CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Geothermal energy - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"77d58d32-ff1c-4ded-b207-c4b192554733","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Geothermal_energy","wgTitle":"Geothermal energy","wgCurRevisionId":1258935618,"wgRevisionId":1258935618,"wgArticleId":113728,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2014","CS1: long volume value","CS1 German-language sources (de)","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from September 2024","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2024","Wikipedia articles in need of updating from November 2020", "All Wikipedia articles in need of updating","Wikipedia articles in need of updating from October 2020","Articles with limited geographic scope from November 2020","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Geothermal energy","Power station technology","Sustainable energy","Volcanism"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Geothermal_energy","wgRelevantArticleId":113728,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false, "wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q127993","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready", "ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/NesjavellirPowerPlant_edit2.jpg/1200px-NesjavellirPowerPlant_edit2.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/NesjavellirPowerPlant_edit2.jpg/800px-NesjavellirPowerPlant_edit2.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="533"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/NesjavellirPowerPlant_edit2.jpg/640px-NesjavellirPowerPlant_edit2.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="427"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Geothermal energy - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_energy"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_energy"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Geothermal_energy rootpage-Geothermal_energy skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Geothermal+energy" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Geothermal+energy" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Geothermal+energy" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Geothermal+energy" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Resources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geothermal_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geothermal_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geothermal power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geothermal_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geothermal_heating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geothermal_heating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Geothermal heating</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geothermal_heating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hydrothermal_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydrothermal_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Hydrothermal systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydrothermal_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vapor-dominated_plants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vapor-dominated_plants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Vapor-dominated plants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vapor-dominated_plants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liquid-dominated_plants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liquid-dominated_plants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Liquid-dominated plants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liquid-dominated_plants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Engineered_geothermal_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Engineered_geothermal_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Engineered geothermal systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Engineered_geothermal_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Enhanced_geothermal_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enhanced_geothermal_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Enhanced geothermal systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enhanced_geothermal_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Closed-loop_geothermal_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Closed-loop_geothermal_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Closed-loop geothermal systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Closed-loop_geothermal_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Economics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Socioeconomic_benefits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socioeconomic_benefits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Socioeconomic benefits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socioeconomic_benefits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Development-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Development subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Precipitate_scaling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precipitate_scaling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Precipitate scaling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precipitate_scaling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sustainability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sustainability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sustainability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sustainability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Environmental effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Production-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Production subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Hungary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Geothermal energy</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 78 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-78" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">78 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geotermiese_energie" title="Geotermiese energie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Geotermiese energie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="طاقة حرارية جوفية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طاقة حرارية جوفية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geotermal_enerji" title="Geotermal enerji – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Geotermal enerji" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%82-%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="ভূ-তাপীয় শক্তি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভূ-তাপীয় শক্তি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Геатэрмальная энергія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Геатэрмальная энергія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Геатэрмальная энэргія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Геатэрмальная энэргія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enerhiyang_heotermal" title="Enerhiyang heotermal – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Enerhiyang heotermal" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Геотермална енергия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Геотермална енергия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energia_geot%C3%A8rmica" title="Energia geotèrmica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Energia geotèrmica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%C4%95_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Геотермаллĕ энергетика – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Геотермаллĕ энергетика" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoterm%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_energie" title="Geotermální energie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Geotermální energie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ynni_geothermol" title="Ynni geothermol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ynni geothermol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geotermisk_energi" title="Geotermisk energi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Geotermisk energi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermie" title="Geothermie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Geothermie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geotermaalenergia" title="Geotermaalenergia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Geotermaalenergia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%89%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Γεωθερμία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γεωθερμία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energ%C3%ADa_geot%C3%A9rmica" title="Energía geotérmica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Energía geotérmica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoterma_energio" title="Geoterma energio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Geoterma energio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energia_geotermiko" title="Energia geotermiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Energia geotermiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B1%DA%98%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="انرژی زمین‌گرمایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انرژی زمین‌گرمایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9othermie" title="Géothermie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Géothermie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuinneamh_geoiteirmeach" title="Fuinneamh geoiteirmeach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fuinneamh geoiteirmeach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enerx%C3%ADa_xeot%C3%A9rmica" title="Enerxía xeotérmica – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Enerxía xeotérmica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%86%B1%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90" title="地熱能源 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="地熱能源" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EC%97%B4_%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80" title="지열 에너지 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="지열 에너지" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BB%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A7%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Երկրաջերմային էներգիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Երկրաջերմային էներգիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82-%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE" title="भू-तापीय ऊर्जा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भू-तापीय ऊर्जा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geotermalna_energija" title="Geotermalna energija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Geotermalna energija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ter-varmesal_energio" title="Ter-varmesal energio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ter-varmesal energio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energi_panas_bumi" title="Energi panas bumi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Energi panas bumi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energia_geotermica" title="Energia geotermica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Energia geotermica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%92%D7%90%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA" title="אנרגיה גאותרמית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנרגיה גאותרמית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89n%C3%A9rgi_panas_bumi" title="Énérgi panas bumi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Énérgi panas bumi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AD%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%96%E0%B2%A6_%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF" title="ಭೂಶಾಖದ ಶಕ್ತಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಭೂಶಾಖದ ಶಕ್ತಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Геотермалдық энергетика – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Геотермалдық энергетика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joto_kutoka_ardhi" title="Joto kutoka ardhi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Joto kutoka ardhi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/En%C3%A8ji_jeyot%C3%A8mik" title="Enèji jeyotèmik – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Enèji jeyotèmik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enerjiya_jeotermal" title="Enerjiya jeotermal – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Enerjiya jeotermal" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energia_geothermica" title="Energia geothermica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Energia geothermica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A2eoterm%C4%81l%C4%81_ener%C4%A3ija" title="Ģeotermālā enerģija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ģeotermālā enerģija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geotermin%C4%97_energija" title="Geoterminė energija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Geoterminė energija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geotermikus_energia" title="Geotermikus energia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Geotermikus energia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Геотермална енергија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Геотермална енергија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AD%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%82" title="ഭൂതാപോർജ്ജം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഭൂതാപോർജ്ജം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoterma" title="Geoterma – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Geoterma" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einergie_geot%C3%A9rmica" title="Einergie geotérmica – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Einergie geotérmica" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC" title="Геотерм – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Геотерм" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aardwarmte" title="Aardwarmte – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aardwarmte" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%86%B1" title="地熱 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="地熱" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geotermisk_energi" title="Geotermisk energi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Geotermisk energi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geotermisk_energi" title="Geotermisk energi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Geotermisk energi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geotermal_energiya" title="Geotermal energiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Geotermal energiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AD%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%8A%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE" title="ਭੂਮਿਕਲ ਊਰਜਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਭੂਮਿਕਲ ਊਰਜਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energia_geotermalna" title="Energia geotermalna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Energia geotermalna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energia_geot%C3%A9rmica" title="Energia geotérmica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Energia geotérmica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energie_geotermic%C4%83" title="Energie geotermică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Energie geotermică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energia_geotermica" title="Energia geotermica – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Energia geotermica" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Геотермальная энергетика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Геотермальная энергетика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energjia_gjeotermike" title="Energjia gjeotermike – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Energjia gjeotermike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_energy" title="Geothermal energy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Geothermal energy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoterm%C3%A1lna_energia" title="Geotermálna energia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Geotermálna energia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geotermalna_energija" title="Geotermalna energija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Geotermalna energija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geotermalna_energija" title="Geotermalna