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aria-controls="sidenav-5"><span>App solutions</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-5"><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-5-1" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-5-1"><span>AI</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-5-1"><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-5-1-1" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-5-1-1"><span>AI Toolkit guide</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-5-1-1"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ai-toolkit"><div><span>Overview</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" 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class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-5-2"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/data-and-backend/firebase"><div><span>Overview</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://firebase.google.com/docs/flutter" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><div><span>Discover Firebase for Flutter</span><span class="material-symbols" aria-hidden="true">open_in_new</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wUSkeTaBonA" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><div><span>Get to know Firebase for Flutter</span><span class="material-symbols" aria-hidden="true">open_in_new</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://firebase.google.com/codelabs/firebase-auth-in-flutter-apps" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><div><span>Add a user authentication flow to a Flutter app using FirebaseUI</span><span class="material-symbols" aria-hidden="true">open_in_new</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://firebase.google.com/codelabs/firebase-get-to-know-web" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><div><span>Get to know Firebase for web</span><span class="material-symbols" aria-hidden="true">open_in_new</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-5-3" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-5-3"><span>Games</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-5-3"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/resources/games-toolkit"><div><span>Overview</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/games/achievements-leaderboard"><div><span>Add achievements and leaderboards</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://firebase.google.com/codelabs/build-leaderboards-with-firestore#0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><div><span>Build leaderboards with Firestore</span><span class="material-symbols" aria-hidden="true">open_in_new</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/plugins/google-mobile-ads"><div><span>Add advertising</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/games/firestore-multiplayer"><div><span>Add multiplayer support</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://codelabs.developers.google.com/codelabs/flutter-in-app-purchases" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><div><span>Add in-app purchases</span><span class="material-symbols" aria-hidden="true">open_in_new</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://firebase.google.com/codelabs/firebase-auth-in-flutter-apps" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><div><span>Add user authentication</span><span class="material-symbols" aria-hidden="true">open_in_new</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://firebase.google.com/docs/crashlytics/get-started?platform=flutter" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><div><span>Debug using Crashlytics</span><span class="material-symbols" aria-hidden="true">open_in_new</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://codelabs.developers.google.com/codelabs/flutter-flame-brick-breaker" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><div><span>Intro to Flame with Flutter</span><span class="material-symbols" aria-hidden="true">open_in_new</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-5-4" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-5-4"><span>Monetization</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-5-4"><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-5-4-1" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-5-4-1"><span>Advertising</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-5-4-1"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/resources/ads-overview"><div><span>Ads overview</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/plugins/google-mobile-ads"><div><span>Add advertising</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://codelabs.developers.google.com/codelabs/admob-ads-in-flutter" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><div><span>Add AdMob ads to your Flutter app</span><span class="material-symbols" aria-hidden="true">open_in_new</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://codelabs.developers.google.com/codelabs/admob-inline-ads-in-flutter" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><div><span>Add an AdMob banner and native inline ads</span><span class="material-symbols" aria-hidden="true">open_in_new</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://developers.google.com/admob/flutter/mediation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><div><span>Google AdMob mediation</span><span class="material-symbols" aria-hidden="true">open_in_new</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://pub.dev/packages/interactive_media_ads" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><div><span>Interactive Media Ads SDK</span><span class="material-symbols" aria-hidden="true">open_in_new</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-5-4-2" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-5-4-2"><span>In-app purchases</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-5-4-2"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/resources/in-app-purchases-overview"><div><span>In-app purchases overview</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://codelabs.developers.google.com/codelabs/flutter-in-app-purchases" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><div><span>Add in-app purchases</span><span class="material-symbols" aria-hidden="true">open_in_new</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-5-4-3" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-5-4-3"><span>Payments</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-5-4-3"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/resources/payments-overview"><div><span>Payments overview</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://pub.dev/packages/pay" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><div><span>Google pay package</span><span class="material-symbols" aria-hidden="true">open_in_new</span></div></a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-5-5" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-5-5"><span>Maps</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-5-5"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://codelabs.developers.google.com/codelabs/google-maps-in-flutter" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><div><span>Add Google maps to a Flutter app</span><span class="material-symbols" aria-hidden="true">open_in_new</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://developers.google.com/maps/flutter-package" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><div><span>Google Maps package</span><span class="material-symbols" aria-hidden="true">open_in_new</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-5-6" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-5-6"><span>News</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-5-6"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/resources/news-toolkit"><div><span>Build a news app</span></div></a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li aria-hidden="true"><div class="sidenav-divider"></div></li><li class="nav-header">User interface</li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui"><div><span>Introduction</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/widgets"><div><span>Widget catalog</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsed collapsible" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-10" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-10"><span>Layout</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-10"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/layout"><div><span>Introduction</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/layout/tutorial"><div><span>Build a layout</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-10-3" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-10-3"><span>Lists & grids</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-10-3"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/lists/basic-list"><div><span>Create and use lists</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/lists/horizontal-list"><div><span>Create a horizontal list</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/lists/grid-lists"><div><span>Create a grid view</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/lists/mixed-list"><div><span>Create lists with different types of items</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/lists/spaced-items"><div><span>Create lists with spaced items</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/lists/long-lists"><div><span>Work with long lists</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-10-4" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-10-4"><span>Scrolling</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-10-4"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/layout/scrolling"><div><span>Overview</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/layout/scrolling/slivers"><div><span>Use slivers to achieve fancy scrolling</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/lists/floating-app-bar"><div><span>Place a floating app bar above a list</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/effects/parallax-scrolling"><div><span>Create a scrolling parallax effect</span></div></a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsed collapsible" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-11" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-11"><span>Adaptive & responsive