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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Description</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Description-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Description subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_seigneur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_seigneur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>The seigneur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_seigneur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_land_lordship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_land_lordship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>The land lordship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_land_lordship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Common_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Common features</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Common_features-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Common features subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Common_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Residents_of_a_manor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Residents_of_a_manor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Residents of a manor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Residents_of_a_manor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tenants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tenants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Tenants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tenants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variation_among_manors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variation_among_manors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Variation among manors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variation_among_manors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abolition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abolition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Abolition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abolition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>General</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Similar_land_tenure_systems_in_other_parts_of_the_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Similar_land_tenure_systems_in_other_parts_of_the_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Similar land tenure systems in other parts of the world</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Similar_land_tenure_systems_in_other_parts_of_the_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Manorialism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="مانورالية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مانورالية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinyor%C3%ADa" title="Sinyoría – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Sinyoría" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C3%B1or%C3%ADu" title="Señoríu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Señoríu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Сеньория – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сеньория" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senyoriu" title="Senyoriu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Senyoriu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panstv%C3%AD" title="Panství – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Panství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grundherrschaft" title="Grundherrschaft – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Grundherrschaft" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CF%89%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%B5%CF%83%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Χωροδεσποτεία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χωροδεσποτεία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C3%B1or%C3%ADo" title="Señorío – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Señorío" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senjorio" title="Senjorio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Senjorio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaurerri" title="Jaurerri – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jaurerri" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="ارباب‌منشی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ارباب‌منشی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seigneurie_(institution)" title="Seigneurie (institution) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Seigneurie (institution)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C3%B1or%C3%ADo" title="Señorío – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Señorío" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%A5%EC%9B%90_(%EB%B4%89%EA%B1%B4%EC%A0%9C)" title="장원 (봉건제) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="장원 (봉건제)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99in_Mallakar_filaye" title="Haƙƙin Mallakar filaye – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Haƙƙin Mallakar filaye" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Կալվածատիրություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կալվածատիրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manorialisme" title="Manorialisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Manorialisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corte_(Medioevo)" title="Corte (Medioevo) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Corte (Medioevo)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="מנוריאליזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מנוריאליזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="სენიორია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სენიორია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominium_directum" title="Dominium directum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Dominium directum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seniorisme" title="Seniorisme – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Seniorisme" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepertuanan_tanah_di_Eropah_zaman_Pertengahan" title="Kepertuanan tanah di Eropah zaman Pertengahan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kepertuanan tanah di Eropah zaman Pertengahan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hofstelsel" title="Hofstelsel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hofstelsel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8D%98%E5%9C%92" title="荘園 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="荘園" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senhori%C3%A1" title="Senhoriá – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Senhoriá" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senhoria" title="Senhoria – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Senhoria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feud%C4%83" title="Feudă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Feudă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Манориализм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Манориализм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoq%C3%ABria_feudale" title="Shoqëria feudale – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shoqëria feudale" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Manorialism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartanotalous" title="Kartanotalous – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kartanotalous" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godssystem" title="Godssystem – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Godssystem" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manoryalismo" title="Manoryalismo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Manoryalismo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Bayeux_Tapestry_scene23_Harold_sacramentum_fecit_Willelmo_duci.jpg/200px-Bayeux_Tapestry_scene23_Harold_sacramentum_fecit_Willelmo_duci.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Bayeux_Tapestry_scene23_Harold_sacramentum_fecit_Willelmo_duci.jpg/300px-Bayeux_Tapestry_scene23_Harold_sacramentum_fecit_Willelmo_duci.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Bayeux_Tapestry_scene23_Harold_sacramentum_fecit_Willelmo_duci.jpg/400px-Bayeux_Tapestry_scene23_Harold_sacramentum_fecit_Willelmo_duci.