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href="#Hearst_in_San_Francisco,_Pulitzer_in_New_York"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Hearst in San Francisco, Pulitzer in New York</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hearst_in_San_Francisco,_Pulitzer_in_New_York-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Competition_in_New_York" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Competition_in_New_York"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Competition in New York</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Competition_in_New_York-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish–American_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish–American_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Spanish–American War</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Spanish–American_War-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Spanish–American War subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Spanish–American_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-After_the_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_the_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>After the war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_the_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Yellow journalism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 53 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">53 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="صحافة صفراء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صحافة صفراء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="হালধীয়া সাংবাদিকতা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="হালধীয়া সাংবাদিকতা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sar%C4%B1_jurnalistika" title="Sarı jurnalistika – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sarı jurnalistika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="হলুদ সাংবাদিকতা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হলুদ সাংবাদিকতা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tradschbladdl" title="Tradschbladdl – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Tradschbladdl" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premsa_groga" title="Premsa groga – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Premsa groga" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDlut%C3%A1_%C5%BEurnalistika" title="Žlutá žurnalistika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Žlutá žurnalistika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regenbogenpresse" title="Regenbogenpresse – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Regenbogenpresse" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kollane_ajakirjandus" title="Kollane ajakirjandus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kollane ajakirjandus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AF%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%A4%CF%8D%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Κίτρινος Τύπος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κίτρινος Τύπος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prensa_amarilla" title="Prensa amarilla – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Prensa amarilla" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flava_%C4%B5urnalismo" title="Flava ĵurnalismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Flava ĵurnalismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazetaritza_hori" title="Kazetaritza hori – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kazetaritza hori" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="روزنامه‌نگاری زرد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روزنامه‌نگاری زرد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalisme_jaune" title="Journalisme jaune – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Journalisme jaune" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prensa_amarela" title="Prensa amarela – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Prensa amarela" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%A9%EC%83%89%EC%96%B8%EB%A1%A0" title="황색언론 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="황색언론" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC" title="Դեղին մամուլ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դեղին մամուլ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="पीत पत्रकारिता – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पीत पत्रकारिता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDuti_tisak" title="Žuti tisak – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Žuti tisak" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurnalisme_kuning" title="Jurnalisme kuning – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jurnalisme kuning" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stampa_scandalistica" title="Stampa scandalistica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stampa scandalistica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A6%D7%94%D7%95%D7%91%D7%94" title="עיתונות צהובה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עיתונות צהובה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%AE" title="ಹಳದಿ ಪತ್ರಿಕೋದ್ಯಮ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹಳದಿ ಪತ್ರಿಕೋದ್ಯಮ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A7%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90" title="ყვითელი პრესა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ყვითელი პრესა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geltonoji_spauda" title="Geltonoji spauda – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Geltonoji spauda" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1rga_%C3%BAjs%C3%A1g%C3%ADr%C3%A1s" title="Sárga újságírás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sárga újságírás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kewartawanan_kuning" title="Kewartawanan kuning – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kewartawanan kuning" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Шар хэвлэл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Шар хэвлэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riooljournalistiek" title="Riooljournalistiek – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Riooljournalistiek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8A%E3%83%AA%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0" title="イエロー・ジャーナリズム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イエロー・ジャーナリズム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_gule_presse" title="Den gule presse – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den gule presse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sariq_matbuot" title="Sariq matbuot – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sariq matbuot" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA" title="پیلی صحافت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پیلی صحافت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulevardblatt" title="Boulevardblatt – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Boulevardblatt" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_journalism" title="Yellow journalism – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Yellow journalism" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imprensa_marrom" title="Imprensa marrom – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Imprensa marrom" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurnalismul_galben" title="Jurnalismul galben – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Jurnalismul galben" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%91%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Жёлтая пресса – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Жёлтая пресса" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%84_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%99" title="කහ පත්‍රකාලාවේදයෙ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කහ පත්‍රකාලාවේදයෙ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_journalism" title="Yellow journalism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Yellow journalism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA" title="زرد صحافت – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="زرد صحافت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDlt%C3%A1_tla%C4%8D" title="Žltá tlač – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Žltá tlač" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDuto_novinarstvo" title="Žuto novinarstvo – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Žuto novinarstvo" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDuto_novinarstvo" title="Žuto novinarstvo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Žuto novinarstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keltainen_lehdist%C3%B6" title="Keltainen lehdistö – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Keltainen lehdistö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gula_pressen" title="Gula pressen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gula pressen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88" title="மஞ்சள் பத்திரிகை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மஞ்சள் பத்திரிகை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sar%C4%B1_gazetecilik" title="Sarı gazetecilik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sarı gazetecilik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#efefef;padding:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">Journalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Radio._CBC_Offices_BAnQ_P48S1P23108_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Radio._CBC_Offices_BAnQ_P48S1P23108_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Radio._CBC_Offices_BAnQ_P48S1P23108_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Radio._CBC_Offices_BAnQ_P48S1P23108_%28cropped%29.jpg/375px-Radio._CBC_Offices_BAnQ_P48S1P23108_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Radio._CBC_Offices_BAnQ_P48S1P23108_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-Radio._CBC_Offices_BAnQ_P48S1P23108_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="766" data-file-height="438" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/News" title="News">News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_style" title="News style">Writing style</a> (<a href="/wiki/Five_Ws" title="Five Ws">Five Ws</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalism_ethics_and_standards" title="Journalism ethics and standards">Ethics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Code_of_ethics_in_media" title="Code of ethics in media">code of ethics</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalism_culture" title="Journalism culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalistic_objectivity" title="Journalistic objectivity">Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_values" title="News values">News values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source_(journalism)" title="Source (journalism)">Attribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">Sensationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Editorial_independence" title="Editorial independence">Editorial independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalism_school" title="Journalism school">Journalism school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_journalism_articles" title="Index of journalism articles">Index of journalism