" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prazni_klatrati"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Prazni klatrati</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prazni_klatrati-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hidrati_ogljikovega_dioksida" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hidrati_ogljikovega_dioksida"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Hidrati ogljikovega dioksida</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hidrati_ogljikovega_dioksida-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sklici" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sklici"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sklici</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sklici-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nadaljnje_branje" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nadaljnje_branje"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Nadaljnje branje</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nadaljnje_branje-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Vsebina" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vklopi kazalo vsebine" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vklopi kazalo vsebine</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hidrati plinov</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="P9jdi na članek v drugem jeziku. Na voljo v 24 jezikih." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 jezikov</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="هيدرات الغاز – arabščina" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هيدرات الغاز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Газавыя гідраты – beloruščina" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Газавыя гідраты" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="beloruščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Газохидрат – bolgarščina" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Газохидрат" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bolgarščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrat_de_gas" title="Hidrat de gas – katalonščina" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hidrat de gas" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalonščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klatr%C3%A1tov%C3%BD_hydr%C3%A1t" title="Klatrátový hydrát – češčina" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Klatrátový hydrát" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="češčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gashydrat" title="Gashydrat – nemščina" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gashydrat" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="nemščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clathrate_hydrate" title="Clathrate hydrate – angleščina" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Clathrate hydrate" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angleščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrato_de_gas" title="Hidrato de gas – španščina" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hidrato de gas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="هیدرات گازی – perzijščina" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هیدرات گازی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perzijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clathrate_hydrate" title="Clathrate hydrate – francoščina" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Clathrate hydrate" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francoščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrato_de_gas" title="Hidrato de gas – galicijščina" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hidrato de gas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A1zhidr%C3%A1tok" title="Gázhidrátok – madžarščina" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gázhidrátok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="madžarščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clatrato_idrato" title="Clatrato idrato – italijanščina" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Clatrato idrato" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italijanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%85%E6%8E%A5%E6%B0%B4%E5%92%8C%E7%89%A9" title="包接水和物 – japonščina" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="包接水和物" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Газды гидраттар – kazaščina" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Газды гидраттар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazaščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EC%8A%A4_%ED%95%98%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%ED%8A%B8" title="가스 하이드레이트 – korejščina" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="가스 하이드레이트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klatrat_hidrat" title="Klatrat hidrat – malajščina" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Klatrat hidrat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gashydraat" title="Gashydraat – nizozemščina" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gashydraat" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nizozemščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasshydrat" title="Gasshydrat – novonorveščina" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gasshydrat" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="novonorveščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrato_de_clatrato" title="Hidrato de clatrato – portugalščina" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hidrato de clatrato" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Газовые гидраты – ruščina" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Газовые гидраты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klatrat_hidrat" title="Klatrat hidrat – turščina" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Klatrat hidrat" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Гідрати вуглецевих газів – ukrajinščina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гідрати