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id="toc-Awards_and_nominations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy_and_honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy_and_honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Legacy and honors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy_and_honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Interviews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interviews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Interviews</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interviews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Obituaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Obituaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Obituaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Obituaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Wilson" title="August Wilson – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="August Wilson" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Wilson" title="August Wilson – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="August Wilson" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Wilson" title="August Wilson – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="August Wilson" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="آگوست ویلسون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آگوست ویلسون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Wilson" title="August Wilson – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="August Wilson" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EA%B1%B0%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8_%EC%9C%8C%EC%8A%A8" title="오거스트 윌슨 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오거스트 윌슨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Wilson" title="August Wilson – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="August Wilson" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Wilson" title="August Wilson – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="August Wilson" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Wilson" title="August Wilson – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="August Wilson" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Wilson" title="August Wilson – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="August Wilson" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="اوجست ويلسون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اوجست ويلسون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Wilson" title="August Wilson – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="August Wilson" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Wilson" title="August Wilson – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="August Wilson" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Wilson" title="August Wilson – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="August Wilson" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Wilson" title="August Wilson – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="August Wilson" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Wilson" title="August Wilson – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="August Wilson" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Wilson" title="August Wilson – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="August Wilson" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American playwright (1945–2005)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the late-20th-century writer. For the late-19th-century writer Augusta J. Evans Wilson, see <a href="/wiki/Augusta_Wilson" title="Augusta Wilson">Augusta Wilson</a>. For the United States Navy sailor, see <a href="/wiki/August_Wilson_(Medal_of_Honor)" title="August Wilson (Medal of Honor)">August Wilson (Medal of Honor)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">August Wilson</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:August_wilson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fa/August_wilson.jpg" decoding="async" width="186" height="252" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="186" data-file-height="252" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Frederick August Kittel Jr.<br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1945-04-27</span>)</span>April 27, 1945<br /><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">October 2, 2005<span style="display:none">(2005-10-02)</span> (aged 60)<br /><a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Cemetery_(Pittsburgh)" title="Greenwood Cemetery (Pittsburgh)">Greenwood Cemetery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;">Author, playwright</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Ma_Rainey%27s_Black_Bottom" title="Ma Rainey's Black Bottom">Ma Rainey's Black Bottom</a></i> (1984)<br /><i><a href="/wiki/Fences_(play)" title="Fences (play)">Fences</a></i> (1987)<br /><i><a href="/wiki/Joe_Turner%27s_Come_and_Gone" title="Joe Turner's Come and Gone">Joe Turner's Come and Gone</a></i> (1988)<br /><i><a href="/wiki/The_Piano_Lesson" title="The Piano Lesson">The Piano Lesson</a></i> (1990)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable awards</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Drama" title="Pulitzer Prize for Drama">Pulitzer Prize for Drama</a> (1987, 1990)<br /><a href="/wiki/Whiting_Awards" title="Whiting Awards">Whiting Award</a> (1986)<br /><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinz Award">Heinz Award</a> in the Arts and Humanities (2004)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Brenda Burton</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1969; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1972)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Judy Oliver</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1981; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1990)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Constanza_Romero" title="Constanza Romero">Constanza Romero</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1994)<wbr /></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Children</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">2</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>August Wilson</b> (né <b>Frederick August Kittel Jr.</b>; April 27, 1945 – October 2, 2005) was an American playwright. He has been referred to as the "theater's poet of Black America".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is best known for a series of 10 plays, collectively called <i><a href="/wiki/Category:The_Pittsburgh_Cycle" title="Category:The Pittsburgh Cycle">The Pittsburgh Cycle</a></i> (or <i>The Century Cycle</i>)<i>,</i> which chronicle the experiences and heritage of the African-American community in the 20th century. Plays in the series include <i><a href="/wiki/Fences_(play)" title="Fences (play)">Fences</a></i> (1987) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Piano_Lesson" title="The Piano Lesson">The Piano Lesson</a></i> (1990), both of which won Wilson the <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Drama" title="Pulitzer Prize for Drama">Pulitzer Prize for Drama</a>, as well as <i><a href="/wiki/Ma_Rainey%27s_Black_Bottom" title="Ma Rainey's Black Bottom">Ma Rainey's Black Bottom</a></i> (1984) and <i><a href="/wiki/Joe_Turner%27s_Come_and_Gone" title="Joe Turner's Come and Gone">Joe Turner's Come and Gone</a></i> (1988). In 2006, Wilson was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/American_Theater_Hall_of_Fame" title="American Theater Hall of Fame">American Theater Hall of Fame</a>. </p><p>Other themes range from the systemic and historical exploitation of African Americans, <a href="/wiki/Race_relations" title="Race relations">race relations</a>, identity, migration, and racial discrimination. <a href="/wiki/Viola_Davis" title="Viola Davis">Viola Davis</a> said that Wilson's writing "captures our humor, our vulnerabilities, our tragedies, our trauma. And he humanizes us. And he allows us to talk."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since Wilson's death, three of his plays have been adapted or re-adapted into films: <i><a href="/wiki/Fences_(film)" title="Fences (film)">Fences</a></i> (2016), <i><a href="/wiki/Ma_Rainey%27s_Black_Bottom_(film)" title="Ma Rainey's Black Bottom (film)">Ma Rainey's Black Bottom</a></i> (2020) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Piano_Lesson_(2024_film)" title="The Piano Lesson (2024 film)">The Piano Lesson</a></i> (2024). <a href="/wiki/Denzel_Washington" title="Denzel Washington">Denzel Washington</a> has shepherded the films and has vowed to continue Wilson's legacy by adapting the rest of his plays into films for a wider audience.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Washington said, "the greatest part of what's left of my career is making sure that August is taken care of".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_Wilson&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wilson was born Frederick August Kittel Jr. in the <a href="/wiki/Hill_District" title="Hill District">Hill District</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>, Pennsylvania, the fourth of six children. His father, Frederick August Kittel Sr., was a <a href="/wiki/Sudeten_Germans" title="Sudeten Germans">Sudeten German</a> immigrant, who was a baker/pastry cook. His mother, Daisy Wilson, was an African-American woman from North Carolina who cleaned homes for a living.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wilson's anecdotal history reports that his maternal grandmother walked from North Carolina to Pennsylvania in search of a better life. Wilson's mother raised the children alone until he was five in a two-room apartment behind a grocery store at 1727 Bedford Avenue; his father was mostly absent from his childhood. Wilson later wrote under his mother's surname. </p><p>The economically depressed neighborhood where he was raised was inhabited predominantly by Black Americans and Jewish and Italian immigrants. Life was tough for the Kittel siblings as they were biracial. August struggled with finding a sense of belonging to a particular culture and did not feel that he truly fit into African-American culture or White culture until later in life. Wilson's mother divorced his father and married David Bedford in the 1950s, and the family moved from the Hill District to the then predominantly White working-class neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/Hazelwood_(Pittsburgh)" title="Hazelwood (Pittsburgh)">Hazelwood</a>, where they encountered racial hostility; bricks were thrown through a window at their new home. They were soon forced out of their house and on to their next home.<sup id="cite_ref-Little_2000_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Little_2000-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Hill District went on to become the setting of numerous plays in the <i>Pittsburgh Cycle</i>. His experiences growing up there with a strong matriarch shaped the way his plays would be written.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width: 210px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carnegie_Library_of_Pittsburgh_-_IMG_0789.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Carnegie_Library_of_Pittsburgh_-_IMG_0789.jpg/210px-Carnegie_Library_of_Pittsburgh_-_IMG_0789.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Carnegie_Library_of_Pittsburgh_-_IMG_0789.jpg/315px-Carnegie_Library_of_Pittsburgh_-_IMG_0789.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Carnegie_Library_of_Pittsburgh_-_IMG_0789.jpg/420px-Carnegie_Library_of_Pittsburgh_-_IMG_0789.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://video.pbs.org/video/2365429059/">American Masters, August Wilson: The Ground on Which I Stand</a>, <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>, 1:24:39<sup id="cite_ref-pbs_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbs-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 1959, Wilson was one of 14 African-American students at <a href="/wiki/Central_Catholic_High_School_(Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Catholic High School (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania)">Central Catholic High School</a> but dropped out after one year.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then attended Connelley Vocational High School, but found the curriculum unchallenging. He dropped out of Gladstone High School in the 10th grade in 1960 after his teacher accused him of <a href="/wiki/Plagiarism" title="Plagiarism">plagiarizing</a> a 20-page paper he wrote on <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I of France">Napoleon I of France</a>. Wilson hid his decision from his mother because he did not want to disappoint her. At the age of 16 he began working menial jobs, where he met a wide variety of people on whom some of his later characters were based, such as Sam in <i>The Janitor</i> (1985).<sup id="cite_ref-Little_2000_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Little_2000-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wilson's extensive use of the <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Library_of_Pittsburgh" title="Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh">Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh</a> resulted in its later awarding him an honorary high school diploma. Wilson, who said he had learned to read at the age of four, began reading Black writers at the library when he was 12 and spent the remainder of his teen years educating himself through the books of <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Ellison" title="Ralph Ellison">Ralph Ellison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wright_(author)" title="Richard Wright (author)">Richard Wright</a>, <a href="/wiki/Langston_Hughes" title="Langston Hughes">Langston Hughes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arna_Bontemps" title="Arna Bontemps">Arna Bontemps</a>, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-Little_2000_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Little_2000-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_Wilson&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1960s">1960s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_Wilson&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1960s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wilson knew that he wanted to be a writer, but this created tension with his mother, who wanted him to become a lawyer. She forced him to leave the family home and he enlisted in the United States Army for a three-year stint in 1962, but he was discharged after a year<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and went back to working various odd jobs as a porter, short-order cook, gardener, and dishwasher.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Frederick August Kittel Jr. changed his name to August Wilson to honor his mother after his father's death in 1965. That same year, he discovered the blues as sung by <a href="/wiki/Bessie_Smith" title="Bessie Smith">Bessie Smith</a>, and he bought a stolen typewriter for $10, which he often pawned when money was tight.<sup id="cite_ref-Parisreview_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parisreview-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At 20, he decided he was a poet and submitted work to such magazines as <i><a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Magazine" title="Harper's Magazine">Harper's</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He began to write in bars, the local cigar store, and cafes—longhand on table napkins and on yellow notepads, absorbing the voices and characters around him. He liked to write on cafe napkins because, he said, it freed him up and made him less self-conscious as a writer. He would then gather the notes and type them up at home.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gifted with a talent for catching dialect and accents, Wilson had an "astonishing memory", which he put to full use during his career. He slowly learned not to censor the language he heard when incorporating it into his work.<sup id="cite_ref-Parisreview_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parisreview-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PittsburghPaAWH2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/PittsburghPaAWH2.jpg/220px-PittsburghPaAWH2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/PittsburghPaAWH2.jpg/330px-PittsburghPaAWH2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/PittsburghPaAWH2.jpg/440px-PittsburghPaAWH2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="558" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/August_Wilson_House" title="August Wilson House">Wilson's childhood home</a> at 1727 Bedford Avenue in Pittsburgh</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a>'s voice influenced Wilson's life and work (such as <i>The Ground on Which I Stand,</i> 1996). Both the <a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a> (NOI) and the <a href="/wiki/Black_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Power">Black Power</a> movement spoke to him regarding self-sufficiency, self-defense, and <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a>, and he appreciated the origin myths that <a href="/wiki/Elijah_Muhammad" title="Elijah Muhammad">Elijah Muhammad</a> supported. In 1969 Wilson married Brenda Burton, a Muslim, and became associated with the NOI, though he reportedly did not convert.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He and Brenda had one daughter, Sakina Ansari-Wilson. The couple divorced in 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-Little_2000_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Little_2000-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1968, along with his friend <a href="/wiki/Rob_Penny" title="Rob Penny">Rob Penny</a>, Wilson co-founded the <a href="/wiki/Black_Horizon_Theater" title="Black Horizon Theater">Black Horizon Theater</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hill_District_(Pittsburgh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hill District (Pittsburgh)">Hill District of Pittsburgh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wilson's first play, <i>Recycling</i>, was performed for audiences in small theaters, schools and public housing community centers for 50 cents a ticket. Among these early efforts was <i><a href="/wiki/Jitney_(play)" title="Jitney (play)">Jitney</a></i>, which he revised more than two decades later as part of his 10-play cycle on 20th-century Pittsburgh.<sup id="cite_ref-Little_2000_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Little_2000-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had no directing experience.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He recalled: "Someone had looked around and said, 'Who's going to be the director?' I said, 'I will.' I said that because I knew my way around the library. So I went to look for a book on how to direct a play. I found one called <i>The Fundamentals of Play Directing</i> <sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and checked it out."