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2407" data-file-height="1644" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption" style="padding-bottom:0.3em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><i><a href="/wiki/Harold_Godwinson#Harold_in_northern_France" title="Harold Godwinson">Harold Sacramentum Fecit Willelmo Duci</a></i><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Bayeux_Tapestry" title="Bayeux Tapestry">Bayeux Tapestry</a>)</span></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">Fief</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_fief" title="Ecclesiastical fief">Ecclesiastical fief</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_land" title="Crown land">Crown land</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Allodial_title" title="Allodial title">Allodial title</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Appanage" title="Appanage">Appanage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">Vassal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Feoffment" title="Feoffment">Feoffment</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Seignory" title="Seignory">Seignory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Subinfeudation" title="Subinfeudation">Subinfeudation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Feoffee" title="Feoffee">Feoffee</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fealty" title="Fealty">Fealty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Homage_(feudal)" title="Homage (feudal)">Homage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_(medieval)" title="Affinity (medieval)">Affinity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Feudal_maintenance" title="Feudal maintenance">Feudal maintenance</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Feudal_fragmentation" title="Feudal fragmentation">Feudal fragmentation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bastard_feudalism" title="Bastard feudalism">Bastard feudalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Livery" title="Livery">Livery</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Manorialism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord_of_the_manor" title="Lord of the manor">Lord of the manor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Manorial_court" title="Manorial court">Manorial court</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Manor_house" title="Manor house">Manor house</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_manor_houses" title="List of manor houses">List</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Demesne" title="Demesne">Demesne</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Glebe" title="Glebe">Glebe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Overlord" title="Overlord">Overlord</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lord" title="Lord">Lord</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">Peasant</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serfdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Free_tenant" title="Free tenant">Free tenant</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Feudal_land_tenure_in_England" title="Feudal land tenure in England">Feudal land tenure in England</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_tenure" title="Land tenure">Land tenure</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/English_feudal_barony" title="English feudal barony">English feudal barony</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Feudal_baron" title="Feudal baron">Feudal baron</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Knight%27s_fee" title="Knight's fee">Knight's fee</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Knight-service" title="Knight-service">Knight-service</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Baronage" title="Baronage">Baronage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Peerage" title="Peerage">Peerage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Serjeanty" title="Serjeanty">Serjeanty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Copyhold" title="Copyhold">Copyhold</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Freehold_(law)" title="Freehold (law)">Freehold</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gavelkind" title="Gavelkind">Gavelkind</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Customary_freehold" title="Customary freehold">Customary freehold</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Landed_gentry" title="Landed gentry">Landed gentry</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Peerages_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Peerages in the United Kingdom">Peerages in the United Kingdom</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Feudal_duties" title="Feudal duties">Feudal duties</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.8em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avera_and_inward" title="Avera and inward">Avera and inward</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Socage" title="Socage">Socage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Scutage" title="Scutage">Scutage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Feudal_aid" title="Feudal aid">Feudal aid</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Scot_and_lot" title="Scot and lot">Scot and lot</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tallage" title="Tallage">Tallage</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.15em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English_feudalism" title="Template:English feudalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English_feudalism" title="Template talk:English feudalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English_feudalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English feudalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p><b>Manorialism</b>, also known as <b>seigneurialism</b>, the <b>manor system</b> or <b>manorial system</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the method of land ownership (or "<a href="/wiki/Land_tenure" title="Land tenure">tenure</a>") in parts of Europe, notably France and later England, during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its defining features included a large, sometimes fortified <a href="/wiki/Manor_house" title="Manor house">manor house</a> in which the <a href="/wiki/Lord_of_the_manor" title="Lord of the manor">lord of the manor</a> and his dependants lived and administered a rural estate, and a population of labourers or <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">serfs</a> who worked the surrounding land to support themselves and the lord.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These labourers fulfilled their obligations with labour time or in-kind produce at first, and later by cash payment as commercial activity increased. Manorialism was part of the <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudal system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Manorialism originated in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_villa" title="Roman villa">Roman villa</a> system of the <a href="/wiki/Late_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Roman Empire">Late Roman Empire</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was widely practised in <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval</a> western Europe and parts of central Europe. An essential element of feudal society,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> manorialism was slowly replaced by the advent of a money-based <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market economy</a> and new forms of <a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">agrarian</a> contract. </p><p>Manorialism faded away slowly and piecemeal, along with its most vivid feature in the landscape, the <a href="/wiki/Open_field_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Open field system">open field system</a>. It outlasted <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">serfdom</a> in the sense that it continued with freehold labourers. As an economic system, it outlasted feudalism, according to Andrew Jones, because "it could maintain a warrior, but it could equally well maintain a <a href="/wiki/Capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitalist">capitalist</a> landlord. It could be self-sufficient, yield produce for the market, or it could yield a money rent."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last feudal dues in France were abolished at the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. In parts of eastern Germany, the <i>Rittergut</i> manors of <a href="/wiki/Junker" title="Junker">Junkers</a> remained until <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_and_geographical_distribution">Historical and geographical distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manorialism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical and geographical distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Les_Tr%C3%A8s_Riches_Heures_du_duc_de_Berry_mars.