energija – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Geotermalna energija" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geotermalna_energija" title="Geotermalna energija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Geotermalna energija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9ot%C3%A9rmal" title="Géotérmal – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Géotérmal" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoterminen_energia" title="Geoterminen energia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Geoterminen energia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geotermisk_energi" title="Geotermisk energi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Geotermisk energi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enerhiyang_heotermal" title="Enerhiyang heotermal – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Enerhiyang heotermal" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF" title="புவிவெப்பச் சக்தி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புவிவெப்பச் சக்தி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%9E" title="พลังงานความร้อนใต้พิภพ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พลังงานความร้อนใต้พิภพ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeotermal_enerji" title="Jeotermal enerji – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Jeotermal enerji" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Геотермальна енергетика – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Геотермальна енергетика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%83ng_l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_%C4%91%E1%BB%8Ba_nhi%E1%BB%87t" title="Năng lượng địa nhiệt – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Năng lượng địa nhiệt" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enerhiya_heyotermika" title="Enerhiya heyotermika – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Enerhiya heyotermika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%83%AD%E8%83%BD" title="地热能 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="地热能" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%86%B1%E8%83%BD" title="地熱能 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="地熱能" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geuoterm%C4%97n%C4%97_energ%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Geuotermėnė energėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Geuotermėnė energėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%86%B1%E8%83%BD" title="地熱能 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="地熱能" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q127993#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Geothermal_energy" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Geothermal_energy" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Geothermal_energy" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy&oldid=1258935618" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Geothermal_energy&id=1258935618&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGeothermal_energy"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGeothermal_energy"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Geothermal_energy&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Geothermal_energy" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q127993" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Thermal energy generated and stored in the Earth</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about thermal energy generated and stored deep in the earth. For information about heat pumps used to extract heat from up to about 300 meters/yards from the surface, see <a href="/wiki/Ground_source_heat_pump" title="Ground source heat pump">ground source heat pump</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NesjavellirPowerPlant_edit2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/NesjavellirPowerPlant_edit2.jpg/290px-NesjavellirPowerPlant_edit2.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/NesjavellirPowerPlant_edit2.jpg/435px-NesjavellirPowerPlant_edit2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/NesjavellirPowerPlant_edit2.jpg/580px-NesjavellirPowerPlant_edit2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Steam rising from the <a href="/wiki/Nesjavellir_Geothermal_Power_Station" title="Nesjavellir Geothermal Power Station">Nesjavellir Geothermal Power Station</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geothermal_Energy_Plant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Geothermal_Energy_Plant.jpg/290px-Geothermal_Energy_Plant.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Geothermal_Energy_Plant.jpg/435px-Geothermal_Energy_Plant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Geothermal_Energy_Plant.jpg/580px-Geothermal_Energy_Plant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Valley_Geothermal_Project" title="Imperial Valley Geothermal Project">Imperial Valley Geothermal Project</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Salton_Sea" title="Salton Sea">Salton Sea</a>, California</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_Renewable_Energy_by_Melanie_Maecker-Tursun_V1_bgGreen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Logo_Renewable_Energy_by_Melanie_Maecker-Tursun_V1_bgGreen.svg/120px-Logo_Renewable_Energy_by_Melanie_Maecker-Tursun_V1_bgGreen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Logo_Renewable_Energy_by_Melanie_Maecker-Tursun_V1_bgGreen.svg/180px-Logo_Renewable_Energy_by_Melanie_Maecker-Tursun_V1_bgGreen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Logo_Renewable_Energy_by_Melanie_Maecker-Tursun_V1_bgGreen.svg/240px-Logo_Renewable_Energy_by_Melanie_Maecker-Tursun_V1_bgGreen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">Biogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon-neutral_fuel" title="Carbon-neutral fuel">Carbon-neutral fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crosswind_kite_power" title="Crosswind kite power">Crosswind kite power</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Geothermal energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_heating" title="Geothermal heating">Geothermal heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power" title="Geothermal power">Geothermal power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">Hydroelectricity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Run-of-the-river_hydroelectricity" title="Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity">Run-of-the-river</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">Hydropower</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Micro_hydro" title="Micro hydro">Micro hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pico_hydro" title="Pico hydro">Pico hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_hydro" title="Small hydro">Small hydro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_current_power" title="Marine current power">Marine current power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_energy" title="Marine energy">Marine energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_thermal_energy_conversion" title="Ocean thermal energy conversion">Ocean thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmotic_power" title="Osmotic power">Osmotic power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">Solar energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">Solar power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_biofuel" title="Sustainable biofuel">Sustainable biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">Tidal power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_stream_generator" title="Tidal stream generator">Tidal stream generator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_power" title="Wave power">Wave power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">Wind power</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_proposed_as_renewable_energy" title="Nuclear power proposed as renewable energy">Nuclear power proposed as renewable energy</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_renewable_energy_topics_by_country_and_territory" title="List of renewable energy topics by country and territory">Topics by country and territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_commercialization" title="Renewable energy commercialization">Marketing and policy trends</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Renewable_energy_sources" title="Template:Renewable energy sources"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Renewable_energy_sources" title="Template talk:Renewable energy sources"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Renewable_energy_sources" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Renewable energy sources"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Geothermal energy</b> is <a href="/wiki/Thermal_energy" title="Thermal energy">thermal energy</a> extracted from the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Crust_(geology)" title="Crust (geology)">crust</a>. It combines energy from the formation of the planet and from <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">radioactive decay</a>. Geothermal energy has been exploited as a source of heat and/or electric power for millennia. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_heating" title="Geothermal heating">Geothermal heating</a>, using water from <a href="/wiki/Hot_springs" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot springs">hot springs</a>, for example, has been used for bathing since <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> times and for <a href="/wiki/Space_heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Space heating">space heating</a> since Roman times. <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power" title="Geothermal power">Geothermal power</a>, (generation of electricity from geothermal energy), has been used since the 20th century. Unlike wind and solar energy, geothermal plants produce power at a constant rate, without regard to weather conditions. Geothermal resources are theoretically more than adequate to supply humanity's energy needs. Most extraction occurs in areas near <a href="/wiki/Tectonic_plate_boundaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic plate boundaries">tectonic plate boundaries</a>. </p><p>The cost of generating geothermal power decreased by 25% during the 1980s and 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Technological advances continued to reduce costs and thereby expand the amount of viable resources. In 2021, the US Department of Energy estimated that power from a plant "built today" costs about $0.05/kWh.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, 13,900 <a href="/wiki/Megawatts" class="mw-redirect" title="Megawatts">megawatts</a> (MW) of geothermal power was available worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An additional 28 gigawatts provided heat for district heating, space heating, spas, industrial processes, desalination, and agricultural applications as of 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-IPCC_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPCC-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2019 the industry employed about one hundred thousand people.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The adjective <i>geothermal</i> originates from the Greek roots <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">γῆ</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">gê</i></span>), meaning Earth, and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">θερμός</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">thermós</i></span>), meaning hot. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oldest_geothermal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Oldest_geothermal.jpg/220px-Oldest_geothermal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Oldest_geothermal.jpg/330px-Oldest_geothermal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Oldest_geothermal.jpg/440px-Oldest_geothermal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>The oldest known pool fed by a hot spring, built in the <a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin dynasty</a> in the 3rd century BCE</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Hot_spring" title="Hot spring">Hot springs</a> have been used for bathing since at least <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> times.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Huaqing_Pool" title="Huaqing Pool">oldest known spa</a> is at the site of the Huaqing Chi palace. In the first century CE, Romans conquered <i><a href="/wiki/Aquae_Sulis" title="Aquae Sulis">Aquae Sulis</a></i>, now <a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath, Somerset</a>, England, and used the hot springs there to supply <a href="/wiki/Thermae" title="Thermae">public baths</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hypocaust" title="Hypocaust">underfloor heating</a>. The admission fees for these baths probably represent the first commercial use of geothermal energy. The world's oldest geothermal district heating system, in <a href="/wiki/Chaudes-Aigues" title="Chaudes-Aigues">Chaudes-Aigues</a>, France, has been operating since the 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-utilization_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-utilization-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest industrial exploitation began in 1827 with the use of <a href="/wiki/Geyser" title="Geyser">geyser</a> steam to extract <a href="/wiki/Boric_acid" title="Boric acid">boric acid</a> from <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_mud" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic mud">volcanic mud</a> in <a href="/wiki/Larderello" title="Larderello">Larderello</a>, Italy. </p><p>In 1892, the US's first <a href="/wiki/District_heating" title="District heating">district heating</a> system in <a href="/wiki/Boise,_Idaho" title="Boise, Idaho">Boise, Idaho</a> was powered by geothermal energy. It was copied in <a href="/wiki/Klamath_Falls,_Oregon" title="Klamath Falls, Oregon">Klamath Falls, Oregon</a>, in 1900. The world's first known building to utilize geothermal energy as its primary heat source was the <a href="/wiki/Hot_Lake_Hotel" title="Hot Lake Hotel">Hot Lake Hotel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Union_County,_Oregon" title="Union County, Oregon">Union County, Oregon</a>, beginning in 1907.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A geothermal well was used to heat <a href="/wiki/Greenhouses" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenhouses">greenhouses</a> in Boise in 1926, and geysers were used to heat greenhouses in Iceland and <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a> at about the same time.<sup id="cite_ref-Dickson_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dickson-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charles Lieb developed the first <a href="/wiki/Downhole_heat_exchanger" title="Downhole heat exchanger">downhole heat exchanger</a> in 1930 to heat his house. Geyser steam and water began heating homes in Iceland in 1943. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geothermal_capacity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Geothermal_capacity.svg/220px-Geothermal_capacity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Geothermal_capacity.svg/330px-Geothermal_capacity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Geothermal_capacity.svg/440px-Geothermal_capacity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Global geothermal electric capacity. Upper red line is installed capacity;<sup id="cite_ref-Bertani_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bertani-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lower green line is realized production.<sup id="cite_ref-IPCC_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPCC-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In the 20th century, geothermal energy came into use as a generating source. Prince <a href="/wiki/Piero_Ginori_Conti" title="Piero Ginori Conti">Piero Ginori Conti</a> tested the first geothermal power generator on 4 July 1904, at the Larderello steam field. It successfully lit four light bulbs.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1911, the world's first commercial geothermal power plant was built there. It was the only industrial producer of geothermal power until New Zealand built a plant in 1958. In 2012, it produced some 594 megawatts.<sup id="cite_ref-sci2013_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sci2013-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1960, <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Gas_and_Electric" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Gas and Electric">Pacific Gas and Electric</a> began operation of the first US geothermal power plant at <a href="/wiki/The_Geysers" title="The Geysers">The Geysers</a> in California.