<sup id="cite_ref-Parisreview_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parisreview-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1970s">1970s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_Wilson&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1970s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1976, Vernell Lillie, who had founded the <a href="/wiki/Kuntu_Repertory_Theatre" title="Kuntu Repertory Theatre">Kuntu Repertory Theatre</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh" title="University of Pittsburgh">University of Pittsburgh</a> two years earlier, directed Wilson's <i>The Homecoming</i>. That same year Wilson saw <a href="/wiki/Athol_Fugard" title="Athol Fugard">Athol Fugard</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Sizwe_Banzi_is_Dead" class="mw-redirect" title="Sizwe Banzi is Dead">Sizwe Banzi is Dead</a></i>, staged at the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Public_Theater" title="Pittsburgh Public Theater">Pittsburgh Public Theater</a>, the first time he attended professionally produced drama. Wilson, Penny, and poet Maisha Baton then founded the Kuntu Writers Workshop to bring African-American writers together and to assist them in publication and production. Both organizations remain active. </p><p>In 1978, Wilson moved to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">Saint Paul, Minnesota</a>, at the suggestion of his friend, director <a href="/w/index.php?title=Claude_Purdy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claude Purdy (page does not exist)">Claude Purdy</a>, who helped him secure a job writing educational scripts for the <a href="/wiki/Science_Museum_of_Minnesota" title="Science Museum of Minnesota">Science Museum of Minnesota</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1980 he received a fellowship for <a href="/wiki/The_Playwrights%27_Center" title="The Playwrights' Center">The Playwrights' Center</a> in Minneapolis. He quit the museum in 1981, but continued writing plays. For three years, he was a part-time cook for the <a href="/wiki/Little_Brothers_of_the_Poor" class="mw-redirect" title="Little Brothers of the Poor">Little Brothers of the Poor</a>. Wilson had a long association with the <a href="/wiki/Penumbra_Theatre_Company" title="Penumbra Theatre Company">Penumbra Theatre Company</a> of St. Paul, which was initially funded by a federal <a href="/wiki/CETA_Employment_of_Artists_(1974-1981)" class="mw-redirect" title="CETA Employment of Artists (1974-1981)">Comprehensive Employment and Training Act (CETA) grant</a> and which premiered some of his plays. He wrote <i>Fullerton Street</i>, which has been unproduced and unpublished, in 1980. It follows the <a href="/wiki/Joe_Louis" title="Joe Louis">Joe Louis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Billy_Conn" title="Billy Conn">Billy Conn</a> fight in 1941 and the loss of values attendant on the <a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a> to the urban North.<sup id="cite_ref-Little_2000_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Little_2000-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1980s">1980s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_Wilson&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1980s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Throughout the 1980s, Wilson wrote the majority of his work including <i><a href="/wiki/Jitney_(play)" title="Jitney (play)">Jitney</a></i> (1982), <i><a href="/wiki/Ma_Rainey%27s_Black_Bottom" title="Ma Rainey's Black Bottom">Ma Rainey's Black Bottom</a></i> (1984), <i><a href="/wiki/Fences_(play)" title="Fences (play)">Fences</a></i> (1985), <i><a href="/wiki/Joe_Turner%27s_Come_and_Gone" title="Joe Turner's Come and Gone">Joe Turner's Come and Gone</a></i> (1986), and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Piano_Lesson" title="The Piano Lesson">The Piano Lesson</a></i> (1987). </p><p>In 1987, St. Paul's mayor <a href="/wiki/George_Latimer_(Minnesota_politician)" title="George Latimer (Minnesota politician)">George Latimer</a> named May 27 "August Wilson Day". He was honored because he is the only person from Minnesota to win a <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Drama" title="Pulitzer Prize for Drama">Pulitzer Prize for Drama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Little_2000_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Little_2000-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990s">1990s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_Wilson&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1990s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1990, Wilson left St. Paul after getting divorced and moved to <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>. There he developed a relationship with <a href="/wiki/Seattle_Repertory_Theatre" title="Seattle Repertory Theatre">Seattle Repertory Theatre</a>, which produced his entire 10-play cycle and his one-man show <i>How I Learned What I Learned.</i><sup id="cite_ref-Little_2000_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Little_2000-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though he was a writer dedicated to writing for theater, a Hollywood studio proposed filming Wilson's play <i>Fences</i>. He insisted that a Black director be hired for the film, saying: "I declined a White director not on the basis of race but on the basis of culture. White directors are not qualified for the job. The job requires someone who shares the specifics of the culture of Black Americans." The film remained unmade until 2016, when <a href="/wiki/Denzel_Washington" title="Denzel Washington">Denzel Washington</a> directed the film <i><a href="/wiki/Fences_(film)" title="Fences (film)">Fences</a></i>, starring Washington and <a href="/wiki/Viola_Davis" title="Viola Davis">Viola Davis</a>. It earned Wilson a posthumous Oscar nomination.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wilson received many honorary degrees, including an honorary Doctor of Humanities from the University of Pittsburgh, of which he was a trustee from 1992 until 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wilson maintained a strong voice in the progress and development of the (then) contemporary Black theater, undoubtedly taking influences from the examples of his youth, such as those displayed during the <a href="/wiki/Black_Arts_Movement" title="Black Arts Movement">Black Arts Movement</a>. One of the most notable examples of Wilson's strong opinions and critiques of what was Black theater's state in the 1990s, was the "On Cultural Power: The August Wilson/Robert Brustein Discussion" where Wilson argued for a completely Black theater with all positions filled by Blacks. Conversely, he argued that Black actors should not play roles not specifically Black (e.g., no Black Hamlet). Brustein heatedly took an opposing view. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2000s">2000s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_Wilson&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 2000s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2005, Wilson's final installment in his ten-part series <i>The Century Cycle</i>, titled <i>Radio Golf</i>, opened. It was first performed in 2005 by the <a href="/wiki/Yale_Repertory_Theatre" title="Yale Repertory Theatre">Yale Repertory Theatre</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven, Connecticut</a> and had its <a href="/wiki/Broadway_theatre" title="Broadway theatre">Broadway</a> premiere in 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Cort_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Cort Theatre">Cort Theatre</a>. It would become known as Wilson's final work.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post–Black_Arts_Movement"><span id="Post.E2.80.93Black_Arts_Movement"></span>Post–Black Arts Movement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_Wilson&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Post–Black Arts Movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although Wilson's work is not formally recognized within the literary canon of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Arts_Movement" title="Black Arts Movement">Black Arts Movement</a>, he was certainly a product of its mission, helping to co-found the Black Horizon Theatre in his hometown of Pittsburgh in 1968. Situated in Pittsburgh's Hill District, a historically and predominantly Black neighborhood, the Black Horizon Theatre became a cultural hub of Black creativity and community building.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a playwright of what is considered the Post–Black Arts Movement, Wilson inherited the spirit of BAM, producing plays that celebrated the history and poetic sensibilities of Black people. His iconic Century Cycle successfully tracked and synthesized the experiences of Black America in the 20th century, using each historical decade, from 1904 to 1997, to document the physical, emotional, mental, and political strivings of Black life in the wake of emancipation.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wilson's best-known plays are <i><a href="/wiki/Fences_(play)" title="Fences (play)">Fences</a></i> (1985) (which won a <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Tony_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Tony Award">Tony Award</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Piano_Lesson" title="The Piano Lesson">The Piano Lesson</a></i> (1990) (a Pulitzer Prize and the New York Drama Critics' Circle Award), <i><a href="/wiki/Ma_Rainey%27s_Black_Bottom" title="Ma Rainey's Black Bottom">Ma Rainey's Black Bottom</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Joe_Turner%27s_Come_and_Gone" title="Joe Turner's Come and Gone">Joe Turner's Come and Gone</a></i>. </p><p>Wilson stated that he was most influenced by "the four Bs": blues music, the <a href="/wiki/Argentine" class="mw-redirect" title="Argentine">Argentine</a> writer and poet <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Luis_Borges" title="Jorge Luis Borges">Jorge Luis Borges</a>, the playwright <a href="/wiki/Amiri_Baraka" title="Amiri Baraka">Amiri Baraka</a> and the painter <a href="/wiki/Romare_Bearden" title="Romare Bearden">Romare Bearden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He went on to add writers <a href="/wiki/Ed_Bullins" title="Ed Bullins">Ed Bullins</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Baldwin" title="James Baldwin">James Baldwin</a> to the list. He noted: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>From Borges, those wonderful gaucho stories from which I learned that you can be specific as to a time and place and culture and still have the work resonate with the universal themes of love, honor, duty, betrayal, etc. From Amiri Baraka, I learned that all art is political, although I don't write political plays. From Romare Bearden I learned that the fullness and richness of everyday life can be rendered without compromise or sentimentality.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>He valued Bullins and Baldwin for their honest representations of everyday life.<sup id="cite_ref-Parisreview_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parisreview-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like Bearden, Wilson worked with collage techniques in writing: "I try to make my plays the equal of his canvases. In creating plays I often use the image of a stewing pot in which I toss various things that I'm going to make use of—a black cat, a garden, a bicycle, a man with a scar on his face, a pregnant woman, a man with a gun." On the meaning of his work, Wilson stated: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I once wrote this short story called "The Best Blues Singer in the World", and it went like this—"The streets that Balboa walked were his own private ocean, and Balboa was drowning." End of story. That says it all. Nothing else to say. I've been rewriting that same story over and over again. All my plays are rewriting that same story.<sup id="cite_ref-Parisreview_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parisreview-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Pittsburgh_Cycle">The <i>Pittsburgh Cycle</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_Wilson&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The Pittsburgh Cycle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wilson's <i>Pittsburgh Cycle</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also often referred to as his <i>Century Cycle</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> consists of ten plays—nine of which are set in Pittsburgh's Hill District (the other being set in Chicago), an <a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhood" title="African-American neighborhood">African-American neighborhood</a> that takes on a mythic literary significance like <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hardy%27s_Wessex" title="Thomas Hardy's Wessex">Thomas Hardy's Wessex</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">William Faulkner</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Yoknapatawpha_County" title="Yoknapatawpha County">Yoknapatawpha County</a>, or Irish playwright <a href="/wiki/Brian_Friel" title="Brian Friel">Brian Friel</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ballybeg_(fictional_town)" title="Ballybeg (fictional town)">Ballybeg</a>. The plays are each set in a different decade and aim to sketch the Black experience in the 20th century and "raise consciousness through theater" and echo "the poetry in the everyday language of Black America".<sup id="cite_ref-Parisreview_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parisreview-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His writing of the Black experience always featured strong female characters and sometimes included elements of the supernatural. In his book, he wrote "My mother's a very strong, principled woman. My female characters . . . come in a large part from my mother."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As for the elements of the supernatural, Wilson often featured some form of superstition or old tradition in plays that came down to supernatural roots.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of his plays well known for featuring this is <i>The Piano Lesson</i>. In the play, the piano is used and releases spirits of the ancestors. Wilson wanted to create such an event in the play that the audience was left to decide what was real or not. He was fascinated by the power of theater as a medium where a community at large could come together to bear witness to events and currents unfolding.<sup id="cite_ref-Parisreview_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parisreview-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Wilson told <i><a href="/wiki/The_Paris_Review" title="The Paris Review">The Paris Review</a></i>:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I think my plays offer (White Americans) a different way to look at Black Americans. For instance, in <i>Fences</i> they see a garbageman, a person they don't really look at, although they see a garbageman every day. By looking at Troy's life, White people find out that the content of this Black garbageman's life is affected by the same things – love, honor, beauty, betrayal, duty. Recognizing that these things are as much part of his life as theirs can affect how they think about and deal with Black people in their lives.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Although the plays of the cycle are not strictly connected to the degree of a serial story, some characters appear (at various ages) in more than one of the cycle's plays. Children of characters in earlier plays may appear in later plays. The character most frequently mentioned in the cycle is Aunt Ester, a "washer of souls". She is reported to be 285 years old in <i><a href="/wiki/Gem_of_the_Ocean" title="Gem of the Ocean">Gem of the Ocean</a></i>, which takes place in her home at 1839 Wylie Avenue, and 349 in <i><a href="/wiki/Two_Trains_Running" title="Two Trains Running">Two Trains Running</a></i>. She dies in 1985, during the events of <i><a href="/wiki/King_Hedley_II" title="King Hedley II">King Hedley II</a></i>. Much of the action of <i><a href="/wiki/Radio_Golf" title="Radio Golf">Radio Golf</a></i> revolves around the plan to demolish and redevelop that house, some years after her death. Aunt Ester is a symbolic and recurring figure that represents the African-American struggle. She is "not literally three centuries old but a succession of folk priestesses... [s]he embodies a weighty history of tragedy and triumph".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plays often include an <i>apparently</i> mentally impaired oracular character (different in each play)—for example, Hedley Sr. in <i><a href="/wiki/Seven_Guitars" title="Seven Guitars">Seven Guitars</a></i>, Gabriel in <i><a href="/wiki/Fences_(play)" title="Fences (play)">Fences</a></i>, Stool Pigeon in <i>King Hedley II</i>, or Hambone in <i>Two Trains Running</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year of premiere </th> <th>Title </th> <th>Decade </th> <th>Opened on Broadway<sup id="cite_ref-Century_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Century-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1982 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Jitney_(play)" title="Jitney (play)">Jitney</a></i> </td> <td>1970s </td> <td>2017 – <a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Friedman_Theatre" title="Samuel J. Friedman Theatre">Samuel J. Friedman Theatre</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1984 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Ma_Rainey%27s_Black_Bottom" title="Ma Rainey's Black Bottom">Ma Rainey's Black Bottom</a></i> </td> <td>1920s </td> <td>1984 – <a href="/wiki/Cort_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Cort Theatre">Cort Theatre</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1985 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Fences_(play)" title="Fences (play)">Fences</a></i> </td> <td>1950s </td> <td>1987 – <a href="/wiki/46th_Street_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="46th Street Theatre">46th Street Theatre</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1986 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Joe_Turner%27s_Come_and_Gone" title="Joe Turner's Come and Gone">Joe Turner's Come and Gone</a></i> </td> <td>1910s </td> <td>1988 – <a href="/wiki/Ethel_Barrymore_Theatre" title="Ethel Barrymore Theatre">Ethel Barrymore</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1987 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Piano_Lesson" title="The Piano Lesson">The Piano Lesson</a></i> </td> <td>1930s </td> <td>1990 – <a href="/wiki/Walter_Kerr_Theatre" title="Walter Kerr Theatre">Walter Kerr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Trains_Running" title="Two Trains Running">Two Trains Running</a></i> </td> <td>1960s </td> <td>1992 – <a href="/wiki/Walter_Kerr_Theatre" title="Walter Kerr Theatre">Walter Kerr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1995 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Seven_Guitars" title="Seven Guitars">Seven Guitars</a></i> </td> <td>1940s </td> <td>1996 – <a href="/wiki/Walter_Kerr_Theatre" title="Walter Kerr Theatre">Walter Kerr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1999 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/King_Hedley_II" title="King Hedley II">King Hedley II</a></i> </td> <td>1980s </td> <td>2001 – <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia Theatre">Virginia Theatre</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2003 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Gem_of_the_Ocean" title="Gem of the Ocean">Gem of the Ocean</a></i> </td> <td>1900s </td> <td>2004 – <a href="/wiki/Walter_Kerr_Theatre" title="Walter Kerr Theatre">Walter Kerr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Radio_Golf" title="Radio Golf">Radio Golf</a></i> </td> <td>1990s </td> <td>2007 – <a href="/wiki/Cort_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Cort Theatre">Cort Theatre</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Chicago's <a href="/wiki/Goodman_Theatre" title="Goodman Theatre">Goodman Theatre</a> was the first theater in the world to produce the entire 10-play cycle, in productions which spanned from 1986 to 2007. Two of the Goodman's productions—<i>Seven Guitars</i> and <i>Gem of the Ocean</i>—were world premieres.