design</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-11"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/adaptive-responsive"><div><span>Overview</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/adaptive-responsive/general"><div><span>General approach</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/adaptive-responsive/safearea-mediaquery"><div><span>SafeArea & MediaQuery</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/adaptive-responsive/large-screens"><div><span>Large screens & foldables</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/adaptive-responsive/input"><div><span>User input & accessibility</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/adaptive-responsive/capabilities"><div><span>Capabilities & policies</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/adaptive-responsive/platform-adaptations"><div><span>Automatic platform adaptations</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/adaptive-responsive/best-practices"><div><span>Best practices</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/adaptive-responsive/more-info"><div><span>Additional resources</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsed collapsible" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-12" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-12"><span>Design & theming</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-12"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/design/themes"><div><span>Share styles with themes</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/design/material"><div><span>Material design</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/release/breaking-changes/material-3-migration"><div><span>Migrate to Material 3</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-12-4" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-12-4"><span>Text</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-12-4"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/design/text/typography"><div><span>Fonts & typography</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/design/fonts"><div><span>Use a custom font</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/design/package-fonts"><div><span>Export fonts from a package</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://pub.dev/packages/google_fonts" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><div><span>Google Fonts package</span><span class="material-symbols" aria-hidden="true">open_in_new</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-12-5" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-12-5"><span>Custom graphics</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-12-5"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/design/graphics/fragment-shaders"><div><span>Use custom fragment shaders</span></div></a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsed collapsible" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-13" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-13"><span>Interactivity</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-13"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/interactivity"><div><span>Add interactivity to your app</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-13-2" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-13-2"><span>Gestures</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-13-2"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/interactivity/gestures"><div><span>Introduction</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/gestures/handling-taps"><div><span>Handle taps</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/interactivity/gestures/drag-outside"><div><span>Drag an object outside an app</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/effects/drag-a-widget"><div><span>Drag a UI element within an app</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/gestures/ripples"><div><span>Add Material touch ripples</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/gestures/dismissible"><div><span>Implement swipe to dismiss</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-13-3" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-13-3"><span>Input & forms</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-13-3"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/forms/text-input"><div><span>Create and style a text field</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/forms/retrieve-input"><div><span>Retrieve the value of a text field</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/forms/text-field-changes"><div><span>Handle changes to a text field</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/forms/focus"><div><span>Manage focus in text fields</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/forms/validation"><div><span>Build a form with validation</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/design/snackbars"><div><span>Display a snackbar</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/interactivity/actions-and-shortcuts"><div><span>Implement actions & shortcuts</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/interactivity/focus"><div><span>Manage keyboard focus</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsed collapsible" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-14" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-14"><span>Assets & media</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-14"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/assets/assets-and-images"><div><span>Add assets and images</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/images/network-image"><div><span>Display images from the internet</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/images/fading-in-images"><div><span>Fade in images with a placeholder</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/plugins/play-video"><div><span>Play and pause a video</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/assets/asset-transformation"><div><span>Transform assets at build time</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsed collapsible" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-15" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-15"><span>Navigation & routing</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-15"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/navigation"><div><span>Overview</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/design/tabs"><div><span>Add tabs to your app</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/navigation/navigation-basics"><div><span>Navigate to a new screen and back</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/navigation/passing-data"><div><span>Send data to a new screen</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/navigation/returning-data"><div><span>Return data from a screen</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/design/drawer"><div><span>Add a drawer to a screen</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/navigation/deep-linking"><div><span>Set up deep linking</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/navigation/set-up-app-links"><div><span>Set up app links for Android</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/navigation/set-up-universal-links"><div><span>Set up universal links for iOS</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/navigation/url-strategies"><div><span>Configure web URL strategies</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsed collapsible" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-16" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-16"><span>Animations & transitions</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-16"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/animations"><div><span>Introduction</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/animations/tutorial"><div><span>Tutorial</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/animations/implicit-animations"><div><span>Implicit animations</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/animation/animated-container"><div><span>Animate the properties of a container</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/animation/opacity-animation"><div><span>Fade a widget in and out</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/animations/hero-animations"><div><span>Hero animations</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/animation/page-route-animation"><div><span>Animate a page route transition</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/animation/physics-simulation"><div><span>Animate using a physics simulation</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/animations/staggered-animations"><div><span>Staggered animations</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/effects/staggered-menu-animation"><div><span>Create a staggered menu animation</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/animations/overview"><div><span>API overview</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsed collapsible" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-17" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-17"><span>Accessibility & internationalization</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-17"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/accessibility-and-internationalization/accessibility"><div><span>Accessibility</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/accessibility-and-internationalization/internationalization"><div><span>Internationalization</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li aria-hidden="true"><div class="sidenav-divider"></div></li><li class="nav-header">Beyond UI</li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsed collapsible" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-20" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-20"><span>Data & backend</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-20"><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-20-1" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-20-1"><span>State management</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-20-1"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/data-and-backend/state-mgmt/intro"><div><span>Introduction</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/data-and-backend/state-mgmt/declarative"><div><span>Think declaratively</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/data-and-backend/state-mgmt/ephemeral-vs-app"><div><span>Ephemeral vs app state</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/data-and-backend/state-mgmt/simple"><div><span>Simple app state