<sup id="cite_ref-100years_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100years-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original turbine lasted for more than 30 years and produced 11 <a href="/wiki/Megawatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Megawatt">MW</a> net power.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An organic fluid based binary cycle power station was first demonstrated in 1967 in the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a><sup id="cite_ref-100years_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100years-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later introduced to the US in 1981<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. This technology allows the use of temperature resources as low as 81 °C. In 2006, a binary cycle plant in <a href="/wiki/Chena_Hot_Springs,_Alaska" title="Chena Hot Springs, Alaska">Chena Hot Springs, Alaska</a>, came on-line, producing electricity from a record low temperature of 57 °C (135 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-Chena_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chena-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Resources">Resources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Resources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EGS_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/EGS_diagram.svg/220px-EGS_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/EGS_diagram.svg/330px-EGS_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/EGS_diagram.svg/440px-EGS_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></a><figcaption><b>Enhanced geothermal system</b> 1:Reservoir 2:Pump house 3:Heat exchanger 4:Turbine hall 5:Production well 6:Injection well 7:Hot water to district heating 8:Porous sediments 9:Observation well 10:Crystalline bedrock</figcaption></figure> <p>The Earth has an internal heat content of <a href="/wiki/1_E31_J" class="mw-redirect" title="1 E31 J">10<sup>31</sup> joules</a> (3·10<sup>15</sup> <a href="/wiki/TWh" class="mw-redirect" title="TWh">TWh</a>), About 20% of this is residual heat from <a href="/wiki/Planetary_accretion" class="mw-redirect" title="Planetary accretion">planetary accretion</a>; the remainder is attributed to past and current <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">radioactive decay</a> of <a href="/wiki/Naturally_occurring_radioactive_material" title="Naturally occurring radioactive material">naturally occurring isotopes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-turcotte_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turcotte-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, a 5275 m deep borehole in United Downs Deep Geothermal Power Project in <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>, England, found granite with very high <a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">thorium</a> content, whose <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">radioactive decay</a> is believed to power the high temperature of the rock.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Earth's interior temperature and pressure are high enough to cause some rock to melt and the solid <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(geology)" title="Mantle (geology)">mantle</a> to behave plastically. Parts of the <a href="/wiki/Mantle_convection" title="Mantle convection">mantle convect</a> upward since it is lighter than the surrounding rock. Temperatures at the <a href="/wiki/Core%E2%80%93mantle_boundary" title="Core–mantle boundary">core–mantle boundary</a> can reach over 4,000 °C (7,230 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Earth's internal thermal energy <a href="/wiki/Heat_flux" title="Heat flux">flows to the surface by conduction</a> at a rate of 44.2 <a href="/wiki/Terawatts" class="mw-redirect" title="Terawatts">terawatts</a> (TW),<sup id="cite_ref-pollack_et_al_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pollack_et_al-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is replenished by radioactive decay of minerals at a rate of 30 TW.<sup id="cite_ref-sustainability_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sustainability-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These power rates are more than double humanity's current energy consumption from all primary sources, but most of this energy flux is not recoverable. In addition to the internal heat flows, the top layer of the surface to a depth of 10 m (33 ft) is heated by solar energy during the summer, and cools during the winter. </p><p>Outside of the seasonal variations, the <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_gradient" title="Geothermal gradient">geothermal gradient</a> of temperatures through the crust is 25–30 °C (77–86 °F) per km of depth in most of the world. The conductive heat <a href="/wiki/Flux" title="Flux">flux</a> averages 0.1 MW/km<sup>2</sup>. These values are much higher near tectonic plate boundaries where the crust is thinner. They may be further augmented by combinations of fluid circulation, either through <a href="/wiki/Magma_conduit" class="mw-redirect" title="Magma conduit">magma conduits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hot_springs" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot springs">hot springs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_circulation" title="Hydrothermal circulation">hydrothermal circulation</a>. </p><p>The thermal efficiency and profitability of electricity generation is particularly sensitive to temperature. Applications receive the greatest benefit from a high natural heat flux most easily from a <a href="/wiki/Hot_spring" title="Hot spring">hot spring</a>. The next best option is to drill a well into a hot <a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifer</a>. An artificial hot water reservoir may be built by injecting water to <a href="/wiki/Hydraulically_fracture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulically fracture">hydraulically fracture</a> bedrock. The systems in this last approach are called <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_geothermal_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Enhanced geothermal systems">enhanced geothermal systems</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-INEL_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-INEL-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>2010 estimates of the potential for electricity generation from geothermal energy vary sixfold, from <span style="white-space:nowrap">0.035<span style="margin-left:0.25em">to</span><span style="margin-left:0.25em">2</span><span style="margin-left:0.25em">TW</span></span> depending on the scale of investments.<sup id="cite_ref-IPCC_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPCC-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upper estimates of geothermal resources assume wells as deep as 10 kilometres (6 mi), although 20th century wells rarely reached more than 3 kilometres (2 mi) deep.<sup id="cite_ref-IPCC_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPCC-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wells of this depth are common in the petroleum industry.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geothermal_power">Geothermal power</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geothermal power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power" title="Geothermal power">Geothermal power</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Installed_geothermal_energy_capacity.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4d/Installed_geothermal_energy_capacity.png/350px-Installed_geothermal_energy_capacity.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4d/Installed_geothermal_energy_capacity.png/525px-Installed_geothermal_energy_capacity.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4d/Installed_geothermal_energy_capacity.png/700px-Installed_geothermal_energy_capacity.png 2x" data-file-width="3400" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Installed geothermal energy capacity, 2022<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power" title="Geothermal power">Geothermal power</a> is <a href="/wiki/Electricity_generation" title="Electricity generation">electrical power generated</a> from geothermal energy. Dry steam, flash steam, and binary cycle power stations have been used for this purpose. As of 2010 geothermal electricity was generated in 26 countries.<sup id="cite_ref-gea2010_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gea2010-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2019, worldwide geothermal power capacity amounted to 15.4 <a href="/wiki/Gigawatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigawatt">gigawatts</a> (GW), of which 23.86 percent or 3.68 GW were in the <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy_in_the_United_States" title="Geothermal energy in the United States">United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2019_Capacity_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2019_Capacity-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Geothermal energy supplies a significant share of the electrical power in <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Iceland" title="Geothermal power in Iceland">Iceland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_El_Salvador" title="Geothermal power in El Salvador">El Salvador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Kenya" title="Geothermal power in Kenya">Kenya</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_the_Philippines" title="Geothermal power in the Philippines">Philippines</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Geothermal power is considered to be a <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable</a> energy because heat extraction rates are insignificant compared to the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_internal_heat_budget" title="Earth's internal heat budget">Earth's heat content</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sustainability_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sustainability-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Life-cycle_greenhouse-gas_emissions_of_energy_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Life-cycle greenhouse-gas emissions of energy sources">greenhouse gas emissions</a> of geothermal electric stations are on average 45 grams of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> per kilowatt-hour of electricity, or less than 5 percent of that of coal-fired plants.<sup id="cite_ref-IPCC_Annex_II_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPCC_Annex_II-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable floatright" style="text-align:right;"> <caption>Direct use data 2015 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Country </th> <th scope="col">Capacity (MW) 2015<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy_in_the_United_States" title="Geothermal energy in the United States">United States</a> </th> <td>17,415<span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">.00</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_the_Philippines" title="Geothermal power in the Philippines">Philippines</a> </th> <td>3<span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">.00</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Indonesia" title="Geothermal power in Indonesia">Indonesia</a> </th> <td>2<span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">.00</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Geothermal power in Mexico">Mexico</a> </th> <td>155<span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">.00</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Italy" title="Geothermal power in Italy">Italy</a> </th> <td>1,014<span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">.00</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_New_Zealand" title="Geothermal power in New Zealand">New Zealand</a> </th> <td>487<span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">.00</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Iceland" title="Geothermal power in Iceland">Iceland</a> </th> <td>2,040<span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">.00</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Japan" title="Geothermal power in Japan">Japan</a> </th> <td>2,186<span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">.00</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Geothermal energy in Iran">Iran</a> </th> <td>81<span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">.00</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy_in_El_Salvador" class="mw-redirect" title="Geothermal energy in El Salvador">El Salvador</a> </th> <td>3<span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">.00</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Kenya" title="Geothermal power in Kenya">Kenya</a> </th> <td>22<span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">.00</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy_in_Costa_Rica" class="mw-redirect" title="Geothermal energy in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a> </th> <td>1<span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">.00</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Russia" title="Geothermal power in Russia">Russia</a> </th> <td>308<span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">.00</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Geothermal power in Turkey">Turkey</a> </th> <td>2,886<span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">.00</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Papua New Guinea </th> <td>0.10 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Guatemala </th> <td>2<span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">.00</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Portugal" title="Geothermal power in Portugal">Portugal</a> </th> <td>35<span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">.00</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_China" title="Geothermal power in China">China</a> </th> <td>17,870<span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">.00</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">France </th> <td>2,346<span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">.00</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Geothermal power in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> </th> <td>2<span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">.00</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Germany" title="Geothermal power in Germany">Germany</a> </th> <td>2,848<span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">.00</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Austria </th> <td>903<span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">.00</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Australia" title="Geothermal power in Australia">Australia</a> </th> <td>16<span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">.00</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Thailand </th> <td>128<span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">.00</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:right;"> <caption>Installed geothermal electric capacity </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Country </th> <th scope="col">Capacity (MW) <br />2022<sup id="cite_ref-IRENA_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IRENA-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th scope="col">% of national <br /> electricity <br />production<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </th> <th scope="col">% of global<br /> geothermal <br />production (2022)<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy_in_the_United_States" title="Geothermal energy in the United States">United States</a> </th> <td>2,653</td> <td>0.3</td> <td>17.8 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Indonesia" title="Geothermal power in Indonesia">Indonesia</a> </th> <td>2,343</td> <td>3.7</td> <td>15.8 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_the_Philippines" title="Geothermal power in the Philippines">Philippines</a> </th> <td>1,932</td> <td>12<span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">.0</span></td> <td>12.3 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Geothermal power in Turkey">Turkey</a> </th> <td>1,691</td> <td></td> <td>13.0 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_New_Zealand" title="Geothermal power in New Zealand">New Zealand</a> </th> <td>1,273</td> <td>10<span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">.0</span></td> <td>8.6 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Geothermal power in Mexico">Mexico</a> </th> <td>1,059</td> <td>3<span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">.0</span></td> <td>7.1 