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Israel_Hicks" title="Israel Hicks">Israel Hicks</a> produced the entire 10-play cycle from 1990 to 2009 for the <a href="/wiki/Denver_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts#Entities_of_the_DCPA" title="Denver Center for the Performing Arts">Denver Center Theatre Company</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Geva_Theatre_Center" title="Geva Theatre Center">Geva Theatre Center</a> produced all 10 plays in decade order from 2007 to 2011 as <i>August Wilson's American Century</i>. The <a href="/wiki/Huntington_Theatre_Company" title="Huntington Theatre Company">Huntington Theatre Company</a> of <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> has produced all 10 plays, finishing in 2012. During Wilson's life he worked closely with The Huntington to produce the later plays. <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Public_Theater" title="Pittsburgh Public Theater">Pittsburgh Public Theater</a> was the first theater company in Pittsburgh to produce the entire Century Cycle, including the world premiere of <i><a href="/wiki/King_Hedley_II" title="King Hedley II">King Hedley II</a></i> to open the <a href="/wiki/O%27Reilly_Theater" title="O'Reilly Theater">O'Reilly Theater</a> in <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Pittsburgh" title="Downtown Pittsburgh">Downtown Pittsburgh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>TAG – The Actors' Group, in Honolulu, Hawaii, produced all 10 plays in the cycle starting in 2004 with <i>Two Trains Running</i> and culminating in 2015 with <i>Ma Rainey's Black Bottom</i>. All shows were Hawaii premieres, all were extremely successful at the box office and garnered many local theatre awards for the actors and the organization. The Black Rep in St. Louis and the Anthony Bean Community Theater in New Orleans have also presented the complete cycle. </p><p>In the years after Wilson's death the 10-play cycle has been referred to as <i>The August Wilson Century Cycle</i><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as <i>The American Century Cycle</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two years before his death in 2005, Wilson wrote and performed an unpublished one-man play entitled <i>How I Learned What I Learned</i> about the power of art and the power of possibility. This was produced at New York's Signature Theatre and directed by Todd Kreidler, Wilson's friend and protégé. <i>How I Learned</i> explores his days as a struggling young writer in Pittsburgh's Hill District and how the neighborhood and its people inspired his cycle of plays about the African-American experience.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_Wilson&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wilson was married three times. His first marriage was to Brenda Burton from 1969 to 1972. They had one daughter, Sakina Ansari, born 1970. In 1981, he married Judy Oliver, a social worker; they divorced in 1990. He married again in 1994 and was survived by his third wife, costume designer <a href="/wiki/Constanza_Romero" title="Constanza Romero">Constanza Romero</a>, whom he met on the set of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Piano_Lesson" title="The Piano Lesson">The Piano Lesson</a></i>. They had a daughter, Azula Carmen Wilson.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wilson also was survived by siblings Freda Ellis, Linda Jean Kittel, Richard Kittel, Donna Conley and Edwin Kittel.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_Wilson&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wilson reported that he had been diagnosed with <a href="/wiki/Hepatocellular_carcinoma" title="Hepatocellular carcinoma">liver cancer</a> in June 2005 and been given three to five months to live. He died at age 60 on October 2 of that year at <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Medical_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish Medical Center">Swedish Medical Center</a> in Seattle, and was interred at <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Cemetery,_Pittsburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenwood Cemetery, Pittsburgh">Greenwood Cemetery, Pittsburgh</a>, on October 8.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He reportedly requested a "Black funeral" at <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul_Cathedral_(Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania)" title="Saint Paul Cathedral (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania)">Saint Paul Cathedral</a>, but permission for a non-Catholic funeral was not granted by the diocese. A memorial service was instead held at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh" title="University of Pittsburgh">University of Pittsburgh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Work">Work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_Wilson&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>First Produced </th> <th>First Performance</th> <th>Title</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>1976 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Penumbra_Theatre_Company" title="Penumbra Theatre Company">Penumbra Theater</a></td> <td><i>Recycle</i></td> <td>Written in 1965-1973;<sup id="cite_ref-:3_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally named "Recycling"; Directed and Acted by August Wilson.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1976 <i>(not published)</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuntu_Repertory_Theatre" title="Kuntu Repertory Theatre">Kuntu Repertory Theater</a></td> <td><i>The Homecoming</i></td> <td>Performed in <a href="/wiki/Schenley_High_School" title="Schenley High School">Schenley High School</a>; Directed by Vernell Lillie; Produced again in 1989. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1976 </td> <td>Ujima Theater<sup id="cite_ref-:5_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><i>The Coldest Day of the Year</i></td> <td>Written in 1976; part of "The Wood of the Cross" trilogy.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>(not published)</i> </td> <td><i>(not performed)</i> </td> <td><i>Placebo</i> </td> <td>Written in 1978; part of "The Wood of the Cross" trilogy.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>(not produced)</i> </td> <td><i>(not performed)</i> </td> <td><i>"Profiles in Science" Series</i> </td> <td>One Man and One Woman plays written while Wilson was working at the <a href="/wiki/Science_Museum_of_Minnesota" title="Science Museum of Minnesota">Science Museum of Minnesota</a>. Plays include <i>"An Evening with Margaret Mead"</i>, as well as <i>"Profiles in Science: William Harvey"</i> and a play about Charles Darwin.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>(not produced)</i> </td> <td><i>(not performed)</i></td> <td><i>Fullerton Street</i></td> <td>Written in 1980; Originally intended to be Wilson's play about the 1940's.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1981 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Penumbra_Theatre_Company" title="Penumbra Theatre Company">Penumbra Theater</a></td> <td><i>Black Bart and the Sacred Hills</i></td> <td>Written in 1977; Originally accepted at the <a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill_Theater_Center" title="Eugene O'Neill Theater Center">O’Neill Theater Center</a> in Connecticut.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_32-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1982 </td> <td>Allegheny Repertory Theater<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Jitney_(play)" title="Jitney (play)">Jitney!</a></i></td> <td>Written in 1979; Performed October 29th,1982.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_32-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1982 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill_Theater_Center" title="Eugene O'Neill Theater Center">O'Neill Theater</a></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Ma_Rainey%27s_Black_Bottom" title="Ma Rainey's Black Bottom">Ma Rainey's Black Bottom</a></i></td> <td>The 1982 production was a reading Wilson did for <a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill_Theater_Center" title="Eugene O'Neill Theater Center">O'Neill Theater</a> Writers to introduce them to some of his work beyond <i>Black Bart and the Sacred Hills</i>; the 1984 production was the play's first open performance at <a href="/wiki/Yale_Repertory_Theatre" title="Yale Repertory Theatre">Yale Repertory Theater</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1985 </td> <td></td> <td><i>The Janitor</i></td> <td>Part of "The Wood of the Cross" trilogy.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_32-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Published in <i>Short Pieces from the New Dramatists</i>, edited by Stan Chervin, pp. 81-82. New York: Broadway Play Publishing, 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1985 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yale_Repertory_Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale Repertory Theater">Yale Repertory Theater</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Fences_(play)" title="Fences (play)">Fences</a></i></td> <td>Written in 1983; Produced in 1985 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1986 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yale_Repertory_Theatre" title="Yale Repertory Theatre">Yale Repertory Theatre</a></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Joe_Turner%27s_Come_and_Gone" title="Joe Turner's Come and Gone">Joe Turner's Come and Gone</a></i></td> <td>Written and Published in 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_31-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> First Performed in 1986 at Yale Repertory Theater. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1987 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill_Theater_Center" title="Eugene O'Neill Theater Center">O'Neill Theater</a></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Piano_Lesson" title="The Piano Lesson">The Piano Lesson</a></i></td> <td>Written in 1986; Presented as a staged reading in 1987 at the O'Neill Theater's National Playwrights' Conference.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_31-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yale_Repertory_Theatre" title="Yale Repertory Theatre">Yale Repertory Theatre</a></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Trains_Running" title="Two Trains Running">Two Trains Running</a></i></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1995 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Goodman_Theatre" title="Goodman Theatre">Goodman Theater</a></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Seven_Guitars" title="Seven Guitars">Seven Guitars</a></i></td> <td>First Draft Finished in 1993. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1996 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a></td> <td><i>The Ground on Which I Stand</i> [speech]</td> <td>Given at the 11th biennial Theatre Communications Group national conference at New Jersey’s Princeton University.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1999 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/O%27Reilly_Theater" title="O'Reilly Theater">O'Reilly Theater</a></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/King_Hedley_II" title="King Hedley II">King Hedley II</a></i></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2002 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Seattle_Repertory_Theatre" title="Seattle Repertory Theatre">Seattle Repertory Theater</a></td> <td><i>How I Learned What I Learned</i></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2003 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Goodman_Theatre" title="Goodman Theatre">Goodman Theater</a></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Gem_of_the_Ocean" title="Gem of the Ocean">Gem of the Ocean</a></i></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yale_Repertory_Theatre" title="Yale Repertory Theatre">Yale Repertory Theatre</a></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Radio_Golf" title="Radio Golf">Radio Golf</a></i></td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_nominations">Awards and nominations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_Wilson&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Awards and nominations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Award</th> <th>Category</th> <th>Project</th> <th>Result </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/39th_Tony_Awards" title="39th Tony Awards">1985</a></td> <td rowspan="10"><a href="/wiki/Tony_Awards" title="Tony Awards">Tony Awards</a></td> <td rowspan="9"><a href="/wiki/Tony_Award_for_Best_Play" title="Tony Award for Best Play">Best Play</a></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Ma_Rainey%27s_Black_Bottom" title="Ma Rainey's Black Bottom">Ma Rainey's Black Bottom</a></i></td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/41st_Tony_Awards" title="41st Tony Awards">1987</a></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Fences_(play)" title="Fences (play)">Fences</a></i></td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/42nd_Tony_Awards" title="42nd Tony Awards">1988</a></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Joe_Turner%27s_Come_and_Gone" title="Joe Turner's Come and Gone">Joe Turner's Come and Gone</a></i></td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/44th_Tony_Awards" title="44th Tony Awards">1990</a></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Piano_Lesson" title="The Piano Lesson">The Piano Lesson</a></i></td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/46th_Tony_Awards" title="46th Tony Awards">1992</a></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Trains_Running" title="Two Trains Running">Two Trains Running</a></i></td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/50th_Tony_Awards" title="50th Tony Awards">1996</a></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Seven_Guitars" title="Seven Guitars">Seven Guitars</a></i></td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/55th_Tony_Awards" title="55th Tony Awards">2001</a></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/King_Hedley_II" title="King Hedley II">King Hedley II</a></i></td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/59th_Tony_Awards" title="59th Tony Awards">2005</a></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Gem_of_the_Ocean" title="Gem of the Ocean">Gem of the Ocean</a></i></td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/61st_Tony_Awards" title="61st Tony Awards">2007</a></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Radio_Golf" title="Radio Golf">Radio Golf</a></i></td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/71st_Tony_Awards" title="71st Tony Awards">2017</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tony_Award_for_Best_Revival_of_a_Play" title="Tony Award for Best Revival of a Play">Best Revival of a Play</a></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Jitney_(play)" title="Jitney (play)">Jitney</a></i></td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <td>1985</td> <td rowspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Drama_Desk_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="Drama Desk Awards">Drama Desk Awards</a></td> <td rowspan="7">Outstanding New Play</td> <td><i>Ma Rainey's Black Bottom</i></td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td></tr> <tr> <td>1987</td> <td><i>Fences</i></td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <td>1988</td> <td><i>Joe Tuner's Come and Gone</i></td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990</td> <td><i>The Piano Lesson</i></td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <td>1996</td> <td><i>Seven Guitars</i></td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000</td> <td><i>Jitney</i></td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007</td> <td><i>Radio Golf</i></td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td></tr> <tr> <td>1987</td> <td rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a></td> <td rowspan="6">For Drama</td> <td><i>Fences</i></td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <td>1989</td> <td><i>The Piano Lesson</i></td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990</td> <td><i>The Piano Lesson</i></td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <td>1992</td> <td><i>Two Trains Running</i></td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td></tr> <tr> <td>1995</td> <td><i>Seven Guitars</i></td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000</td> <td><i>King Hedley II</i></td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/89th_Academy_Awards" title="89th Academy Awards">2017</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Awards</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Adapted_Screenplay" title="Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay">Best Adapted Screenplay</a></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Fences_(film)" title="Fences (film)">Fences</a></i></td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/47th_Primetime_Emmy_Awards" title="47th Primetime Emmy Awards">1995</a></td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Awards" title="Primetime Emmy Awards">Primetime Emmy Awards</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Television_Movie" title="Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Television Movie">Outstanding Television Movie</a></td> <td rowspan="2"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Piano_Lesson_(1995_film)" title="The Piano Lesson (1995 film)">The Piano Lesson</a></i></td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Writing_for_a_Limited_Series,_Movie,_or_Dramatic_Special" class="mw-redirect" title="Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Limited Series, Movie, or Dramatic Special">Outstanding Writing for a Miniseries or a Special</a></td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td></tr> <tr> <td>1985 </td> <td rowspan="8"><a href="/wiki/New_York_Drama_Critics%27_Circle" title="New York Drama Critics' Circle">New York Drama Critics' Circle Award</a> </td> <td rowspan="4">Best Play </td> <td><i>Ma Rainey's Black Bottom</i> </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <td>1987 </td> <td><i>Fences</i> </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <td>1988 </td> <td><i>Joe Turner's Come and Gone</i> </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990 </td> <td><i>The Piano Lesson</i> </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <td>1992 </td> <td>Best American Play </td> <td><i>Two Trains Running</i> </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <td>1996 </td> <td rowspan="2">Best Play </td> <td><i>Seven Guitars</i> </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000 </td> <td><i>Jitney</i> </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007 </td> <td>Best American Play </td> <td><i>Radio Golf</i> </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_honors">Legacy and honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_Wilson&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Legacy and honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:August_Wilson_Theatre_NYC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/August_Wilson_Theatre_NYC.jpg/220px-August_Wilson_Theatre_NYC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/August_Wilson_Theatre_NYC.jpg/330px-August_Wilson_Theatre_NYC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/August_Wilson_Theatre_NYC.jpg/440px-August_Wilson_Theatre_NYC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>The August Wilson Theatre, New York City</figcaption></figure> <p>The childhood home of Wilson and his six siblings, at 1727 Bedford Avenue in Pittsburgh, was declared a historic landmark by the State of Pennsylvania on May 30, 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On February 26, 2008, <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_City_Council" title="Pittsburgh City Council">Pittsburgh City Council</a> placed the house on the <a href="/wiki/List_of_City_of_Pittsburgh_historic_designations" title="List of City of Pittsburgh historic designations">List of City of Pittsburgh historic designations</a>. On April 30, 2013, the <a href="/wiki/August_Wilson_House" title="August Wilson House">August Wilson House</a> was added to the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nps_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nps-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Pittsburgh, there is an <a href="/wiki/August_Wilson_Center_for_African_American_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="August Wilson Center for African American Culture">August Wilson Center for African American Culture</a>. The center includes a permanent exhibition on Wilson's life in Pittsburgh's Hill District, "August Wilson: A Writer's Landscape."