management</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/data-and-backend/state-mgmt/options"><div><span>Options</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-20-2" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-20-2"><span>Networking & http</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-20-2"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/data-and-backend/networking"><div><span>Overview</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/networking/fetch-data"><div><span>Fetch data from the internet</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/networking/authenticated-requests"><div><span>Make authenticated requests</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/networking/send-data"><div><span>Send data to the internet</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/networking/update-data"><div><span>Update data over the internet</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/networking/delete-data"><div><span>Delete data on the internet</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/networking/web-sockets"><div><span>Communicate with WebSockets</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-20-3" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-20-3"><span>Serialization</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-20-3"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/data-and-backend/serialization/json"><div><span>JSON serialization</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/networking/background-parsing"><div><span>Parse JSON in the background</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-20-4" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-20-4"><span>Persistence</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-20-4"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/persistence/key-value"><div><span>Store key-value data on disk</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/persistence/reading-writing-files"><div><span>Read and write files</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/persistence/sqlite"><div><span>Persist data with SQLite</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-20-5" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-20-5"><span>Firebase</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-20-5"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/data-and-backend/firebase"><div><span>Overview</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://firebase.google.com/docs/flutter/setup" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><div><span>Add Firebase to your Flutter app</span><span class="material-symbols" aria-hidden="true">open_in_new</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/data-and-backend/google-apis"><div><span>Google APIs</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsed collapsible" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-21" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-21"><span>App architecture</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-21"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/app-architecture"><div><span>Introduction</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/app-architecture/concepts"><div><span>Architecture concepts</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/app-architecture/guide"><div><span>Guide to app architecture</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-21-4" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-21-4"><span>Architecture case study</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-21-4"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/app-architecture/case-study"><div><span>Overview</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/app-architecture/case-study/ui-layer"><div><span>UI layer</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/app-architecture/case-study/data-layer"><div><span>Data layer</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/app-architecture/case-study/dependency-injection"><div><span>Dependency injection</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/app-architecture/case-study/testing"><div><span>Testing each layer</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/app-architecture/recommendations"><div><span>Recommendations</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/app-architecture/design-patterns"><div><span>Design patterns</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsed collapsible" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-22" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-22"><span>Platform integration</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-22"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/reference/supported-platforms"><div><span>Supported platforms</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/desktop"><div><span>Build desktop apps with Flutter</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/platform-channels"><div><span>Write platform-specific code</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-22-4" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-22-4"><span>Android</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-22-4"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/android/install-android"><div><span>Add Android as build target</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/android/splash-screen"><div><span>Add a splash screen</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/android/predictive-back"><div><span>Add predictive back</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/android/c-interop"><div><span>Bind to native code</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/android/platform-views"><div><span>Host a native Android view</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/android/call-jetpack-apis"><div><span>Calling JetPack APIs</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/android/compose-activity"><div><span>Launch a Jetpack Compose activity</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/android/restore-state-android"><div><span>Restore state on Android</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/android/chromeos"><div><span>Target ChromeOS with Android</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-22-5" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-22-5"><span>iOS</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-22-5"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/ios/install-ios"><div><span>Add iOS as build target</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/ios/ios-latest"><div><span>Flutter on latest iOS</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/ios/apple-frameworks"><div><span>Leverage Apple's system libraries</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/ios/launch-screen"><div><span>Add a launch screen</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/ios/ios-app-clip"><div><span>Add iOS App Clip support</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/ios/app-extensions"><div><span>Add iOS app extensions</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/ios/c-interop"><div><span>Bind to native code</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/ios/platform-views"><div><span>Host a native iOS view</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/ios/ios-debugging"><div><span>Enable debugging on iOS</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/ios/restore-state-ios"><div><span>Restore state on iOS</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-22-6" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-22-6"><span>Linux</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-22-6"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/linux/install-linux"><div><span>Add Linux as build target</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/linux/building"><div><span>Build a Linux app</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-22-7" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-22-7"><span>macOS</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-22-7"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/macos/install-macos"><div><span>Add macOS as build target</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/macos/building"><div><span>Build a macOS app</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/macos/c-interop"><div><span>Bind to native code</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/macos/platform-views"><div><span>Host a native macOS view</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-22-8" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-22-8"><span>Web</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-22-8"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/web"><div><span>Web support in Flutter</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/web/install-web"><div><span>Add web as build target</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/web/building"><div><span>Build a web app</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/web/wasm"><div><span>Compile to WebAssembly</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/web/initialization"><div><span>Customize app initialization</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/web/embedding-flutter-web"><div><span>Add Flutter to any web app</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/web/web-content-in-flutter"><div><span>Web content in Flutter</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/web/renderers"><div><span>Web renderers</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/web/web-images"><div><span>Display images on the web</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/web/faq"><div><span>Web FAQ</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-22-9" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-22-9"><span>Windows</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-22-9"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/windows/install-windows"><div><span>Add Windows as build target</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/windows/building"><div><span>Build a Windows app</span></div></a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsed collapsible" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-23" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-23"><span>Packages & plugins</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-23"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/packages-and-plugins/using-packages"><div><span>Use packages & plugins</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/packages-and-plugins/developing-packages"><div><span>Develop packages & plugins</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-23-3" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-23-3"><span>Swift Package Manager</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-23-3"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/packages-and-plugins/swift-package-manager/for-app-developers"><div><span>For app developers</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/packages-and-plugins/swift-package-manager/for-plugin-authors"><div><span>For plugin authors</span></div></a></li></ul></li><div class="sidenav-divider"></div><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/packages-and-plugins/favorites"><div><span>Flutter Favorites</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://pub.dev/flutter" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><div><span>Package repository</span><span class="material-symbols" aria-hidden="true">open_in_new</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsed collapsible" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-24" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-24"><span>Testing & debugging</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-24"><li class="nav-header">Testing</li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/testing/overview"><div><span>Overview</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-24-3" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-24-3"><span>Unit testing</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-24-3"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/testing/unit/introduction"><div><span>Introduction</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/testing/unit/mocking"><div><span>Mock dependencies</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-24-4" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-24-4"><span>Widget testing</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-24-4"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/testing/widget/introduction"><div><span>Introduction</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/testing/widget/finders"><div><span>Find widgets</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/testing/widget/scrolling"><div><span>Simulate scrolling</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/testing/widget/tap-drag"><div><span>Simulate user interaction</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-24-5" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-24-5"><span>Integration testing</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-24-5"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/testing/integration/introduction"><div><span>Introduction</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/testing/integration-tests"><div><span>Write and run an integration test</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/testing/integration/profiling"><div><span>Profile an integration test</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/testing/testing-plugins"><div><span>Test a plugin</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/testing/plugins-in-tests"><div><span>Handle plugin code in tests</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-header">Debugging</li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/testing/debugging"><div><span>Debugging tools</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/testing/code-debugging"><div><span>Debug your app programmatically</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/testing/native-debugging"><div><span>Use a native language debugger</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/testing/common-errors"><div><span>Common Flutter errors</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/testing/errors"><div><span>Handle errors</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/maintenance/error-reporting"><div><span>Report errors to a service</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsed collapsible" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-25" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-25"><span>Performance & optimization</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-25"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/perf"><div><span>Overview</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/perf/impeller"><div><span>Impeller</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/perf/best-practices"><div><span>Performance best practices</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/perf/app-size"><div><span>App size</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/perf/deferred-components"><div><span>Deferred components</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/perf/rendering-performance"><div><span>Rendering performance</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/perf/ui-performance"><div><span>Performance profiling</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/perf/web-performance"><div><span>Performance profiling for web</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/perf/metrics"><div><span>Performance metrics</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/perf/isolates"><div><span>Concurrency and isolates</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/perf/faq"><div><span>Performance FAQ</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/perf/appendix"><div><span>Appendix</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link active collapsible" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-26" role="button" aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="sidenav-26"><span>Deployment</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse show" id="sidenav-26"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/deployment/obfuscate"><div><span>Obfuscate Dart code</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/deployment/flavors"><div><span>Create app flavors for Android</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/deployment/flavors-ios"><div><span>Create app flavors for iOS and macOS</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/deployment/android"><div><span>Build and release an Android app</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link active" href="/deployment/ios"><div><span>Build and release an iOS app</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/deployment/macos"><div><span>Build and release a macOS app</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/deployment/linux"><div><span>Build and release a Linux app</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/deployment/windows"><div><span>Build and release a Windows app</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/deployment/web"><div><span>Build and release a web app</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/deployment/cd"><div><span>Set up continuous deployment</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsed collapsible" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-27" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-27"><span>Add to an existing app</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-27"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/add-to-app"><div><span>Introduction</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-27-2" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-27-2"><span>Add to an Android app</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-27-2"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/add-to-app/android/project-setup"><div><span>Set up Android project</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/add-to-app/android/add-flutter-screen"><div><span>Add a single Flutter screen</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/add-to-app/android/add-flutter-fragment"><div><span>Add a Flutter Fragment</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/add-to-app/android/add-flutter-view"><div><span>Add a Flutter View</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/add-to-app/android/plugin-setup"><div><span>Use a Flutter plugin</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-27-3" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-27-3"><span>Add to an iOS app</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-27-3"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/add-to-app/ios/project-setup"><div><span>Set up iOS project</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/add-to-app/ios/add-flutter-screen"><div><span>Add a single Flutter screen</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/web/embedding-flutter-web"><div><span>Add to a web app</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/add-to-app/debugging"><div><span>Debug embedded Flutter module</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/add-to-app/multiple-flutters"><div><span>Add multiple Flutter instances</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/add-to-app/performance"><div><span>Loading sequence and performance</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li aria-hidden="true"><div class="sidenav-divider"></div></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsed collapsible" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-29" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-29"><span>Tools & editors</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-29"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/tools/android-studio"><div><span>Android Studio & IntelliJ</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/tools/vs-code"><div><span>Visual Studio Code</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-29-3" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-29-3"><span>DevTools</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-29-3"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/tools/devtools"><div><span>Overview</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/tools/devtools/android-studio"><div><span>Run from Android Studio & IntelliJ</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/tools/devtools/vscode"><div><span>Run from VS Code</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/tools/devtools/cli"><div><span>Run from command line</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/tools/devtools/inspector"><div><span>Flutter inspector</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/tools/devtools/legacy-inspector"><div><span>Legacy Flutter