articles</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> Areas</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_journalism" title="Arts journalism">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_journalism" title="Business journalism">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_journalism" title="Data journalism">Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_journalism" title="Entertainment journalism">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_journalism" title="Environmental journalism">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_journalism" title="Fashion journalism">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_journalism" title="Medical journalism">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_journalism" title="Music journalism">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_journalism" title="Political journalism">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_journalism" title="Science journalism">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_journalism" title="Sports journalism">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_journalism" title="Technology journalism">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_reporting" title="Traffic reporting">Traffic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_journalism" title="Video game journalism">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_correspondent" title="War correspondent">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_forecasting" title="Weather forecasting">Weather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_news" title="World news">World</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> Genres</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adversarial_journalism" title="Adversarial journalism">Adversarial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advocacy_journalism" title="Advocacy journalism">Advocacy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Journalistic_interventionism" title="Journalistic interventionism">Interventionism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytic_journalism" title="Analytic journalism">Analytic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">Blogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_journalism" title="Broadcast journalism">Broadcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churnalism" title="Churnalism">Churnalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_journalism" title="Citizen journalism">Citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_journalism" title="Civic journalism">Civic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_journalism" title="Collaborative journalism">Collaborative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics_journalism" title="Comics journalism">Comics-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_journalism" title="Community journalism">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_journalism" title="Data journalism">Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_journalism" title="Database journalism">Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_journalism" title="Digital journalism">Digital/Online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explanatory_journalism" title="Explanatory journalism">Explanatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fact-checking" title="Fact-checking">Fact-checking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzo_journalism" title="Gonzo journalism">Gonzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human-interest_story" title="Human-interest story">Human-interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersion_journalism" title="Immersion journalism">Immersion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpretive_journalism" title="Interpretive journalism">Interpretive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investigative_journalism" title="Investigative journalism">Investigative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia_journalism" title="Multimedia journalism">Multimedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_journalism" title="Narrative journalism">Narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Journalism" title="New Journalism">New Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-profit_journalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-profit journalism">Non-profit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_journalism" title="Opinion journalism">Opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_journalism" title="Peace journalism">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">Photojournalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_release" title="Press release">Press release</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensor_journalism" title="Sensor journalism">Sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabloid_journalism" title="Tabloid journalism">Tabloid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_press" title="Underground press">Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_journalism" title="Video journalism">Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_journalism" title="Visual journalism">Visual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchdog_journalism" title="Watchdog journalism">Watchdog</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> Social impact</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">Fake news</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Estate" title="Fourth Estate">Fourth Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Estate" title="Fifth Estate">Fifth Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Freedom of the press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infotainment" title="Infotainment">Infotainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_race_journalism" title="Horse race journalism">Horse race journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</a> (<a href="/wiki/False_balance" title="False balance">False balance</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink-slime_journalism" title="Pink-slime journalism">Pink-slime journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">Public relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_model" title="Propaganda model">Propaganda model</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yellow journalism</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> <a href="/wiki/News_media" title="News media">News media</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">Newspapers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Newspaper_of_record" title="Newspaper of record">Newspaper of record</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magazine" title="Magazine">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">TV and radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_newspaper" title="Online newspaper">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_agency" title="News agency">News agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_media" title="Alternative media">Alternative media</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> Roles</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Journalist" title="Journalist">Journalists (reporters)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columnist" title="Columnist">Columnist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">Blogger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Editing" title="Editing">Editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copy_editing" title="Copy editing">Copy editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteorologist" title="Meteorologist">Meteorologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_presenter" title="News presenter">News presenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">Photographer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pundit" title="Pundit">Pundit / commentator</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-top:0.1em;border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg/16px-Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg/24px-Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg/32px-Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Journalism" title="Portal:Journalism">Journalism portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Journalism" title="Category:Journalism">Category: Journalism</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Journalism_sidebar" title="Template:Journalism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Journalism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Journalism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Journalism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Journalism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">journalism</a>, <b>yellow journalism</b> and the <b>yellow press</b> are American newspapers that use eye-catching headlines and sensationalized exaggerations for increased sales. The English term is chiefly used in the US. In the United Kingdom, a similar term is <i><a href="/wiki/Tabloid_journalism" title="Tabloid journalism">tabloid journalism</a></i>. Other languages, e.g. Russian (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%91%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Жёлтая пресса">Жёлтая пресса</a> <i>zhyoltaya pressa</i>), sometimes have terms derived from the American term. Yellow journalism emerged in the intense battle for readers by two newspapers in New York City in 1890s. It was not common in other cities. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pulitzer" title="Joseph Pulitzer">Joseph Pulitzer</a> purchased the <i>New York World</i> in 1883 and told his editors to use sensationalism, crusades against corruption, and lavish use of illustrations to boost circulation. <a href="/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst" title="William Randolph Hearst">William Randolph Hearst</a> then purchased the rival <i>New York Journal</i> in 1895. They engaged in an intense circulation war, at a time when most men bought one copy every day from rival street vendors shouting their paper's headlines. The term "yellow journalism" originated from the innovative popular "<a href="/wiki/Yellow_Kid" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow Kid">Yellow Kid</a>" comic strip that was published first in the <i>World</i> and later in the <i>Journal.</i> </p><p>This type of reporting was characterized by exaggerated headlines, unverified claims, partisan agendas, and a focus on topics like crime, scandal, sports, and violence. Historians have debated whether Yellow journalism played a large role in inflaming public opinion about Spain's atrocities in Cuba at the time, and perhaps pushing the U.S. into the Spanish-American War of 1898. Most historians say it did not do so. The two papers reached a working class Democratic audience, and the nation's upscale Republican decision makers (such as President William McKinley and leaders in Congress) seldom read the Yellow press.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2></div> <p>Journalism historian W. Joseph Campbell described yellow press newspapers as having daily multi-column front-page headlines covering a variety of topics, such as sports and scandal, using bold layouts (with large illustrations and perhaps color), heavy reliance on unnamed sources, and unabashed self-promotion. The term was extensively used to describe two major New York City newspapers around 1900 as they battled for circulation.