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On October 16, 2005, fourteen days after Wilson's death, the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia Theatre">Virginia Theatre</a> in New York City's <a href="/wiki/Broadway_theatre" title="Broadway theatre">Broadway</a> <a href="/wiki/Theater_District,_Manhattan" title="Theater District, Manhattan">Theater District</a> was renamed the <a href="/wiki/August_Wilson_Theatre" title="August Wilson Theatre">August Wilson Theatre</a>. It is the first Broadway theatre to bear the name of an African-American.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The theatre has run many shows, including <i>Jersey Boys</i>, <i>Groundhog Day</i>, and <i>Mean Girls</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007, the August Wilson Monologue Competition was founded by <a href="/wiki/Kenny_Leon" title="Kenny Leon">Kenny Leon</a> and Todd Kreidler. High school students, supported by professional actors, mentors, local drama teachers and others learn a monologue from one of Wilson's plays, and perform it in front of a professional jury. This tribute to Wilson's work is an official contest in many American cities including, as of 2020, Atlanta, Boston, Buffalo, Chicago, Dallas, Greensboro, Los Angeles, New Haven, New York, Norfolk, Pittsburgh, Portland, San Diego, and Seattle. The national winner of the contest gets the chance to perform on Broadway.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Seattle, Washington, along the south side of the Seattle Repertory Theatre, the vacated Republican Street between Warren Avenue N. and 2nd Avenue N. on the <a href="/wiki/Seattle_Center" title="Seattle Center">Seattle Center</a> grounds has been renamed August Wilson Way.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2016, an existing community park near his childhood home was renovated and renamed August Wilson Park.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Hillman_Library" title="Hillman Library">University Library System</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh" title="University of Pittsburgh">University of Pittsburgh</a> acquired Wilson's literary papers and materials to establish the August Wilson Archive.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">United States Postal Service</a> honored Wilson with a <a href="/wiki/Non-denominated_postage#Forever_stamps" title="Non-denominated postage">Forever stamp</a> featuring him as part of the Black Heritage series of stamps. It was designed by Ethel Kessler with art from Tim O'Brien.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other awards and honors by year: </p> <ul><li>1985: New York Drama Critics' Circle Award for Best American Play <i><a href="/wiki/Ma_Rainey%27s_Black_Bottom" title="Ma Rainey's Black Bottom">Ma Rainey's Black Bottom</a></i></li> <li>1986: <a href="/wiki/Whiting_Awards" title="Whiting Awards">Whiting Award</a> for Drama</li> <li>1986: Guggenheim Fellowship for Drama & Performance Art<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1987: Artist of the Year by <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></li> <li>1988: Literary Lion Award from the New York Public Library</li> <li>1988: Golden Plate Award of the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Achievement" title="Academy of Achievement">American Academy of Achievement</a><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1988: New York Drama Critics Circle Award for Best Play – <i>Joe Turner's Come and Gone</i></li> <li>1990: Governor's Awards for Excellence in the Arts and Distinguished Pennsylvania Artists</li> <li>1990: New York Drama Critics Circle Award for Best Play – <i>The Piano Lesson</i></li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/Black_Filmmakers_Hall_of_Fame" title="Black Filmmakers Hall of Fame">Black Filmmakers Hall of Fame</a> award</li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Literary_Award" title="St. Louis Literary Award">St. Louis Literary Award</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Louis_University" title="Saint Louis University">Saint Louis University</a> Library Associates<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1992: American Theatre Critics' Association Award – <i>Two Trains Running</i></li> <li>1992,2007: New York Drama Critics Circle Citation for Best American Play – <i>Two Trains Running</i></li> <li>1992: Clarence Muse Award</li> <li>1996: New York Drama Critics Circle Award for Best Play – <i>Seven Guitars</i></li> <li>1999: National Humanities Medal</li> <li>2000: New York Drama Critics Circle Award for Best Play – <i>Jitney</i></li> <li>2001:Outer Critics Circle Award for John Gassner Playwriting Award – <i>Fences</i></li> <li>2002: Olivier Award for Best new Play – <i>Jitney</i></li> <li>2004: The 10th Annual <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinz Award">Heinz Award</a> in Arts and Humanities<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2004: The U.S. Comedy Arts Festival Freedom of Speech Award</li> <li>2005: Make Shift Award at the U.S. Confederation of Play Writers</li> <li>2006: <a href="/wiki/American_Theatre_Hall_of_Fame" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theatre Hall of Fame">American Theatre Hall of Fame</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2013: Lucille Lortel Award for Outstanding Revival – <i>The Piano Lesson</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_Wilson&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFIsherwood2005" class="citation news cs1">Isherwood, Charles (October 3, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/03/theater/newsandfeatures/august-wilson-theaters-poet-of-black-america-is-dead-at-60.html">"August Wilson, Theater's Poet of Black America, Is Dead at 60 (Published 2005)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 12,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=August+Wilson%2C+Theater%27s+Poet+of+Black+America%2C+Is+Dead+at+60+%28Published+2005%29&rft.date=2005-10-03&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Isherwood&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F10%2F03%2Ftheater%2Fnewsandfeatures%2Faugust-wilson-theaters-poet-of-black-america-is-dead-at-60.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/denzel-washington-on-bringing-august-wilsons-ma-raineys-black-bottom-to-the-screen/">"Denzel Washington on bringing August Wilson's "Ma Rainey's Black Bottom" to the screen"</a>. <i>CBS News</i>. December 11, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 24,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=Denzel+Washington+on+bringing+August+Wilson%27s+%22Ma+Rainey%27s+Black+Bottom%22+to+the+screen&rft.date=2020-12-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fdenzel-washington-on-bringing-august-wilsons-ma-raineys-black-bottom-to-the-screen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGratzinger2022" class="citation news cs1">Gratzinger, Ollie (August 14, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/14/theater/august-wilson-house-denzel-washington.html">"Denzel Washington Honors August Wilson's Legacy at House Opening"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 15,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Denzel+Washington+Honors+August+Wilson%27s+Legacy+at+House+Opening&rft.date=2022-08-14&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Gratzinger&rft.aufirst=Ollie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F08%2F14%2Ftheater%2Faugust-wilson-house-denzel-washington.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivan2020" class="citation web cs1">Sullivan, Lindsey (October 2, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.broadway.com/buzz/199971/denzel-washington-wants-samuel-l-jackson-to-star-in-film-of-august-wilsons-the-piano-lesson/">"Denzel Washington Wants Samuel L. Jackson to Star in Film of August Wilson's The Piano Lesson"</a>. <i>Playbill</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 24,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Playbill&rft.atitle=Denzel+Washington+Wants+Samuel+L.+Jackson+to+Star+in+Film+of+August+Wilson%27s+The+Piano+Lesson&rft.date=2020-10-02&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Lindsey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.broadway.com%2Fbuzz%2F199971%2Fdenzel-washington-wants-samuel-l-jackson-to-star-in-film-of-august-wilsons-the-piano-lesson%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_5-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Isherwood, Charles (October 3, 2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/03/theater/newsandfeatures/03wilson.html">"August Wilson, Theater's Poet of Black America, Is Dead at 60"</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Little_2000-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Little_2000_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Little_2000_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Little_2000_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Little_2000_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Little_2000_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Little_2000_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Little_2000_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Little_2000_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLittle2000" class="citation book cs1">Little, Johnathan (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/twentiethcentury228whea_0"><i>Twentieth-Century American Dramatists: Second Series</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit, Michigan</a>: Gale. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7876-3137-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7876-3137-6"><bdi>978-0-7876-3137-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twentieth-Century+American+Dramatists%3A+Second+Series&rft.place=Detroit%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=Gale&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7876-3137-6&rft.aulast=Little&rft.aufirst=Johnathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftwentiethcentury228whea_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShannon1991" class="citation journal cs1">Shannon, Sandra G. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44485235">"The Fences They Build: August Wilson's Depiction of African-American Women"</a>. <i>Obsidian II</i>. <b>6</b> (2): 1–17. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0888-4412">0888-4412</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44485235">44485235</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Obsidian+II&rft.atitle=The+Fences+They+Build%3A+August+Wilson%27s+Depiction+of+African-American+Women&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1-17&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44485235%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0888-4412&rft.aulast=Shannon&rft.aufirst=Sandra+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44485235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pbs-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pbs_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://video.pbs.org/video/2365429059/">"American Masters, August Wilson: The Ground on Which I Stand"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>. February 20, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 29,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+Masters%2C+August+Wilson%3A+The+Ground+on+Which+I+Stand&rft.pub=PBS&rft.date=2012-02-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvideo.pbs.org%2Fvideo%2F2365429059%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/american-literature-biographies/august-wilson">"August Wilson | Encyclopedia.com"</a>. <i>www.encyclopedia.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 9,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=August+Wilson+%7C+Encyclopedia.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fpeople%2Fliterature-and-arts%2Famerican-literature-biographies%2Faugust-wilson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parisreview-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parisreview_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parisreview_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parisreview_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parisreview_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parisreview_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parisreview_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parisreview_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonnie_Lyons,_George_Plimpton1999" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Bonnie Lyons, George Plimpton (Winter 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/839/the-art-of-theater-no-14-august-wilson">"August Wilson, The Art of Theater No. 14"</a>. <i>The Paris Review</i>. Winter 1999 (153).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Paris+Review&rft.atitle=August+Wilson%2C+The+Art+of+Theater+No.+14&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=Winter+1999&rft.issue=153&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Bonnie+Lyons%2C+George+Plimpton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theparisreview.org%2Finterviews%2F839%2Fthe-art-of-theater-no-14-august-wilson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nycreligion.info/allah-broadway-august-wilsons-roots-nation-islam/">"From Allah to Broadway. August Wilson's roots in the Nation of Islam"</a>. <i>A Journey through NYC religions</i>. December 30, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 3,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Journey+through+NYC+religions&rft.atitle=From+Allah+to+Broadway.+August+Wilson%27s+roots+in+the+Nation+of+Islam&rft.date=2020-12-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnycreligion.info%2Fallah-broadway-august-wilsons-roots-nation-islam%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeanCarra2009" class="citation book cs1">Dean, Alexander; Carra, Lawrence (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4X4UAAAAQBAJ"><i>Fundamentals of Play Directing</i></a> (5th ed.). Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57766-648-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57766-648-6"><bdi>978-1-57766-648-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Play+Directing&rft.place=Long+Grove%2C+IL&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Waveland+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-57766-648-6&rft.aulast=Dean&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=Carra%2C+Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4X4UAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViagas2016" class="citation news cs1">Viagas, Robert (April 22, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.playbill.com/article/denzel-washington-39-s-fences-film-begins-shooting-today-com-382902">"Denzel Washington's Fences Film Begins Shooting Today"</a>. <i>Playbill</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+the+Rush+to+Progress%2C+the+Past+Is+Never+Too+Far+Behind&rft.date=2007-05-09&rft.aulast=Brantley&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F05%2F09%2Ftheater%2Freviews%2F09radio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwood2015" class="citation web cs1">Greenwood, Jill King (March 16, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chronicle.pitt.edu/story/august-wilson-and-black-horizon-theatre">"August Wilson and Black Horizon Theatre | Pitt Chronicle | University of Pittsburgh"</a>. <i>www.chronicle.pitt.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 23,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.chronicle.pitt.edu&rft.atitle=August+Wilson+and+Black+Horizon+Theatre+%7C+Pitt+Chronicle+%7C+University+of+Pittsburgh&rft.date=2015-03-16&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Jill+King&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chronicle.pitt.edu%2Fstory%2Faugust-wilson-and-black-horizon-theatre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.august-wilson-theatre.com/plays.php">"August Wilson, Pulitzer winning playwright: Plays"</a>. <i>www.august-wilson-theatre.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 23,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.august-wilson-theatre.com&rft.atitle=August+Wilson%2C+Pulitzer+winning+playwright%3A+Plays&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.august-wilson-theatre.com%2Fplays.