inspector</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/tools/devtools/performance"><div><span>Performance view</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/tools/devtools/cpu-profiler"><div><span>CPU Profiler view</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/tools/devtools/memory"><div><span>Memory view</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/tools/devtools/console"><div><span>Debug console view</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/tools/devtools/network"><div><span>Network view</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/tools/devtools/debugger"><div><span>Debugger</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/tools/devtools/logging"><div><span>Logging view</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/tools/devtools/app-size"><div><span>App size tool</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/tools/devtools/extensions"><div><span>DevTools extensions</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/tools/devtools/deep-links"><div><span>Validate deep links</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/tools/devtools/release-notes"><div><span>Release notes</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/tools/sdk"><div><span>SDK overview</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/tools/pubspec"><div><span>Flutter's pubspec options</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/tools/flutter-fix"><div><span>Automated fixes</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/tools/formatting"><div><span>Code formatting</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsed collapsible" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-30" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-30"><span>Flutter concepts</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-30"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/resources/architectural-overview"><div><span>Architectural overview</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/resources/inside-flutter"><div><span>Inside Flutter</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/layout/constraints"><div><span>Understanding constraints</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/testing/build-modes"><div><span>Flutter's build modes</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/tools/hot-reload"><div><span>Hot reload</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsed collapsible" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-31" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-31"><span>Resources</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-31"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/resources/faq"><div><span>FAQ</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/resources/books"><div><span>Books</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/resources/videos"><div><span>Videos</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/resources/courses"><div><span>Courses</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/resources/bootstrap-into-dart"><div><span>Learn Dart</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/resources/support"><div><span>Get support</span></div></a></li><div class="sidenav-divider"></div><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-31-8" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-31-8"><span>Contribute</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-31-8"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/resources/bug-reports"><div><span>Create useful bug reports</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://github.com/flutter/flutter/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><div><span>Contribute to Flutter</span><span class="material-symbols" aria-hidden="true">open_in_new</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/resources/design-docs"><div><span>Discover proposed features</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-31-9" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-31-9"><span>Reference</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" 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overview</a></li><li class="toc-entry nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="#register-your-app-on-app-store-connect">Register your app on App Store Connect</a><ul class="nav"><li class="toc-entry nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="#register-a-bundle-id">Register a Bundle ID</a></li><li class="toc-entry nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="#create-an-application-record-on-app-store-connect">Create an application record on App Store Connect</a></li></ul></li><li class="toc-entry nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="#review-xcode-project-settings">Review Xcode project settings</a></li><li class="toc-entry nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="#updating-the-apps-deployment-version">Updating the app's deployment version</a></li><li class="toc-entry nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="#add-an-app-icon">Add an app icon</a></li><li class="toc-entry nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="#add-a-launch-image">Add a launch image</a></li><li class="toc-entry nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="#create-a-build-archive-and-upload-to-app-store-connect">Create a build archive and upload to App Store Connect</a><ul class="nav"><li class="toc-entry nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="#update-the-apps-build-and-version-numbers">Update the app's build and version numbers</a></li><li class="toc-entry nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="#create-an-app-bundle">Create an app bundle</a></li><li class="toc-entry nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="#upload-the-app-bundle-to-app-store-connect">Upload the app bundle to App Store Connect</a></li></ul></li><li class="toc-entry nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="#create-a-build-archive-with-codemagic-cli-tools">Create a build archive with Codemagic CLI tools</a></li><li class="toc-entry nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="#release-your-app-on-testflight">Release your app on TestFlight</a></li><li class="toc-entry nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="#release-your-app-to-the-app-store">Release your app to the App Store</a></li><li class="toc-entry nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="#troubleshooting">Troubleshooting</a></li></ul></div><article><header class="site-content__title"><h1 id="document-title">Build and release an iOS app</h1><nav class="breadcrumbs" aria-label="breadcrumb"><ol vocab="https://schema.org/" typeof="BreadcrumbList"><li class="breadcrumb-item" property="itemListElement" typeof="ListItem"><a href="/deployment" property="item" typeof="WebPage"><span property="name">Deployment</span></a><meta property="position" content="0"><span class="material-symbols child-icon" aria-hidden="true">chevron_right</span></li><li class="breadcrumb-item active" property="itemListElement" typeof="ListItem" aria-current="page"><a href="/deployment/ios" property="item" typeof="WebPage"><span property="name">iOS</span></a><meta property="position" content="1"></li></ol></nav></header><div id="site-toc--inline" class="site-toc toc-collapsible toc-collapsed"><header class="site-toc__title">Contents <span class="site-toc--inline__toggle toc-toggle-down" title="Expand table of contents"><i class="material-symbols" aria-hidden="true">keyboard_arrow_down</i></span> <span class="site-toc--inline__toggle toc-toggle-up" title="Collapse table of contents"><i class="material-symbols" aria-hidden="true">keyboard_arrow_up</i></span></header><ul class="section-nav"><li class="toc-entry"><a href="#preliminaries">Preliminaries</a></li><li class="toc-entry"><a href="#video-overview">Video overview</a></li><li class="toc-entry"><a href="#register-your-app-on-app-store-connect">Register your app on App Store Connect</a><ul><li class="toc-entry"><a href="#register-a-bundle-id">Register a Bundle ID</a></li><li class="toc-entry"><a href="#create-an-application-record-on-app-store-connect">Create an application record on App Store Connect</a></li></ul></li><li class="toc-entry"><a href="#review-xcode-project-settings">Review Xcode project settings</a></li><li class="toc-entry"><a href="#updating-the-apps-deployment-version">Updating the app's deployment version</a></li><li class="toc-entry"><a href="#add-an-app-icon">Add an app icon</a></li><li class="toc-entry"><a href="#add-a-launch-image">Add a launch image</a></li><li class="toc-entry"><a href="#create-a-build-archive-and-upload-to-app-store-connect">Create a build archive and upload to App Store Connect</a><ul><li class="toc-entry"><a href="#update-the-apps-build-and-version-numbers">Update the app's build and version numbers</a></li><li class="toc-entry"><a href="#create-an-app-bundle">Create an app bundle</a></li><li class="toc-entry"><a href="#upload-the-app-bundle-to-app-store-connect">Upload the app bundle to App Store Connect</a></li></ul></li><li class="toc-entry"><a href="#create-a-build-archive-with-codemagic-cli-tools">Create a build archive with Codemagic CLI tools</a></li><li class="toc-entry"><a href="#release-your-app-on-testflight">Release your app on TestFlight</a></li><li class="toc-entry"><a href="#release-your-app-to-the-app-store">Release your app to the App Store</a></li><li class="toc-entry"><a href="#troubleshooting">Troubleshooting</a></li></ul><span class="site-toc--inline__toggle toc-toggle-more-items" title="Expand table of contents"><i class="material-symbols" aria-hidden="true">more_horiz</i></span></div><p>This guide provides a step-by-step walkthrough of releasing a Flutter app to the <a href="https://developer.apple.com/app-store/submissions/">App Store</a> and <a href="https://developer.apple.com/testflight/">TestFlight</a>.</p><div class="header-wrapper"><h2 id="preliminaries">Preliminaries</h2><a class="heading-link" href="#preliminaries" aria-label="Link to 'Preliminaries' section">#</a></div><p>Xcode is required to build and release your app. You must use a device running macOS to follow this guide.</p><p>Before beginning the process of releasing your app, ensure that it meets Apple's <a href="https://developer.apple.com/app-store/review/">App Review Guidelines</a>.</p><p>To publish your app to the App Store, you must first enroll in the <a href="https://developer.apple.com/programs/">Apple Developer Program</a>. You can read more about the various membership options in Apple's <a href="https://developer.apple.com/support/compare-memberships/">Choosing a Membership</a> guide.