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Les_Tr%C3%A8s_Riches_Heures_du_duc_de_Berry_mars.jpg/220px-Les_Tr%C3%A8s_Riches_Heures_du_duc_de_Berry_mars.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="355" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Les_Tr%C3%A8s_Riches_Heures_du_duc_de_Berry_mars.jpg/330px-Les_Tr%C3%A8s_Riches_Heures_du_duc_de_Berry_mars.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Les_Tr%C3%A8s_Riches_Heures_du_duc_de_Berry_mars.jpg/440px-Les_Tr%C3%A8s_Riches_Heures_du_duc_de_Berry_mars.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1144" data-file-height="1847" /></a><figcaption>Ploughing on a French ducal manor in March from the manuscript, <i><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A8s_Riches_Heures_du_Duc_de_Berry" title="Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry">Les Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry</a></i>, c.1410</figcaption></figure> <p>The term is most often used with reference to medieval Western Europe. Antecedents of the system can be traced to the rural economy of the later <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a>). Labour was the key <a href="/wiki/Factor_of_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Factor of production">factor of production</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Successive administrations tried to stabilise the imperial economy by freezing the social structure into place: sons were to succeed their fathers in their trade, councillors were forbidden to resign, and <i><a href="/wiki/Colonus_(person)" title="Colonus (person)">coloni</a></i>, the cultivators of land, were not to move from the land they were attached to. The workers of the land were on their way to becoming serfs.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several factors conspired to merge the status of former slaves and former free farmers into a dependent class of such <i>coloni</i>: it was possible to be described as <i>servus et colonus</i>, "both slave and <i>colonus</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Laws of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine I</a> around 325 both reinforced the semi-servile status of the <i>coloni</i> and limited their rights to sue in the courts; the <i><a href="/wiki/Codex_Theodosianus" title="Codex Theodosianus">Codex Theodosianus</a></i> promulgated under <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a> extended these restrictions. The legal status of <i>adscripti</i>, "bound to the soil",<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> contrasted with barbarian <i>foederati</i>, who were permitted to settle within the imperial boundaries, remaining subject to their own traditional law. </p><p>As the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> kingdoms succeeded Roman authority in the west in the fifth century, Roman landlords were often simply replaced by Germanic ones, with little change to the underlying situation or displacement of populations. </p><p>The process of rural self-sufficiency was given an abrupt boost in the eighth century, when normal trade in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> was disrupted. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manorialism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Hall_at_Penshurst_Place_from_Ancestral_Homes_of_Noted_Americans_by_Anne_Hollingsworth_Wharton_(1915).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/The_Hall_at_Penshurst_Place_from_Ancestral_Homes_of_Noted_Americans_by_Anne_Hollingsworth_Wharton_%281915%29.jpg/220px-The_Hall_at_Penshurst_Place_from_Ancestral_Homes_of_Noted_Americans_by_Anne_Hollingsworth_Wharton_%281915%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/The_Hall_at_Penshurst_Place_from_Ancestral_Homes_of_Noted_Americans_by_Anne_Hollingsworth_Wharton_%281915%29.jpg/330px-The_Hall_at_Penshurst_Place_from_Ancestral_Homes_of_Noted_Americans_by_Anne_Hollingsworth_Wharton_%281915%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/The_Hall_at_Penshurst_Place_from_Ancestral_Homes_of_Noted_Americans_by_Anne_Hollingsworth_Wharton_%281915%29.jpg/440px-The_Hall_at_Penshurst_Place_from_Ancestral_Homes_of_Noted_Americans_by_Anne_Hollingsworth_Wharton_%281915%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="767" data-file-height="523" /></a><figcaption>The great hall at <a href="/wiki/Penshurst_Place" title="Penshurst Place">Penshurst Place</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>, built in the mid 14th century. A manor house hall was where the lord and his family ate, received guests, and conferred with dependents.</figcaption></figure> <p>The word derives from traditional inherited divisions of the countryside, reassigned as local jurisdictions known as <b>manors</b> or <b><a href="/wiki/Seigneuries" class="mw-redirect" title="Seigneuries">seigneuries</a></b>; each manor being subject to a <b>lord</b> (French <i>seigneur</i>), usually holding his position in return for undertakings offered to a higher lord (see <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a>). The lord held a <b><a href="/wiki/Manorial_court" title="Manorial court">manorial court</a></b>, governed by public law and local custom. Not all territorial seigneurs were secular; <a href="/wiki/Bishops" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishops">bishops</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abbots" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbots">abbots</a> also held lands that entailed similar obligations. </p><p>By extension, the word <i>manor</i> is sometimes used in England as a slang term for any home area or territory in which authority is held, often in a police or criminal context.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the generic plan of a medieval manor<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from <i>Shepherd's Historical Atlas</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the strips of individually worked land in the open field system are immediately apparent. In this plan, the manor house is set slightly apart from the village, but equally often the village grew up around the <a href="/wiki/Courtyard" title="Courtyard">forecourt</a> of the manor, formerly walled, while the manor lands stretched away outside, as still may be seen at <a href="/wiki/Petworth_House" title="Petworth House">Petworth House</a>. As concerns for privacy<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (March 2014)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Manorialism#Dubious" title="Talk:Manorialism">discuss</a></i>]</sup> increased in the 18th century,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> manor houses were often located a farther distance from the village. For example, when a grand new house was required by the new owner of <a href="/wiki/Harlaxton_Manor" title="Harlaxton Manor">Harlaxton Manor</a>, Lincolnshire, in the 1830s, the site of the existing manor house at the edge of its village was abandoned for a new one, isolated in its park, with the village out of view.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In an agrarian society, the conditions of land tenure underlie all social or economic factors. There were two legal systems of pre-manorial landholding. One, the most common, was the system of holding land <i>"<a href="/wiki/Allodial" class="mw-redirect" title="Allodial">allodially</a>"</i> in full outright ownership. The other was a use of <i>precaria</i> or <a href="/wiki/Benefice" title="Benefice">benefices</a>, in which land was held conditionally (the root of the English word "precarious"). </p><p>To these two systems, the Carolingian monarchs added a third, the <i>aprisio</i>, which linked manorialism with <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a>. The <i>aprisio</i> made its first appearance in <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>'s province of <a href="/wiki/Septimania" title="Septimania">Septimania</a> in the south of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, when Charlemagne had to settle the <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigothic</a> refugees who had fled with his retreating forces after the failure of his <a href="/wiki/Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a> expedition of 778. He solved this problem by allotting "desert" tracts of uncultivated land belonging to the royal <i><a