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biography.com/news/august-wilson-pittsburgh-cycle-century-cycle-plays-summary">"August Wilson's 'Pittsburgh Cycle' Plays"</a>. June 3, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=August+Wilson%27s+%27Pittsburgh+Cycle%27+Plays&rft.date=2020-06-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biography.com%2Fnews%2Faugust-wilson-pittsburgh-cycle-century-cycle-plays-summary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marintheatre.org/productions/fences/fences-august-wilsons-century-cycle">"10 Plays, 100 Years – Playwright August Wilson Reveals the History of a Community (From the Playbill)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=10+Plays%2C+100+Years+%E2%80%93+Playwright+August+Wilson+Reveals+the+History+of+a+Community+%28From+the+Playbill%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marintheatre.org%2Fproductions%2Ffences%2Ffences-august-wilsons-century-cycle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2001" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, August (2001). <i>The Ground on which I Stand</i>. Theatre Communications Group. p. 151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1559361873" title="Special:BookSources/978-1559361873"><bdi>978-1559361873</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ground+on+which+I+Stand&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=Theatre+Communications+Group&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1559361873&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=August&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/august-wilson-the-ground-on-which-i-stand-august-wilsonbiography-and-career-timeline/3683/">"August Wilson: The Ground on Which I Stand | Biography and Timeline | American Masters | PBS"</a>. <i>American Masters</i>. January 28, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 8,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Masters&rft.atitle=August+Wilson%3A+The+Ground+on+Which+I+Stand+%7C+Biography+and+Timeline+%7C+American+Masters+%7C+PBS&rft.date=2015-01-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwnet%2Famericanmasters%2Faugust-wilson-the-ground-on-which-i-stand-august-wilsonbiography-and-career-timeline%2F3683%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRawson2009" class="citation web cs1">Rawson, Christopher (November 9, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.post-gazette.com/ae/theater-dance/2009/11/09/August-Wilson-s-mythic-character-Aunt-Ester-explored-in-theater-festival/stories/200911090252">"August Wilson's mythic character Aunt Ester explored in theater festival"</a>. <i>Pittsburgh Post-Gazette</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 8,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pittsburgh+Post-Gazette&rft.atitle=August+Wilson%27s+mythic+character+Aunt+Ester+explored+in+theater+festival&rft.date=2009-11-09&rft.aulast=Rawson&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.post-gazette.com%2Fae%2Ftheater-dance%2F2009%2F11%2F09%2FAugust-Wilson-s-mythic-character-Aunt-Ester-explored-in-theater-festival%2Fstories%2F200911090252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Century-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Century_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcg.org/publications/augustwilson/histories.cfm">The August Wilson <i>Century Cycle</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141012101745/http://www.tcg.org/publications/augustwilson/histories.cfm">Archived</a> October 12, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.<a href="/wiki/Theatre_Communications_Group" title="Theatre Communications Group">Theatre Communications Group</a>. Retrieved October 7, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoulihan2014" class="citation news cs1">Houlihan, Mary (January 8, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.suntimes.com/entertainment/stage/24839663-421/story.html">"Court Theatre stages August Wilson's 'Seven Guitars'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times" title="Chicago Sun-Times">Chicago Sun-Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Sun-Times&rft.atitle=Court+Theatre+stages+August+Wilson%27s+%27Seven+Guitars%27&rft.date=2014-01-08&rft.aulast=Houlihan&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.suntimes.com%2Fentertainment%2Fstage%2F24839663-421%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeber2010" class="citation news cs1">Weber, Bruce (July 7, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/08/theater/08hicks.html">"Israel Hicks, Director of August Wilson's Cycle, Dies at 66"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 8,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Israel+Hicks%2C+Director+of+August+Wilson%27s+Cycle%2C+Dies+at+66&rft.date=2010-07-07&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F07%2F08%2Ftheater%2F08hicks.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsenberg2008" class="citation web cs1">Isenberg, Robert (October 2, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pghcitypaper.com/pittsburgh/the-final-installment-of-august-wilsons-epic-pittsburgh-cycle-premieres-at-the-public/Content?oid=1340845">"The final installment of August Wilson's epic Pittsburgh Cycle premieres at the Public"</a>. <i>Pittsburgh City Paper</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pittsburgh+City+Paper&rft.atitle=The+final+installment+of+August+Wilson%27s+epic+Pittsburgh+Cycle+premieres+at+the+Public&rft.date=2008-10-02&rft.aulast=Isenberg&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pghcitypaper.com%2Fpittsburgh%2Fthe-final-installment-of-august-wilsons-epic-pittsburgh-cycle-premieres-at-the-public%2FContent%3Foid%3D1340845&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2007" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, August (2007). <i>August Wilson Century Cycle</i>. Theatre Communications Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1559363075" title="Special:BookSources/978-1559363075"><bdi>978-1559363075</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=August+Wilson+Century+Cycle&rft.pub=Theatre+Communications+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1559363075&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=August&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.openculture.com/2015/05/listen-to-playwright-august-wilsons-american-century-cycle-in-its-entirety-10-free-plays.html">"Listen to Playwright August Wilson's American Century Cycle in Its Entirety: 10 Free Plays"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Listen+to+Playwright+August+Wilson%27s+American+Century+Cycle+in+Its+Entirety%3A+10+Free+Plays&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.openculture.com%2F2015%2F05%2Flisten-to-playwright-august-wilsons-american-century-cycle-in-its-entirety-10-free-plays.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publictheater.culturaldistrict.org/production/40795/how-i-learned-what-i-learned">"How I Learned What I Learned"</a>. <i>publictheater.culturaldistrict.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 24,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=publictheater.culturaldistrict.org&rft.atitle=How+I+Learned+What+I+Learned&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublictheater.culturaldistrict.org%2Fproduction%2F40795%2Fhow-i-learned-what-i-learned&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilsonMank2016" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Scott; Mank, Gregory W. (forward) (2016). "Wilson, August #13712". <i>Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons</i> (3rd ed.). McFarland & Company, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786479924" title="Special:BookSources/978-0786479924"><bdi>978-0786479924</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/948561021">948561021</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wilson%2C+August+%2313712&rft.btitle=Resting+Places%3A+The+Burial+Sites+of+More+Than+14%2C000+Famous+Persons&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F948561021&rft.isbn=978-0786479924&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft.au=Mank%2C+Gregory+W.+%28forward%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_31-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_31-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNadel1994" class="citation book cs1">Nadel, Alan, ed. (1994). <i>May All Your Fences Have Gates: Essays On The Drama of August Wilson</i>. University of Iowa Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87745-428-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-87745-428-0"><bdi>0-87745-428-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=May+All+Your+Fences+Have+Gates%3A+Essays+On+The+Drama+of+August+Wilson&rft.pub=University+of+Iowa+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-87745-428-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_32-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_32-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_32-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_32-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartigan2023" class="citation book cs1">Hartigan, Patti (2023). <i>August Wilson: A Life</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 22,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Piano+Lesson&rft.atitle=August+Wilson%3A+A+Timeline&rft.date=2014-03-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Folneypianolesson.wordpress.com%2Fthe-play%2Faugust-wilson-a-timeline%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCummings2017" class="citation web cs1">Cummings, Mike (February 22, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yale.edu/2017/02/22/oscar-nominated-fences-has-yale-roots">"Oscar-nominated 'Fences' has Yale roots"</a>. <i>YaleNews</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 22,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YaleNews&rft.atitle=Oscar-nominated+%27Fences%27+has+Yale+roots&rft.date=2017-02-22&rft.aulast=Cummings&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yale.edu%2F2017%2F02%2F22%2Foscar-nominated-fences-has-yale-roots&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAssociated_Press2007" class="citation news cs1">Associated Press (May 31, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071114160729/http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/breaking/s_510207.html">"State Memorializes August Wilson's Childhood Home"</a>. <i>Pittsburgh Tribune-Review</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/breaking/s_510207.html">the original</a> on November 14, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 3,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pittsburgh+Tribune-Review&rft.atitle=State+Memorializes+August+Wilson%27s+Childhood+Home&rft.date=2007-05-31&rft.au=Associated+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pittsburghlive.com%2Fx%2Fpittsburghtrib%2Fnews%2Fbreaking%2Fs_510207.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nps-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nps_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/feature/places/13000254.htm">"Wilson, August, House"</a>. <i>www.cr.nps.gov</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cr.nps.gov&rft.atitle=Wilson%2C+August%2C+House&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cr.nps.gov%2Fnr%2Ffeature%2Fplaces%2F13000254.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://awaacc.org/explore-and-visit/">"Explore and Visit \ The August Wilson African American Cultural Center"</a>. <i>The August Wilson African American Cultural Center</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 4,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+August+Wilson+African+American+Cultural+Center&rft.atitle=Explore+and+Visit+%5C+The+August+Wilson+African+American+Cultural+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fawaacc.org%2Fexplore-and-visit%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJesse_McKinley2005" class="citation news cs1">Jesse McKinley (September 2, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/02/nyregion/02theater.html">"Theater Is to Be Renamed for a Dying Playwright"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 21,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Theater+Is+to+Be+Renamed+for+a+Dying+Playwright&rft.date=2005-09-02&rft.au=Jesse+McKinley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F09%2F02%2Fnyregion%2F02theater.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.playbill.com/venue/august-wilson-theatre-vault-0000000162">"August Wilson Theatre"</a>. <i>Playbill</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 8,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Playbill&rft.atitle=August+Wilson+Theatre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.playbill.com%2Fvenue%2Faugust-wilson-theatre-vault-0000000162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcs.org/events/august-wilson-monologue-competition">"August Wilson Monologue Competition"</a>. <i>Portland Center Stage at the Armory</i>. 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 11,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Portland+Center+Stage+at+the+Armory&rft.atitle=August+Wilson+Monologue+Competition&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcs.org%2Fevents%2Faugust-wilson-monologue-competition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKathy_Mulady2007" class="citation news cs1">Kathy Mulady (June 12, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seattlepi.com/local/319432_center12.html">"Visions For a New Seattle Center Being Made Public"</a>. <i>The Seattle Post-Intelligencer</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 5,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Seattle+Post-Intelligencer&rft.atitle=Visions+For+a+New+Seattle+Center+Being+Made+Public&rft.date=2007-06-12&rft.au=Kathy+Mulady&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seattlepi.com%2Flocal%2F319432_center12.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArbogast2016" class="citation web cs1">Arbogast, Sarah (August 8, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pittsburgh.cbslocal.com/2016/08/08/newly-renovated-august-wilson-park-unveiled-in-hill-district/">"Newly-Renovated August Wilson Park Unveiled In Hill District"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 29,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pittsburgh+Post-Gazette&rft.atitle=August+Wilson%27s+literary+archive+is+coming+home&rft.date=2020-10-29&rft.aulast=Pitz&rft.aufirst=Marylynne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.post-gazette.com%2Fae%2Ftheater-dance%2F2020%2F10%2F29%2FAugust-Wilson-University-of-Pittsburgh-buys-literary-archive-Pittsburgh-Cycle-Pulitzer%2Fstories%2F202010280135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://store.usps.com/store/product/buy-stamps/august-wilson-S_480004#moreinfofooter">"August Wilson Stamp | USPS.com"</a>. <i>store.usps.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 6,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=store.usps.com&rft.atitle=August+Wilson+Stamp+%7C+USPS.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstore.usps.com%2Fstore%2Fproduct%2Fbuy-stamps%2Faugust-wilson-S_480004%23moreinfofooter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/August-Wilson">"August Wilson"</a>. <i>Britannica</i>. July 26, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 28,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=August+Wilson&rft.btitle=Britannica&rft.date=2024-07-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FAugust-Wilson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/">"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement"</a>. <i>www.achievement.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Achievement" class="mw-redirect" title="American Academy of Achievement">American Academy of Achievement</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.achievement.org&rft.atitle=Golden+Plate+Awardees+of+the+American+Academy+of+Achievement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fachievement.org%2Four-history%2Fgolden-plate-awards%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160823003924/http://www.slu.edu/libraries/associates/award.html">"Saint Louis Literary Award – Saint Louis University"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slu.edu/libraries/associates/award.html">the original</a> on August 23, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 26,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saint+Louis+Literary+Award+%E2%80%93+Saint+Louis+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slu.edu%2Flibraries%2Fassociates%2Faward.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaint_Louis_University_Library_Associates" class="citation web cs1">Saint Louis University Library Associates. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160731082313/http://lib.slu.edu/about/associates/literary-award">"Recipients of the Saint Louis Literary Award"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lib.slu.edu/about/associates/literary-award">the original</a> on July 31, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 25,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Recipients+of+the+Saint+Louis+Literary+Award&rft.au=Saint+Louis+University+Library+Associates&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flib.slu.edu%2Fabout%2Fassociates%2Fliterary-award&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heinzawards.net/recipients/august-wilson">"The Heinz Awards :: August Wilson"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Heinz+Awards+%3A%3A+August+Wilson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heinzawards.net%2Frecipients%2Faugust-wilson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRawson2007" class="citation news cs1">Rawson, Christopher (January 31, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.post-gazette.com/ae/theater-dance/2007/01/31/Theater-Hall-of-Fame-honors-August-Wilson-seven-others/stories/200701310196">"Theater Hall of Fame honors August Wilson, seven others"</a>. <i>Pittsburgh Post-Gazette</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 12,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pittsburgh+Post-Gazette&rft.atitle=Theater+Hall+of+Fame+honors+August+Wilson%2C+seven+others&rft.date=2007-01-31&rft.aulast=Rawson&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.post-gazette.com%2Fae%2Ftheater-dance%2F2007%2F01%2F31%2FTheater-Hall-of-Fame-honors-August-Wilson-seven-others%2Fstories%2F200701310196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_Wilson&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartigan2023" class="citation book cs1">Hartigan, Patti (2023). <i>August Wilson: A Life</i>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781501180668" title="Special:BookSources/9781501180668"><bdi>9781501180668</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1347429411">1347429411</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=August+Wilson%3A+A+Life&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1347429411&rft.isbn=9781501180668&rft.aulast=Hartigan&rft.aufirst=Patti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_Wilson&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:August_Wilson" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:August Wilson">August Wilson</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.augustwilson.library.pitt.edu/">August Wilson Archives, University of Pittsburgh</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.august-wilson-theatre.com">August Wilson Theatre Broadway</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.augustwilsoncenter.org/">August Wilson Center for African American Culture</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.berkeleyrep.org/season/0809/jt_archive_program.asp#one">Berkeley Rep profile of Wilson and works</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120223113545/http://www.berkeleyrep.org/season/0809/jt_archive_program.asp#one">Archived</a> February 23, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whiting.org/awards/winners/august-wilson#/">The Whiting Foundation Profile</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.post-gazette.com/ae/theater-dance/2014/02/09/August-Wilson-s-11th-play-needs-to-come-home/stories/201402090046"><i>Pittsburgh Post-Gazette</i> article</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0933025/">August Wilson</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://augustwilson.pitt.edu/ojs/augustwilson">August Wilson Journal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interviews">Interviews</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_Wilson&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Interviews"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://charlierose.com/videos/1028">August Wilson</a> on <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Rose_(talk_show)" title="Charlie Rose (talk show)"><i>Charlie Rose</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://billmoyers.com/content/august-wilson/">August Wilson on Blackness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Moyers" title="Bill Moyers">Bill Moyers</a>, <i>A World of Ideas</i>, October 20, 1988.