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 156–160">: 156–160 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Journalism historian <a href="/wiki/Frank_Luther_Mott" title="Frank Luther Mott">Frank Luther Mott</a> used five characteristics to identify yellow journalism:<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>scare headlines in huge print, often sensationalizing minor news</li> <li>lavish use of pictures, or imaginary drawings</li> <li>use of faked interviews, misleading headlines, <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscience</a>, and a parade of false learning from so-called experts</li> <li>emphasis on full-color Sunday supplements, usually with superficial articles and <a href="/wiki/Comic_strips" class="mw-redirect" title="Comic strips">comics</a></li> <li>dramatic sympathy with the "underdog" against the system.</li></ol> <p>Another common feature was emphasizing sensationalized crime reporting to boost sales and excite public opinion.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins:_Pulitzer_vs._Hearst">Origins: Pulitzer vs. Hearst</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:YellowKid.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/YellowKid.jpeg/220px-YellowKid.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/YellowKid.jpeg/330px-YellowKid.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/YellowKid.jpeg/440px-YellowKid.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="828" data-file-height="1050" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Yellow_Kid" title="The Yellow Kid">The Yellow Kid</a>, drawn by <a href="/wiki/Richard_F._Outcault" title="Richard F. Outcault">Richard F. Outcault</a>, appeared first in Pulitzer's <i>New York World</i> and then moved to Hearst's <i>New York Journal.</i> </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coinage_and_early_usage">Coinage and early usage</h3></div> <p>An English magazine in 1898 noted, "All American journalism is not 'yellow', though all strictly 'up-to-date' yellow journalism is American!"<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term was coined in the mid-1890s to characterize the sensational journalism in the circulation war between <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pulitzer" title="Joseph Pulitzer">Joseph Pulitzer</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_World" title="New York World">New York World</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst" title="William Randolph Hearst">William Randolph Hearst</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Journal">New York Journal</a></i>. The battle peaked from 1895 to about 1898, and historical usage often refers specifically to this period. Both papers were sensationalizing the news in order to drive up circulation, although the newspapers did serious reporting as well. <a href="/wiki/Richard_F._Outcault" title="Richard F. Outcault">Richard F. Outcault</a>, the author of a popular cartoon strip, the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Kid" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow Kid">Yellow Kid</a>, was tempted away from the <i>World</i> by Hearst and the cartoon accounted substantially towards a big increase in sales of the <i>Journal</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term was coined by Erwin Wardman, the editor of the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Press_(historical)" title="New York Press (historical)">New York Press</a></i>. Wardman was the first to publish the term but there is evidence that expressions such as "yellow journalism" and "school of yellow kid journalism" were already used by newsmen of that time. Wardman never defined the term exactly. Possibly it was a mutation from earlier slander where Wardman twisted "new journalism" into "nude journalism".<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 32–33">: 32–33 </span></sup> Wardman had also used the expression "yellow kid journalism"<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 32–33">: 32–33 </span></sup> referring to <a href="/wiki/The_Yellow_Kid" title="The Yellow Kid">the then-popular comic strip</a> which was published by both Pulitzer and Hearst during a circulation war.<sup id="cite_ref-Wood_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hearst_in_San_Francisco,_Pulitzer_in_New_York"><span id="Hearst_in_San_Francisco.2C_Pulitzer_in_New_York"></span>Hearst in San Francisco, Pulitzer in New York</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Puck112188c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Puck112188c.jpg/220px-Puck112188c.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Puck112188c.jpg/330px-Puck112188c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Puck112188c.jpg/440px-Puck112188c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="882" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption>"Evil spirits", such as "Paid Puffery" and "Suggestiveness", spew from "the modern daily press" in this <i><a href="/wiki/Puck_(magazine)" title="Puck (magazine)">Puck</a></i> cartoon of November 21, 1888.</figcaption></figure> <p>Joseph Pulitzer purchased the <i>New York World</i> in 1883 after making the <i><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Post-Dispatch" title="St. Louis Post-Dispatch">St. Louis Post-Dispatch</a></i> the dominant daily in that city. Pulitzer strove to make the <i>New York World</i> an entertaining read, and filled his paper with pictures, games and contests that drew in new readers. Crime stories filled many of the pages, with headlines like "Was He a Suicide?" and "Screaming for Mercy".<sup id="cite_ref-Swanberg_p74-7_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swanberg_p74-7-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, Pulitzer charged readers only two cents per issue but gave readers eight and sometimes 12 pages of information (the only other two-cent paper in the city never exceeded four pages).<sup id="cite_ref-Nasaw_p100_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nasaw_p100-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> While there were many sensational stories in the <i>New York World</i>, they were by no means the only pieces, or even the dominant ones. Pulitzer believed that newspapers were public institutions with a duty to improve society, and he put the <i>World</i> in the service of social reform. Pulitzer explained that:<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><blockquote><p>The American people want something terse, forcible, picturesque, striking, something that will arrest their attention, enlist their sympathy, arouse their indignation, stimulate their imagination, convince their reason, [and] awaken their conscience.</p></blockquote> <p>Just two years after Pulitzer took it over, the <i>World</i> became the highest-circulation newspaper in New York, aided in part by its strong ties to the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Swanberg_p91_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swanberg_p91-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Older publishers, envious of Pulitzer's success, began criticizing the <i>World</i>, harping on its crime stories and stunts while ignoring its more serious reporting—trends which influenced the popular perception of yellow journalism. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Anderson_Dana" title="Charles Anderson Dana">Charles Dana</a>, editor of the <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_(New_York_City)" title="The Sun (New York City)">New York Sun</a></i>, attacked <i>The World</i> and said Pulitzer was "deficient in judgment and in staying power."<sup id="cite_ref-Swanberg_p79_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swanberg_p79-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pulitzer's approach made an impression on <a href="/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst" title="William Randolph Hearst">William Randolph Hearst</a>, a mining heir who acquired the <i><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Examiner" title="San Francisco Examiner">San Francisco Examiner</a></i> from his father in 1887. Hearst studied the <i>World</i> and resolved to make the <i><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Examiner" title="San Francisco Examiner">San Francisco Examiner</a></i> as bright as Pulitzer's paper.<sup id="cite_ref-Nasaw_p54-63_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nasaw_p54-63-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Under his leadership, the <i>Examiner</i> devoted 24 percent of its space to crime, presenting the stories as <a href="/wiki/Morality_play" title="Morality play">morality plays</a>, and sprinkled adultery and "nudity" (by 19th-century standards) on the front page.<sup id="cite_ref-Nasaw_p75-77_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nasaw_p75-77-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A month after Hearst took over the paper, the <i>Examiner</i> ran this headline about a hotel fire:</p><blockquote><p> HUNGRY, FRANTIC FLAMES. They Leap Madly Upon the Splendid Pleasure Palace by the Bay of Monterey, Encircling Del Monte in Their Ravenous Embrace From Pinnacle to Foundation. Leaping Higher, Higher, Higher, With Desperate Desire. Running Madly Riotous Through Cornice, Archway and Facade. Rushing in Upon the Trembling Guests with Savage Fury. Appalled and Panic-Stricken the Breathless Fugitives Gaze Upon the Scene of Terror. The Magnificent Hotel and Its Rich Adornments Now a Smoldering heap of Ashes. The <i>Examiner</i> Sends a Special Train to Monterey to Gather Full Details of the Terrible Disaster. Arrival of the Unfortunate Victims on the Morning's Train – A History of Hotel del Monte – The Plans for Rebuilding the Celebrated Hostelry – Particulars and Supposed Origin of the Fire.<sup id="cite_ref-Nasaw_p75_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nasaw_p75-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote></blockquote> <p>Hearst could be hyperbolic in his crime coverage; one of his early pieces, regarding a "band of murderers", attacked the police for forcing <i>Examiner</i> reporters to do their work for them. But while indulging in these stunts, the <i>Examiner</i> also increased its space for international news, and sent reporters out to uncover municipal corruption and inefficiency. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Yellow_Press_by_L.M._Glackens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Yellow_Press_by_L.M._Glackens.jpg/220px-The_Yellow_Press_by_L.M._Glackens.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Yellow_Press_by_L.M._Glackens.jpg/330px-The_Yellow_Press_by_L.M._Glackens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Yellow_Press_by_L.M._Glackens.jpg/440px-The_Yellow_Press_by_L.M._Glackens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1256" /></a><figcaption>"The Yellow Press", by <a href="/wiki/L._M._Glackens" class="mw-redirect" title="L. M. Glackens">L. M. Glackens</a>, portrays William Randolph Hearst as a jester distributing sensational stories.</figcaption></figure> <p>In one well remembered story, <i>Examiner</i> reporter <a href="/wiki/Winifred_Bonfils" title="Winifred Bonfils">Winifred Black</a> was admitted into a San Francisco hospital and discovered that poor women were treated with "gross cruelty". The entire hospital staff was fired the morning the piece appeared.