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Kenya" title="Geothermal power in Kenya">Kenya</a> </th> <td>949</td> <td>11.2</td> <td>6.4 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Italy" title="Geothermal power in Italy">Italy</a> </th> <td>772</td> <td>1.5</td> <td>5.2 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Iceland" title="Geothermal power in Iceland">Iceland</a> </th> <td>757</td> <td>30<span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">.0</span></td> <td>5.1 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Japan" title="Geothermal power in Japan">Japan</a> </th> <td>431</td> <td>0.1</td> <td>2.9 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy_in_Costa_Rica" class="mw-redirect" title="Geothermal energy in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a> </th> <td>263</td> <td>14<span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">.0</span></td> <td>1.8 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Geothermal energy in Iran">Iran</a> </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy_in_El_Salvador" class="mw-redirect" title="Geothermal energy in El Salvador">El Salvador</a> </th> <td>204</td> <td>25<span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">.0</span></td> <td>1.4 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Nicaragua </th> <td>153</td> <td>10<span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">.0</span></td> <td>1.0 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Russia" title="Geothermal power in Russia">Russia</a> </th> <td>74</td> <td></td> <td>0.5 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Papua New Guinea </th> <td>50</td> <td></td> <td>0.3 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Guatemala </th> <td>49</td> <td></td> <td>0.3 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Germany" title="Geothermal power in Germany">Germany</a> </th> <td>46</td> <td></td> <td>0.3 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Chile" title="Geothermal power in Chile">Chile</a> </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Geothermal power in Honduras">Honduras</a> </th> <td>39</td> <td></td> <td>0.2 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Portugal" title="Geothermal power in Portugal">Portugal</a> </th> <td>29</td> <td></td> <td>0.2 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_China" title="Geothermal power in China">China</a> </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">France </th> <td>16</td> <td></td> <td>0.1 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Guadeloupe </th> <td>15</td> <td></td> <td>0.1 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Croatia </th> <td>10</td> <td></td> <td>0.1 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Geothermal power in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> </th> <td>7</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Austria </th> <td>1</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Australia" title="Geothermal power in Australia">Australia</a> </th> <td>0</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <th scope="row">Total </th> <td><b>14,877</b></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Geothermal electric plants were traditionally built on the edges of tectonic plates where high-temperature geothermal resources approach the surface. The development of <a href="/wiki/Binary_cycle_power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary cycle power plant">binary cycle power plants</a> and improvements in drilling and extraction technology enable <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_geothermal_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Enhanced geothermal systems">enhanced geothermal systems</a> over a greater geographical range.<sup id="cite_ref-INEL_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-INEL-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Demonstration projects are operational in <a href="/wiki/Landau-Pfalz" class="mw-redirect" title="Landau-Pfalz">Landau-Pfalz</a>, Germany, and <a href="/wiki/Soultz-sous-For%C3%AAts" title="Soultz-sous-Forêts">Soultz-sous-Forêts</a>, France, while an earlier effort in <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>, Switzerland, was shut down <a href="/wiki/Induced_seismicity_in_Basel" title="Induced seismicity in Basel">after it triggered earthquakes</a>. Other demonstration projects are under construction in <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Australia" title="Geothermal power in Australia">Australia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, and the US.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> over 39 locations are capable of geothermal power production, some of which are near <a href="/wiki/Yangon" title="Yangon">Yangon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geothermal_heating">Geothermal heating</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Geothermal heating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_heating" title="Geothermal heating">Geothermal heating</a></div> <p>Geothermal heating is the use of geothermal energy to heat buildings and water for human use. Humans have done this since the Paleolithic era. Approximately seventy countries made direct use of a total of 270 <a href="/wiki/Petajoule" class="mw-redirect" title="Petajoule">PJ</a> of geothermal heating in 2004. As of 2007, 28 <a href="/wiki/Gigawatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigawatt">GW</a> of geothermal heating satisfied 0.07% of global primary energy consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-IPCC_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPCC-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thermal_efficiency" title="Thermal efficiency">Thermal efficiency</a> is high since no energy conversion is needed, but <a href="/wiki/Capacity_factor" title="Capacity factor">capacity factors</a> tend to be low (around 20%) since the heat is mostly needed in the winter. </p><p>Even cold ground contains heat: below 6 metres (20 ft) the undisturbed ground temperature is consistently at the Mean Annual Air Temperature<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that may be extracted with a <a href="/wiki/Ground_source_heat_pump" title="Ground source heat pump">ground source heat pump</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hydrothermal_systems">Hydrothermal systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hydrothermal systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hydrothermal systems produce geothermal energy by accessing naturally-occurring hydrothermal reservoirs. Hydrothermal systems come in either <i>vapor-dominated</i> or <i>liquid-dominated</i> forms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vapor-dominated_plants">Vapor-dominated plants</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Vapor-dominated plants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Larderello and The Geysers are vapor-dominated. Vapor-dominated sites offer temperatures from 240 to 300 °C that produce superheated steam. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Liquid-dominated_plants">Liquid-dominated plants</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Liquid-dominated plants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Liquid-dominated reservoirs (LDRs) are more common with temperatures greater than 200 °C (392 °F) and are found near volcanoes in/around the Pacific Ocean and in rift zones and hot spots. Flash plants are the common way to generate electricity from these sources. Steam from the well is sufficient to power the plant. Most wells generate 2–10 MW of electricity. Steam is separated from liquid via cyclone separators and drives electric generators. Condensed liquid returns down the well for reheating/reuse. As of 2013, the largest liquid system was <a href="/wiki/Cerro_Prieto" title="Cerro Prieto">Cerro Prieto</a> in Mexico, which generates 750 MW of electricity from temperatures reaching 350 °C (662 °F). </p><p>Lower-temperature LDRs (120–200 °C) require pumping. They are common in extensional terrains, where heating takes place via deep circulation along faults, such as in the Western US and Turkey. Water passes through a <a href="/wiki/Heat_exchanger" title="Heat exchanger">heat exchanger</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Rankine_cycle" title="Rankine cycle">Rankine cycle</a> binary plant. The water vaporizes an organic working fluid that drives a <a href="/wiki/Turbine" title="Turbine">turbine</a>. These binary plants originated in the Soviet Union in the late 1960s and predominate in new plants. Binary plants have no emissions.<sup id="cite_ref-sci2013_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sci2013-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eere_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eere-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Engineered_geothermal_systems">Engineered geothermal systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Engineered geothermal systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An engineered geothermal system is a geothermal system that engineers have artificially created or improved. Engineered geothermal systems are used in a variety of geothermal reservoirs that have hot rocks but insufficient natural reservoir quality, for example, insufficient geofluid quantity or insufficient rock permeability or porosity, to operate as natural hydrothermal systems. Types of engineered geothermal systems include <i>enhanced geothermal systems</i>, <i>closed-loop or advanced geothermal systems</i>, and some <i>superhot rock geothermal systems</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Enhanced_geothermal_systems">Enhanced geothermal systems</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Enhanced geothermal systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_geothermal_system" title="Enhanced geothermal system">Enhanced geothermal system</a></div> <p>Enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) actively inject water into wells to be heated and pumped back out. The water is injected under high pressure to expand existing rock fissures to enable the water to flow freely. The technique was adapted from oil and gas <a href="/wiki/Fracking" title="Fracking">fracking</a> techniques. The geologic formations are deeper and no toxic chemicals are used, reducing the possibility of environmental damage. Instead <a href="/wiki/Proppant" class="mw-redirect" title="Proppant">proppants</a> such as sand or ceramic particles are used to keep the cracks open and producing optimal flow rates.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drillers can employ <a href="/wiki/Directional_drilling" title="Directional drilling">directional drilling</a> to expand the reservoir size.<sup id="cite_ref-sci2013_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sci2013-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Small-scale EGS have been installed in the <a href="/wiki/Rhine_Graben" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhine Graben">Rhine Graben</a> at <a href="/wiki/Soultz-sous-For%C3%AAts" title="Soultz-sous-Forêts">Soultz-sous-Forêts</a> in France and at <a href="/wiki/Landau" title="Landau">Landau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Insheim" title="Insheim">Insheim</a> in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-sci2013_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sci2013-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Closed-loop_geothermal_systems">Closed-loop geothermal systems</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Closed-loop geothermal systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Closed-loop_geothermal" title="Closed-loop geothermal">Closed-loop geothermal</a></div> <p>Closed-loop geothermal systems, sometimes colloquially referred to as Advanced Geothermal Systems (AGS), are engineered geothermal systems containing subsurface working fluid that is heated in the hot rock reservoir without direct contact with rock pores and fractures. Instead, the subsurface working fluid stays inside a closed loop of deeply buried pipes that conduct Earth's heat. The advantages of a deep, closed-loop geothermal circuit include: (1) no need for a geofluid, (2) no need for the hot rock to be permeable or porous, and (3) all the introduced working fluid can be recirculated with zero loss.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Eavor_Technologies" title="Eavor Technologies">Eavor<sup>tm</sup></a>, a Canadian-based geothermal startup, piloted their closed-loop system in shallow soft rock formations in Alberta, Canada. Situated within a sedimentary basin, the geothermal gradient proved to be insufficient for electrical power generation. However, the system successfully produced approximately 11,000 MWh of thermal energy during its initial two years of operation."<sup id="cite_ref-:5_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economics">Economics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As with wind and solar energy, geothermal power has minimal operating costs; capital costs dominate. Drilling accounts for over half the costs, and not all wells produce exploitable resources. For example, a typical well pair (one for extraction and one for injection) in <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a> can produce 4.5 <a href="/wiki/Megawatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Megawatt">megawatts</a> (MW) and costs about $10 million to drill, with a 20% failure rate, making the average cost of a successful well $50 million.<sup id="cite_ref-econ101_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-econ101-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sonoma_Plant_at_The_Geysers_4778.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Sonoma_Plant_at_The_Geysers_4778.png/220px-Sonoma_Plant_at_The_Geysers_4778.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Sonoma_Plant_at_The_Geysers_4778.png/330px-Sonoma_Plant_at_The_Geysers_4778.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Sonoma_Plant_at_The_Geysers_4778.png/440px-Sonoma_Plant_at_The_Geysers_4778.png 2x" data-file-width="1750" data-file-height="894" /></a><figcaption>A power plant at The Geysers</figcaption></figure> <p>Drilling geothermal wells is more expensive than drilling oil and gas wells of comparable depth for several reasons: </p> <ul><li>Geothermal reservoirs are usually in igneous or metamorphic rock, which is harder to penetrate than the sedimentary rock of typical hydrocarbon reservoirs.</li> <li>The rock is often fractured, which causes vibrations that damage bits and other drilling tools.</li> <li>The rock is often abrasive, with high quartz content, and sometimes contains highly corrosive fluids.</li> <li>The rock is hot, which limits use of downhole electronics.</li> <li>Well casing must be cemented from top to bottom, to resist the casing's tendency to expand and contract with temperature changes. Oil and gas wells are usually cemented only at the bottom.</li> <li>Well diameters are considerably larger than typical oil and gas wells.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>As of 2007 plant construction and well drilling cost about €2–5 million per MW of electrical capacity, while the <a href="/wiki/Levelised_energy_cost" class="mw-redirect" title="Levelised energy cost">break-even</a> price was 0.04–0.10 € per kW·h.<sup id="cite_ref-Bertani_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bertani-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Enhanced geothermal systems tend to be on the high side of these ranges, with capital costs above $4 million per MW and break-even above $0.054 per kW·h.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 2013 and 2020, private investments were the main source of funding for <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a>, comprising approximately 75% of total financing. The mix between private and public funding varies among different renewable energy technologies, influenced by their market appeal and readiness. In 2020, geothermal energy received just 32% of its investment from private sources.