href="/wiki/Fisc" title="Fisc">fisc</a></i> under direct control of the emperor. These holdings <i>aprisio</i> entailed specific conditions. The earliest specific <i>aprisio</i> grant that has been identified was at <a href="/wiki/Fontjoncouse" title="Fontjoncouse">Fontjoncouse</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Narbonne" title="Narbonne">Narbonne</a> (see Lewis, links). In former Roman settlements, a system of <a href="/wiki/Villa" title="Villa">villas</a>, dating from Late Antiquity, was inherited by the medieval world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_seigneur">The seigneur</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manorialism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The seigneur"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bachritterburg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Bachritterburg.jpg/260px-Bachritterburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Bachritterburg.jpg/390px-Bachritterburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Bachritterburg.jpg/520px-Bachritterburg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Reconstruction of a medieval castle, Bachritterburg, Baden-Württemberg</figcaption></figure> <p>The possessor of a seigneurie bears the title of "<a href="/wiki/Imperial,_royal_and_noble_ranks" title="Imperial, royal and noble ranks">Lord</a>". He can be an individual, in the vast majority of cases a national of the <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobility</a> or of the <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">Bourgeoisie</a>, but also a <a href="/wiki/Judicial_person" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial person">judicial person</a> most often an ecclesiastical institution such as an <a href="/wiki/Abbey" title="Abbey">abbey</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Cathedral" title="Cathedral">cathedral</a> or canonical chapter or a military order. The power of the lord was exercised through various intermediaries, the most important of which was the <a href="/wiki/Bailiff_(France)" title="Bailiff (France)">bailiff</a>. The sovereign can also be a lord; the seigneuries he owns form the royal domain. </p><p>The title of lord is also granted, especially in modern times, to individuals holding noble fiefdoms which are not for all that seigneuries. These "lords" are sometimes called sieurs, equivalent terms in medieval times. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_land_lordship">The land lordship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manorialism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The land lordship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The lord is the direct or prominent owner of the land assets of his lordship. The notion of absolute ownership over a common good cannot be applied, because there are also others than the main user who have rights over these goods. We<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (March 2021)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> distinguish in the land lordship two sets the reserves which is the set of goods of which the lord reserves the direct exploitation and <a href="/wiki/Tenant-in-chief" title="Tenant-in-chief">tenant-in-chief</a>, property whose exploitation is entrusted to a tenant against payment of a royalty, most often called cens and services such as <a href="/wiki/Corv%C3%A9e" title="Corvée">Corvée</a>. The distribution between reserve and tenure varies depending on the period and region.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Common_features">Common features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manorialism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Common features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Manorialism" title="Special:EditPage/Manorialism">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plan_mediaeval_manor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Plan_mediaeval_manor.jpg/220px-Plan_mediaeval_manor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Plan_mediaeval_manor.jpg/330px-Plan_mediaeval_manor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Plan_mediaeval_manor.jpg/440px-Plan_mediaeval_manor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1458" data-file-height="2154" /></a><figcaption>Generic map of a medieval manor.<br />The mustard-coloured areas are part of the <b><a href="/wiki/Demesne" title="Demesne">demesne</a></b>, the <a href="/wiki/Hatching" title="Hatching">hatched</a> areas part of the <b><a href="/wiki/Glebe" title="Glebe">glebe</a></b>. William R. Shepherd, <i>Historical Atlas</i>, 1923.</figcaption></figure> <p>Manors each consisted of up to three classes of land: </p> <ol><li><b><a href="/wiki/Demesne" title="Demesne">Demesne</a></b>, the part directly controlled by the lord and used for the benefit of his household and dependents;</li> <li><b>Dependent</b> (<b>serf</b> or <b><a href="/wiki/Villein" title="Villein">villein</a></b>) holdings carrying the obligation that the peasant household supply the lord with specified labour services or a part of its output (or cash in lieu thereof), subject to the custom attached to the holding; and</li> <li><b>Free peasant land</b>, without such obligation but otherwise subject to manorial jurisdiction and custom, and owing money rent fixed at the time of the lease.</li></ol> <p>Additional sources of income for the lord included charges for use of his mill, bakery or wine-press, or for the right to hunt or to <a href="/wiki/Grazing_rights#Pigs" title="Grazing rights">let pigs feed</a> in his woodland, as well as court revenues and single payments on each change of tenant. On the other side of the account, manorial administration involved significant expenses, perhaps a reason why smaller manors tended to rely less on villein <a href="/wiki/Land_tenure" title="Land tenure">tenure</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (June 2016)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Dependent holdings were held nominally by arrangement of lord and tenant, but tenure became in practice almost universally hereditary, with a payment made to the lord on each succession of another member of the family. Villein land could not be abandoned, at least until demographic and economic circumstances made flight a viable proposition; nor could they be passed to a third party without the lord's permission, and the customary payment. </p><p>Although not free, villeins were by no means in the same position as slaves: they enjoyed legal rights, subject to local custom, and had recourse to the law subject to court charges, which were an additional source of manorial income. Sub-letting of villein holdings was common, and labour on the demesne might be commuted into an additional money payment, as happened increasingly from the 13th century. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Manorial_waste"></span><span class="anchor" id="Lord's_waste"></span>Land which was neither let to tenants nor formed part of <a href="/wiki/Demesne" title="Demesne">demesne</a> lands was known as "manorial waste"; typically, this included <a href="/wiki/Hedge" title="Hedge">hedges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Road_verge" title="Road verge">verges</a>, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Common land where all members of the community had right of passage was known as "lord's waste". Part of the <a href="/wiki/Demesne" title="Demesne">demesne land</a> of the manor which being uncultivated was termed the Lord's Waste and served for public roads and for common pasture to the lord and his tenants.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many settlements during the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Europe" title="Early modern Europe">early modern</a> period, illegal building was carried out on lord's waste land by squatters who would then plead their case to remain with local support. An example of a lord's waste settlement, where the main centres grew up in this way, is the village of <a href="/wiki/Bredfield" title="Bredfield">Bredfield</a> in <a href="/wiki/Suffolk" title="Suffolk">Suffolk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lord's waste continues to be a source of rights and responsibilities issues in places such as <a href="/wiki/Henley-in-Arden" title="Henley-in-Arden">Henley-in-Arden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warwickshire" title="Warwickshire">Warwickshire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In examining the origins of the monastic <a href="/wiki/Cloister" title="Cloister">cloister</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Horn" title="Walter Horn">Walter Horn</a> found that "as a manorial entity the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolingian">Carolingian</a> <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monastery</a> ... differed little from the fabric of a feudal estate, save that the corporate community of men for whose sustenance this organisation was maintained consisted of monks who served God in chant and spent much of their time in reading and writing."