<sup id="cite_ref-Nasaw_p69-77_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nasaw_p69-77-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Competition_in_New_York">Competition in New York</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PulitzerHearstWarYellowKids.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/PulitzerHearstWarYellowKids.jpg/220px-PulitzerHearstWarYellowKids.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/PulitzerHearstWarYellowKids.jpg/330px-PulitzerHearstWarYellowKids.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/PulitzerHearstWarYellowKids.jpg/440px-PulitzerHearstWarYellowKids.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2502" data-file-height="1698" /></a><figcaption>"Yellow journalism" cartoon about the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a> of 1898. The newspaper publishers <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pulitzer" title="Joseph Pulitzer">Joseph Pulitzer</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst" title="William Randolph Hearst">William Randolph Hearst</a> are both attired as the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Kid" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow Kid">Yellow Kid</a> comics character of the time, and are competitively claiming ownership of the war.</figcaption></figure> <p>With the success of the <i>Examiner</i> established by the early 1890s, Hearst began looking for a New York newspaper to purchase, and acquired the <i>New York Journal</i> in 1895, a penny paper. </p><p>Metropolitan <a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">newspapers</a> started going after department store advertising in the 1890s, and discovered the larger the circulation base, the better. This drove Hearst; following Pulitzer's earlier strategy, he kept the <i>Journal</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s price at one cent (compared to <i>The World</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s two-cent price) while providing as much information as rival newspapers.<sup id="cite_ref-Nasaw_p100_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nasaw_p100-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The approach worked, and as the <i>Journal</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s circulation jumped to 150,000, Pulitzer cut his price to a penny, hoping to drive his young competitor into bankruptcy. </p><p>In a counterattack, Hearst raided the staff of the <i>World</i> in 1896. While most sources say that Hearst simply offered more money, Pulitzer—who had grown increasingly abusive to his employees—had become a difficult man to work for, and many <i>World</i> employees were willing to jump for the sake of getting away from him.<sup id="cite_ref-Nasaw_p105_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nasaw_p105-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the competition between the <i>World</i> and the <i>Journal</i> was fierce, the papers were temperamentally alike. Both were Democratic, both were sympathetic to labor and immigrants (a sharp contrast to upscale papers like the <i><a href="/wiki/New-York_Tribune" title="New-York Tribune">New-York Tribune</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s <a href="/wiki/Whitelaw_Reid" title="Whitelaw Reid">Whitelaw Reid</a>, that blamed poverty on moral defects<sup id="cite_ref-Swanberg_p79_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swanberg_p79-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Both invested enormous resources in their Sunday editions, which functioned like weekly magazines, going beyond the normal scope of daily journalism.<sup id="cite_ref-Nasaw_p107_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nasaw_p107-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Their Sunday entertainment features included the first color <a href="/wiki/Comic_strip" title="Comic strip">comic strip</a> pages. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Yellow_Kid" title="The Yellow Kid">Hogan's Alley</a>,</i> a comic strip revolving around a bald child in a yellow nightshirt (nicknamed <a href="/wiki/The_Yellow_Kid" title="The Yellow Kid">The Yellow Kid</a>), became exceptionally popular when cartoonist <a href="/wiki/Richard_F._Outcault" title="Richard F. Outcault">Richard F. Outcault</a> began drawing it in the <i>World</i> in early 1896. When Hearst hired Outcault away, Pulitzer asked artist <a href="/wiki/George_Luks" title="George Luks">George Luks</a> to continue the strip with his characters, giving the city two Yellow Kids.<sup id="cite_ref-Nasaw_p108_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nasaw_p108-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of "yellow journalism" as a synonym for over-the-top sensationalism thus started with more serious newspapers commenting on the excesses of "the Yellow Kid papers". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spanish–American_War"><span id="Spanish.E2.80.93American_War"></span>Spanish–American War</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spaniards_search_women_1898.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Spaniards_search_women_1898.jpg/220px-Spaniards_search_women_1898.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Spaniards_search_women_1898.jpg/330px-Spaniards_search_women_1898.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Spaniards_search_women_1898.jpg/440px-Spaniards_search_women_1898.jpg 2x" data-file-width="994" data-file-height="1062" /></a><figcaption>Male Spanish officials strip search an American woman <a href="/wiki/Tourist" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourist">tourist</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> looking for messages from rebels; front page "yellow journalism" from Hearst (Artist: <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Remington" title="Frederic Remington">Frederic Remington</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World98.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/World98.jpg/220px-World98.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/World98.jpg/330px-World98.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/World98.jpg/440px-World98.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="657" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pulitzer" title="Joseph Pulitzer">Pulitzer</a>'s treatment in the <i>World</i> emphasizes a horrible explosion</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Journal98.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Journal98.gif/220px-Journal98.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Journal98.gif/330px-Journal98.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Journal98.gif/440px-Journal98.gif 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="615" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst" title="William Randolph Hearst">Hearst's</a> treatment was more effective and focused on the enemy who set the bomb—and offered a huge reward to readers.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Propaganda of the Spanish–American War">Propaganda of the Spanish–American War</a></div> <p>Pulitzer and Hearst in the 1920s and 1930s were blamed as a cause of entry into the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a> due to sensationalist stories or exaggerations of the terrible conditions in Cuba.<sup id="cite_ref-vaughn_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vaughn-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 608">: 608 </span></sup> However, the majority of Americans did not live in New York City, and the decision-makers who did live there relied more on staid newspapers like <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">the <i>Times</i></a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_(New_York_City)" title="The Sun (New York City)">The Sun</a></i>, or <a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">the <i>Post</i></a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/James_Creelman" title="James Creelman">James Creelman</a> wrote an anecdote in his memoir that artist <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Remington" title="Frederic Remington">Frederic Remington</a> telegrammed Hearst to tell him all was quiet in Cuba and "There will be no war." Creelman claimed Hearst responded "Please remain. You furnish the pictures and I'll furnish the war." Hearst denied the veracity of the story, and no one has found any evidence of the telegrams existing.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 72">: 72 </span></sup> Historian Emily Erickson states: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Serious historians have dismissed the telegram story as unlikely. ... The hubris contained in this supposed telegram, however, does reflect the spirit of unabashed self-promotion that was a hallmark of the yellow press and of Hearst in particular.<sup id="cite_ref-vaughn_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vaughn-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Hearst became a <a href="/wiki/War_hawk" title="War hawk">war hawk</a> after <a href="/wiki/Cuban_War_of_Independence" title="Cuban War of Independence">a rebellion</a> broke out in Cuba in 1895. Stories of Cuban virtue and Spanish brutality soon dominated his front page. While the accounts were of dubious accuracy, the newspaper readers of the 19th century did not expect, or necessarily want, his stories to be pure nonfiction. Historian Michael Robertson has said that "Newspaper reporters and readers of the 1890s were much less concerned with distinguishing among fact-based reporting, opinion and literature."<sup id="cite_ref-Nasaw_p79quote_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nasaw_p79quote-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pulitzer, though lacking Hearst's resources, kept the story on his front page. The yellow press covered the revolution extensively and often inaccurately, but conditions on Cuba were horrific enough. The island was in a terrible economic depression, and Spanish general <a href="/wiki/Valeriano_Weyler" title="Valeriano Weyler">Valeriano Weyler</a>, sent to crush the rebellion, herded Cuban peasants into <a href="/wiki/Concentration_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Concentration camps">concentration camps</a>, leading hundreds of Cubans to their deaths. Having clamored for a fight for two years, Hearst took credit for the conflict when it came: A week after the United States declared war on Spain, he ran "How do you like the <i>Journal's</i> war?" on his front page.<sup id="cite_ref-Nasaw_p132_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nasaw_p132-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, President <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> never read the <i>Journal</i>, nor newspapers like the <i>Tribune</i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Evening_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Evening Post">New York Evening Post</a></i>. Moreover, journalism historians have noted that yellow journalism was largely confined to New York City, and that newspapers in the rest of the country did not follow their lead. The <i>Journal</i> and the <i>World</i> were pitched to Democrats in New York City and were not among the top ten sources of news in regional papers; they seldom made headlines outside New York City. Piero Gleijeses looked at 41 major newspapers and finds: </p> <dl><dd>Eight of the papers in my sample advocated war or measures that would lead to war before the Maine blew up; twelve joined the pro-war ranks in the wake of the explosion; thirteen strongly opposed the war until hostilities began. The borders between the groups are fluid. For example, the <i>Wall Street Journal</i> and <i>Dun's Review</i> opposed the war, but their opposition was muted. The <i>New York Herald</i>, the <i>New York Commercial Advertiser</i> and the <i>Chicago Times-Herald</i> came out in favour of war in March, but with such extreme reluctance that it is misleading to include them in the pro-war ranks.