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Socioeconomic_benefits">Socioeconomic benefits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Socioeconomic benefits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In January 2024, the <a href="/wiki/Energy_Sector_Management_Assistance_Program" title="Energy Sector Management Assistance Program">Energy Sector Management Assistance Program</a> (ESMAP) report "Socioeconomic Impacts of Geothermal Energy Development" was published, highlighting the substantial <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Socioeconomics">socioeconomic</a> benefits of geothermal energy development, which notably exceeds those of wind and solar by generating an estimated 34 jobs per megawatt across various sectors. The report details how geothermal projects contribute to skill development through practical on-the-job training and formal education, thereby strengthening the local workforce and expanding employment opportunities. It also underscores the collaborative nature of geothermal development with <a href="/wiki/Local_community" title="Local community">local communities</a>, which leads to improved infrastructure, skill-building programs, and revenue-sharing models, thereby enhancing access to reliable electricity and heat. These improvements have the potential to boost <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_productivity" title="Agricultural productivity">agricultural productivity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">food security</a>. The report further addresses the commitment to advancing gender equality and social inclusion by offering job opportunities, education, and training to underrepresented groups, ensuring fair access to the benefits of geothermal development. Collectively, these efforts are instrumental in driving domestic economic growth, increasing fiscal revenues, and contributing to more stable and diverse national economies, while also offering significant social benefits such as better health, education, and community cohesion.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Geothermal projects have several stages of development. Each phase has associated risks. Many projects are canceled during the stages of reconnaissance and geophysical surveys, which are unsuitable for traditional lending. At later stages can often be equity-financed.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precipitate_scaling">Precipitate scaling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Precipitate scaling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A common issue encountered in geothermal systems arises when the system is situated in carbonate-rich formations. In such cases, the fluids extracting heat from the subsurface often dissolve fragments of the rock during their ascent towards the surface, where they subsequently cool. As the fluids cool, dissolved cations precipitate out of solution, leading to the formation of calcium scale, a phenomenon known as calcite scaling. This calcite scaling has the potential to decrease flow rates and necessitate system downtime for maintenance purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sustainability">Sustainability</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sustainability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Geothermal energy is considered to be sustainable because the heat extracted is so small compared to the Earth's heat content, which is approximately 100 billion times 2010 worldwide annual energy consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-IPCC_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPCC-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Earth's heat flows are not in equilibrium; the planet is cooling on geologic timescales. Anthropic heat extraction typically does not accelerate the cooling process. </p><p>Wells can further be considered renewable because they return the extracted water to the borehole for reheating and re-extraction, albeit at a lower temperature. </p><p>Replacing material use with energy has reduced the human environmental footprint in many applications. Geothermal has the potential to allow further reductions. For example, <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> has sufficient geothermal energy to eliminate fossil fuels for electricity production and to heat <a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík">Reykjavik</a> sidewalks and eliminate the need for gritting.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geothermal.Electricity.NZ.Poihipi.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Geothermal.Electricity.NZ.Poihipi.png/330px-Geothermal.Electricity.NZ.Poihipi.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Geothermal.Electricity.NZ.Poihipi.png/495px-Geothermal.Electricity.NZ.Poihipi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Geothermal.Electricity.NZ.Poihipi.png/660px-Geothermal.Electricity.NZ.Poihipi.png 2x" data-file-width="2854" data-file-height="422" /></a><figcaption>Electricity generation at Poihipi, New Zealand</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geothermal.Electricity.NZ.Ohaaki.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Geothermal.Electricity.NZ.Ohaaki.png/330px-Geothermal.Electricity.NZ.Ohaaki.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Geothermal.Electricity.NZ.Ohaaki.png/495px-Geothermal.Electricity.NZ.Ohaaki.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Geothermal.Electricity.NZ.Ohaaki.png/660px-Geothermal.Electricity.NZ.Ohaaki.png 2x" data-file-width="1424" data-file-height="422" /></a><figcaption>Electricity generation at Ohaaki, New Zealand</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geothermal.Electricity.NZ.Wairakei.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Geothermal.Electricity.NZ.Wairakei.png/330px-Geothermal.Electricity.NZ.Wairakei.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Geothermal.Electricity.NZ.Wairakei.png/495px-Geothermal.Electricity.NZ.Wairakei.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Geothermal.Electricity.NZ.Wairakei.png/660px-Geothermal.Electricity.NZ.Wairakei.png 2x" data-file-width="2872" data-file-height="419" /></a><figcaption>Electricity generation at Wairakei, New Zealand</figcaption></figure> <p>However, local effects of heat extraction must be considered.<sup id="cite_ref-sustainability_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sustainability-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the course of decades, individual wells draw down local temperatures and water levels. The three oldest sites, at Larderello, <a href="/wiki/Wairakei" title="Wairakei">Wairakei</a>, and the Geysers experienced reduced output because of local depletion. Heat and water, in uncertain proportions, were extracted faster than they were replenished. Reducing production and injecting additional water could allow these wells to recover their original capacity. Such strategies have been implemented at some sites. These sites continue to provide significant energy.<sup id="cite_ref-Wairakei_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wairakei-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-300years_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-300years-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Wairakei_Power_Station" title="Wairakei Power Station">Wairakei</a> power station was commissioned in November 1958, and it attained its peak generation of 173 <a href="/wiki/Watt#Megawatt" title="Watt">MW</a> in 1965, but already the supply of high-pressure steam was faltering. In 1982 it was down-rated to intermediate pressure and the output to 157 MW. In 2005 two 8 MW <a href="/wiki/Isopentane" title="Isopentane">isopentane</a> systems were added, boosting output by about 14 MW. Detailed data were lost due to re-organisations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_effects">Environmental effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Environmental effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Puhagan_geothermal_plant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Puhagan_geothermal_plant.jpg/220px-Puhagan_geothermal_plant.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Puhagan_geothermal_plant.jpg/330px-Puhagan_geothermal_plant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Puhagan_geothermal_plant.jpg/440px-Puhagan_geothermal_plant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Geothermal power station in the Philippines</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Krafla_Geothermal_Station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Krafla_Geothermal_Station.jpg/220px-Krafla_Geothermal_Station.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Krafla_Geothermal_Station.jpg/330px-Krafla_Geothermal_Station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Krafla_Geothermal_Station.jpg/440px-Krafla_Geothermal_Station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Krafla Geothermal Station in northeast Iceland</figcaption></figure> <p>Fluids drawn from underground carry a mixture of gasses, notably <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span>), <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>S</span>), <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">CH<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span></span>) and <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">NH<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span></span>). These pollutants contribute to <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">acid rain</a> and noxious smells if released. Existing geothermal electric plants emit an average of 122 kilograms (269 lb) of <span class="chemf nowrap">CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> per megawatt-hour (MW·h) of electricity, a small fraction of the <a href="/wiki/Emission_intensity" title="Emission intensity">emission intensity</a> of fossil fuel plants.<sup id="cite_ref-CO2_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CO2-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="Lots of new geothermal since 2002 (October 2020)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> A few plants emit more pollutants than gas-fired power, at least in the first few years, such as some <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Geothermal power in Turkey">geothermal power in Turkey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plants that experience high levels of acids and volatile chemicals are typically equipped with emission-control systems to reduce the exhaust. New emerging closed looped technologies developed by Eavor have the potential to reduce these emissions to zero.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Water from geothermal sources may hold in solution trace amounts of toxic elements such as <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">boron</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">antimony</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-toxic_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toxic-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These chemicals precipitate as the water cools, and can damage surroundings if released. The modern practice of returning geothermal fluids into the Earth to stimulate production has the side benefit of reducing this environmental impact. </p><p>Construction can adversely affect land stability. <a href="/wiki/Subsidence" title="Subsidence">Subsidence</a> occurred in the Wairakei field.<sup id="cite_ref-utilization_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-utilization-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Staufen_im_Breisgau" title="Staufen im Breisgau">Staufen im Breisgau</a>, Germany, <a href="/wiki/Tectonic_uplift" title="Tectonic uplift">tectonic uplift</a> occurred instead. A previously isolated <a href="/wiki/Anhydrite" title="Anhydrite">anhydrite</a> layer came in contact with water and turned it into gypsum, doubling its volume.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_geothermal_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Enhanced geothermal systems">Enhanced geothermal systems</a> can trigger <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquakes</a> as part of <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fracturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic fracturing">hydraulic fracturing</a>. A project in <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> was suspended because more than 10,000 seismic events measuring up to 3.4 on the <a href="/wiki/Richter_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Richter Scale">Richter Scale</a> occurred over the first 6 days of water injection.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Geothermal power production has minimal land and freshwater requirements. Geothermal plants use 3.5 square kilometres (1.4 sq mi) per gigawatt of electrical production (not capacity) versus 32 square kilometres (12 sq mi) and 12 square kilometres (4.6 sq mi) for <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> facilities and <a href="/wiki/Wind_farm" title="Wind farm">wind farms</a> respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-utilization_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-utilization-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They use 20 litres (5.3 US gal) of freshwater per MW·h versus over 1,000 litres (260 US gal) per MW·h for nuclear, coal, or oil.<sup id="cite_ref-utilization_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-utilization-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this section <b>may not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy&action=edit">improve this section</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Geothermal_energy" title="Talk:Geothermal energy">talk page</a>, or create a new section, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philippines">Philippines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> began geothermal research in 1962 when the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Institute_of_Volcanology_and_Seismology" title="Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology">Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology</a> inspected the geothermal region in <a href="/wiki/Tiwi,_Albay" title="Tiwi, Albay">Tiwi, Albay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first geothermal power plant in the Philippines was built in 1977, located in Tongonan, <a href="/wiki/Leyte" title="Leyte">Leyte</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Government" title="New Zealand Government">New Zealand government</a> contracted with the Philippines to build the plant in 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tongonan Geothermal Field (TGF) added the Upper Mahiao, Matlibog, and South Sambaloran plants, which resulted in a 508 MV capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first geothermal power plant in the Tiwi region opened in 1979, while two other plants followed in 1980 and 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tiwi geothermal field is located about 450 km from <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three geothermal power plants in the Tiwi region produce 330 MWe, putting the Philippines behind the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> in geothermal growth.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Philippines has 7 geothermal fields and continues to exploit geothermal energy by creating the Philippine Energy Plan 2012–2030 that aims to produce 70% of the country's energy by 2030.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the Geothermal Energy Association (GEA) installed geothermal capacity in the United States grew by 5%, or 147.05 MW, in 2013. This increase came from seven geothermal projects that began production in 2012. GEA revised its 2011 estimate of installed capacity upward by 128 MW, bringing installed US geothermal capacity to 3,386 MW.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hungary">Hungary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Hungary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The municipal government of <a href="/wiki/Szeged" title="Szeged">Szeged</a> is trying to cut down its gas consumption by 50 percent by utilizing geothermal energy for its district heating system. The Szeged geothermal power station has 27 wells, 16 heating plants, and 250 kilometres of distribution pipes.