</p><div class="header-wrapper"><h2 id="video-overview">Video overview</h2><a class="heading-link" href="#video-overview" aria-label="Link to 'Video overview' section">#</a></div><p>For those who prefer video over text, the following video covers the same material as this guide.</p><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/iE2bpP56QKc" title="Release an iOS app built with Flutter in 7 steps" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen loading="lazy"></iframe><br><p><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch/iE2bpP56QKc" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Open 'Release an iOS app built with Flutter in 7 steps' video in new tab">Release an iOS app built with Flutter in 7 steps</a></p><div class="header-wrapper"><h2 id="register-your-app-on-app-store-connect">Register your app on App Store Connect</h2><a class="heading-link" href="#register-your-app-on-app-store-connect" aria-label="Link to 'Register your app on App Store Connect' section">#</a></div><p>Manage your app's life cycle on <a href="https://developer.apple.com/support/app-store-connect/">App Store Connect</a> (formerly iTunes Connect). You define your app name and description, add screenshots, set pricing, and manage releases to the App Store and TestFlight.</p><p>Registering your app involves two steps: registering a unique Bundle ID, and creating an application record on App Store Connect.</p><p>For a detailed overview of App Store Connect, see the <a href="https://developer.apple.com/support/app-store-connect/">App Store Connect</a> guide.</p><div class="header-wrapper"><h3 id="register-a-bundle-id">Register a Bundle ID</h3><a class="heading-link" href="#register-a-bundle-id" aria-label="Link to 'Register a Bundle ID' section">#</a></div><p>Every iOS application is associated with a Bundle ID, a unique identifier registered with Apple. To register a Bundle ID for your app, follow these steps:</p><ol><li>Open the <a href="https://developer.apple.com/account/ios/identifier/bundle">App IDs</a> page of your developer account.</li><li>Click <strong>+</strong> to create a new Bundle ID.</li><li>Enter an app name, select <strong>Explicit App ID</strong>, and enter an ID.</li><li>Select the services your app uses, then click <strong>Continue</strong>.</li><li>On the next page, confirm the details and click <strong>Register</strong> to register your Bundle ID.</li></ol><div class="header-wrapper"><h3 id="create-an-application-record-on-app-store-connect">Create an application record on App Store Connect</h3><a class="heading-link" href="#create-an-application-record-on-app-store-connect" aria-label="Link to 'Create an application record on App Store Connect' section">#</a></div><p>Register your app on App Store Connect:</p><ol><li>Open <a href="https://appstoreconnect.apple.com/">App Store Connect</a> in your browser.</li><li>On the App Store Connect landing page, click <strong>My Apps</strong>.</li><li>Click <strong>+</strong> in the top-left corner of the My Apps page, then select <strong>New App</strong>.</li><li>Fill in your app details in the form that appears. In the Platforms section, ensure that iOS is checked. Since Flutter does not currently support tvOS, leave that checkbox unchecked. Click <strong>Create</strong>.</li><li>Navigate to the application details for your app and select <strong>App Information</strong> from the sidebar.</li><li>In the General Information section, select the Bundle ID you registered in the preceding step.</li></ol><p>For a detailed overview, see <a href="https://help.apple.com/app-store-connect/#/dev2cd126805">Add an app to your account</a>.</p><div class="header-wrapper"><h2 id="review-xcode-project-settings">Review Xcode project settings</h2><a class="heading-link" href="#review-xcode-project-settings" aria-label="Link to 'Review Xcode project settings' section">#</a></div><p>This step covers reviewing the most important settings in the Xcode workspace. For detailed procedures and descriptions, see <a href="https://help.apple.com/xcode/mac/current/#/dev91fe7130a">Prepare for app distribution</a>.</p><p>Navigate to your target's settings in Xcode:</p><ol><li>Open the default Xcode workspace in your project by running <code>open ios/Runner.xcworkspace</code> in a terminal window from your Flutter project directory.</li><li>To view your app's settings, select the <strong>Runner</strong> target in the Xcode navigator.</li></ol><p>Verify the most important settings.</p><p>In the <strong>Identity</strong> section of the <strong>General</strong> tab:</p><dl><dt><code>Display Name</code></dt><dd>The display name of your app.</dd><dt><code>Bundle Identifier</code></dt><dd>The App ID you registered on App Store Connect.</dd></dl><p>In the <strong>Signing & Capabilities</strong> tab:</p><dl><dt><code>Automatically manage signing</code></dt><dd>Whether Xcode should automatically manage app signing and provisioning. This is set <code>true</code> by default, which should be sufficient for most apps. For more complex scenarios, see the <a href="https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/Security/Conceptual/CodeSigningGuide/Introduction/Introduction.html">Code Signing Guide</a>.</dd><dt><code>Team</code></dt><dd>Select the team associated with your registered Apple Developer account. If required, select <strong>Add Account...</strong>, then update this setting.</dd></dl><p>In the <strong>Deployment</strong> section of the <strong>Build Settings</strong> tab:</p><dl><dt><code>iOS Deployment Target</code></dt><dd>The minimum iOS version that your app supports. Flutter supports iOS 12 and later. If your app or plugins include Objective-C or Swift code that makes use of APIs newer than iOS 12, update this setting to the highest required version.</dd></dl><p>The <strong>General</strong> tab of your project settings should resemble the following:</p><p><img src="/assets/images/docs/releaseguide/xcode_settings.png" alt="Xcode Project Settings" width="100%"></p><p>For a detailed overview of app signing, see <a href="https://help.apple.com/xcode/mac/current/#/dev154b28f09">Create, export, and delete signing certificates</a>.</p><div class="header-wrapper"><h2 id="updating-the-apps-deployment-version">Updating the app's deployment version</h2><a class="heading-link" href="#updating-the-apps-deployment-version" aria-label="Link to 'Updating the app's deployment version' section">#</a></div><p>If you changed <code>Deployment Target</code> in your Xcode project, open <code>ios/Flutter/AppframeworkInfo.plist</code> in your Flutter app and update the <code>MinimumOSVersion</code> value to match.</p><div class="header-wrapper"><h2 id="add-an-app-icon">Add an app icon</h2><a class="heading-link" href="#add-an-app-icon" aria-label="Link to 'Add an app icon' section">#</a></div><p>When a new Flutter app is created, a placeholder icon set is created. This step covers replacing these placeholder icons with your app's icons:</p><ol><li>Review the <a href="https://developer.apple.com/design/human-interface-guidelines/app-icons/">iOS App Icon</a> guidelines and, in particular, the advice on <a href="https://developer.apple.com/design/human-interface-guidelines/app-icons#iOS-iPadOS">creating light, dark, and tinted</a> icons for your app.</li><li>In the Xcode project navigator, select <code>Assets.xcassets</code> in the <code>Runner</code> folder. Update the placeholder icons with your own app icons.</li><li>Verify the icon has been replaced by running your app using <code>flutter run</code>.</li></ol><div class="header-wrapper"><h2 id="add-a-launch-image">Add a launch image</h2><a class="heading-link" href="#add-a-launch-image" aria-label="Link to 'Add a launch image' section">#</a></div><p>Similar to the app icon, you can also replace the placeholder launch image:</p><ol><li>In the Xcode project navigator, select <code>Assets.xcassets</code> in the <code>Runner</code> folder. Update the placeholder launch image with your own launch image.</li><li>Verify the new launch image by hot restarting your app. (Don't use <code>hot reload</code>.)</li></ol><div class="header-wrapper"><h2 id="create-a-build-archive-and-upload-to-app-store-connect">Create a build archive and upload to App Store Connect</h2><a class="heading-link" href="#create-a-build-archive-and-upload-to-app-store-connect" aria-label="Link to 'Create a build archive and upload to App Store Connect' section">#</a></div><p>During development, you've been building, debugging, and testing with <em>debug</em> builds. When you're ready to ship your app to users on the App Store or TestFlight, you need to prepare a <em>release</em> build.</p><div class="header-wrapper"><h3 id="update-the-apps-build-and-version-numbers">Update the app's build and version numbers</h3><a class="heading-link" href="#update-the-apps-build-and-version-numbers" aria-label="Link to 'Update the app's build and version numbers' section">#</a></div><p>The default version number of the app is <code>1.0.0</code>. To update it, navigate to the <code>pubspec.yaml</code> file and update the following line:</p><div class="code-block-wrapper language-yaml"><div class="code-block-body"><span class="code-block-language" title="Language yaml">yaml</span><pre class="shiki dash-light" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#0468D7">version</span><span style="color:#222222">: </span><span style="color:#0C7064">1.0.0+1</span></span></code></pre></div></div><p>The version number is three numbers separated by dots, such as <code>1.0.0</code> in the example above, followed by an optional build number such as <code>1</code> in the example above, separated by a <code>+</code>.</p><p>Both the version and the build number can be overridden in <code>flutter build ipa</code> by specifying <code>--build-name</code> and <code>--build-number</code>, respectively.</p><p>In iOS, <code>build-name</code> uses <code>CFBundleShortVersionString</code> while <code>build-number</code> uses <code>CFBundleVersion</code>. Read more about iOS versioning at <a href="https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/General/Reference/InfoPlistKeyReference/Articles/CoreFoundationKeys.html">Core Foundation Keys</a> on the Apple Developer's site.</p><p>You can also override the <code>pubspec.yaml</code> build name and number in Xcode:</p><ol><li>Open <code>Runner.xcworkspace</code> in your app's <code>ios</code> folder.