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Residents_of_a_manor">Residents of a manor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manorialism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Residents of a manor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord_of_the_manor" title="Lord of the manor">Lord of the manor</a> (who could be an <a href="/wiki/Absentee_landlord" title="Absentee landlord">absentee</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villein" title="Villein">Villeins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cottar" class="mw-redirect" title="Cottar">Cottars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bordar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bordar">Bordars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freehold_(law)" title="Freehold (law)">Freeholders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyhold" title="Copyhold">Copyholders</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tenants">Tenants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manorialism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Tenants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tenants owned land on the manor under one of several legal agreements: <a href="/wiki/Freehold_(law)" title="Freehold (law)">freehold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copyhold" title="Copyhold">copyhold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Customary_freehold" title="Customary freehold">customary freehold</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leasehold" class="mw-redirect" title="Leasehold">leasehold</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variation_among_manors">Variation among manors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manorialism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Variation among manors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a> which, together with manorialism, formed the legal and organisational framework of feudal society, manorial structures were not uniform or coordinated. In the later Middle Ages, areas of incomplete or non-existent manorialisation persisted while the manorial economy underwent substantial development with changing economic conditions. </p><p>Not all manors contained all three classes of land. Typically, <a href="/wiki/Demesne" title="Demesne">demesne</a> accounted for roughly a third of the arable area, and <a href="/wiki/Villein" title="Villein">villein</a> holdings rather more; but some manors consisted solely of demesne, others solely of peasant holdings. The proportion of unfree and free tenures could likewise vary greatly, with more or less reliance on wage labour for agricultural work on the demesne. </p><p>The proportion of the cultivated area in demesne tended to be greater in smaller manors, while the share of villein land was greater in large manors, providing the lord of the latter with a larger supply of obligatory labour for demesne work. The proportion of free tenements was generally less variable, but tended to be somewhat greater on the smaller manors. </p><p>Manors varied similarly in their geographical arrangement: most did not coincide with a single village, but rather consisted of parts of two or more villages, most of the latter containing also parts of at least one other manor. This situation sometimes led to replacement by cash payments or their equivalents in kind of the demesne labour obligations of those peasants living furthest from the lord's estate. </p><p>As with peasant plots, the demesne was not a single territorial unit, but consisted rather of a central house with neighbouring land and estate buildings, plus strips dispersed through the manor alongside free and villein ones: in addition, the lord might lease free tenements belonging to neighbouring manors, as well as holding other manors some distance away to provide a greater range of produce. </p><p>Nor were manors held necessarily by lay lords rendering military service (or again, cash in lieu) to their superior: a substantial share (estimated by value at 17% in <a href="/wiki/Domesday_Book" title="Domesday Book">England in 1086</a>) belonged directly to the king, and a greater proportion (rather more than a quarter) were held by <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">bishoprics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monasteries</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical" title="Ecclesiastical">Ecclesiastical</a> manors tended to be larger, with a significantly greater villein area than neighbouring lay manors.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The effect of circumstances on manorial economy is complex and at times contradictory: upland conditions tended to preserve peasant freedoms (livestock husbandry in particular being less labour-intensive and therefore less demanding of villein services); on the other hand, some upland areas of Europe showed some of the most oppressive manorial conditions, while lowland eastern England is credited with an exceptionally large free peasantry, in part a legacy of Scandinavian settlement. </p><p>Similarly, the spread of <a href="/wiki/Money" title="Money">money</a> <a href="/wiki/Economy" title="Economy">economy</a> stimulated the replacement of labour services by money payments, but the growth of the money supply and resulting inflation after 1170 initially led nobles to take back leased estates and to re-impose labour dues as the value of fixed cash payments declined in real terms.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abolition">Abolition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manorialism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Abolition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The last feudal dues in France were abolished at the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. The last <a href="/wiki/Patroonship" class="mw-redirect" title="Patroonship">patroonship</a> was abolished in <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> in the 1840s as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Rent_War" title="Anti-Rent War">Anti-Rent War</a>. In parts of eastern Germany, the <i>Rittergut</i> manors of <a href="/wiki/Junker" title="Junker">Junkers</a> remained until <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Quebec, the last feudal rents were paid in 1970 under the modified provisions of the <i><a href="/wiki/Seigneurial_system_of_New_France#Abolition" title="Seigneurial system of New France">Seigniorial Dues Abolition Act</a></i> of 1935. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manorialism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output 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id="Similar_land_tenure_systems_in_other_parts_of_the_world">Similar land tenure systems in other parts of the world</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manorialism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Similar land tenure systems in other parts of the world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maenor" title="Maenor">Maenor</a>, the Welsh system</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heerlijkheid" title="Heerlijkheid">Heerlijkheid</a>, Dutch manorialism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junker" title="Junker">Junker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussian</a> manorialism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folwark" title="Folwark">Folwark</a>, system in Poland/Lithuania</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_nobility" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic nobility">Baltic nobility</a>, system in Estonia/Latvia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latifundium" title="Latifundium">Latifundium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patroon" title="Patroon">Patroon</a>, 17th century <a href="/wiki/New_Netherland" title="New Netherland">New Netherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_Law_in_Colonial_New_York" title="Property Law in Colonial New York">Property Law in Colonial New York</a>, 17th–18th century New York</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seigneurial_system_of_New_France" title="Seigneurial