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>War came because public opinion was sickened by the bloodshed, and because leaders like McKinley realized that Spain had lost control of Cuba.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These factors weighed more on the president's mind than the melodramas in the <i>New York Journal.</i><sup id="cite_ref-Nasaw_p133_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nasaw_p133-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nick Kapur says that McKinley's actions were based more on his values of arbitrationism, pacifism, humanitarianism, and manly self-restraint, than on external pressures.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the invasion began, Hearst sailed directly to Cuba as a war correspondent, providing sober and accurate accounts of the fighting.<sup id="cite_ref-Nasaw_p138_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nasaw_p138-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Creelman later praised the work of the reporters for exposing the horrors of Spanish misrule, arguing, "no true history of the war ... can be written without an acknowledgment that whatever of justice and freedom and progress was accomplished by the Spanish–American War was due to the enterprise and tenacity of <i>yellow journalists,</i> many of whom lie in unremembered graves."<sup id="cite_ref-Smythe_p191_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smythe_p191-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_the_war">After the war</h3></div> <p>Hearst was a leading Democrat who promoted <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a> for president in 1896 and 1900. He later ran for mayor and governor and even sought the presidential nomination, but lost much of his personal prestige when outrage exploded in 1901 after columnist <a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Bierce" title="Ambrose Bierce">Ambrose Bierce</a> and editor <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Brisbane" title="Arthur Brisbane">Arthur Brisbane</a> published separate columns months apart that suggested the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_William_McKinley" title="Assassination of William McKinley">assassination of William McKinley</a>. When McKinley was shot on September 6, 1901, critics accused Hearst's Yellow Journalism of driving <a href="/wiki/Leon_Czolgosz" title="Leon Czolgosz">Leon Czolgosz</a> to the deed. It was later presumed that Hearst did not know of Bierce's column, and he claimed to have pulled Brisbane's after it ran in a first edition, but the incident would haunt him for the rest of his life, and all but destroyed his presidential ambitions.<sup id="cite_ref-Nasaw_p156-158_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nasaw_p156-158-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When later asked about Hearst's reaction to the incident, Bierce reportedly said, "I have never mentioned the matter to him, and he never mentioned it to me."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pulitzer, haunted by his "yellow sins,"<sup id="cite_ref-Emory_p295_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emory_p295-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> returned the <i>World</i> to its crusading roots as the new century dawned. By the time of his death in 1911, the <i>World</i> was a widely respected publication, and would remain a leading progressive paper until its demise in 1931. Its name lived on in the <a href="/wiki/Scripps-Howard" class="mw-redirect" title="Scripps-Howard">Scripps-Howard</a> <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_World-Telegram" title="New York World-Telegram">New York World-Telegram</a></i>, and then later the <i>New York World-Telegram and Sun</i> in 1950, and finally was last used by the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_World-Journal-Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="New York World-Journal-Tribune">New York World-Journal-Tribune</a></i> from September 1966 to May 1967. At that point, only one broadsheet newspaper was left in New York City. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg/28px-Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg/42px-Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg/56px-Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Journalism" title="Portal:Journalism">Journalism portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_lie" title="Big lie">Big lie</a> – Propaganda technique</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clickbait" title="Clickbait">Clickbait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">Fake news</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godi_media" title="Godi media">Godi media</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Yellow_Journal" title="The Yellow Journal">The Yellow Journal</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> On the historiography see W. Joseph Campbell, "Not to Blame: The Yellow Press and the Spanish-American War" in his <i>Yellow Journalism: Puncturing the Myths, Defining the Legacies</i> (Praeger, 2003) pp. 97–150; and David R. Spencer. "The Spanish-American War and the Hearst Myth" in his <i>The Yellow Journalism: The Press and America's Emergence as a World Power</i> (Northwestern UP, 2007) pp.123–152. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2001" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, W. Joseph (2001). <i>Yellow Journalism: Puncturing the Myths, Defining the Legacies</i>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-96686-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-96686-0"><bdi>0-275-96686-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/55648237">55648237</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yellow+Journalism%3A+Puncturing+the+Myths%2C+Defining+the+Legacies&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F55648237&rft.isbn=0-275-96686-0&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=W.+Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYellow+journalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> W. Joseph Campbell, "Yellow journalism." <i>The international encyclopedia of journalism studies</i> (2019): 1-5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118841570.iejs0159">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMott1941" class="citation book cs1">Mott, Frank Luther (1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanjournali0000mott/page/539/mode/1up?view=theater"><i>American Journalism</i></a>. Routledge/Thoemmes Press. p. 539. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415228947" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415228947"><bdi>978-0415228947</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Journalism&rft.pages=539&rft.pub=Routledge%2FThoemmes+Press&rft.date=1941&rft.isbn=978-0415228947&rft.aulast=Mott&rft.aufirst=Frank+Luther&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanjournali0000mott%2Fpage%2F539%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYellow+journalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaufman2013" class="citation book cs1">Kaufman, Peter (2013). <i>Skull in the Ashes</i>. University of Iowa Press. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1609382131" title="Special:BookSources/978-1609382131"><bdi>978-1609382131</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/830646791">830646791</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Skull+in+the+Ashes&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=University+of+Iowa+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F830646791&rft.isbn=978-1609382131&rft.aulast=Kaufman&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYellow+journalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cited in <i> Oxford English Dictionary </i> "Yellow" sense #3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David M. Ball, "From Immigrants to Filibusters: The Curious Case of R.F. Outcault's Yellow Kid." <i>Immigrants and Comics</i> (Routledge, 2021) pp.72–88. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315643991-4/immigrants-filibusters-david-ball">Abstract</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wood-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wood_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWood2004">Wood 2004</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swanberg_p74-7-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Swanberg_p74-7_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwanberg1967">Swanberg 1967</a>, pp. 74–75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nasaw_p100-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nasaw_p100_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nasaw_p100_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasaw2000">Nasaw 2000</a>, p. 100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in Darrell M. West, <i>The Rise and Fall of the Media Establishment</i> (Bedford / St. Martin's, 2001), p.43. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swanberg_p91-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Swanberg_p91_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwanberg1967">Swanberg 1967</a>, p. 91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swanberg_p79-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Swanberg_p79_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Swanberg_p79_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwanberg1967">Swanberg 1967</a>, p. 79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nasaw_p54-63-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nasaw_p54-63_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasaw2000">Nasaw 2000</a>, pp. 54–63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nasaw_p75-77-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nasaw_p75-77_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasaw2000">Nasaw 2000</a>, pp. 75–77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nasaw_p75-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nasaw_p75_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasaw2000">Nasaw 2000</a>, p. 75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nasaw_p69-77-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nasaw_p69-77_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasaw2000">Nasaw 2000</a>, pp. 69–77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nasaw_p105-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nasaw_p105_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasaw2000">Nasaw 2000</a>, p. 105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nasaw_p107-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nasaw_p107_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasaw2000">Nasaw 2000</a>, p. 107</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nasaw_p108-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nasaw_p108_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasaw2000">Nasaw 2000</a>, p. 108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vaughn-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vaughn_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vaughn_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErickson2011" class="citation book cs1">Erickson, Emily (2011). "Spanish-American War and the Press". In Vaughn, Stephen (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of American Journalism</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78034-253-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78034-253-5"><bdi>978-1-78034-253-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/759036346">759036346</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Spanish-American+War+and+the+Press&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+American+Journalism&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F759036346&rft.isbn=978-1-78034-253-5&rft.aulast=Erickson&rft.aufirst=Emily&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYellow+journalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW._Joseph_Campbell2001" class="citation journal cs1">W. Joseph Campbell (December 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130603121258/http://www.ajr.org/Article.asp?id=2429">"You Furnish the Legend, I'll Furnish the Quote"</a>. <i>American Journalism Review</i>. <b>23</b> (10): 16. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ajr.org/Article.asp?id=2429">the original</a> on June 3, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 13,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journalism+Review&rft.atitle=You+Furnish+the+Legend%2C+I%27ll+Furnish+the+Quote&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=16&rft.date=2001-12&rft.au=W.+Joseph+Campbell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajr.org%2FArticle.asp%3Fid%3D2429&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYellow+journalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nasaw_p79quote-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nasaw_p79quote_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasaw2000">Nasaw 2000</a>, quoted on p. 79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nasaw_p132-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nasaw_p132_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasaw2000">Nasaw 2000</a>, p. 132</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGleijeses2003" class="citation journal cs1">Gleijeses, Piero (November 2003). "1898: The Opposition to the Spanish-American War". <i>Journal of Latin American Studies</i>. <b>35</b> (4): 685. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0022216x03006953">10.1017/s0022216x03006953</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145094314">145094314</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Latin+American+Studies&rft.atitle=1898%3A+The+Opposition+to+the+Spanish-American+War&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=685&rft.date=2003-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0022216x03006953&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145094314%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gleijeses&rft.aufirst=Piero&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYellow+journalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKane2009" class="citation book cs1">Kane, Thomas M (2009). <i>Theoretical Roots of US Foreign Policy: Machiavelli and American Unilateralism</i>. Routledge. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-54503-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-54503-7"><bdi>978-0-415-54503-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1031900158">1031900158</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theoretical+Roots+of+US+Foreign+Policy%3A+Machiavelli+and+American+Unilateralism&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1031900158&rft.isbn=978-0-415-54503-7&rft.aulast=Kane&rft.aufirst=Thomas+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYellow+journalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nasaw_p133-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nasaw_p133_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasaw2000">Nasaw 2000</a>, p. 133</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapur2011" class="citation journal cs1">Kapur, Nick (March 2011). "William McKinley's Values and the Origins of the Spanish-American War: A Reinterpretation". <i>Presidential Studies Quarterly</i>. <b>41</b> (1): 18–38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1741-5705.2010.03829.x">10.1111/j.1741-5705.2010.03829.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23884754">23884754</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Presidential+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=William+McKinley%27s+Values+and+the+Origins+of+the+Spanish-American+War%3A+A+Reinterpretation&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=18-38&rft.date=2011-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1741-5705.2010.03829.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23884754%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kapur&rft.aufirst=Nick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYellow+journalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nasaw_p138-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nasaw_p138_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasaw2000">Nasaw 2000</a>, p. 138</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smythe_p191-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smythe_p191_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmythe2003">Smythe 2003</a>, p. 191</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nasaw_p156-158-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nasaw_p156-158_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasaw2000">Nasaw 2000</a>, pp. 156–58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonnet1916" class="citation journal cs1">Bonnet, Theodore (March 1916). "William R. Hearst: A Critical Study". <i>Lantern</i>. <b>1</b> (12): 365–80.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lantern&rft.atitle=William+R.+Hearst%3A+A+Critical+Study.&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=365-80&rft.date=1916-03&rft.aulast=Bonnet&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYellow+journalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Emory_p295-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Emory_p295_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEmoryEmory1984">Emory & Emory 1984</a>, p. 295</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmoryEmory1984" class="citation cs2">Emory, Edwin; Emory, Michael (1984), <i>The Press and America</i> (4th ed.), <a href="/wiki/Prentice_Hall" title="Prentice Hall">Prentice Hall</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Press+and+America&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Emory&rft.aufirst=Edwin&rft.au=Emory%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYellow+journalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasaw2000" class="citation cs2">Nasaw, David (2000), <i>The Chief: The Life of William Randolph Hearst</i>, Houghton Mifflin</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chief%3A+The+Life+of+William+Randolph+Hearst&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Nasaw&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYellow+journalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmythe2003" class="citation book cs1">Smythe, Ted Curtis (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120716181726/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=107069643"><i>The Gilded Age Press, 1865–1900</i></a>. pp. 173–202. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=107069643">the original</a> on July 16, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 18,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gilded+Age+Press%2C+1865%E2%80%931900&rft.pages=173-202&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Smythe&rft.aufirst=Ted+Curtis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2FPM.qst%3Fa%3Do%26d%3D107069643&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYellow+journalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwanberg1967" class="citation cs2">Swanberg, W.A (1967), <i>Pulitzer</i>, Charles Scribner's Sons</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pulitzer&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Swanberg&rft.aufirst=W.A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYellow+journalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2004" class="citation cs2">Wood, Mary (February 2, 2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xroads.virginia.edu/~MA04/wood/ykid/yj.htm">"Selling the Kid: The Role of Yellow Journalism"</a>, <i>The Yellow Kid on the Paper Stage: Acting out Class Tensions and Racial Divisions in the New Urban Environment</i>, American Studies at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Selling+the+Kid%3A+The+Role+of+Yellow+Journalism&rft.btitle=The+Yellow+Kid+on+the+Paper+Stage%3A+Acting+out+Class+Tensions+and+Racial+Divisions+in+the+New+Urban+Environment&rft.pub=American+Studies+at+the+University+of+Virginia&rft.date=2004-02-02&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fxroads.virginia.edu%2F~MA04%2Fwood%2Fykid%2Fyj.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYellow+journalism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Yellow journalism</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/yellow_journalism" class="extiw" title="wikt:yellow journalism">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Yellow_journalism" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Yellow journalism">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Yellow_journalism" class="extiw" title="q:Yellow journalism">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q231443" class="extiw" title="d:Q231443">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Apfeldorf, Michael. "Helping Students Reflect on the Era of Yellow Journalism through Historical Cartoons and Newspapers." <i>Social Education</i> 88.1 (2024): 57-61.</li> <li>Burge, Daniel J. "A Delayed Revenge: "Yellow Journalism" and the Long Quest for Cuba, 1851–1898." <i>Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era</i> 22.3 (2023): 243-259. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-gilded-age-and-progressive-era/article/abs/delayed-revenge-yellow-journalism-and-the-long-quest-for-cuba-18511898/2B291B91269A09C452751DFDD85BF3A4">abstract</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles"><span title="The material near this tag may contain information that is not relevant to the article's main topic. (May 2024)">relevant?</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Yellow_journalism#this_is_about_the_most_important_part_of_this_article." title="Talk:Yellow journalism">discuss</a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Miller, Bonnie M. "Did Fake News Unite the Home Front behind a War with Spain? A Reconsideration of US Press Coverage, 1895–1898." <i>Home Front Studies</i> 1.1 (2021): 1-31. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/17/article/805717">online</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles"><span title="The material near this tag may contain information that is not relevant to the article's main topic. (May 2024)">relevant?