вуглецевих газів" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%BC%E5%BD%A2%E6%B0%B4%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="笼形水合物 – kitajščina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="笼形水合物" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kitajščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q864080#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Uredi medjezikovne povezave" class="wbc-editpage">Uredi povezave</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Imenski prostori"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hidrati_plinov" title="Ogled vsebinske strani [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Stran</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pogovor:Hidrati_plinov&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Pogovor o vsebinski strani (stran ne obstaja) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Pogovor</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Spremeni različico jezika" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">slovenščina</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Pogledi"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hidrati_plinov"><span>Preberi</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrati_plinov&veaction=edit" title="Uredite to stran [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Uredi stran</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrati_plinov&action=edit" title="Uredi izvorno kodo te strani [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Uredi kodo</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrati_plinov&action=history" title="Prejšnje redakcije te strani [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Zgodovina</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Orodja strani"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Orodja" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Orodja</span> </label> <div 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dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Gashydrat_mit_Struktur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Gashydrat_mit_Struktur.jpg/220px-Gashydrat_mit_Struktur.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Gashydrat_mit_Struktur.jpg/330px-Gashydrat_mit_Struktur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Gashydrat_mit_Struktur.jpg/440px-Gashydrat_mit_Struktur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="745" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Hidrat metana, vraščen v sediment; greben pred obalo <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zdru%C5%BEene_dr%C5%BEave_Amerike" title="Združene države Amerike">Združene države Amerike</a> </figcaption></figure> <p><b>Hidrati plinov</b>, <b>hidrati</b> ali <b>klatrati</b> so kristalne trdne snovi na vodni osnovi, podobne ledu, v katerih so majhne <a href="/wiki/Polarnost" title="Polarnost">nepolarne molekule</a>, običajno <a href="/wiki/Plin" title="Plin">plini</a>, ali polarne molekule z velikimi <a href="/wiki/Hidrofobnost" title="Hidrofobnost">hidrofobnimi</a> deli ujete v »kletke« zamrznjenih molekul <a href="/wiki/Voda" title="Voda">vode</a>, vezanih z <a href="/wiki/Vodikova_vez" title="Vodikova vez">vodikovimi vezmi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hidrati plinov so torej nekakšne spojine, v katerih je gostiteljska molekula voda, gostujoča molekula pa običajno plin ali tekočina. Brez podpore ujetih molekul bi se mrežasta struktura klatratov zrušila v običajno strukturo ledenih kristalov ali tekočo vodo. Klatrate tvori večina plinov z nizko molekulsko maso, vključno z <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5943969">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap">O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5943969"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5943969"><span class="chemf nowrap">N<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5943969"><span class="chemf nowrap">CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5943969"><span class="chemf nowrap">CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5943969"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>S</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5943969"><span class="chemf nowrap">Ar</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5943969"><span class="chemf nowrap">Kr</span> in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5943969"><span class="chemf nowrap">Xe</span>, in pri ustreznih temperaturah in tlakih nekateri višji <a href="/wiki/Ogljikovodik" title="Ogljikovodik">ogljikovodiki</a> in <a href="/wiki/Freon" title="Freon">freoni</a>. Klatrati uradno niso kemične spojine, saj gostujoče molekule niso vezane na mrežo s <a href="/wiki/Kemi%C4%8Dna_vez" title="Kemična vez">kemičnimi vezmi</a>. Tvorba in razgradnja klatratov sta <a href="/wiki/Fazni_prehod" title="Fazni prehod">fazna prehoda</a> prvega reda in ne kemični reakciji. Podrobni mehanizmi njihovega nastanka in razgradnje na molekularni ravni še vedno niso dobro razumljeni.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hidrate plinov je prvi dokumentiral <a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Humphry Davy</a> leta 1810, ki je ugotovil, da je voda glavna sestavina tistega, za kar so prej mislili, da je trden <a href="/wiki/Klor" title="Klor">klor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ugotovljeno je, da se klatrati v naravi pojavljajo v velikih količinah. Približno 6,4 bilijona (6,4 × 10<sup>12</sup>) ton <a href="/wiki/Metan" title="Metan">metana</a> je ujetega v usedlinah metanovega hidrata na globokem oceanskem dnu.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nahajališča metanovega hidrata so tudi na norveškem epikontinentalnem pasu v severnem boku čelne stene Storegge Slidea. Klatrati lahko obstajajo tudi kot <a href="/wiki/Permafrost" title="Permafrost">permafrost</a>, na primer na severozahodu kanadske <a href="/wiki/Arktika" title="Arktika">Arktike</a>. Ti hidrati zemeljskega plina veljajo za potencialno obsežen vir energije, zato ima več držav nacionalne programe za razvoj tega vira energije.