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wind-turbine-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wind-turbine-icon.svg/28px-Wind-turbine-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wind-turbine-icon.svg/42px-Wind-turbine-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wind-turbine-icon.svg/56px-Wind-turbine-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Renewable_energy" title="Portal:Renewable energy">Renewable energy portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2010_World_Geothermal_Congress" title="2010 World Geothermal Congress">2010 World Geothermal Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_water_source_cooling" title="Deep water source cooling">Deep water source cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_internal_heat_budget" title="Earth's internal heat budget">Earth's internal heat budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_activity" title="Geothermal activity">Geothermal activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">Hydrothermal vent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Geothermal_Association" title="International Geothermal Association">International Geothermal Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_thermal_energy_conversion" title="Ocean thermal energy conversion">Ocean thermal energy conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_cost_of_electricity_generated_by_different_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative cost of electricity generated by different sources">Relative cost of electricity generated by different sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_renewable_energy_topics_by_country_and_territory" title="List of renewable energy topics by country and territory">List of renewable energy topics by country and territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_battery" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal battery">Thermal battery</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCothran2002" class="citation cs2">Cothran, Helen (2002), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/energyalternativ00hele"><i>Energy Alternatives</i></a></span>, Greenhaven Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0737709049" title="Special:BookSources/978-0737709049"><bdi>978-0737709049</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Energy+Alternatives&rft.pub=Greenhaven+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0737709049&rft.aulast=Cothran&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fenergyalternativ00hele&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeothermal+energy" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2014)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.energy.gov/eere/geothermal/geothermal-faqs">"Geothermal FAQs"</a>. <i>Energy.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Energy.gov&rft.atitle=Geothermal+FAQs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.energy.gov%2Feere%2Fgeothermal%2Fgeothermal-faqs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeothermal+energy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ren21.net/gsr-2020">"Renewables 2020: Global Status Report. Chapter 01; Global Overview"</a>. REN21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-02-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Renewables+2020%3A+Global+Status+Report.+Chapter+01%3B+Global+Overview&rft.pub=REN21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ren21.net%2Fgsr-2020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeothermal+energy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IPCC-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IPCC_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IPCC_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IPCC_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IPCC_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IPCC_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IPCC_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFridleifssonBertaniHuengesLund2008" class="citation journal cs1">Fridleifsson, Ingvar B.; Bertani, Ruggero; Huenges, Ernst; Lund, John W.; Ragnarsson, Arni; Rybach, Ladislaus (2008-02-11). O. Hohmeyer and T. Trittin (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100308014920/http://www.iea-gia.org/documents/FridleifssonetalIPCCGeothermalpaper2008FinalRybach20May08_000.pdf">"The possible role and contribution of geothermal energy to the mitigation of climate change"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>IPCC Scoping Meeting on Renewable Energy Sources conference, Proceedings</i>. Luebeck, Germany: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: 59–80. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iea-gia.org/documents/FridleifssonetalIPCCGeothermalpaper2008FinalRybach20May08_000.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on March 8, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IPCC+Scoping+Meeting+on+Renewable+Energy+Sources+conference%2C+Proceedings&rft.atitle=The+possible+role+and+contribution+of+geothermal+energy+to+the+mitigation+of+climate+change&rft.pages=59-80&rft.date=2008-02-11&rft.aulast=Fridleifsson&rft.aufirst=Ingvar+B.&rft.au=Bertani%2C+Ruggero&rft.au=Huenges%2C+Ernst&rft.au=Lund%2C+John+W.&rft.au=Ragnarsson%2C+Arni&rft.au=Rybach%2C+Ladislaus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iea-gia.org%2Fdocuments%2FFridleifssonetalIPCCGeothermalpaper2008FinalRybach20May08_000.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeothermal+energy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thinkgeoenergy.com/irena-global-geothermal-workforce-reaches-99400-in-2019/">"IRENA – Global geothermal workforce reaches 99,400 in 2019"</a>. <i>Think GeoEnergy - Geothermal Energy News</i>. 2 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Think+GeoEnergy+-+Geothermal+Energy+News&rft.atitle=IRENA+%E2%80%93+Global+geothermal+workforce+reaches+99%2C400+in+2019&rft.date=2020-10-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkgeoenergy.com%2Firena-global-geothermal-workforce-reaches-99400-in-2019%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeothermal+energy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCataldi1992" class="citation cs2">Cataldi, Raffaele (August 1992), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100618001239/http://geoheat.oit.edu/pdf/bulletin/bi046.pdf">"Review of historiographic aspects of geothermal energy in the Mediterranean and Mesoamerican areas prior to the Modern Age"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Geo-Heat Centre Quarterly Bulletin</i>, vol. 18, no. 1, Klamath Falls, Oregon: Oregon Institute of Technology, pp. 13–16, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geoheat.oit.edu/pdf/bulletin/bi046.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2010-06-18<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-11-01</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geo-Heat+Centre+Quarterly+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Review+of+historiographic+aspects+of+geothermal+energy+in+the+Mediterranean+and+Mesoamerican+areas+prior+to+the+Modern+Age&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=13-16&rft.date=1992-08&rft.aulast=Cataldi&rft.aufirst=Raffaele&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeoheat.oit.edu%2Fpdf%2Fbulletin%2Fbi046.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeothermal+energy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-utilization-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-utilization_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-utilization_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-utilization_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-utilization_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLund2007" class="citation cs2">Lund, John W. (June 2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100617215822/http://geoheat.oit.edu/bulletin/bull28-2/art1.pdf">"Characteristics, Development and utilization of geothermal resources"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Geo-Heat Centre Quarterly Bulletin</i>, vol. 28, no. 2, Klamath Falls, Oregon: Oregon Institute of Technology, pp. 1–9, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geoheat.oit.edu/bulletin/bull28-2/art1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2010-06-17<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-16</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geo-Heat+Centre+Quarterly+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Characteristics%2C+Development+and+utilization+of+geothermal+resources&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1-9&rft.date=2007-06&rft.aulast=Lund&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeoheat.oit.edu%2Fbulletin%2Fbull28-2%2Fart1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeothermal+energy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCleveland2015" class="citation cs2">Cleveland, Cutler J. (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-096811-7.50035-4">"Preface to the First Edition"</a>, <i>Dictionary of Energy</i>, Elsevier, p. 291, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-0-08-096811-7.50035-4">10.1016/b978-0-08-096811-7.50035-4</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780080968117" title="Special:BookSources/9780080968117"><bdi>9780080968117</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-07</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dictionary+of+Energy&rft.atitle=Preface+to+the+First+Edition&rft.pages=291&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fb978-0-08-096811-7.50035-4&rft.isbn=9780080968117&rft.aulast=Cleveland&rft.aufirst=Cutler+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1016%2Fb978-0-08-096811-7.50035-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeothermal+energy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dickson-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dickson_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDicksonFanelli2004" class="citation cs2">Dickson, Mary H.; Fanelli, Mario (February 2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726100731/http://www.geothermal-energy.org/314,what_is_geothermal_energy.html"><i>What is Geothermal Energy?</i></a>, Pisa, Italy: Istituto di Geoscienze e Georisorse, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geothermal-energy.org/314,what_is_geothermal_energy.html">the original</a> on 2011-07-26<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-01-17</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+is+Geothermal+Energy%3F&rft.place=Pisa%2C+Italy&rft.pub=Istituto+di+Geoscienze+e+Georisorse&rft.date=2004-02&rft.aulast=Dickson&rft.aufirst=Mary+H.&rft.au=Fanelli%2C+Mario&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geothermal-energy.org%2F314%2Cwhat_is_geothermal_energy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeothermal+energy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bertani-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bertani_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bertani_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBertani2007" class="citation cs2">Bertani, Ruggero (September 2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geoheat.oit.edu/bulletin/bull28-3/art3.pdf">"World Geothermal Generation in 2007"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Geo-Heat Centre Quarterly Bulletin</i>, vol. 28, no. 3, Klamath Falls, Oregon: Oregon Institute of Technology, pp. 8–19<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-12</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geo-Heat+Centre+Quarterly+Bulletin&rft.atitle=World+Geothermal+Generation+in+2007&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=8-19&rft.date=2007-09&rft.aulast=Bertani&rft.aufirst=Ruggero&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeoheat.oit.edu%2Fbulletin%2Fbull28-3%2Fart3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeothermal+energy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTiwari,_G._N.Ghosal,_M._K.2005" class="citation cs2">Tiwari, G. N.; Ghosal, M. K. (2005), <i>Renewable Energy Resources: Basic Principles and Applications</i>, Alpha Science, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84265-125-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84265-125-4"><bdi>978-1-84265-125-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Renewable+Energy+Resources%3A+Basic+Principles+and+Applications&rft.pub=Alpha+Science&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-84265-125-4&rft.au=Tiwari%2C+G.+N.&rft.au=Ghosal%2C+M.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeothermal+energy" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2014)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sci2013-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sci2013_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sci2013_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sci2013_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sci2013_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMooreSimmons2013" class="citation cs2">Moore, J. N.; Simmons, S. F. (2013), "More Power from Below", <i>Science</i>, <b>340</b> (6135): 933–4, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Sci...340..933M">2013Sci...340..933M</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1235640">10.1126/science.1235640</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23704561">23704561</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206547980">206547980</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=More+Power+from+Below&rft.volume=340&rft.issue=6135&rft.pages=933-4&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1235640&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206547980%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23704561&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013Sci...340..933M&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=J.+N.&rft.au=Simmons%2C+S.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeothermal+energy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100years-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-100years_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-100years_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLund2004" class="citation cs2">Lund, J. (September 2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100617221828/http://geoheat.oit.edu/bulletin/bull25-3/art2.pdf">"100 Years of Geothermal Power Production"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Geo-Heat Centre Quarterly Bulletin</i>, vol. 25, no. 3, Klamath Falls, Oregon: Oregon Institute of Technology, pp. 11–19, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geoheat.oit.edu/bulletin/bull25-3/art2.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2010-06-17<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-13</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geo-Heat+Centre+Quarterly+Bulletin&rft.atitle=100+Years+of+Geothermal+Power+Production&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=11-19&rft.date=2004-09&rft.aulast=Lund&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeoheat.oit.edu%2Fbulletin%2Fbull25-3%2Fart2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeothermal+energy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLartyReed1992" class="citation cs2">McLarty, Lynn; Reed, Marshall J. (1992), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160516221028/http://geotherm.inel.gov/publications/articles/mclarty/mclarty%2Dreed.pdf">"The US Geothermal Industry: Three Decades of Growth"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Energy Sources, Part A</i>, <b>14</b> (4): 443–455, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00908319208908739">10.1080/00908319208908739</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geotherm.inel.gov/publications/articles/mclarty/mclarty-reed.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-05-16<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-11-05</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Energy+Sources%2C+Part+A&rft.atitle=The+US+Geothermal+Industry%3A+Three+Decades+of+Growth&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=443-455&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00908319208908739&rft.aulast=McLarty&rft.aufirst=Lynn&rft.au=Reed%2C+Marshall+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeotherm.inel.gov%2Fpublications%2Farticles%2Fmclarty%2Fmclarty-reed.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeothermal+energy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chena-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chena_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErkanHoldmannBenoitBlackwell2008" class="citation cs2">Erkan, K.; Holdmann, G.; Benoit, W.; Blackwell, D. (2008), "Understanding the Chena Hot flopë Springs, Alaska, geothermal system using temperature and pressure data", <i>Geothermics</i>, <b>37</b> (6): 565–585, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.geothermics.2008.09.001">10.1016/j.geothermics.2008.09.001</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geothermics&rft.atitle=Understanding+the+Chena+Hot+flop%C3%AB+Springs%2C+Alaska%2C+geothermal+system+using+temperature+and+pressure+data&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=565-585&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.geothermics.2008.09.001&rft.aulast=Erkan&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Holdmann%2C+G.&rft.au=Benoit%2C+W.&rft.au=Blackwell%2C+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeothermal+energy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-turcotte-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-turcotte_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurcotteSchubert,_G.2002" class="citation cs2">Turcotte, D. L.; Schubert, G. (2002), <i>Geodynamics</i> (2 ed.), Cambridge, England, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 7–8, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66624-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66624-4"><bdi>978-0-521-66624-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geodynamics&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England%2C+UK&rft.pages=7-8&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-66624-4&rft.aulast=Turcotte&rft.aufirst=D.