</li><li>Select <strong>Runner</strong> in the Xcode project navigator, then select the <strong>Runner</strong> target in the settings view sidebar.</li><li>In the Identity section, update the <strong>Version</strong> to the user-facing version number you wish to publish.</li><li>In the Identity section, update the <strong>Build</strong> identifier to a unique build number used to track this build on App Store Connect. Each upload requires a unique build number.</li></ol><div class="header-wrapper"><h3 id="create-an-app-bundle">Create an app bundle</h3><a class="heading-link" href="#create-an-app-bundle" aria-label="Link to 'Create an app bundle' section">#</a></div><p>Run <code>flutter build ipa</code> to produce an Xcode build archive (<code>.xcarchive</code> file) in your project's <code>build/ios/archive/</code> directory and an App Store app bundle (<code>.ipa</code> file) in <code>build/ios/ipa</code>.</p><p>Consider adding the <code>--obfuscate</code> and <code>--split-debug-info</code> flags to <a href="/deployment/obfuscate">obfuscate your Dart code</a> to make it more difficult to reverse engineer.</p><p>If you are not distributing to the App Store, you can optionally choose a different <a href="https://help.apple.com/xcode/mac/current/#/dev31de635e5">export method</a> by adding the option <code>--export-method ad-hoc</code>, <code>--export-method development</code> or <code>--export-method enterprise</code>.</p><aside class="alert alert-info"><div class="alert-header"><i class="material-symbols" aria-hidden="true">info</i> <span>Note</span></div><div class="alert-content"><p>On versions of Flutter where <code>flutter build ipa --export-method</code> is unavailable, open <code>build/ios/archive/MyApp.xcarchive</code> and follow the instructions below to validate and distribute the app from Xcode.</p></div></aside><div class="header-wrapper"><h3 id="upload-the-app-bundle-to-app-store-connect">Upload the app bundle to App Store Connect</h3><a class="heading-link" href="#upload-the-app-bundle-to-app-store-connect" aria-label="Link to 'Upload the app bundle to App Store Connect' section">#</a></div><p>Once the app bundle is created, upload it to <a href="https://appstoreconnect.apple.com/">App Store Connect</a> by either:</p><ol><li><p>Install and open the <a href="https://apps.apple.com/us/app/transporter/id1450874784">Apple Transport macOS app</a>. Drag and drop the <code>build/ios/ipa/*.ipa</code> app bundle into the app.</p></li><li><p>Or upload the app bundle from the command line by running:</p><div class="code-block-wrapper language-bash"><div class="code-block-body"><span class="code-block-language" title="Language bash">bash</span><pre class="shiki dash-light" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#6200EE">xcrun</span><span style="color:#0C7064"> altool</span><span style="color:#0C7064"> --upload-app</span><span style="color:#0C7064"> --type</span><span style="color:#0C7064"> ios</span><span style="color:#0C7064"> -f</span><span style="color:#0C7064"> build/ios/ipa/</span><span style="color:#BD2314">*</span><span style="color:#0C7064">.ipa</span><span style="color:#0C7064"> --apiKey</span><span style="color:#0C7064"> your_api_key</span><span style="color:#0C7064"> --apiIssuer</span><span style="color:#0C7064"> your_issuer_id</span></span></code></pre></div></div><p>Run <code>man altool</code> for details about how to authenticate with the App Store Connect API key.</p></li><li><p>Or open <code>build/ios/archive/MyApp.xcarchive</code> in Xcode.</p><p>Click the <strong>Validate App</strong> button. If any issues are reported, address them and produce another build. You can reuse the same build ID until you upload an archive.</p><p>After the archive has been successfully validated, click <strong>Distribute App</strong>.</p><aside class="alert alert-info"><div class="alert-header"><i class="material-symbols" aria-hidden="true">info</i> <span>Note</span></div><div class="alert-content"><p>When you export your app at the end of <strong>Distribute App</strong>, Xcode will create a directory containing an IPA of your app and an <code>ExportOptions.plist</code> file. You can create new IPAs with the same options without launching Xcode by running <code>flutter build ipa --export-options-plist=path/to/ExportOptions.plist</code>. See <code>xcodebuild -h</code> for details about the keys in this property list.</p></div></aside></li></ol><p>You can follow the status of your build in the Activities tab of your app's details page on <a href="https://appstoreconnect.apple.com/">App Store Connect</a>. You should receive an email within 30 minutes notifying you that your build has been validated and is available to release to testers on TestFlight. At this point you can choose whether to release on TestFlight, or go ahead and release your app to the App Store.</p><p>For more details, see <a href="https://help.apple.com/xcode/mac/current/#/dev442d7f2ca">Upload an app to App Store Connect</a>.</p><div class="header-wrapper"><h2 id="create-a-build-archive-with-codemagic-cli-tools">Create a build archive with Codemagic CLI tools</h2><a class="heading-link" href="#create-a-build-archive-with-codemagic-cli-tools" aria-label="Link to 'Create a build archive with Codemagic CLI tools' section">#</a></div><p>This step covers creating a build archive and uploading your build to App Store Connect using Flutter build commands and <a href="https://github.com/codemagic-ci-cd/cli-tools">Codemagic CLI Tools</a> executed in a terminal in the Flutter project directory. This allows you to create a build archive with full control of distribution certificates in a temporary keychain isolated from your login keychain.</p><ol><li><p>Install the Codemagic CLI tools:</p><div class="code-block-wrapper language-bash"><div class="code-block-body"><span class="code-block-language" title="Language bash">bash</span><pre class="shiki dash-light" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#6200EE">pip3</span><span style="color:#0C7064"> install</span><span style="color:#0C7064"> codemagic-cli-tools</span></span></code></pre></div></div></li><li><p>You'll need to generate an <a href="https://appstoreconnect.apple.com/access/api">App Store Connect API Key</a> with App Manager access to automate operations with App Store Connect. To make subsequent commands more concise, set the following environment variables from the new key: issuer id, key id, and API key file.</p><div class="code-block-wrapper language-bash"><div class="code-block-body"><span class="code-block-language" title="Language bash">bash</span><pre class="shiki dash-light" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#BD2314">export</span><span style="color:#222222"> APP_STORE_CONNECT_ISSUER_ID=aaaaaaaa-bbbb-cccc-dddd-eeeeeeeeeeee</span></span> <span class="line"><span style="color:#BD2314">export</span><span style="color:#222222"> APP_STORE_CONNECT_KEY_IDENTIFIER=ABC1234567</span></span> <span class="line"><span style="color:#BD2314">export</span><span style="color:#222222"> APP_STORE_CONNECT_PRIVATE_KEY=</span><span style="color:#222222">`</span><span style="color:#6200EE">cat</span><span style="color:#0C7064"> /path/to/api/key/AuthKey_XXXYYYZZZ.p8</span><span style="color:#222222">`</span></span></code></pre></div></div></li><li><p>You need to export or create an iOS Distribution certificate to code sign and package a build archive.</p><p>If you have existing <a href="https://developer.apple.com/account/resources/certificates">certificates</a>, you can export the private keys by executing the following command for each certificate:</p><div class="code-block-wrapper language-bash"><div class="code-block-body"><span class="code-block-language" title="Language bash">bash</span><pre class="shiki dash-light" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#6200EE">openssl</span><span style="color:#0C7064"> pkcs12</span><span style="color:#0C7064"> -in</span><span style="color:#222222"> <</span><span style="color:#0C7064">certificate_nam</span><span style="color:#222222">e></span><span style="color:#0C7064">.p12</span><span style="color:#0C7064"> -nodes</span><span style="color:#0C7064"> -nocerts</span><span style="color:#222222"> | </span><span style="color:#6200EE">openssl</span><span style="color:#0C7064"> rsa</span><span style="color:#0C7064"> -out</span><span style="color:#0C7064"> cert_key</span></span></code></pre></div></div><p>Or you can create a new private key by executing the following command:</p><div class="code-block-wrapper language-bash"><div class="code-block-body"><span class="code-block-language" title="Language bash">bash</span><pre class="shiki dash-light" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#6200EE">ssh-keygen</span><span style="color:#0C7064"> -t</span><span style="color:#0C7064"> rsa</span><span style="color:#0C7064"> -b</span><span style="color:#0C7064"> 2048</span><span style="color:#0C7064"> -m</span><span style="color:#0C7064"> PEM</span><span style="color:#0C7064"> -f</span><span style="color:#0C7064"> cert_key</span><span style="color:#0C7064"> -q</span><span style="color:#0C7064"> -N</span><span style="color:#0C7064"> ""</span></span></code></pre></div></div><p>Later, you can have CLI tools automatically create a new iOS Distribution from the private key.</p></li><li><p>Set up a new temporary keychain to be used for code signing:</p><div class="code-block-wrapper language-bash"><div class="code-block-body"><span class="code-block-language" title="Language bash">bash</span><pre class="shiki dash-light" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#6200EE">keychain</span><span style="color:#0C7064"> initialize</span></span></code></pre></div></div><aside class="alert alert-info"><div class="alert-header"><i class="material-symbols" aria-hidden="true">info</i> <span>Restore Login Keychain!</span></div><div class="alert-content"><p>After running <code>keychain initialize</code> you <strong>must</strong> run the following:<br></p><p><code>keychain use-login</code></p><p>This sets your login keychain as the default to avoid potential authentication issues with apps on your machine.