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Klatrati so zanimivi tudi s tehnološkega vidika, ker omogočajo na primer razsoljevanje morske vode,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> skladiščenje plinov,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> na primer <a href="/wiki/Ogljikov_dioksid" title="Ogljikov dioksid">ogljikovega dioksida</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lokalno<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in daljinsko hlajenje itd. V naftni industriji lahko povzročijo težave, saj lahko nastanejo tudi znotraj plinovodov. Globokomorsko odlaganje hidrata ogljikovega dioksida je bilo predlagano kot metoda za odstranitev tega toplogrednega plina iz ozračja in nadzor podnebnih sprememb. Domneva se, da klatrati v velikih količinah nastajajo tudi na nekaterih zunanjih planetih, lunah in transneptunskih objektih, pri čemer vežejo plin pri dokaj visokih temperaturah.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zgradba">Zgradba</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrati_plinov&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi razdelek: Zgradba" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrati_plinov&action=edit&section=1" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Zgradba"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:HydrateStructures.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/HydrateStructures.jpg/220px-HydrateStructures.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/HydrateStructures.jpg/330px-HydrateStructures.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/HydrateStructures.jpg/440px-HydrateStructures.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="2265" /></a><figcaption>Kletke različnih plinskih hidratov</figcaption></figure> <p>Plinski hidrati običajno tvorijo dve <a href="/wiki/Kristalografija" title="Kristalografija">kristalografski</a> <a href="/wiki/Kubi%C4%8Dni_kristalni_sistem" title="Kubični kristalni sistem">kubični strukturi</a>: strukturo tipa I, imenovano sI, in strukturo tipa II, imenovano sII<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> iz <a href="/wiki/Prostorska_skupina" title="Prostorska skupina">prostorskih skupin</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Pm{\overline {3}}n}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>P</mi> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mn>3</mn> <mo accent="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mi>n</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Pm{\overline {3}}n}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/77baeb62df9ba51304c0cf578332313b249139e1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.458ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Pm{\overline {3}}n}"></span> oziroma <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Fd{\overline {3}}m}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>F</mi> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mn>3</mn> <mo accent="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mi>m</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Fd{\overline {3}}m}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f23e6ba550559497076ea8ecaeb9f6c7bdc8ce8a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.274ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Fd{\overline {3}}m}"></span>. Tretja je <a href="/wiki/Heksagonalni_kristalni_sistem" title="Heksagonalni kristalni sistem">heksagonalna</a> struktura iz prostorske skupine <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P6/mmm}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>P</mi> <mn>6</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>m</mi> <mi>m</mi> <mi>m</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P6/mmm}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e2153726d5456266dac55844f23a3111f4a42683" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.192ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P6/mmm}"></span>. Opazna je tudi struktura tipa H.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Enotsko celico tipa I sestavlja 46 molekul vode, ki tvorijo dve vrsti kletk – malo in veliko. Enotska celica vsebuje dve mali in šest velikih kletk. Mala kletka ima obliko peterokotnega <a href="/wiki/Dodekaeder" title="Dodekaeder">dodekaedra</a> (5<sup>12</sup>), ki ni običajen dodekaeder, velika pa obliko tetradekaedra, natančneje šesterokotnega prisekanega trapezoedra (5<sup>12</sup>6<sup>2</sup>). Skupaj tvorita različico Weaire-Phelanove zgradbe. Tipični gosti, ki tvorijo hidrate tipa I, so <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5943969"><span class="chemf nowrap">CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span> v klatratu <a href="/wiki/Ogljikov_dioksid" title="Ogljikov dioksid">ogljikovega dioksida</a> in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5943969"><span class="chemf nowrap">CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span> v klatratu <a href="/wiki/Metan" title="Metan">metana</a>. </p><p>Enotsko celico tipa II sestavlja 136 molekul vode, ki spet tvorijo dve vrsti kletk – male in velike. V tem primeru je v enotski celici šestnajst malih in osem velikih kletk. Mala kletka ima spet obliko peterokotnega dodekaedra (5<sup>12</sup>), velika pa je heksadekaeder (5<sup>12</sup>6<sup>4</sup>). Hidrate tipa II tvorijo plini, kot sta <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5943969"><span class="chemf nowrap">O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span> in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5943969"><span class="chemf nowrap">N<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span>. </p><p>Enotsko celico tipa H sestavlja 34 molekul vode, ki tvorijo tri vrste kletk – dve različni mali in eno "ogromno". V tem primeru je enotska celice sestavljena iz treh malih kletk tipa 5<sup>12</sup>, dveh malih kletk tipa 4<sup>3</sup>5<sup>6</sup>6<sup>3</sup> in ene ogromne kletke tipa 5<sup>12</sup>6<sup>8</sup>. Da je zgradba stabilna, morata v enotski celici tipa H sodelovati dva gostujoča plina z različno velikimi molekulami. V velikih votlinah strukture H so na primer butan (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5943969"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">8</sub></span>) in drugi <a href="/wiki/Ogljikovodik" title="Ogljikovodik">ogljikovodiki</a>, v malih votlinah pa so plini z majhnimi molekulami. Domneva se, da hidrati z zgradbo H obstajajo v <a href="/wiki/Mehi%C5%A1ki_zaliv" title="Mehiški zaliv">Mehiškem zalivu</a>. Termogensko proizvedene zaloge težkih ogljikovodikov so tam običajne. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naravni_plinski_hidrati">Naravni plinski hidrati</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrati_plinov&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi razdelek: Naravni plinski hidrati" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrati_plinov&action=edit&section=2" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Naravni plinski hidrati"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hidrati_zemeljskega_plina">Hidrati zemeljskega plina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrati_plinov&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Uredi razdelek: Hidrati zemeljskega plina" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrati_plinov&action=edit&section=3" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Hidrati zemeljskega plina"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hidrate <a href="/wiki/Zemeljski_plin" title="Zemeljski plin">zemeljskega plina</a>, pretežno <a href="/wiki/Metan" title="Metan">metana</a>, je mogoče najti na morskem dnu, v oceanskih sedimentih,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sedimentih v globokih jezerih, na primer v <a href="/wiki/Bajkalsko_jezero" title="Bajkalsko jezero">Bajkalskem jezeru</a>, in v <a href="/wiki/Permafrost" title="Permafrost">permafrostu</a>. Količina metana, ki je potencialno ujeta v naravnih nahajališčih metanovega hidrata je lahko znatna – od 10<sup>15</sup> do 10<sup>17</sup> kubičnih metrov,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in zato zelo zanimiva kot potencialni vir energije. Katastrofalno sproščanje metana pri razgradnji takšnih usedlin bi lahko povzročilo globalne podnebne spremembe, imenovane "hipoteza klatratnega topa", ker je metan močnejši toplogredni plin kot ogljikov dioksid. Hitra razgradnja takih usedlin bi lahko sprožila zemeljske plazove, potrese in cunamije. Hidrati zemeljskega plina pa ne vsebujejo samo metana, temveč tudi druge plinaste ogljikovodike, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5943969"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>S</span> in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5943969"><span class="chemf nowrap">CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span>. V vzorcih polarnega ledu so pogosto opazni tudi hidrati zraka. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Pingos_near_Tuk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pingos_near_Tuk.jpg/220px-Pingos_near_Tuk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pingos_near_Tuk.jpg/330px-Pingos_near_Tuk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pingos_near_Tuk.jpg/440px-Pingos_near_Tuk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="435" /></a><figcaption>Pingi pri Tuktoyaktuku, severna <a href="/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada">Kanada</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Pingo" title="Pingo">Pingi</a>, griči z jedri iz premafrosta, visoki 3 do 70 metrov in s premerom 30 do 1000 metrov,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so pogoste tvorbe v regijah s permafrostom.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Podobne strukture se najdejo tudi v globokih vodah, povezanih z odprtinami metana. Pomembno je, da lahko plinski hidrati nastanejo celo v odsotnosti tekoče faze. V tem primeru je v plinu ali tekoči fazi ogljikovodikov raztopljena voda.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leta 2017 sta tako <a href="/wiki/Japonska" title="Japonska">Japonska</a> kot <a href="/wiki/Ljudska_republika_Kitajska" title="Ljudska republika Kitajska">Kitajska</a> poročali o uspešnih poskusih obsežnega črpanja metanskih hidratov z morskega dna. Do proizvodnje v tržno zanimivem obsegu bo moralo miniti še nekaj let.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Poročilo Research Fronts iz leta 2020 pravi, da sta odkrivanje akumulacij plinskih hidratov in rudarska tehnologija, povezana z njimi, eni od deset najbolj zanimivih raziskovalnih področij v geološki znanosti.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plinski_hidrati_v_plinovodih">Plinski hidrati v plinovodih</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrati_plinov&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Uredi razdelek: Plinski hidrati v plinovodih" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrati_plinov&action=edit&section=4" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Plinski hidrati v plinovodih"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>V plinovodih pogosto vladajo <a href="/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika">termodinamski</a> pogoji, ugodni za nastanek hidratov. To je seveda nezaželeno, ker zmanjšujejo pretočnost cevi, jih zamašijo ali poškodujejo drugo opremo.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Obloge hidratov ne stenah cevi je mogoče odstraniti s povišanjem temperature ali znižanjem tlaka. Proces je v obeh primerih dolgotrajen, zato je bolj primerno preprečevanje njihovega nastanka, se pravi obvladovanja tlaka, temperature in pretoka in preprečevanje prisotnosti vode. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Inhibitorji">Inhibitorji</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrati_plinov&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Uredi razdelek: Inhibitorji" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrati_plinov&action=edit&section=5" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Inhibitorji"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>V plinovodih, ki obratujejo v pogojih, ugodnih za nastanek hidratov, se njihovo nastajanje lahko prepreči z dodajanem <a href="/wiki/Inhibitor" title="Inhibitor">inhibitorjev</a>, snovi, ki upočasnjujejo njihovo nastajanje. </p><p>Med termodinamskimi inhibitorji so najpogostejši <a href="/wiki/Metanol" title="Metanol">metanol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Etilenglikol" title="Etilenglikol">etilenglikol</a> ali dietilenglikol, ki se načeloma lahko reciklirajo. Tovrstni inhibitorji znižajo temperaturo nastajanja hidratov. </p><p>Kinetični inhibitorji in antiaglomeranti so nekaj novega in zahtevajo obsežne raziskave in prilagoditve aktualnemu plinovodu. Kinetični inhibitorji upočasnijo nastajanje kondenzacijskih jeder. Aglomeracijski inhibitorji tega procesa ne ustavijo, ampak preprečijo združevanje majhnih aglomeratov v večje. Kinetični inhibitorji so običajno polimeri ali kopolimeri, antiaglomeranti pa so običajno bipolarne površinsko aktivne snovi, ki se vežejo tako na hidrate kot na ogljikovodike. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prazni_klatrati">Prazni klatrati</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrati_plinov&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Uredi razdelek: Prazni klatrati" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrati_plinov&action=edit&section=6" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Prazni klatrati"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prazni klatrati<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so termodinamično nestabilni, ker so gostujoče molekule bistvenega pomena za stabilnost njihovih struktur. Njihovo preučevanje je zelo omejeno zaradi zelo specifičnih pogojev nastanka. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hidrati_ogljikovega_dioksida">Hidrati ogljikovega dioksida</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrati_plinov&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Uredi razdelek: Hidrati ogljikovega dioksida" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrati_plinov&action=edit&section=7" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Hidrati ogljikovega dioksida"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hidrati ogljikovega dioksida so hidrati z ogljikovim dioksidom kot gostujočim plinom. So <a href="/wiki/Stehiometrija" title="Stehiometrija">nestehiometrična</a> spojina, sestavljena iz kletke molekul vode, povezanih z <a href="/wiki/Vodikova_vez" title="Vodikova vez">vodikovimi vezmi</a>. Hidrat ima videz ledu in kristalizira v dveh različicah v <a href="/wiki/Kubi%C4%8Dni_kristalni_sistem" title="Kubični kristalni sistem">kubičnem kristalnem sistemu</a> s 46 molekulami <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5943969"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</span> (ali <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5943969"><span class="chemf nowrap">D<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</span>) in 8 molekulami <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5943969"><span class="chemf nowrap">CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span>, ki zapolnijo prazen prostor v kletki vodnih molekul. <sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Raziskovalci so prepričani, da imajo oceani in permafrost ogromen potencial za skladiščenje antropogenega ogljikovega dioksida in obliki njegovih hidratov. Z uporabo aditivov, ki premaknejo ravnotežno krivuljo v <a href="/wiki/Fazni_diagram" title="Fazni diagram">faznem diagramu</a> proti višji temperaturi in nižjemu tlaku, je še vedno pod drobnogledom, saj bi omogočila shranjevanje ogromnih količin ogljikovega dioksida v manjših morskih globinah. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sklici">Sklici</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrati_plinov&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Uredi razdelek: Sklici" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrati_plinov&action=edit&section=8" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Sklici"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5980307">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"»""«""›""‹"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFEnglezos1993" class="citation journal cs1">Englezos, Peter (1993). »Clathrate hydrates«. <i>Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research</i>. <b>32</b> (7): 1251–1274. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fie00019a001">10.1021/ie00019a001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.jtitle=Industrial+%26+Engineering+Chemistry+Research&rft.atitle=Clathrate+hydrates&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1251-1274&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fie00019a001&rft.aulast=Englezos&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AHidrati+plinov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFHassanpouryouzbandJoonakiVasheghani_FarahaniTakeya2020" class="citation journal cs1">Hassanpouryouzband, Aliakbar; Joonaki, Edris; Vasheghani Farahani, Mehrdad; Takeya, Satoshi; Ruppel, Carolyn; Yang, Jinhai; J. 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Aman, Zachary; Tohidi, Bahman (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FC8CS00989A">»Gas hydrates in sustainable chemistry«</a>. <i>Chemical Society Reviews</i>. <b>49</b> (15): 5225–5309. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Prosto dostopno"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FC8CS00989A">10.1039/C8CS00989A</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32567615">32567615</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifikator)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219971360">219971360</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Society+Reviews&rft.atitle=Gas+hydrates+in+sustainable+chemistry&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=5225-5309&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219971360%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32567615&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FC8CS00989A&rft.aulast=Hassanpouryouzband&rft.aufirst=Aliakbar&rft.au=Joonaki%2C+Edris&rft.au=Vasheghani+Farahani%2C+Mehrdad&rft.au=Takeya%2C+Satoshi&rft.au=Ruppel%2C+Carolyn&rft.au=Yang%2C+Jinhai&rft.au=J.