system of New France">Seigneurial system of New France</a>, 17th century Canada</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hacienda" title="Hacienda">Hacienda</a>, the Spanish system</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazenda" title="Fazenda">Fazenda</a>, the Brazilian system</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouza" title="Mouza">Mouza</a>, manor equivalent in the Indian Subcontinent</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_feudalism" title="Indian feudalism">Indian feudalism</a>, Indian feudalism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fengjian" title="Fengjian">Fengjian</a>, Chinese feudalism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Den" title="Shōen">Shōen</a> the Japanese system</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particuliere_landerij" class="mw-redirect" title="Particuliere landerij">Particuliere landerij</a>, 17th-century <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> (now Indonesia)</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manorialism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFStudents_of_History2023" class="citation web cs1">Students of History (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.studentsofhistory.com/the-manor-system">"The Manor System"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Manor+System&rft.date=2023&rft.au=Students+of+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.studentsofhistory.com%2Fthe-manor-system&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManorialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCartwright2018" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Cartwright, Mark (29 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Manorialism/">"Manorialism Definition"</a>. <i>World History Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Manorialism+Definition&rft.btitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2018-11-29&rft.aulast=Cartwright&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2FManorialism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManorialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIan_John_Ernest_Keil2018" class="citation web cs1">Ian John Ernest Keil (11 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/modern-europe/ancient-history-middle-ages-and-feudalism/manorial-system">"Manorial System"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Manorial+System&rft.date=2018-05-11&rft.au=Ian+John+Ernest+Keil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fhistory%2Fmodern-europe%2Fancient-history-middle-ages-and-feudalism%2Fmanorial-system&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManorialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorthThomas1971" class="citation journal cs1">North, Douglass C.; Thomas, Robert Paul (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2117209">"The Rise and Fall of the Manorial System: A Theoretical Model"</a>. <i>The Journal of Economic History</i>. <b>31</b> (4): 777–803. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022050700074623">10.1017/S0022050700074623</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0507">0022-0507</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2117209">2117209</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Economic+History&rft.atitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Manorial+System%3A+A+Theoretical+Model&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=777-803&rft.date=1971&rft.issn=0022-0507&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2117209%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022050700074623&rft.aulast=North&rft.aufirst=Douglass+C.&rft.au=Thomas%2C+Robert+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2117209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManorialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSait1908" class="citation journal cs1">Sait, E. M. (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2140868">"The Manorial System and the French Revolution"</a>. <i>Political Science Quarterly</i>. <b>23</b> (4): 690–711. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2140868">10.2307/2140868</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0032-3195">0032-3195</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2140868">2140868</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Science+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Manorial+System+and+the+French+Revolution&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=690-711&rft.date=1908&rft.issn=0032-3195&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2140868%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2140868&rft.aulast=Sait&rft.aufirst=E.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2140868&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManorialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Sarris2004" class="citation journal cs1">Peter Sarris (April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3490231">"The Origins of the Manorial Economy: New Insights from Late Antiquity"</a>. <i>The English Historical Review</i>. <b>119</b> (119): 279–311. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2F119.481.279">10.1093/ehr/119.481.279</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3490231">3490231</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+the+Manorial+Economy%3A+New+Insights+from+Late+Antiquity&rft.volume=119&rft.issue=119&rft.pages=279-311&rft.date=2004-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2F119.481.279&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3490231%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Peter+Sarris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3490231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManorialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Feudal Society", in its modern sense was coined in <a href="/wiki/Marc_Bloch" title="Marc Bloch">Marc Bloch</a>'s 1939–40 books of the same name. Bloch (<i>Feudal Society</i> tr. L.A. Masnyon, 1965, vol. II p. 442) emphasised the distinction between economic manorialism which preceded feudalism and survived it, and political and social feudalism, or <i>seigneurialism</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew Jones, "The Rise and Fall of the Manorial System: A Critical Comment" <i>The Journal of Economic History</i> <b>32</b>.4 (December 1972:938–944) p. 938; a comment on D. North and R. Thomas, "The rise and fall of the manorial system: a theoretical model", <i>The Journal of Economic History</i> <b>31</b> (December 1971:777–803).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hartwin Spenkuch, "Herrenhaus und Rittergut: Die Erste Kammer des Landtags und der preußische Adel von 1854 bis 1918 aus sozialgeschichtlicher Sicht" <i>Geschichte und Gesellschaft</i>, <b>25</b>.3 (July – September 1999):375–403).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donald J. Herreld, (2016) An Economic History of the World Since 1400. The Great Courses. P. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C.R. Whittaker, "Circe's pigs: from slavery to serfdom in the later Roman world", <i>Slavery and Abolition</i> <b>8</b> (1987) 87–122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Averil Cameron, <i>The Mediterranean World in Late Antiquity AD 395–600</i>, 1993:86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cameron 1993:86 instances <i><a href="/wiki/Codex_Justinianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Codex Justinianus">Codex Justinianus</a></i> XI. 48.21.1; 50,2.3; 52.1.1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart_Payne2007" class="citation news cs1">Stewart Payne (2007-08-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1559330/Terror-raids-on-homes-of-uranium-ex-employee.html">"Terror raids on homes of uranium ex-employee"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-05-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Terror+raids+on+homes+of+uranium+ex-employee&rft.date=2007-08-03&rft.au=Stewart+Payne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2F1559330%2FTerror-raids-on-homes-of-uranium-ex-employee.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManorialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090208090911/http://www.londonslang.com/db/m/">"London Slang - M"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.londonslang.com/db/m/">the original</a> on 2009-02-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=London+Slang+-+M&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.londonslang.com%2Fdb%2Fm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManorialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/shepherd_1911/shepherd-c-104.jpg">"Plan of Medieval Manor by William R. Shepherd"</a>. <i>University of Texas Libraries</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Texas+Libraries&rft.atitle=Plan+of+Medieval+Manor+by+William+R.