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonnie_Lyons,_George_Plimpton1999" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Bonnie Lyons, George Plimpton (Winter 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/839/the-art-of-theater-no-14-august-wilson">"August Wilson, The Art of Theater No. 14"</a>. <i>The Paris Review</i>. Winter 1999 (153).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Paris+Review&rft.atitle=August+Wilson%2C+The+Art+of+Theater+No.+14&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=Winter+1999&rft.issue=153&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Bonnie+Lyons%2C+George+Plimpton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theparisreview.org%2Finterviews%2F839%2Fthe-art-of-theater-no-14-august-wilson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1700922">NPR Intersections: August Wilson, Writing to the Blues</a>, March 1, 2004, audio interview (6 mins).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.believermag.com/issues/200411/?read=interview_wilson">Interview with Wilson</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Believer_(magazine)" title="The Believer (magazine)">The Believer</a></i>, November 2004.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bu.edu/today/node/9495">Putting Up <i>Fences</i>, article with video</a>, <i>BU Today</i>, September 17, 2009.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Obituaries">Obituaries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_Wilson&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Obituaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nytimes.com/2005/09/02/nyregion/02theater.html">"Theater Is to Be Renamed for a Dying Playwright"</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>, September 2, 2005.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/05276/581786.stm"><i>Pittsburgh Post-Gazette</i> obituary</a>, October 3, 2005</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/03/theater/newsandfeatures/03wilson.html">"August Wilson, Theater's Poet of Black America, Is Dead at 60"</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>, October 3, 2005.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Busby" title="Margaret Busby">Margaret Busby</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/2005/oct/04/guardianobituaries.artsobituaries">"August Wilson – Distinguished black American playwright who reclaimed the stories of his people"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>, October 4, 2005.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pulitzer_Prize_for_Drama:_Authors" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:PulitzerPrize_DramaAuthors" title="Template:PulitzerPrize DramaAuthors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:PulitzerPrize_DramaAuthors" title="Template talk:PulitzerPrize DramaAuthors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:PulitzerPrize_DramaAuthors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:PulitzerPrize DramaAuthors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pulitzer_Prize_for_Drama:_Authors" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Drama" title="Pulitzer Prize for Drama">Pulitzer Prize for Drama</a>: Authors</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Lynch_Williams" title="Jesse Lynch Williams">Jesse Lynch Williams</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill" title="Eugene O'Neill">Eugene O'Neill</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zona_Gale" title="Zona Gale">Zona Gale</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill" title="Eugene O'Neill">Eugene O'Neill</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Davis" title="Owen Davis">Owen Davis</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatcher_Hughes" title="Hatcher Hughes">Hatcher Hughes</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Howard" title="Sidney Howard">Sidney Howard</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Kelly_(playwright)" title="George Kelly (playwright)">George Kelly</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Green_(playwright)" title="Paul Green (playwright)">Paul Green</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill" title="Eugene O'Neill">Eugene O'Neill</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmer_Rice" title="Elmer Rice">Elmer Rice</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Connelly" title="Marc Connelly">Marc Connelly</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Glaspell" title="Susan Glaspell">Susan Glaspell</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Kaufman" title="George S. Kaufman">George S. Kaufman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morrie_Ryskind" title="Morrie Ryskind">Morrie Ryskind</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ira_Gershwin" title="Ira Gershwin">Ira Gershwin</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Anderson" title="Maxwell Anderson">Maxwell Anderson</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Kingsley" title="Sidney Kingsley">Sidney Kingsley</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoe_Akins" title="Zoe Akins">Zoe Akins</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Sherwood" title="Robert E. Sherwood">Robert E. Sherwood</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moss_Hart" title="Moss Hart">Moss Hart</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_S._Kaufman" title="George S. Kaufman">George S. Kaufman</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thornton_Wilder" title="Thornton Wilder">Thornton Wilder</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Sherwood" title="Robert E. Sherwood">Robert E. Sherwood</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Saroyan" title="William Saroyan">William Saroyan</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Sherwood" title="Robert E. Sherwood">Robert E. Sherwood</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thornton_Wilder" title="Thornton Wilder">Thornton Wilder</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Chase_(playwright)" title="Mary Chase (playwright)">Mary Chase</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russel_Crouse" title="Russel Crouse">Russel Crouse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Howard_Lindsay" title="Howard Lindsay">Howard Lindsay</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Williams" title="Tennessee Williams">Tennessee Williams</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Miller" title="Arthur Miller">Arthur Miller</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rodgers" title="Richard Rodgers">Richard Rodgers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Hammerstein_II" title="Oscar Hammerstein II">Oscar Hammerstein II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Logan" title="Joshua Logan">Joshua Logan</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kramm" title="Joseph Kramm">Joseph Kramm</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Inge" title="William Inge">William Inge</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Patrick_(dramatist)" title="John Patrick (dramatist)">John Patrick</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Williams" title="Tennessee Williams">Tennessee Williams</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Hackett" title="Albert Hackett">Albert Hackett</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frances_Goodrich" title="Frances Goodrich">Frances Goodrich</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill" title="Eugene O'Neill">Eugene O'Neill</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketti_Frings" title="Ketti Frings">Ketti Frings</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_MacLeish" title="Archibald MacLeish">Archibald MacLeish</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Weidman" title="Jerome Weidman">Jerome Weidman</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Abbott" title="George Abbott">George Abbott</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Bock" title="Jerry Bock">Jerry Bock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Harnick" title="Sheldon Harnick">Sheldon Harnick</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tad_Mosel" title="Tad Mosel">Tad Mosel</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Loesser" title="Frank Loesser">Frank Loesser</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abe_Burrows" title="Abe Burrows">Abe Burrows</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_D._Gilroy" title="Frank D. Gilroy">Frank D. Gilroy</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Albee" title="Edward Albee">Edward Albee</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Sackler" title="Howard Sackler">Howard Sackler</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gordone" title="Charles Gordone">Charles Gordone</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Zindel" title="Paul Zindel">Paul Zindel</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Miller_(playwright)" title="Jason Miller (playwright)">Jason Miller</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Albee" title="Edward Albee">Edward Albee</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Bennett_(theater)" title="Michael Bennett (theater)">Michael Bennett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Dante" title="Nicholas Dante">Nicholas Dante</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Kirkwood_Jr." title="James Kirkwood Jr.">James Kirkwood Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Hamlisch" title="Marvin Hamlisch">Marvin Hamlisch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Kleban" title="Edward Kleban">Edward Kleban</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cristofer" title="Michael Cristofer">Michael Cristofer</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_L._Coburn" title="Donald L. Coburn">Donald L. Coburn</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Shepard" title="Sam Shepard">Sam Shepard</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanford_Wilson" title="Lanford Wilson">Lanford Wilson</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_Henley" title="Beth Henley">Beth Henley</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fuller" title="Charles Fuller">Charles Fuller</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsha_Norman" title="Marsha Norman">Marsha Norman</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Mamet" title="David Mamet">David Mamet</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lapine" title="James Lapine">James Lapine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Sondheim" title="Stephen Sondheim">Stephen Sondheim</a> (1985)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">August Wilson</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Uhry" title="Alfred Uhry">Alfred Uhry</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Wasserstein" title="Wendy Wasserstein">Wendy Wasserstein</a> (1989)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">August Wilson</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Simon" title="Neil Simon">Neil Simon</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schenkkan" title="Robert Schenkkan">Robert Schenkkan</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Kushner" title="Tony Kushner">Tony Kushner</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Albee" title="Edward Albee">Edward Albee</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horton_Foote" title="Horton Foote">Horton Foote</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Larson" title="Jonathan Larson">Jonathan Larson</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paula_Vogel" title="Paula Vogel">Paula Vogel</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Edson" title="Margaret Edson">Margaret Edson</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Margulies" title="Donald Margulies">Donald Margulies</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Auburn" title="David Auburn">David Auburn</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzan-Lori_Parks" title="Suzan-Lori Parks">Suzan-Lori Parks</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilo_Cruz" title="Nilo Cruz">Nilo Cruz</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Wright" title="Doug Wright">Doug Wright</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Patrick_Shanley" title="John Patrick Shanley">John Patrick Shanley</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lindsay-Abaire" title="David Lindsay-Abaire">David Lindsay-Abaire</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracy_Letts" title="Tracy Letts">Tracy Letts</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynn_Nottage" title="Lynn Nottage">Lynn Nottage</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Kitt_(musician)" title="Tom Kitt (musician)">Tom Kitt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brian_Yorkey" title="Brian Yorkey">Brian Yorkey</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Norris_(playwright)" title="Bruce Norris (playwright)">Bruce Norris</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiara_Alegr%C3%ADa_Hudes" title="Quiara Alegría Hudes">Quiara Alegría Hudes</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayad_Akhtar" title="Ayad Akhtar">Ayad Akhtar</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Baker" title="Annie Baker">Annie Baker</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Adly_Guirgis" title="Stephen Adly Guirgis">Stephen Adly Guirgis</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin-Manuel_Miranda" title="Lin-Manuel Miranda">Lin-Manuel Miranda</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynn_Nottage" title="Lynn Nottage">Lynn Nottage</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyna_Majok" title="Martyna Majok">Martyna Majok</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Sibblies_Drury" title="Jackie Sibblies Drury">Jackie Sibblies Drury</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_R._Jackson" title="Michael R. Jackson">Michael R. Jackson</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katori_Hall" title="Katori Hall">Katori Hall</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Ijames" title="James Ijames">James Ijames</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanaz_Toossi" title="Sanaz Toossi">Sanaz Toossi</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eboni_Booth" title="Eboni Booth">Eboni Booth</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png/60px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png/90px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png/120px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png 2x" data-file-width="1114" data-file-height="1110" /></a></span><br /><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png/60px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png/90px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png/120px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png 2x" data-file-width="1115" data-file-height="1101" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="American_Book_Awards_winners_(1980–1999)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_Book_Awards" title="Template:American Book Awards"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_Book_Awards" title="Template talk:American Book Awards"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_Book_Awards" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American Book Awards"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="American_Book_Awards_winners_(1980–1999)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American_Book_Awards" title="American Book Awards">American Book Awards</a> winners (1980–1999)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Woolf" title="Douglas Woolf">Douglas Woolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Dorn" title="Ed Dorn">Edward Dorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayne_Cortez" title="Jayne Cortez">Jayne Cortez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Marmon_Silko" title="Leslie Marmon Silko">Leslie Marmon Silko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mei-mei_Berssenbrugge" title="Mei-mei Berssenbrugge">Mei-mei Berssenbrugge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Murayama" title="Milton Murayama">Milton Murayama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quincy_Troupe" title="Quincy Troupe">Quincy Troupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolfo_Anaya" title="Rudolfo Anaya">Rudolfo Anaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1981</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alta_(poet)" title="Alta (poet)">Alta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Chong_Lau" title="Alan Chong Lau">Alan Chong Lau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bienvenido_N._Santos" class="mw-redirect" title="Bienvenido N. Santos">Bienvenido N. Santos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Adam" title="Helen Adam">Helen Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lionel_Mitchell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lionel Mitchell (page does not exist)">Lionel Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Algar%C3%ADn" title="Miguel Algarín">Miguel Algarín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholasa_Mohr" title="Nicholasa Mohr">Nicholasa Mohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Blue_Cloud" title="Peter Blue Cloud">Peter Blue Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kelly_(poet)" title="Robert Kelly (poet)">Robert Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rose_Drachler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rose Drachler (page does not exist)">Rose Drachler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Howe" title="Susan Howe">Susan Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toni_Cade_Bambara" title="Toni Cade Bambara">Toni Cade Bambara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1982</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Young" title="Al Young">Al Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duane_Niatum" title="Duane Niatum">Duane Niatum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._L._Mayo" title="E. L. Mayo">E. L. Mayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Chin" title="Frank Chin">Frank Chin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilton_Obenzinger" title="Hilton Obenzinger">Hilton Obenzinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Him_Mark_Lai" title="Him Mark Lai">Him Mark Lai</a> / <a href="/wiki/Genny_Lim" title="Genny Lim">Genny Lim</a> / <a href="/wiki/Judy_Yung" title="Judy Yung">Judy Yung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Rothenberg" title="Jerome Rothenberg">Jerome Rothenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joyce_Carol_Thomas" title="Joyce Carol Thomas">Joyce Carol Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leroy_Quintana" title="Leroy Quintana">Leroy Quintana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorna_Dee_Cervantes" title="Lorna Dee Cervantes">Lorna Dee Cervantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Phillip_Tanaka" title="Ronald Phillip Tanaka">Ronald Phillip Tanaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Banks" title="Russell Banks">Russell Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tato_Laviera" title="Tato Laviera">Tato Laviera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1983</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Christian" title="Barbara Christian">Barbara Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cecilia_Liang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cecilia Liang (page does not exist)">Cecilia Liang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelina_Vigil-Pi%C3%B1%C3%B3n" title="Evangelina Vigil-Piñón">Evangelina Vigil-Piñón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Rohmer" title="Harriet Rohmer">Harriet Rohmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_D._Houston" title="James D. Houston">James D. Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Tarahata_Hagedorn" class="mw-redirect" title="Jessica Tarahata Hagedorn">Jessica Tarahata Hagedorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Williams" title="John A. Williams">John A. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy_Kogawa" title="Joy Kogawa">Joy Kogawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judy_Grahn" title="Judy Grahn">Judy Grahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nash_Candelaria" title="Nash Candelaria">Nash Candelaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Guralnick" title="Peter Guralnick">Peter Guralnick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_%C3%93_Tuama" title="Seán Ó Tuama">Seán Ó Tuama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1984</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Brown_(writer)" title="Cecil Brown (writer)">Cecil Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Snyder" title="Gary Snyder">Gary Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Schwartz_(writer_and_editor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Howard Schwartz (writer and editor)">Howard Schwartz</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Mark_Podwal" title="Mark Podwal">Mark Podwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamu_Amiri_Baraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Imamu Amiri Baraka">Imamu Amiri Baraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Col%C3%B3n" title="Jesús Colón">Jesús Colón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bruchac" title="Joseph Bruchac">Joseph Bruchac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Kenny" title="Maurice Kenny">Maurice Kenny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mei-mei_Berssenbrugge" title="Mei-mei Berssenbrugge">Mei-mei Berssenbrugge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min%C3%A9_Okubo" title="Miné Okubo">Miné Okubo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paule_Marshall" title="Paule Marshall">Paule Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthanne_Lum_McCunn" title="Ruthanne Lum McCunn">Ruthanne Lum McCunn</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=You-shan_Tang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="You-shan Tang (page does not exist)">You-shan Tang</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ellen_Lai-shan_Yeung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ellen Lai-shan Yeung (page does not exist)">Ellen Lai-shan Yeung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_McGrath_(poet)" title="Thomas McGrath (poet)">Thomas McGrath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venkatesh_Kulkarni" title="Venkatesh Kulkarni">Venkatesh Kulkarni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kennedy_(author)" title="William Kennedy (author)">William J. Kennedy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1985</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Jackson" title="Angela Jackson">Angela Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Genthe" title="Arnold Genthe">Arnold Genthe</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Kuo_Wei_Tchen" title="John Kuo Wei Tchen">John Kuo Wei Tchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colleen_J._McElroy" title="Colleen J. McElroy">Colleen J. McElroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Soto" title="Gary Soto">Gary Soto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Irons" title="Peter Irons">Peter Irons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keiho_Soga" title="Keiho Soga">Keiho Soga</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taisanboku_Mori&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taisanboku Mori (page does not exist)">Taisanboku Mori</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sojin_Takei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sojin Takei (page does not exist)">Sojin Takei</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muin_Ozaki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muin Ozaki (page does not exist)">Muin Ozaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Erdrich" title="Louise Erdrich">Louise Erdrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maureen_Owen" title="Maureen Owen">Maureen Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_Sarton" title="May Sarton">May Sarton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Duncan_(poet)" title="Robert Duncan (poet)">Robert Edward Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Jones_(teacher)" title="Ron Jones (teacher)">Ron Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Cisneros" title="Sandra Cisneros">Sandra Cisneros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sanchez" title="Sonia Sanchez">Sonia Sanchez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Vinograd" title="Julia Vinograd">Julia Vinograd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Oandasan" title="William Oandasan">William Oandasan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1986</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Lee_Walters" title="Anna Lee Walters">Anna Lee Walters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherr%C3%ADe_Moraga" title="Cherríe Moraga">Cherríe Moraga</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gloria_E._Anzald%C3%BAa" class="mw-redirect" title="Gloria E. Anzaldúa">Gloria E. Anzaldúa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Barolini" title="Helen Barolini">Helen Barolini</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeff_Hannusch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeff Hannusch (page does not exist)">Jeff Hannusch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Hogan_(writer)" title="Linda Hogan (writer)">Linda Hogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Algar%C3%ADn" title="Miguel Algarín">Miguel Algarín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natasha_Borovsky" title="Natasha Borovsky">Natasha Borovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Federman" title="Raymond Federman">Raymond Federman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Howe" title="Susan Howe">Susan Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terence_Winch" title="Terence Winch">Terence Winch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toshio_Mori" title="Toshio Mori">Toshio Mori</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1987</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ai_(poet)" title="Ai (poet)">Ai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ana_Castillo" title="Ana Castillo">Ana Castillo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyn_Zarco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyn Zarco (page does not exist)">Cyn Zarco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_McGuire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daniel McGuire (page does not exist)">Daniel McGuire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Bryant" title="Dorothy Bryant">Dorothy Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etheridge_Knight" title="Etheridge Knight">Etheridge Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Giddins" title="Gary Giddins">Gary Giddins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Pekar" title="Harvey Pekar">Harvey Pekar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Welch_(writer)" title="James Welch (writer)">James Welch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wieners" title="John Wieners">John Wieners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Felipe_Herrera" title="Juan Felipe Herrera">Juan Felipe Herrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucia_Chiavola_Birnbaum" title="Lucia Chiavola Birnbaum">Lucia Chiavola Birnbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Mayo_(poet)" title="Michael Mayo (poet)">Michael Mayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septima_Poinsette_Clark" title="Septima Poinsette Clark">Septima Poinsette Clark</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Stokes_Brown" title="Cynthia Stokes Brown">Cynthia Stokes Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_McMillan" title="Terry McMillan">Terry McMillan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1988</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allison_Blakely" title="Allison Blakely">Allison Blakely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Olson" title="Charles Olson">Charles Olson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daisy_Bates_(civil_rights_activist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daisy Bates (civil rights activist)">Daisy Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Halberstam" title="David Halberstam">David Halberstam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Sanders" title="Ed Sanders">Edward Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Vizenor" title="Gerald Vizenor">Gerald Vizenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Santiago_Baca" title="Jimmy Santiago Baca">Jimmy Santiago Baca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kesho_Y._Scott" title="Kesho Y. Scott">Kesho Y. Scott</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cherry_Muhanji" title="Cherry Muhanji">Cherry Muhanji</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyirba_High&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Egyirba High (page does not exist)">Egyirba High</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marlon_K._Hom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marlon K. Hom (page does not exist)">Marlon K. Hom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Hoff" title="Benjamin Hoff">Benjamin Hoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Sukenick" title="Ronald Sukenick">Ronald Sukenick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvatore_La_Puma" title="Salvatore La Puma">Salvatore La Puma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison">Toni Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_Tek_Lum" title="Wing Tek Lum">Wing Tek Lum</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tek_Lum_Lum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tek Lum Lum (page does not exist)">Tek Lum Lum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1989</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alma_Luz_Villanueva" title="Alma Luz Villanueva">Alma Luz Villanueva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Askia_M._Tour%C3%A9" title="Askia M. Touré">Askia M. Touré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audre_Lorde" title="Audre Lorde">Audre Lorde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Lau" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolyn Lau">Carolyn Lau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emory_Elliott" title="Emory Elliott">Emory Elliott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Galeano" title="Eduardo Galeano">Eduardo Galeano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Chin" title="Frank Chin">Frank Chin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Louis_Gates" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Louis Gates">Henry Louis Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Allende" title="Isabel Allende">Isabel Allende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._California_Cooper" title="J. California Cooper">J. California Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jennifer_Stone_(writer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jennifer Stone (writer) (page does not exist)">Jennifer Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_Gattuso_Hendin" title="Josephine Gattuso Hendin">Josephine Gattuso Hendin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Scalapino" title="Leslie Scalapino">Leslie Scalapino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuntaro_Tanikawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuntaro Tanikawa">Shuntaro Tanikawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fanning" title="Charles Fanning">Charles Fanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Minoru_Hohri" class="mw-redirect" title="William Minoru Hohri">William Minoru Hohri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrienne_Kennedy" title="Adrienne Kennedy">Adrienne Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Grizzuti_Harrison" title="Barbara Grizzuti Harrison">Barbara Grizzuti Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniela_Gioseffi" title="Daniela Gioseffi">Daniela Gioseffi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Woody" title="Elizabeth Woody">Elizabeth Woody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hualing_Nieh_Engle" title="Hualing Nieh Engle">Hualing Nieh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itabari_Njeri" title="Itabari Njeri">Itabari Njeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Freeman" title="James M. Freeman">James M. Freeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Walter" title="John C. Walter">John C. Walter</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Raymond_Jones" title="J. Raymond Jones">J. Raymond Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Norton_(author)" title="John Norton (author)">John Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Emilio_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="José Emilio González">José Emilio González</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Kan" title="Sergei Kan">Sergei Kan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_A._Thompson" title="Lloyd A. Thompson">Lloyd A. Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Bernal" title="Martin Bernal">Martin Bernal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_T._Clinton" title="Michelle T. Clinton">Michelle T. Clinton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sesshu_Foster" title="Sesshu Foster">Sesshu Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Davis" title="Miles Davis">Miles Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paula_Gunn_Allen" title="Paula Gunn Allen">Paula Gunn Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Geok-lin_Lim" title="Shirley Geok-lin Lim">Shirley Geok-lin Lim</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayumi_Tsutakawa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mayumi Tsutakawa (page does not exist)">Mayumi Tsutakawa</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Margarita_Donnelly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Margarita Donnelly (page does not exist)">Margarita Donnelly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1991</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Murgu%C3%ADa" title="Alejandro Murguía">Alejandro Murguía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_hooks" title="Bell hooks">bell hooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_M._Wright" title="Bruce M. Wright">Bruce Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charley_Trujillo" title="Charley Trujillo">Charley Trujillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._H._Melhem" title="D. H. Melhem">D. H. Melhem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Keenan" title="Deborah Keenan">Deborah Keenan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Hagedorn" title="Jessica Hagedorn">Jessica Hagedorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Edgar_Wideman" title="John Edgar Wideman">John Edgar Wideman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy_Harjo" title="Joy Harjo">Joy Harjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Tei_Yamashita" title="Karen Tei Yamashita">Karen Tei Yamashita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucia_Berlin" title="Lucia Berlin">Lucia Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Crow_Dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Crow Dog">Mary Crow Dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridel_Le_Sueur" title="Meridel Le Sueur">Meridel Le Sueur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mill_Hunk_Herald_Collective&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mill Hunk Herald Collective (page does not exist)">Mill Hunk Herald Collective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nora_Marks_Dauenhauer" title="Nora Marks Dauenhauer">Nora Marks Dauenhauer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dauenhauer" title="Richard Dauenhauer">Richard Dauenhauer</a></li> <li>R. Baxter Miller</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Centolella" title="Thomas Centolella">Thomas Centolella</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1992</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A%27Lelia_Bundles" title="A'Lelia Bundles">A'Lelia Perry