+English%2C+Niall&rft.au=M.+Schicks%2C+Judith&rft.au=Edlmann%2C+Katriona&rft.au=Mehrabian%2C+Hadi&rft.au=M.+Aman%2C+Zachary&rft.au=Tohidi%2C+Bahman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1039%252FC8CS00989A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AHidrati+plinov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFGao_SHouse_WChapman_WG2005" class="citation journal cs1">Gao S; House W; Chapman WG (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/9701479/NMR-MRI-Study-of-Gas-Hydrate-Mechanisms">»NMR MRI Study of Gas Hydrate Mechanisms«</a>. <i>The Journal of Physical Chemistry B</i>. <b>109</b> (41): 19090–19093. <a href="/w/index.php?title=CiteSeerX_(identifikator)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CiteSeerX (identifikator) (stran ne obstaja)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Prosto dostopno"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.175.9193">10.1.1.175.9193</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjp052071w">10.1021/jp052071w</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16853461">16853461</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifikator)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18762205">18762205</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 3. avgusta 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Physical+Chemistry+B&rft.atitle=NMR+MRI+Study+of+Gas+Hydrate+Mechanisms&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=41&rft.pages=19090-19093&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.175.9193%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18762205%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16853461&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fjp052071w&rft.au=Gao+S&rft.au=House+W&rft.au=Chapman+WG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F9701479%2FNMR-MRI-Study-of-Gas-Hydrate-Mechanisms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AHidrati+plinov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFGao_SChapman_WGHouse_W2005" class="citation journal cs1">Gao S; Chapman WG; House W (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/9701466/NMR-and-Viscosity-Investigation-of-Clathrate-Formation-and-Dissociation">»NMR and Viscosity Investigation of Clathrate Formation and Dissociation«</a>. <i>Ind. Eng. Chem. Res</i>. <b>44</b> (19): 7373–7379. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fie050464b">10.1021/ie050464b</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 3. avgusta 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.jtitle=Ind.+Eng.+Chem.+Res.&rft.atitle=NMR+and+Viscosity+Investigation+of+Clathrate+Formation+and+Dissociation&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=7373-7379&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fie050464b&rft.au=Gao+S&rft.au=Chapman+WG&rft.au=House+W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F9701466%2FNMR-and-Viscosity-Investigation-of-Clathrate-Formation-and-Dissociation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AHidrati+plinov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFChoudharyChakrabartyRoyKumar2019" class="citation journal cs1">Choudhary, Nilesh; Chakrabarty, Suman; Roy, Sudip; Kumar, Rajnish (Januar 2019). »A comparison of different water models for melting point calculation of methane hydrate using molecular dynamics simulations«. <i>Chemical Physics</i>. <b>516</b>: 6–14. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifikator)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019CP....516....6C">2019CP....516....6C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chemphys.2018.08.036">10.1016/j.chemphys.2018.08.036</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifikator)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:106222519">106222519</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Physics&rft.atitle=A+comparison+of+different+water+models+for+melting+point+calculation+of+methane+hydrate+using+molecular+dynamics+simulations&rft.volume=516&rft.pages=6-14&rft.date=2019-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A106222519%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.chemphys.2018.08.036&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019CP....516....6C&rft.aulast=Choudhary&rft.aufirst=Nilesh&rft.au=Chakrabarty%2C+Suman&rft.au=Roy%2C+Sudip&rft.au=Kumar%2C+Rajnish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AHidrati+plinov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Faraday1859" class="citation book cs1">Michael Faraday (1859). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/experimentalres02faragoog"><i>On Hydrate of Chlorine</i></a>. Quarterly Journal of Science<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 20. marca 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=knjiga&rft.btitle=On+Hydrate+of+Chlorine&rft.pub=Quarterly+Journal+of+Science&rft.date=1859&rft.au=Michael+Faraday&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fexperimentalres02faragoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AHidrati+plinov" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Navajanje_virov" title="Wikipedija:Navajanje virov"><span title="Ta sklic potrebuje sklic na specifično stran ali več strani znotraj navedenega vira.">navedi št.strani</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFEllen_Thomas2004" class="citation web cs1">Ellen Thomas (<span dir="ltr">november 2004</span>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ethomas.web.wesleyan.edu/ees123/clathrate.htm">»Clathrates: little known components of the global carbon cycle«</a>. Wesleyan University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 13. decembra 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=neznano&rft.btitle=Clathrates%3A+little+known+components+of+the+global+carbon+cycle&rft.pub=Wesleyan+University&rft.date=2004-11&rft.au=Ellen+Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fethomas.web.wesleyan.edu%2Fees123%2Fclathrate.