+Shepherd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.utexas.edu%2Fmaps%2Fhistorical%2Fshepherd_1911%2Fshepherd-c-104.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManorialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_R._Shepherd" class="citation web cs1">William R. Shepherd. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/history_shepherd_1911.html">"Historical Atlas"</a>. Perry–Castañeda Map Collection – UT Library Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historical+Atlas&rft.pub=Perry%E2%80%93Casta%C3%B1eda+Map+Collection+%E2%80%93+UT+Library+Online&rft.au=William+R.+Shepherd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.utexas.edu%2Fmaps%2Fhistorical%2Fhistory_shepherd_1911.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManorialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/corv%C3%A9e">corvée noun</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Cordle_1966" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Cordle" title="John Cordle">John Cordle </a> (12 July 1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1966/jul/12/manorial-wastes">"Manorial Wastes"</a>. <i>House of Lords Official Record</i>. <a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Hansard</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=House+of+Lords+Official+Record&rft.atitle=Manorial+Wastes&rft.date=1966-07-12&rft.au=John+Cordle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Fcommons%2F1966%2Fjul%2F12%2Fmanorial-wastes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManorialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Black’s Law Dictionary</i>, 6th ed., 1990, quoted at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.henleynews.co.uk/history/LordsWaste.pdf">http://www.henleynews.co.uk/history/LordsWaste.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210926192536/http://www.henleynews.co.uk/history/LordsWaste.pdf">Archived</a> 2021-09-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffrey_LehmanShirelle_Phelps2005" class="citation book cs1">Jeffrey Lehman; Shirelle Phelps (2005). <i>West's Encyclopedia of American Law, Vol. 6</i> (2 ed.). Detroit: Thomson/Gale. p. 420. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780787663742" title="Special:BookSources/9780787663742"><bdi>9780787663742</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=West%27s+Encyclopedia+of+American+Law%2C+Vol.+6&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pages=420&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Thomson%2FGale&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780787663742&rft.au=Jeffrey+Lehman&rft.au=Shirelle+Phelps&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManorialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Bredfield Parish Plan 2006, p.9: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081209130638/http://www.bredfield.org.uk/material/Report.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bredfield.org.uk/material/Report.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2008-12-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-06-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bredfield.org.uk%2Fmaterial%2FReport.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManorialism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_Dovey" class="citation web cs1">Jonathan Dovey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210926192536/http://www.henleynews.co.uk/history/LordsWaste.pdf">"Lord's Waste"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Henley News</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.henleynews.co.uk/history/LordsWaste.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 26 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Henley+News&rft.atitle=Lord%27s+Waste&rft.au=Jonathan+Dovey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.henleynews.co.uk%2Fhistory%2FLordsWaste.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManorialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Horn, "On the Origins of the Medieval Cloister" <i>Gesta</i> <b> 12</b>.1/2 (1973:13–52), quote p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngus_WinchesterEleanor_Straughton" class="citation web cs1">Angus Winchester; Eleanor Straughton. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/fass/projects/manorialrecords/manors/whatis.htm">"What is a Manor?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_University" title="Lancaster University">Lancaster University</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lancaster+University&rft.atitle=What+is+a+Manor%3F&rft.au=Angus+Winchester&rft.au=Eleanor+Straughton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lancaster.ac.uk%2Ffass%2Fprojects%2Fmanorialrecords%2Fmanors%2Fwhatis.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManorialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/money/topic/manorialism">"Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "manorialism". Encyclopedia Britannica, 3 Oct. 2022"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Britannica%2C+The+Editors+of+Encyclopaedia.+%22manorialism%22.+Encyclopedia+Britannica%2C+3+Oct.+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fmoney%2Ftopic%2Fmanorialism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManorialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReedAnderson1973" class="citation journal cs1">Reed, Clyde G; Anderson, Terry L (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2594763">"An Economic Explanation of English Agricultural Organization in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries"</a>. <i>The Economic History Review</i>. <b>26</b> (1): 134–137 (4 pages). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2594763">10.2307/2594763</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2594763">2594763</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+History+Review&rft.atitle=An+Economic+Explanation+of+English+Agricultural+Organization+in+the+Twelfth+and+Thirteenth+Centuries&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=134-137+%284+pages%29&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2594763&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2594763%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Reed&rft.aufirst=Clyde+G&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Terry+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2594763&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManorialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manorialism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloch1989" class="citation book cs1">Bloch, Marc (1989-11-16). <i>Feudal Society: Vol 1: The Growth and Ties of Dependence</i> (2 ed.). Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-03916-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-03916-9"><bdi>0-415-03916-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feudal+Society%3A+Vol+1%3A+The+Growth+and+Ties+of+Dependence&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1989-11-16&rft.isbn=0-415-03916-9&rft.aulast=Bloch&rft.aufirst=Marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManorialism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloch1989" class="citation book cs1">Bloch, Marc (1989-11-16). <i>Feudal Society: Vol 2: Social Classes and Political Organisation</i> (2 ed.). Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-03918-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-03918-5"><bdi>0-415-03918-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feudal+Society%3A+Vol+2%3A+Social+Classes+and+Political+Organisation&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1989-11-16&rft.isbn=0-415-03918-5&rft.aulast=Bloch&rft.aufirst=Marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManorialism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoissonnadeEileen_PowerLynn_White1964" class="citation book cs1">Boissonnade, Prosper; Eileen Power; Lynn White (1964). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeworkinmediev00bois"><i>Life and work in medieval Europe : the evolution of medieval economy from the fifth to the fifteenth century</i></a></span>. Harper torchbook, 1141. New York, NY: Harper & Row.