Bundles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Spiegelman" title="Art Spiegelman">Art Spiegelman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Alire_S%C3%A1enz" title="Benjamin Alire Sáenz">Benjamin Alire Sáenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_J._Haraway" class="mw-redirect" title="Donna J. Haraway">Donna J. Haraway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritjof_Capra" title="Fritjof Capra">Fritjof Capra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Burciaga" title="José Antonio Burciaga">José Antonio Burciaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Gilyard" title="Keith Gilyard">Keith Gilyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Thompson" title="Lucy Thompson">Lucy Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norma_Field" title="Norma Field">Norma Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Bacho" title="Peter Bacho">Peter Bacho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kalifornsky" title="Peter Kalifornsky">Peter Kalifornsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Andrews" title="Raymond Andrews">Raymond Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Scofield" title="Sandra Scofield">Sandra Scofield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Hamanaka" title="Sheila Hamanaka">Sheila Hamanaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verlyn_Klinkenborg" title="Verlyn Klinkenborg">Verlyn Klinkenborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Branch" title="William B. Branch">William B. Branch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Amiri_Baraka" title="Amiri Baraka">Amiri Baraka</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">August Wilson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1993</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asake_Bomani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asake Bomani (page does not exist)">Asake Bomani</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Belvie_Rooks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belvie Rooks (page does not exist)">Belvie Rooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Mogil" title="Christopher Mogil">Christopher Mogil</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Woodrow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Woodrow (page does not exist)">Peter Woodrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West">Cornel West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denise_Giardina" title="Denise Giardina">Denise Giardina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Glancy" title="Diane Glancy">Diane Glancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_B._Redmond" title="Eugene B. Redmond">Eugene B. Redmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_X._Alarc%C3%B3n" title="Francisco X. Alarcón">Francisco X. Alarcón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Graff" title="Gerald Graff">Gerald Graff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Beatty" title="Jack Beatty">Jack Beatty</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leroy_V._Quintana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leroy V. Quintana (page does not exist)">Leroy V. Quintana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katherine_Peter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katherine Peter (page does not exist)">Katherine Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_George" title="Nelson George">Nelson George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninotchka_Rosca" title="Ninotchka Rosca">Ninotchka Rosca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1994</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giose_Rimanelli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giose Rimanelli (page does not exist)">Giose Rimanelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Drooker" title="Eric Drooker">Eric Drooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graciela_Lim%C3%B3n" title="Graciela Limón">Graciela Limón</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_J._Reed&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gregory J. Reed (page does not exist)">Gregory J. Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Campbell_Hale" title="Janet Campbell Hale">Janet Campbell Hale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jill_Nelson" title="Jill Nelson">Jill Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawson_Fusao_Inada" title="Lawson Fusao Inada">Lawson Fusao Inada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Blackman" title="Nicole Blackman">Nicole Blackman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gilroy" title="Paul Gilroy">Paul Gilroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Takaki" title="Ronald Takaki">Ronald Takaki</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rose_L._Glickman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rose L. Glickman (page does not exist)">Rose L. Glickman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tino_Villanueva" title="Tino Villanueva">Tino Villanueva</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_L._Kroll&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Virginia L. Kroll (page does not exist)">Virginia L. Kroll</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1995</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Rodriguez_(novelist)" title="Abraham Rodriguez (novelist)">Abraham Rodriguez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herb_Boyd" title="Herb Boyd">Herb Boyd</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Allen" title="Robert L. Allen">Robert L. Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denise_Chavez" class="mw-redirect" title="Denise Chavez">Denise Chavez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Egerton_(journalist)" title="John Egerton (journalist)">John Egerton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(activist)" title="John Ross (activist)">John Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Avena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Avena (page does not exist)">Thomas Avena</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linda_Raymond&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linda Raymond (page does not exist)">Linda Raymond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li-Young_Lee" title="Li-Young Lee">Li-Young Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marianna_De_Marco_Torgovnick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marianna De Marco Torgovnick (page does not exist)">Marianna De Marco Torgovnick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marnie_Mueller" title="Marnie Mueller">Marnie Mueller</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Quinn_(author)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Quinn (author) (page does not exist)">Peter Quinn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandra_Martz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sandra Martz (page does not exist)">Sandra Martz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Henry_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Gordon Henry Jr.">Gordon Henry Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricia_Rose" title="Tricia Rose">Tricia Rose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1996</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agate_Nesaule" title="Agate Nesaule">Agate Nesaule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sze" title="Arthur Sze">Arthur Sze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang-Rae_Lee" title="Chang-Rae Lee">Chang-Rae Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitra_Banerjee_Divakaruni" title="Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni">Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E.J._Miller_Laino" class="mw-redirect" title="E.J. Miller Laino">E.J. Miller Laino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_C._Loury" class="mw-redirect" title="Glenn C. Loury">Glenn C. Loury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Loewen" title="James W. Loewen">James W. Loewen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Sacco" title="Joe Sacco">Joe Sacco</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said">Edward Said</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimiko_Hahn" title="Kimiko Hahn">Kimiko Hahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Espinosa" title="Maria Espinosa">Maria Espinosa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Viscusi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Viscusi (page does not exist)">Robert Viscusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Alexie" title="Sherman Alexie">Sherman Alexie</a></li> <li>Ron Sakolsky / <a href="/wiki/Fred_Weihan_Ho" class="mw-redirect" title="Fred Weihan Ho">Fred Weihan Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephanie_Cowell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephanie Cowell (page does not exist)">Stephanie Cowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Gass" title="William H. Gass">William H. Gass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1997</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alurista" title="Alurista">Alurista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derrick_Bell" title="Derrick Bell">Derrick Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Barresi" title="Dorothy Barresi">Dorothy Barresi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillermo_G%C3%B3mez-Pe%C3%B1a" title="Guillermo Gómez-Peña">Guillermo Gómez-Peña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Owens" title="Louis Owens">Louis Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Espada" title="Martín Espada">Martín Espada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Montserrat_Fontes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Montserrat Fontes (page does not exist)">Montserrat Fontes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noel_Ignatiev" title="Noel Ignatiev">Noel Ignatiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Geok-lin_Lim" title="Shirley Geok-lin Lim">Shirley Geok-lin Lim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunaina_Maira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sunaina Maira (page does not exist)">Sunaina Maira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thulani_Davis" title="Thulani Davis">Thulani Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_De_Haven" title="Tom De Haven">Tom De Haven</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_M._Banks_(author)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William M. Banks (author) (page does not exist)">William M. Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brenda_Knight&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brenda Knight (page does not exist)">Brenda Knight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1998</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allison_Adelle_Hedge_Coke" class="mw-redirect" title="Allison Adelle Hedge Coke">Allison Adelle Hedge Coke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Y._Davis" class="mw-redirect" title="Angela Y. Davis">Angela Y. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenda_Marie_Osbey" title="Brenda Marie Osbey">Brenda Marie Osbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_DeLillo" title="Don DeLillo">Don DeLillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Barnes_(writer)" title="Jim Barnes (writer)">Jim Barnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Williams" title="John A. Williams">John A. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Rawles" title="Nancy Rawles">Nancy Rawles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nora_Okja_Keller" title="Nora Okja Keller">Nora Okja Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Benitez" title="Sandra Benitez">Sandra Benitez</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scott_DeVeaux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scott DeVeaux (page does not exist)">Scott DeVeaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lynch_(poet)" title="Thomas Lynch (poet)">Thomas Lynch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alice_McDermott" title="Alice McDermott">Alice McDermott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Linzer" title="Anna Linzer">Anna Linzer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_Ward_(author)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brian Ward (author) (page does not exist)">Brian Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chiori_Santiago&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chiori Santiago (page does not exist)">Chiori Santiago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Donald_Two-Rivers" title="E. Donald Two-Rivers">E. Donald Two-Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwidge_Danticat" title="Edwidge Danticat">Edwidge Danticat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Roche" title="Judith Roche">Judith Roche</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meg_McHutchison&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meg McHutchison (page does not exist)">Meg McHutchison</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gioia_Timpanelli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gioia Timpanelli (page does not exist)">Gioia Timpanelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Naylor" title="Gloria Naylor">Gloria Naylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_D._Houston" title="James D. Houston">James D. Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerry_Lipka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jerry Lipka (page does not exist)">Jerry Lipka</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerald_V._Mohatt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerald V. Mohatt (page does not exist)">Gerald V. Mohatt</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciulistet_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ciulistet Group (page does not exist)">Ciulistet Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trey_Ellis" title="Trey Ellis">Trey Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Novakovich" title="Josip Novakovich">Josip Novakovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauro_Flores" class="mw-redirect" title="Lauro Flores">Lauro Flores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Alberto_Urrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Luís Alberto Urrea">Luís Alberto Urrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_George" title="Nelson George">Nelson George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speer_Morgan" title="Speer Morgan">Speer Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Gach" title="Gary Gach">Gary Gach</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chiori_Santiago&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chiori Santiago (page does not exist)">Chiori Santiago</a> / <a href="/wiki/Judith_Lowry" title="Judith Lowry">Judith Lowry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="August_Wilson&#039;s_Pittsburgh_Cycle" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #C0C0C0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pittsburgh_Cycle" title="Template:Pittsburgh Cycle"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pittsburgh_Cycle" title="Template talk:Pittsburgh Cycle"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pittsburgh_Cycle" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pittsburgh Cycle"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="August_Wilson&#039;s_Pittsburgh_Cycle" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">August Wilson</a>'s <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#The_Pittsburgh_Cycle">Pittsburgh Cycle</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C0C0C0;;width:1%">Plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fences_(play)" title="Fences (play)">Fences</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gem_of_the_Ocean" title="Gem of the Ocean">Gem of the Ocean</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jitney_(play)" title="Jitney (play)">Jitney</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Joe_Turner%27s_Come_and_Gone" title="Joe Turner's Come and Gone">Joe Turner's Come and Gone</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/King_Hedley_II" title="King Hedley II">King Hedley II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ma_Rainey%27s_Black_Bottom" title="Ma Rainey's Black Bottom">Ma Rainey's Black Bottom</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Piano_Lesson" title="The Piano Lesson">The Piano Lesson</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Radio_Golf" title="Radio Golf">Radio Golf</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seven_Guitars" title="Seven Guitars">Seven Guitars</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Trains_Running" title="Two Trains Running">Two Trains Running</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C0C0C0;;width:1%">Film adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Piano_Lesson_(1995_film)" title="The Piano Lesson (1995 film)">The Piano Lesson</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fences_(film)" title="Fences (film)">Fences</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ma_Rainey%27s_Black_Bottom_(film)" title="Ma Rainey's Black Bottom (film)">Ma Rainey's Black Bottom</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Piano_Lesson_(2024_film)" title="The Piano Lesson (2024 film)">The Piano Lesson</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q764812#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q764812#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q764812#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000368634467">ISNI</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000120967292">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/100245761">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/139110/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtrQqhpcXhYxQWJ44xFKd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119248662">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Wilson, August"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84182196">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12305789p">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12305789p">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00556281">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo2005273835&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1556979">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p095341277">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90574889">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810654397505606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007312945205171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14520218">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA05167772?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/4447d277-b3e4-4a7a-9b0f-9aa6c937b1e4">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emmys.com/bios/august-wilson">Emmy Awards</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/031933750">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6w799qv">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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