+L.&rft.au=Schubert%2C+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeothermal+energy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220308085807/https://geothermalengineering.co.uk/united-downs/">"United Downs – Geothermal Engineering Ltd"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geothermalengineering.co.uk/united-downs/">the original</a> on 2022-03-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+Downs+%E2%80%93+Geothermal+Engineering+Ltd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeothermalengineering.co.uk%2Funited-downs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeothermal+energy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLayHernlundBuffett2008" class="citation cs2">Lay, Thorne; Hernlund, John; Buffett, Bruce A. (2008), "Core–mantle boundary heat flow", <i>Nature Geoscience</i>, <b>1</b> (1): 25–32, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008NatGe...1...25L">2008NatGe...1...25L</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fngeo.2007.44">10.1038/ngeo.2007.44</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Geoscience&rft.atitle=Core%E2%80%93mantle+boundary+heat+flow&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=25-32&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fngeo.2007.44&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008NatGe...1...25L&rft.aulast=Lay&rft.aufirst=Thorne&rft.au=Hernlund%2C+John&rft.au=Buffett%2C+Bruce+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeothermal+energy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pollack_et_al-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pollack_et_al_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollackS._J._HurterJ._R._Johnson1993" class="citation journal cs1">Pollack, H.N.; S. J. Hurter; J. R. Johnson (1993). "Heat Flow from the Earth's Interior: Analysis of the Global Data Set". <i>Rev. Geophys</i>. <b>30</b> (3): 267–280. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993RvGeo..31..267P">1993RvGeo..31..267P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F93RG01249">10.1029/93RG01249</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rev.+Geophys.&rft.atitle=Heat+Flow+from+the+Earth%27s+Interior%3A+Analysis+of+the+Global+Data+Set&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=267-280&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F93RG01249&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1993RvGeo..31..267P&rft.aulast=Pollack&rft.aufirst=H.N.&rft.au=S.+J.+Hurter&rft.au=J.+R.+Johnson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeothermal+energy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sustainability-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sustainability_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sustainability_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sustainability_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRybach2007" class="citation journal cs1">Rybach, Ladislaus (September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120217184740/http://geoheat.oit.edu/bulletin/bull28-3/art2.pdf">"Geothermal Sustainability"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Geo-Heat Centre Quarterly Bulletin</i>. <b>28</b> (3). Klamath Falls, Oregon: Oregon Institute of Technology: 2–7. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geoheat.oit.edu/bulletin/bull28-3/art2.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2012-02-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geo-Heat+Centre+Quarterly+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Geothermal+Sustainability&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=2-7&rft.date=2007-09&rft.aulast=Rybach&rft.aufirst=Ladislaus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeoheat.oit.edu%2Fbulletin%2Fbull28-3%2Fart2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeothermal+energy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-INEL-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-INEL_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-INEL_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTester2006" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">Tester, Jefferson W.; et al. (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20110310030646/http://geothermal.inel.gov/publications/future_of_geothermal_energy.pdf"><i>The Future of Geothermal Energy</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, vol. Impact of Enhanced Geothermal Systems (Egs) on the United States in the 21st Century: An Assessment, Idaho Falls: Idaho National Laboratory, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a>, pp. 1–8 to 1–33 (Executive Summary), <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-615-13438-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-615-13438-3"><bdi>978-0-615-13438-3</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geothermal.inel.gov/publications/future_of_geothermal_energy.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-03-10<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-02-07</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Future+of+Geothermal+Energy&rft.place=Idaho+Falls&rft.pages=1-8+to+1-33+%28Executive+Summary%29&rft.pub=Idaho+National+Laboratory%2C+Massachusetts+Institute+of+Technology&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-615-13438-3&rft.aulast=Tester&rft.aufirst=Jefferson+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeothermal.inel.gov%2Fpublications%2Ffuture_of_geothermal_energy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeothermal+energy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFykBiletskyiAbbud2018" class="citation journal cs1">Fyk, Mykhailo; Biletskyi, Volodymyr; Abbud, Mokhammed (May 25, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.e3s-conferences.org/articles/e3sconf/abs/2018/35/e3sconf_usme2018_00006/e3sconf_usme2018_00006.html">"Resource evaluation of geothermal power plant under the conditions of carboniferous deposits usage in the Dnipro-Donetsk depression"</a>. <i>E3S Web of Conferences</i>. <b>60</b>: 00006. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018E3SWC..6000006F">2018E3SWC..6000006F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2Fe3sconf%2F20186000006">10.1051/e3sconf/20186000006</a></span> – via www.e3s-conferences.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=E3S+Web+of+Conferences&rft.atitle=Resource+evaluation+of+geothermal+power+plant+under+the+conditions+of+carboniferous+deposits+usage+in+the+Dnipro-Donetsk+depression&rft.volume=60&rft.pages=00006&rft.date=2018-05-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1051%2Fe3sconf%2F20186000006&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018E3SWC..6000006F&rft.aulast=Fyk&rft.aufirst=Mykhailo&rft.au=Biletskyi%2C+Volodymyr&rft.au=Abbud%2C+Mokhammed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.e3s-conferences.org%2Farticles%2Fe3sconf%2Fabs%2F2018%2F35%2Fe3sconf_usme2018_00006%2Fe3sconf_usme2018_00006.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeothermal+energy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/installed-geothermal-capacity">"Installed geothermal energy capacity"</a>. <i>Our World in Data</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Our+World+in+Data&rft.atitle=Installed+geothermal+energy+capacity&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fourworldindata.org%2Fgrapher%2Finstalled-geothermal-capacity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeothermal+energy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gea2010-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gea2010_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geothermal Energy Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geo-energy.org/pdf/reports/GEA_International_Market_Report_Final_May_2010.pdf">Geothermal Energy: International Market Update</a> May 2010, p. 4-6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBassamMaegaardSchlichting2013" class="citation book cs1">Bassam, Nasir El; Maegaard, Preben; Schlichting, Marcia (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uP4eGFt4c_AC&pg=PA187"><i>Distributed Renewable Energies for Off-Grid Communities: Strategies and Technologies Toward Achieving Sustainability in Energy Generation and Supply</i></a>. Newnes. p. 187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-397178-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-397178-4"><bdi>978-0-12-397178-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Distributed+Renewable+Energies+for+Off-Grid+Communities%3A+Strategies+and+Technologies+Toward+Achieving+Sustainability+in+Energy+Generation+and+Supply&rft.pages=187&rft.pub=Newnes&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-12-397178-4&rft.aulast=Bassam&rft.aufirst=Nasir+El&rft.au=Maegaard%2C+Preben&rft.au=Schlichting%2C+Marcia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuP4eGFt4c_AC%26pg%3DPA187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeothermal+energy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2019_Capacity-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2019_Capacity_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichter2020" class="citation news cs1">Richter, Alexander (27 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thinkgeoenergy.com/the-top-10-geothermal-countries-2019-based-on-installed-generation-capacity-mwe/">"The Top 10 Geothermal Countries 2019 – based on installed generation capacity (MWe)"</a>. Think GeoEnergy – Geothermal Energy News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Top+10+Geothermal+Countries+2019+%E2%80%93+based+on+installed+generation+capacity+%28MWe%29&rft.date=2020-01-27&rft.aulast=Richter&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkgeoenergy.com%2Fthe-top-10-geothermal-countries-2019-based-on-installed-generation-capacity-mwe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeothermal+energy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraigGavin2018" class="citation book cs1">Craig, William; Gavin, Kenneth (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icebookshop.com/Products/Geothermal-Energy,-Heat-Exchange-Systems-and-Energ.aspx"><i>Geothermal Energy, Heat Exchange Systems and Energy Piles</i></a>. London: ICE Publishing. pp. 41–42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780727763983" title="Special:BookSources/9780727763983"><bdi>9780727763983</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geothermal+Energy%2C+Heat+Exchange+Systems+and+Energy+Piles&rft.place=London&rft.pages=41-42&rft.pub=ICE+Publishing&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780727763983&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Gavin%2C+Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icebookshop.com%2FProducts%2FGeothermal-Energy%2C-Heat-Exchange-Systems-and-Energ.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeothermal+energy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IPCC_Annex_II-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IPCC_Annex_II_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoomawBurgherrHeathLenzen" class="citation web cs1">Moomaw, W.; Burgherr, P.; Heath, G.; Lenzen, M.; Nyboer, J.; Verbruggen, A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://srren.ipcc-wg3.de/report/IPCC_SRREN_Annex_II.pdf">"2011: Annex II: Methodology"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>IPCC: Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigatio</i>. p. 10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IPCC%3A+Special+Report+on+Renewable+Energy+Sources+and+Climate+Change+Mitigatio&rft.atitle=2011%3A+Annex+II%3A+Methodology&rft.pages=10&rft.aulast=Moomaw&rft.aufirst=W.&rft.au=Burgherr%2C+P.&rft.au=Heath%2C+G.&rft.au=Lenzen%2C+M.&rft.au=Nyboer%2C+J.&rft.au=Verbruggen%2C+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsrren.ipcc-wg3.de%2Freport%2FIPCC_SRREN_Annex_II.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeothermal+energy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLundBoyd2015" class="citation cs2">Lund, John W.; Boyd, Tonya L. (April 2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pangea.stanford.edu/ERE/db/WGC/papers/WGC/2015/01000.pdf">"Direct Utilization of Geothermal Energy 2015 Worldwide Review"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2015</i>, vol. 60, p. 66, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016Geoth..60...66L">2016Geoth..60...66L</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.geothermics.2015.11.004">10.1016/j.geothermics.2015.11.004</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-04-27</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+World+Geothermal+Congress+2015&rft.atitle=Direct+Utilization+of+Geothermal+Energy+2015+Worldwide+Review&rft.volume=60&rft.pages=66&rft.date=2015-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.geothermics.2015.11.004&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016Geoth..60...66L&rft.aulast=Lund&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rft.au=Boyd%2C+Tonya+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpangea.stanford.edu%2FERE%2Fdb%2FWGC%2Fpapers%2FWGC%2F2015%2F01000.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeothermal+energy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IRENA-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IRENA_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IRENA_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mc-cd8320d4-36a1-40ac-83cc-3389-cdn-endpoint.azureedge.net/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2023/Mar/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2023.pdf">"Renewable Capacity Statistics 2023"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Renewable_Energy_Agency" title="International Renewable Energy Agency">IRENA</a></i>. 7 January 2021. p. 42 (54 of PDF)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IRENA&rft.atitle=Renewable+Capacity+Statistics+2023&rft.pages=42+%2854+of+PDF%29&rft.date=2021-01-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmc-cd8320d4-36a1-40ac-83cc-3389-cdn-endpoint.azureedge.net%2F-%2Fmedia%2FFiles%2FIRENA%2FAgency%2FPublication%2F2023%2FMar%2FIRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2023.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeothermal+energy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Calculated from <sup id="cite_ref-IRENA_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IRENA-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBertani2009" class="citation journal cs1">Bertani, Ruggero (2009). Popovski, K.; Vranovska, A.; Popovska Vasilevska, S. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pangea.stanford.edu/ERE/pdf/IGAstandard/ISS/2009Slovakia/I.1.Bertani.pdf">"Geothermal Energy: An Overview on Resources and Potential"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proceedings of the International Conference on National Development of Geothermal Energy Use</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+International+Conference+on+National+Development+of+Geothermal+Energy+Use&rft.atitle=Geothermal+Energy%3A+An+Overview+on+Resources+and+Potential&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Bertani&rft.aufirst=Ruggero&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpangea.stanford.edu%2FERE%2Fpdf%2FIGAstandard%2FISS%2F2009Slovakia%2FI.1.Bertani.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeothermal+energy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuByne2015" class="citation cs2">DuByne, David (November 2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oilseedcrops.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Geothermal-Energy-in-Myanmar-Securing-Electricity-for-Eastern-Border-Development-David-DuByne.pdf">"Geothermal Energy in Myanmar Securing Electricity for Eastern Border Development"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Myanmar Business Today Magazine</i>: 6–8</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Myanmar+Business+Today+Magazine&rft.atitle=Geothermal+Energy+in+Myanmar+Securing+Electricity+for+Eastern+Border+Development&rft.pages=6-8&rft.date=2015-11&rft.aulast=DuByne&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oilseedcrops.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2015%2F11%2FGeothermal-Energy-in-Myanmar-Securing-Electricity-for-Eastern-Border-Development-David-DuByne.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeothermal+energy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icax.co.uk/Mean_Annual_Air_Temperature.html">"Mean Annual Air Temperature | MATT | Ground temperature | Renewable Energy | Interseasonal Heat Transfer | Solar Thermal Collectors | Ground Source Heat Pumps | Renewable Cooling"</a>. <i>www.icax.co.