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+and+work+in+medieval+Europe+%3A+the+evolution+of+medieval+economy+from+the+fifth+to+the+fifteenth+century&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.series=Harper+torchbook%2C+1141&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Boissonnade&rft.aufirst=Prosper&rft.au=Eileen+Power&rft.au=Lynn+White&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifeworkinmediev00bois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManorialism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPirenne1937" class="citation book cs1">Pirenne, Henri (1937). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/economicsocialh00pire"><i>Economic and Social History of Medieval Europe</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Harcourt_Brace_%26_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Harcourt Brace & Company">Harcourt Brace & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-15-627533-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-15-627533-3"><bdi>0-15-627533-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economic+and+Social+History+of+Medieval+Europe&rft.pub=Harcourt+Brace+%26+Company&rft.date=1937&rft.isbn=0-15-627533-3&rft.aulast=Pirenne&rft.aufirst=Henri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feconomicsocialh00pire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManorialism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manorialism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Manorialism/">World History Encyclopedia – Manorialism</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libro.uca.edu/lewis/sfc5.htm">Archibald R. Lewis, <i>The Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mois.ee/english/">Estonian Manors Portal</a> – the English version gives the overview of 438 best preserved historical manors in Estonia</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buildinghistory.org/manors.shtml">Medieval manors and their records</a> Specific to the British Isles.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Middle_Ages" title="Template:Middle Ages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Middle Ages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Middle_Ages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Middle Ages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_Middle_Ages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">European Middle Ages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Historiography of the fall of the Western Roman Empire">Decline of the Western Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbarian_kingdoms" title="Barbarian kingdoms">Barbarian kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_pagans_in_the_late_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire">Decline of Hellenistic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Christianity in the Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam" title="Spread of Islam">Rise of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Frankish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia_(925%E2%80%931102)" title="Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102)">Kingdom of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Rise of the Venetian Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civitas_Schinesghe" title="Civitas Schinesghe">Civitas Schinesghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Justinian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty">Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second Bulgarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Rise of the Republic of Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capet%E2%80%93Plantagenet_feud" class="mw-redirect" title="Capet–Plantagenet feud">Capet–Plantagenet feud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_commune" title="Medieval commune">Communalism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Manorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Warm_Period" title="Medieval Warm Period">Medieval Warm Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Mongol invasion of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Kingdom of Portugal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussite_Wars" title="Hussite Wars">Hussite Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy" title="Duchy of Burgundy">Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of the Ottoman Empire">Rise of the Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_mercenaries" title="Swiss mercenaries">Swiss mercenaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">Chivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_late_Middle_Ages" title="Crisis of the late Middle Ages">Crisis of the late Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_of_1315%E2%80%931317" title="Great Famine of 1315–1317">Great Famine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Ice_Age" title="Little Ice Age">Little Ice Age</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Agriculture in the Middle Ages">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_architecture" title="Medieval architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_art" title="Medieval art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_and_state_in_medieval_Europe" title="Church and state in medieval Europe">Church and State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_cuisine" title="Medieval cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_dance" title="Medieval dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_demography" title="Medieval demography">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medieval_Arabic_and_Western_European_domes" title="History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes">Domes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastilude" title="Hastilude">Hastilude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_household" title="Medieval household">Household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_hunting" title="Medieval hunting">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages_in_popular_culture" title="Middle Ages in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itinerant_court" title="Itinerant court">Itinerant court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_literature" title="Medieval literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_medicine_of_Western_Europe" title="Medieval medicine of Western Europe">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minstrel" title="Minstrel">Minstrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_music" title="Medieval music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_poetry" title="Medieval poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_science_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="European science in the Middle Ages">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_medieval_Europe" title="Slavery in medieval Europe">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_technology" title="Medieval technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_theatre" title="Medieval theatre">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_warfare" title="Medieval warfare">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Women in the Middle Ages">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Ages_(historiography)" title="Dark Ages (historiography)">Dark Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Disability in the Middle Ages">Disability in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Middle_Ages" title="Outline of the Middle Ages">Basic topics list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_land_terms" title="List of medieval land terms">Land terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medievalism" title="Medievalism">Medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_reenactment" title="Medieval reenactment">Medieval reenactment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_studies" title="Medieval studies">Medieval studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_common_misconceptions_about_the_Middle_Ages" title="List of common misconceptions about the Middle Ages">Misconceptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-medievalism" title="Neo-medievalism">Neo-medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_post-classical_history" title="Timeline of post-classical history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Historiography in the Middle Ages">Historiography in the Middle Ages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1550557#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1550557#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1550557#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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