</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Yellow_journalism#this_is_about_the_most_important_part_of_this_article" title="Talk:Yellow journalism">discuss</a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Frisken, Amanda. <i>Graphic news: How sensational images transformed nineteenth-century journalism</i> (U of Illinois Press, 2020) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IvjQDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22yellow+journalism%22+Hearst&pg=PT6">online</a>. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles"><span title="The material near this tag may contain information that is not relevant to the article's main topic. (May 2024)">relevant?</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Yellow_journalism#this_is_about_an_important_part_of_this_article" title="Talk:Yellow journalism">discuss</a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Carey, Craig. "Breaking the News: Telegraphy and Yellow Journalism in the Spanish-American War." <i>American Periodicals</i> 26#2 (2016), pp. 130–48. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/44630677">online</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles"><span title="The material near this tag may contain information that is not relevant to the article's main topic. (May 2024)">relevant?</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Yellow_journalism#this_is_about_the_most_important_part_of_this_article" title="Talk:Yellow journalism">discuss</a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Fellow, Anthony R. <i>American Media History</i> (2nd ed. Wadsworth, 2010) pp.145–174, university textbook;</li> <li>Kaplan, Richard L. "Yellow Journalism" in Wolfgang Donsbach, ed. <i>The international encyclopedia of communication</i> (2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/8114924/Yellow_Journalism_of_the_1890s_--_Encyclopedia_Entry">online</a></li> <li>Vaughn, Stephen. ed. <i>Encyclopedia of American Journalism</i> (Routledge, 2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://epdf.pub/encyclopedia-of-american-journalism5bad0250d70e0623457c0cee71b07f9e54719.html">online</a></li> <li>Spencer, David Ralph. <i>The yellow journalism: The press and America's emergence as a world power</i> (Northwestern University Press, 2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d79fyolBDgAC&q=hearst+pulitzer&pg=PR7">online</a>.</li> <li>Campbell, W. Joseph. <i>Yellow Journalism : Puncturing the Myths, De-fining the Legacies</i> (Praeger, 2001)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Already discussed at-length in article; the single most important book and people who did not read the entire article need to know about it (May 2024)">excessive citations</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinchester1995" class="citation cs2">Winchester, Mark D. (1995), "Hully Gee, It's a WAR! The Yellow Kid and the Coining of Yellow Journalism", <i>Inks: Cartoon and Comic Art Studies</i>, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 22–37</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inks%3A+Cartoon+and+Comic+Art+Studies&rft.atitle=Hully+Gee%2C+It%27s+a+WAR%21+The+Yellow+Kid+and+the+Coining+of+Yellow+Journalism&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=22-37&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Winchester&rft.aufirst=Mark+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYellow+journalism" class="Z3988"></span> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles"><span title="The material near this tag may contain information that is not relevant to the article's main topic. (May 2024)">relevant?</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Yellow_journalism#this_is_about_the_most_important_part_of_the_title" title="Talk:Yellow journalism">discuss</a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilton1989" class="citation cs2">Milton, Joyce (1989), <i>The Yellow Kids: Foreign correspondents in the heyday of yellow journalism</i>, Harper & Row</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yellow+Kids%3A+Foreign+correspondents+in+the+heyday+of+yellow+journalism&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Milton&rft.aufirst=Joyce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYellow+journalism" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles"><span title="The material near this tag may contain information that is not relevant to the article's main topic. (May 2024)">relevant?</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Yellow_journalism#this_is_about_the_most_important_part_of_this_article" title="Talk:Yellow journalism">discuss</a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelter1970" class="citation cs2">Welter, Mark M. (Winter 1970), "The 1895–1898 Cuban Crisis in Minnesota Newspapers: Testing the 'Yellow Journalism' Theory", <i>Journalism Quarterly</i>, vol. 47, pp. 719–24</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journalism+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+1895%E2%80%931898+Cuban+Crisis+in+Minnesota+Newspapers%3A+Testing+the+%27Yellow+Journalism%27+Theory&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=47&rft.pages=719-24&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Welter&rft.aufirst=Mark+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYellow+journalism" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles"><span title="The material near this tag may contain information that is not relevant to the article's main topic. (May 2024)">relevant?</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Yellow_journalism#this_is_about_the_most_important_part_of_this_article" title="Talk:Yellow journalism">discuss</a></i>]</sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output 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role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Journalism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Journalism" title="Template:Journalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Journalism" title="Template talk:Journalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Journalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Journalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Journalism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">Journalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Journalist" title="Journalist">Journalists (reporters)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columnist" title="Columnist">Columnist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">Blogger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Editing" title="Editing">Editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copy_editing" title="Copy editing">Copy editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteorologist" title="Meteorologist">Meteorologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_presenter" title="News presenter">News presenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">Photographer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pundit" title="Pundit">Pundit / commentator</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Profession</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/News" title="News">News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_style" title="News style">Writing style</a> (<a href="/wiki/Five_Ws" title="Five Ws">Five Ws</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalism_ethics_and_standards" title="Journalism ethics and standards">Ethics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Code_of_ethics_in_media" title="Code of ethics in media">code of ethics</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalism_culture" title="Journalism culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalistic_objectivity" title="Journalistic objectivity">Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_values" title="News values">News values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source_(journalism)" title="Source (journalism)">Attribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">Sensationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Editorial_independence" title="Editorial independence">Editorial independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalism_school" title="Journalism school">Journalism school</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_journalism" title="Arts journalism">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_journalism" title="Business journalism">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_journalism" title="Data journalism">Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_journalism" title="Entertainment journalism">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_journalism" title="Environmental journalism">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_journalism" title="Fashion journalism">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_journalism" title="Medical journalism">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_journalism" title="Music journalism">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_journalism" title="Political journalism">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_journalism" title="Science journalism">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_journalism" title="Sports journalism">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_journalism" title="Technology journalism">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_reporting" title="Traffic reporting">Traffic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_journalism" title="Video game journalism">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_correspondent" title="War correspondent">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_forecasting" title="Weather forecasting">Weather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_news" title="World news">World</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Journalism_genres" title="Journalism genres">Genres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Adversarial_journalism" title="Adversarial journalism">Adversarial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advocacy_journalism" title="Advocacy journalism">Advocacy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Journalistic_interventionism" title="Journalistic interventionism">Interventionism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytic_journalism" title="Analytic journalism">Analytic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">Blogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_journalism" title="Broadcast journalism">Broadcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churnalism" title="Churnalism">Churnalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_journalism" title="Citizen journalism">Citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_journalism" title="Civic journalism">Civic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_journalism" title="Collaborative journalism">Collaborative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics_journalism" title="Comics journalism">Comics-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_journalism" title="Community journalism">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_journalism" title="Data journalism">Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_journalism" title="Database journalism">Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_journalism" title="Digital journalism">Digital/Online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explanatory_journalism" title="Explanatory journalism">Explanatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fact-checking" title="Fact-checking">Fact-checking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzo_journalism" title="Gonzo