</p></div></aside></li><li><p>Fetch the code signing files from App Store Connect:</p><div class="code-block-wrapper language-bash"><div class="code-block-body"><span class="code-block-language" title="Language bash">bash</span><pre class="shiki dash-light" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#6200EE">app-store-connect</span><span style="color:#0C7064"> fetch-signing-files</span><span style="color:#222222"> $(</span><span style="color:#6200EE">xcode-project</span><span style="color:#0C7064"> detect-bundle-id</span><span style="color:#222222">) \</span></span> <span class="line"><span style="color:#0C7064"> --platform</span><span style="color:#0C7064"> IOS</span><span style="color:#222222"> \</span></span> <span class="line"><span style="color:#0C7064"> --type</span><span style="color:#0C7064"> IOS_APP_STORE</span><span style="color:#222222"> \</span></span> <span class="line"><span style="color:#0C7064"> --certificate-key=@file:/path/to/cert_key</span><span style="color:#222222"> \</span></span> <span class="line"><span style="color:#0C7064"> --create</span></span></code></pre></div></div><p>Where <code>cert_key</code> is either your exported iOS Distribution certificate private key or a new private key which automatically generates a new certificate. The certificate will be created from the private key if it doesn't exist in App Store Connect.</p></li><li><p>Now add the fetched certificates to your keychain:</p><div class="code-block-wrapper language-bash"><div class="code-block-body"><span class="code-block-language" title="Language bash">bash</span><pre class="shiki dash-light" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#6200EE">keychain</span><span style="color:#0C7064"> add-certificates</span></span></code></pre></div></div></li><li><p>Update the Xcode project settings to use fetched code signing profiles:</p><div class="code-block-wrapper language-bash"><div class="code-block-body"><span class="code-block-language" title="Language bash">bash</span><pre class="shiki dash-light" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#6200EE">xcode-project</span><span style="color:#0C7064"> use-profiles</span></span></code></pre></div></div></li><li><p>Install Flutter dependencies:</p><div class="code-block-wrapper language-bash"><div class="code-block-body"><span class="code-block-language" title="Language bash">bash</span><pre class="shiki dash-light" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#6200EE">flutter</span><span style="color:#0C7064"> packages</span><span style="color:#0C7064"> pub</span><span style="color:#0C7064"> get</span></span></code></pre></div></div></li><li><p>Install CocoaPods dependencies:</p><div class="code-block-wrapper language-bash"><div class="code-block-body"><span class="code-block-language" title="Language bash">bash</span><pre class="shiki dash-light" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#6200EE">find</span><span style="color:#0C7064"> .</span><span style="color:#0C7064"> -name</span><span style="color:#0C7064"> "Podfile"</span><span style="color:#0C7064"> -execdir</span><span style="color:#0C7064"> pod</span><span style="color:#0C7064"> install</span><span style="color:#222222"> \;</span></span></code></pre></div></div></li><li><p>Build the Flutter the iOS project:</p><div class="code-block-wrapper language-bash"><div class="code-block-body"><span class="code-block-language" title="Language bash">bash</span><pre class="shiki dash-light" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#6200EE">flutter</span><span style="color:#0C7064"> build</span><span style="color:#0C7064"> ipa</span><span style="color:#0C7064"> --release</span><span style="color:#222222"> \</span></span> <span class="line"><span style="color:#0C7064"> --export-options-plist=</span><span style="color:#222222">$HOME</span><span style="color:#0C7064">/export_options.plist</span></span></code></pre></div></div><p>Note that <code>export_options.plist</code> is the output of the <code>xcode-project use-profiles</code> command.</p></li><li><p>Publish the app to App Store Connect:</p><div class="code-block-wrapper language-bash"><div class="code-block-body"><span class="code-block-language" title="Language bash">bash</span><pre class="shiki dash-light" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#6200EE">app-store-connect</span><span style="color:#0C7064"> publish</span><span style="color:#222222"> \</span></span> <span class="line"><span style="color:#0C7064"> --path</span><span style="color:#222222"> $(</span><span style="color:#6200EE">find</span><span style="color:#222222"> $(</span><span style="color:#6200EE">pwd</span><span style="color:#222222">) </span><span style="color:#0C7064">-name</span><span style="color:#0C7064"> "*.ipa"</span><span style="color:#222222">)</span></span></code></pre></div></div></li><li><p>As mentioned earlier, don't forget to set your login keychain as the default to avoid authentication issues with apps on your machine:</p><div class="code-block-wrapper language-bash"><div class="code-block-body"><span class="code-block-language" title="Language bash">bash</span><pre class="shiki dash-light" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#6200EE">keychain</span><span style="color:#0C7064"> use-login</span></span></code></pre></div></div></li></ol><p>You should receive an email within 30 minutes notifying you that your build has been validated and is available to release to testers on TestFlight. At this point you can choose whether to release on TestFlight, or go ahead and release your app to the App Store.</p><div class="header-wrapper"><h2 id="release-your-app-on-testflight">Release your app on TestFlight</h2><a class="heading-link" href="#release-your-app-on-testflight" aria-label="Link to 'Release your app on TestFlight' section">#</a></div><p><a href="https://developer.apple.com/testflight/">TestFlight</a> allows developers to push their apps to internal and external testers. This optional step covers releasing your build on TestFlight.</p><ol><li>Navigate to the TestFlight tab of your app's application details page on <a href="https://appstoreconnect.apple.com/">App Store Connect</a>.</li><li>Select <strong>Internal Testing</strong> in the sidebar.</li><li>Select the build to publish to testers, then click <strong>Save</strong>.</li><li>Add the email addresses of any internal testers. You can add additional internal users in the <strong>Users and Roles</strong> page of App Store Connect, available from the dropdown menu at the top of the page.</li></ol><p>For more details, see <a href="https://help.apple.com/xcode/mac/current/#/dev2539d985f">Distribute an app using TestFlight</a>.</p><div class="header-wrapper"><h2 id="release-your-app-to-the-app-store">Release your app to the App Store</h2><a class="heading-link" href="#release-your-app-to-the-app-store" aria-label="Link to 'Release your app to the App Store' section">#</a></div><p>When you're ready to release your app to the world, follow these steps to submit your app for review and release to the App Store:</p><ol><li>Select <strong>Pricing and Availability</strong> from the sidebar of your app's application details page on <a href="https://appstoreconnect.apple.com/">App Store Connect</a> and complete the required information.</li><li>Select the status from the sidebar. If this is the first release of this app, its status is <strong>1.0 Prepare for Submission</strong>. Complete all required fields.</li><li>Click <strong>Submit for Review</strong>.</li></ol><p>Apple notifies you when their app review process is complete. Your app is released according to the instructions you specified in the <strong>Version Release</strong> section.</p><p>For more details, see <a href="https://help.apple.com/xcode/mac/current/#/dev067853c94">Distribute an app through the App Store</a>.</p><div class="header-wrapper"><h2 id="troubleshooting">Troubleshooting</h2><a class="heading-link" href="#troubleshooting" aria-label="Link to 'Troubleshooting' section">#</a></div><p>The <a href="https://help.apple.com/xcode/mac/current/#/devac02c5ab8">Distribute your app</a> guide provides a detailed overview of the process of releasing an app to the App Store.</p><p id="page-github-links"><span>Unless stated otherwise, the documentation on this site reflects the latest stable version of Flutter. Page last updated on 2024-11-05.</span> <a href="https://github.com/flutter/website/tree/main/src/content/deployment/ios.md" target="_blank" rel="noopener">View source</a> <span>or </span><a href="https://github.com/flutter/website/issues/new?template=1_page_issue.yml&&page-url=https://docs.flutter.dev/deployment/ios/&page-source=https://github.com/flutter/website/tree/main/src/content/deployment/ios.md" title="Report an issue with this page" target="_blank" rel="noopener">report an issue</a>.</p></article></main></div><footer id="site-footer"><div class="footer-section footer-main"><a class="brand" href="https://flutter.dev"><img src="/assets/images/branding/flutter/logo+text/horizontal/white.svg" alt="Flutter logo" width="164"></a><div class="footer-social-links"><a class="icon-button" href="https://medium.com/flutter" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Flutter's Medium blog"><svg><use href="/assets/images/social/medium.svg#medium"></use></svg> </a><a class="icon-button" href="https://youtube.com/@flutterdev" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Flutter's YouTube"><svg><use href="/assets/images/social/youtube.svg#youtube"></use></svg> </a><a class="icon-button" href="https://github.com/flutter" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Flutter's GitHub"><svg><use href="/assets/images/social/github.svg#github"></use></svg> </a><a class="icon-button" href="https://bsky.app/profile/flutter.dev" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Flutter's Bluesky"><svg><use href="/assets/images/social/bluesky.svg#bluesky"></use></svg> </a><a class="icon-button" href="https://twitter.com/FlutterDev" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Flutter's X (Twitter)"><svg><use href="/assets/images/social/x.svg#x"></use></svg></a></div></div><div class="footer-section footer-tray"><div class="footer-licenses">Except as otherwise noted, this site is licensed under a <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a>, and code samples are licensed under the <a href="https://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause">3-Clause BSD License</a>.</div><div class="footer-utility-links"><ul><li><a href="/tos" title="Terms of use">Terms</a></li><li><a href="/brand" title="Brand usage guidelines">Brand</a></li><li><a href="https://policies.google.com/privacy" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Privacy policy">Privacy</a></li><li><a href="/security" title="Security philosophy and practices">Security</a></li></ul></div></div></footer></div><script src="/assets/js/tabs.js?v=4"></script><script src="/assets/js/archive.js?v=4"></script><script src="/assets/js/main.js?v=4"></script></body></html>