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AHidrati+plinov" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Predloga:Navedi_splet" title="Predloga:Navedi splet">navedi splet</a>}}</code>: Vzdrževanje CS1: samodejni prevod datuma (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Vzdr%C5%BEevanje_CS1:_samodejni_prevod_datuma" title="Kategorija:Vzdrževanje CS1: samodejni prevod datuma">povezava</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFBuffettArcher2004" class="citation journal cs1">Buffett, B.; Archer, D. (2004). »Global inventory of methane clathrate: sensitivity to changes in the deep ocean«. <i>Earth Planet. Sci. 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Methikkalam, Rabin Rajan J.; Bhuin, Radha Gobinda; Ragupathy, Gopi; Choudhary, Nilesh; Kumar, Rajnish; Pradeep, Thalappil (29. januar 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6358667">»Clathrate hydrates in interstellar environment«</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>116</b> (5): 1526–1531. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifikator)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019PNAS..116.1526G">2019PNAS..116.1526G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Prosto dostopno"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1814293116">10.1073/pnas.1814293116</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifikator)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Prosto dostopno"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6358667">6358667</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30630945">30630945</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Clathrate+hydrates+in+interstellar+environment&rft.volume=116&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1526-1531&rft.date=2019-01-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6358667%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30630945&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1814293116&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019PNAS..116.1526G&rft.aulast=Ghosh&rft.aufirst=Jyotirmoy&rft.au=Methikkalam%2C+Rabin+Rajan+J.&rft.au=Bhuin%2C+Radha+Gobinda&rft.au=Ragupathy%2C+Gopi&rft.au=Choudhary%2C+Nilesh&rft.au=Kumar%2C+Rajnish&rft.au=Pradeep%2C+Thalappil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6358667&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AHidrati+plinov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFStackelbergMüller1954" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Stackelberg, M. v; 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.jtitle=Industrial+%26+Engineering+Chemistry+Research&rft.atitle=Measurements+of+Hydrate+Dissociation+Temperature+of+Methane%2C+Ethane%2C+and+CO%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E+in+the+Absence+of+Any+Aqueous+Phase+and+Prediction+with+the+Cubic+Plus+Association+Equation+of+State&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=4045-4050&rft.date=2009-04-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fie801351e&rft.aulast=Youssef&rft.aufirst=Z.&rft.au=Barreau%2C+A.&rft.au=Mougin%2C+P.&rft.au=Jose%2C+J.&rft.au=Mokbel%2C+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AHidrati+plinov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-39971667">»China claims breakthrough in 'flammable ice'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>«</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 19. maj 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=China+claims+breakthrough+in+%27flammable+ice%27&rft.date=2017-05-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-china-39971667&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AHidrati+plinov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalpost.com/news/world/china-japan-extracts-combustible-ice-from-seafloor-a-step-towards-harnessing-a-legendary-frozen-fossil-fuel">»China and Japan find way to extract 'combustible ice' from seafloor, harnessing a legendary frozen fossil fuel«</a>. <i>National Post</i>. 19. maj 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.jtitle=National+Post&rft.atitle=China+and+Japan+find+way+to+extract+%27combustible+ice%27+from+seafloor%2C+harnessing+a+legendary+frozen+fossil+fuel&rft.date=2017-05-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalpost.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fchina-japan-extracts-combustible-ice-from-seafloor-a-step-towards-harnessing-a-legendary-frozen-fossil-fuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AHidrati+plinov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discover.clarivate.com/ResearchFronts2020_EN">»Web of Science«</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=neznano&rft.btitle=Web+of+Science&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscover.clarivate.com%2FResearchFronts2020_EN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AHidrati+plinov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFGao2008" class="citation journal cs1">Gao, Shuqiang (2008). »Investigation of Interactions between Gas Hydrates and Several Other Flow Assurance Elements«. <i>Energy & Fuels</i>. <b>22</b> (5): 3150–3153. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fef800189k">10.1021/ef800189k</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.jtitle=Energy+%26+Fuels&rft.atitle=Investigation+of+Interactions+between+Gas+Hydrates+and+Several+Other+Flow+Assurance+Elements&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=3150-3153&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fef800189k&rft.aulast=Gao&rft.aufirst=Shuqiang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AHidrati+plinov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFCruzAlaviMota2019" class="citation journal cs1">Cruz, Fernando J. A. L.; Alavi, Saman; Mota, José P. B. (2019). »Low-Temperature Thermodynamic Study of the Metastable Empty Clathrate Hydrates Using Molecular Simulations«. <i>ACS Earth and Space Chemistry</i>. <b>3</b> (5): 789–799. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifikator)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019ESC.....3..789C">2019ESC.....3..789C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facsearthspacechem.9b00009">10.1021/acsearthspacechem.9b00009</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifikator)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140362440">140362440</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.jtitle=ACS+Earth+and+Space+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Low-Temperature+Thermodynamic+Study+of+the+Metastable+Empty+Clathrate+Hydrates+Using+Molecular+Simulations&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=789-799&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A140362440%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Facsearthspacechem.9b00009&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019ESC.....3..789C&rft.aulast=Cruz&rft.aufirst=Fernando+J.+A.+L.&rft.au=Alavi%2C+Saman&rft.au=Mota%2C+Jos%C3%A9+P.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AHidrati+plinov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFCircone_S.Stern_L.A.Kirby_S.H.Durham_W.B.2003" class="citation journal cs1">Circone S.; Stern L.A.; Kirby S.H.; Durham W.B.; Chacoumakos B.C.; Rawn C.J.; Rondinone A.J.; Ishii Y. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/jp027391j">»CO2 Hydrate: Synthesis, Composition, Structure, Dissociation Behavior, and a Comparison to Structure I CH4 Hydrate«</a>. <i>The Journal of Physical Chemistry B</i>. <b>107</b> (23): 5529–5539. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjp027391j">10.1021/jp027391j</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Physical+Chemistry+B&rft.atitle=CO2+Hydrate%3A+Synthesis%2C+Composition%2C+Structure%2C+Dissociation+Behavior%2C+and+a+Comparison+to+Structure+I+CH4+Hydrate&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=5529-5539&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fjp027391j&rft.au=Circone+S.&rft.au=Stern+L.A.&rft.au=Kirby+S.H.&rft.au=Durham+W.B.&rft.au=Chacoumakos+B.C.&rft.au=Rawn+C.J.&rft.au=Rondinone+A.J.&rft.au=Ishii+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1021%2Fjp027391j&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AHidrati+plinov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nadaljnje_branje">Nadaljnje branje</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrati_plinov&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Uredi razdelek: Nadaljnje branje" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrati_plinov&action=edit&section=9" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Nadaljnje branje"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5453066">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns dl,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ol,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="column-count: 2;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFGaoHouseChapman2005" class="citation journal cs1">Gao, Shuqiang; House, Waylon; Chapman, Walter (2005). »NMR/MRI Study of Clathrate Hydrate Mechanisms«. <i>J. Phys. Chem. B</i>. <b>109</b> (41): 19090–19093. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjp052071w">10.1021/jp052071w</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16853461">16853461</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifikator)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18762205">18762205</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.jtitle=J.+Phys.+Chem.+B&rft.atitle=NMR%2FMRI+Study+of+Clathrate+Hydrate+Mechanisms&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=41&rft.pages=19090-19093&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18762205%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16853461&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fjp052071w&rft.aulast=Gao&rft.aufirst=Shuqiang&rft.au=House%2C+Waylon&rft.au=Chapman%2C+Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AHidrati+plinov" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFSultanCochonatFoucherMienert2004" class="citation journal cs1">Sultan, N; Cochonat, P; Foucher, J.-P; Mienert, J (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2004/publication-699.pdf">»Effect of gas hydrates melting on seafloor slope instability«</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Marine Geology</i>. <b>213</b> (1–4): 379–401. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifikator)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004MGeol.213..379S">2004MGeol.213..379S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.margeo.2004.10.015">10.1016/j.margeo.2004.10.015</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.jtitle=Marine+Geology&rft.atitle=Effect+of+gas+hydrates+melting+on+seafloor+slope+instability&rft.volume=213&rft.issue=1%E2%80%934&rft.pages=379-401&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.margeo.2004.10.015&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004MGeol.213..379S&rft.aulast=Sultan&rft.aufirst=N&rft.au=Cochonat%2C+P&rft.au=Foucher%2C+J.-P&rft.au=Mienert%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchimer.ifremer.fr%2Fdoc%2F2004%2Fpublication-699.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AHidrati+plinov" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Normativna_kontrola" title="Wikipedija:Normativna kontrola">Normativna kontrola: Narodne knjižnice</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864080#identifiers" title="Uredite to na Wikipodatkih"><img alt="Uredite to na Wikipodatkih" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4282527-1">Nemčija</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007558064805171">Izrael</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85053228">ZDA</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000345460&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvija</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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