journalism">Gonzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human-interest_story" title="Human-interest story">Human-interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersion_journalism" title="Immersion journalism">Immersion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpretive_journalism" title="Interpretive journalism">Interpretive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investigative_journalism" title="Investigative journalism">Investigative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia_journalism" title="Multimedia journalism">Multimedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_journalism" title="Narrative journalism">Narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Journalism" title="New Journalism">New Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-profit_journalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-profit journalism">Non-profit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_journalism" title="Opinion journalism">Opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_journalism" title="Peace journalism">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">Photojournalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_release" title="Press release">Press release</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensor_journalism" title="Sensor journalism">Sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabloid_journalism" title="Tabloid journalism">Tabloid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_press" title="Underground press">Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_journalism" title="Video journalism">Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_journalism" title="Visual journalism">Visual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchdog_journalism" title="Watchdog journalism">Watchdog</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social impact</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">Fake news</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Estate" title="Fourth Estate">Fourth Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Estate" title="Fifth Estate">Fifth Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Freedom of the press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infotainment" title="Infotainment">Infotainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_race_journalism" title="Horse race journalism">Horse race journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</a> (<a href="/wiki/False_balance" title="False balance">False balance</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink-slime_journalism" title="Pink-slime journalism">Pink-slime journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">Public relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_model" title="Propaganda model">Propaganda model</a></li> <li>Yellow journalism</li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">News media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">Newspapers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Newspaper_of_record" title="Newspaper of record">Newspaper of record</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magazine" title="Magazine">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">TV and radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_newspaper" title="Online newspaper">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_agency" title="News agency">News agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_media" title="Alternative media">Alternative media</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Index_of_journalism_articles" title="Index of journalism articles">List of journalism articles</a> – <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_journalism" title="Outline of journalism">Outline</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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title="Chumbox">Chumbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clickbait" title="Clickbait">Clickbait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_miser" title="Cognitive miser">Cognitive miser</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low_information_voter" title="Low information voter">Low information voter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_zombie" title="Digital zombie">Digital zombie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phubbing" title="Phubbing">Phubbing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doomscrolling" title="Doomscrolling">Doomscrolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_multitasking" title="Human multitasking">Human multitasking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_multitasking" title="Media multitasking">Media multitasking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phones_and_driving_safety" title="Mobile phones and driving safety">Mobile phones and driving safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartphones_and_pedestrian_safety" title="Smartphones and pedestrian safety">Smartphones and pedestrian safety</a></li> <li><a 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title="Television consumption">Television consumption</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sticky_content" title="Sticky content">Sticky content</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_bias" title="Cognitive bias">Cognitive bias</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Conformity" title="Conformity">Conformity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Availability_cascade" title="Availability cascade">Availability cascade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Availability_heuristic" title="Availability heuristic">Availability heuristic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandwagon_effect" title="Bandwagon effect">Bandwagon effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_bias" title="Confirmation bias">Confirmation bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_psychology" title="Crowd psychology">Crowd psychology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobbing" title="Mobbing">Mobbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_panic" title="Moral panic">Moral panic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mean_world_syndrome" title="Mean world syndrome">Mean world syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negativity_bias" title="Negativity bias">Negativity bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_pressure" title="Peer pressure">Peer pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social-desirability_bias" title="Social-desirability bias">Social-desirability bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_influence_bias" title="Social influence bias">Social influence bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_of_silence" title="Spiral of silence">Spiral of silence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_divide" title="Digital divide">Digital divide</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Political_polarization" title="Political polarization">Political polarization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_radicalization" title="Algorithmic radicalization">Algorithmic radicalization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Online_youth_radicalization" title="Online youth radicalization">Youth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echo_chamber_(media)" title="Echo chamber (media)">Echo chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news_website" title="Fake news website">Fake news website</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-truth_politics" title="Post-truth politics">Post-truth politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news_websites_in_the_United_States" title="Fake news websites in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filter_bubble" title="Filter bubble">Filter bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_divide" title="Knowledge divide">Knowledge divide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_gap_hypothesis" title="Knowledge gap hypothesis">Knowledge gap hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_polarization_in_the_United_States" title="Political polarization in the United States">Political polarization in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_use_in_politics" title="Social media use in politics">Social media use in politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_and_political_communication_in_the_United_States" title="Social media and political communication in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_in_the_2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="Social media in the 2016 United States presidential election">2016 U.S. presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_in_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="Social media in the 2020 United States presidential election">2020 U.S. presidential election</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_rage" title="Computer rage">Computer rage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Facebook" title="Criticism of Facebook">Criticism of Facebook</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Facebook_leak" title="2021 Facebook leak">2021 Facebook company files leak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facebook%E2%80%93Cambridge_Analytica_data_scandal" title="Facebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal">Facebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Netflix" title="Criticism of Netflix">Criticism of Netflix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_impact_of_TikTok" title="Cultural impact of TikTok">Cultural impact of TikTok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media_use_and_mental_health" title="Digital media use and mental health">Digital media use and mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_violence_in_mass_media" title="Effects of violence in mass media">Effects of violence in mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascination_with_death" title="Fascination with death">Fascination with death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griefer" title="Griefer">Griefer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_shooting_contagion" title="Mass shooting contagion">Mass shooting contagion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_effects_of_Internet_use" title="Psychological effects of Internet use">Psychological effects of Internet use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sealioning" title="Sealioning">Sealioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_aspects_of_television" title="Social aspects of television">Social aspects of television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_bot" title="Social bot">Social bot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_impact_of_YouTube" title="Social impact of YouTube">Social impact of YouTube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technophilia" title="Technophilia">Technophilia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neophile" title="Neophile">Neophile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technophobia" title="Technophobia">Technophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_and_video_games" title="Violence and video games">Violence and video games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q231443#identifiers" title="Edit 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