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.icax.co.uk&rft.atitle=Mean+Annual+Air+Temperature+%26%23124%3B+MATT+%26%23124%3B+Ground+temperature+%26%23124%3B+Renewable+Energy+%26%23124%3B+Interseasonal+Heat+Transfer+%26%23124%3B+Solar+Thermal+Collectors+%26%23124%3B+Ground+Source+Heat+Pumps+%26%23124%3B+Renewable+Cooling&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icax.co.uk%2FMean_Annual_Air_Temperature.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeothermal+energy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eere-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eere_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.eere.energy.gov/geothermal/low_temperature_resources.html">"Low-Temperature and Co-produced Geothermal Resources"</a>. US Department of Energy.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Low-Temperature+and+Co-produced+Geothermal+Resources&rft.pub=US+Department+of+Energy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.eere.energy.gov%2Fgeothermal%2Flow_temperature_resources.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeothermal+energy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catf.us/superhot-rock/glossary/">"Superhot Rock Energy Glossary"</a>. <i>Clean Air Task Force</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Clean+Air+Task+Force&rft.atitle=Superhot+Rock+Energy+Glossary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catf.us%2Fsuperhot-rock%2Fglossary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeothermal+energy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jpt.spe.org/when-fracturing-for-geothermal-is-proppant-really-necessary">"When Fracturing for Geothermal, Is Proppant Really Necessary?"</a>. <i>JPT</i>. 2023-03-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JPT&rft.atitle=When+Fracturing+for+Geothermal%2C+Is+Proppant+Really+Necessary%3F&rft.date=2023-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjpt.spe.org%2Fwhen-fracturing-for-geothermal-is-proppant-really-necessary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeothermal+energy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://natural-resources.canada.ca/science-and-data/funding-partnerships/funding-opportunities/current-investments/eavor-loop-demonstration-project/21896">"Eavor-Loop Demonstration Project"</a>. <i>Natural Resources Canada</i>. 2019-04-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Natural+Resources+Canada&rft.atitle=Eavor-Loop+Demonstration+Project&rft.date=2019-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnatural-resources.canada.ca%2Fscience-and-data%2Ffunding-partnerships%2Ffunding-opportunities%2Fcurrent-investments%2Feavor-loop-demonstration-project%2F21896&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeothermal+energy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToews2020" class="citation web cs1">Toews, Mathew (January 11, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://albertainnovates.ca/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/2506-G2019000423-Eavor-Final-Public-Report-Jan-2021.pdf">"Eavor-Lite Demonstration Project"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eavor-Lite+Demonstration+Project&rft.date=2020-01-11&rft.aulast=Toews&rft.aufirst=Mathew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falbertainnovates.ca%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2022%2F08%2F2506-G2019000423-Eavor-Final-Public-Report-Jan-2021.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeothermal+energy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-econ101-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-econ101_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100501143651/http://www.glacierpartnerscorp.com/geothermal.php"><i>Geothermal Economics 101, Economics of a 35 MW Binary Cycle Geothermal Plant</i></a>, New York: Glacier Partners, October 2009, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glacierpartnerscorp.com/geothermal.php">the original</a> on 2010-05-01<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-10-17</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geothermal+Economics+101%2C+Economics+of+a+35+MW+Binary+Cycle+Geothermal+Plant&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Glacier+Partners&rft.date=2009-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.glacierpartnerscorp.com%2Fgeothermal.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeothermal+energy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFingerBlankenship2010" class="citation web cs1">Finger, J. T.; Blankenship, D. A. (December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www1.eere.energy.gov/geothermal/pdfs/drillinghandbook.pdf">"Handbook of Best Practices for Geothermal Drilling Sandia Report SAND2010-6048"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Sandia National Laboratories.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Best+Practices+for+Geothermal+Drilling+Sandia+Report+SAND2010-6048&rft.pub=Sandia+National+Laboratories&rft.date=2010-12&rft.aulast=Finger&rft.aufirst=J.+T.&rft.au=Blankenship%2C+D.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww1.eere.energy.gov%2Fgeothermal%2Fpdfs%2Fdrillinghandbook.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeothermal+energy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanyalMorrowButlerRobertson-Tait2007" class="citation journal cs1">Sanyal, Subir K.; Morrow, James W.; Butler, Steven J.; Robertson-Tait, Ann (January 22–24, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pangea.stanford.edu/ERE/pdf/IGAstandard/SGW/2007/sanyal1.pdf">"Cost of Electricity from Enhanced Geothermal Systems"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proceedings, Thirty-Second Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering</i>. Stanford, California.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings%2C+Thirty-Second+Workshop+on+Geothermal+Reservoir+Engineering&rft.atitle=Cost+of+Electricity+from+Enhanced+Geothermal+Systems&rft.date=2007-01-22%2F2007-01-24&rft.aulast=Sanyal&rft.aufirst=Subir+K.&rft.au=Morrow%2C+James+W.&rft.au=Butler%2C+Steven+J.&rft.au=Robertson-Tait%2C+Ann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpangea.stanford.edu%2FERE%2Fpdf%2FIGAstandard%2FSGW%2F2007%2Fsanyal1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeothermal+energy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irena.org/Publications/2023/Feb/Global-landscape-of-renewable-energy-finance-2023">"Global landscape of renewable energy finance 2023"</a>. <i>www.irena.org</i>. 2023-02-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.irena.org&rft.atitle=Global+landscape+of+renewable+energy+finance+2023&rft.date=2023-02-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irena.org%2FPublications%2F2023%2FFeb%2FGlobal-landscape-of-renewable-energy-finance-2023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeothermal+energy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mc-cd8320d4-36a1-40ac-83cc-3389-cdn-endpoint.azureedge.net/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2023/Feb/IRENA_CPI_Global_RE_finance_2023.pdf?rev=8668440314f34e588647d3994d94a785">"Global landscape of renewable energy finance 2023"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)</i>. February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Renewable+Energy+Agency+%28IRENA%29&rft.atitle=Global+landscape+of+renewable+energy+finance+2023&rft.date=2023-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmc-cd8320d4-36a1-40ac-83cc-3389-cdn-endpoint.azureedge.net%2F-%2Fmedia%2FFiles%2FIRENA%2FAgency%2FPublication%2F2023%2FFeb%2FIRENA_CPI_Global_RE_finance_2023.pdf%3Frev%3D8668440314f34e588647d3994d94a785&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeothermal+energy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnergy_Sector_Management_Assistance_Program_(ESMAP)2024" class="citation web cs1">Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) (2024-01-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/d63d3c50-2bd0-46d7-a94d-999c6b0f359e">"Publication: Geothermal Energy: Unveiling the Socioeconomic Benefit"</a>. The World Bank Open Knowledge Repository<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Publication%3A+Geothermal+Energy%3A+Unveiling+the+Socioeconomic+Benefit&rft.pub=The+World+Bank+Open+Knowledge+Repository&rft.date=2024-01-19&rft.au=Energy+Sector+Management+Assistance+Program+%28ESMAP%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenknowledge.worldbank.org%2Fentities%2Fpublication%2Fd63d3c50-2bd0-46d7-a94d-999c6b0f359e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeothermal+energy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeloitte2008" class="citation journal cs1">Deloitte, Department of Energy (February 15, 2008). "Geothermal Risk Mitigation Strategies Report". <i>Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Geothermal Program</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Office+of+Energy+Efficiency+and+Renewable+Energy+Geothermal+Program&rft.atitle=Geothermal+Risk+Mitigation+Strategies+Report&rft.date=2008-02-15&rft.aulast=Deloitte&rft.aufirst=Department+of+Energy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeothermal+energy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuJiangWangLiu2022" class="citation journal cs1">Bu, Xianbiao; Jiang, Kunqing; Wang, Xianlong; Liu, Xiao; Tan, Xianfeng; Kong, Yanlong; Wang, Lingbao (2022-09-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0375650522000840">"Analysis of calcium carbonate scaling and antiscaling field experiment"</a>. <i>Geothermics</i>. <b>104</b>: 102433. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.geothermics.2022.102433">10.1016/j.geothermics.2022.102433</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0375-6505">0375-6505</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geothermics&rft.atitle=Analysis+of+calcium+carbonate+scaling+and+antiscaling+field+experiment&rft.volume=104&rft.pages=102433&rft.date=2022-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.geothermics.2022.102433&rft.issn=0375-6505&rft.aulast=Bu&rft.aufirst=Xianbiao&rft.au=Jiang%2C+Kunqing&rft.au=Wang%2C+Xianlong&rft.au=Liu%2C+Xiao&rft.au=Tan%2C+Xianfeng&rft.au=Kong%2C+Yanlong&rft.au=Wang%2C+Lingbao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0375650522000840&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeothermal+energy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerg2022" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Berg, Georg (2022-05-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tellerrandstories.de/moment-mal/island-under-cover/">"Under Cover"</a>. <i>Tellerrand-Stories</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tellerrand-Stories&rft.atitle=Under+Cover&rft.date=2022-05-10&rft.aulast=Berg&rft.aufirst=Georg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftellerrandstories.de%2Fmoment-mal%2Fisland-under-cover%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeothermal+energy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wairakei-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wairakei_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThain1998" class="citation cs2">Thain, Ian A. (September 1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110614115823/http://geoheat.oit.edu/bulletin/bull19-3/art1.pdf">"A Brief History of the Wairakei Geothermal Power Project"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Geo-Heat Centre Quarterly Bulletin</i>, vol. 19, no. 3, Klamath Falls, Oregon: Oregon Institute of Technology, pp. 1–4, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geoheat.oit.edu/bulletin/bull19-3/art1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-06-14<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-06-02</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geo-Heat+Centre+Quarterly+Bulletin&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+of+the+Wairakei+Geothermal+Power+Project&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1-4&rft.date=1998-09&rft.aulast=Thain&rft.aufirst=Ian+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeoheat.oit.edu%2Fbulletin%2Fbull19-3%2Fart1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeothermal+energy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-300years-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-300years_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAxelssonStefánssonBjörnssonLiu2005" class="citation cs2">Axelsson, Gudni; Stefánsson, Valgardur; Björnsson, Grímur; Liu, Jiurong (April 2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geothermal-energy.org/pdf/IGAstandard/WGC/2005/0507.pdf">"Sustainable Management of Geothermal Resources and Utilization for 100 – 300 Years"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2005</i>, International Geothermal Association<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-01-17</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+World+Geothermal+Congress+2005&rft.atitle=Sustainable+Management+of+Geothermal+Resources+and+Utilization+for+100+%E2%80%93+300+Years&rft.date=2005-04&rft.aulast=Axelsson&rft.aufirst=Gudni&rft.au=Stef%C3%A1nsson%2C+Valgardur&rft.au=Bj%C3%B6rnsson%2C+Gr%C3%ADmur&rft.au=Liu%2C+Jiurong&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geothermal-energy.org%2Fpdf%2FIGAstandard%2FWGC%2F2005%2F0507.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeothermal+energy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CO2-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CO2_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBertaniThain2002" class="citation cs2">Bertani, Ruggero; Thain, Ian (July 2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726100945/http://www.geothermal-energy.org/files-39.html">"Geothermal Power Generating Plant CO<sub>2</sub> Emission Survey"</a>, <i>IGA News</i> (49): 1–3, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geothermal-energy.org/files-39.html">the original</a> on 2011-07-26<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-01-17</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IGA+News&rft.atitle=Geothermal+Power+Generating+Plant+CO%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E+Emission+Survey&rft.issue=49&rft.pages=1-3&rft.date=2002-07&rft.aulast=Bertani&rft.aufirst=Ruggero&rft.au=Thain%2C+Ian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geothermal-energy.org%2Ffiles-39.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeothermal+energy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTut_HaklidirBaytarKekevi2019" class="citation cs2">Tut Haklidir, Fusun S.; Baytar, Kaan; Kekevi, Mert (2019), Qudrat-Ullah, Hassan; Kayal, Aymen A. (eds.), "Global CO2 Capture and Storage Methods and a New Approach to Reduce the Emissions of Geothermal Power Plants with High CO2 Emissions: A Case Study from Turkey", <i>Climate Change and Energy Dynamics in the Middle East: Modeling and Simulation-Based Solutions</i>, Understanding Complex Systems, Springer International Publishing, pp. 323–357, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-11202-8_12">10.1007/978-3-030-11202-8_12</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783030112028" title="Special:BookSources/9783030112028"><bdi>9783030112028</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:133813028">133813028</a>, <q>CO2 emissions emitted by the geothermal power plants range from 900 to 1300 gr/kwh</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Climate+Change+and+Energy+Dynamics+in+the+Middle+East%3A+Modeling+and+Simulation-Based+Solutions&rft.atitle=Global+CO2+Capture+and+Storage+Methods+and+a+New+Approach+to+Reduce+the+Emissions+of+Geothermal+Power+Plants+with+High+CO2+Emissions%3A+A+Case+Study+from+Turkey&rft.pages=323-357&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A133813028%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-11202-8_12&rft.isbn=9783030112028&rft.aulast=Tut+Haklidir&rft.aufirst=Fusun+S.&rft.au=Baytar%2C+Kaan&rft.au=Kekevi%2C+Mert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeothermal+energy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-toxic-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-toxic_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBargagliCatenilNellilOlmastronil1997" class="citation cs2">Bargagli, R.; Catenil, D.; Nellil, L.; Olmastronil, S.; Zagarese, B. (1997), "Environmental Impact of Trace Element Emissions from Geothermal Power Plants", <i>Environmental Contamination Toxicology</i>, <b>33</b> (2): 172–181, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs002449900239">10.1007/s002449900239</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9294245">9294245</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30238608">30238608</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Contamination+Toxicology&rft.atitle=Environmental+Impact+of+Trace+Element+Emissions+from+Geothermal+Power+Plants&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=172-181&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A30238608%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9294245&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs002449900239&rft.aulast=Bargagli&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Catenil%2C+D.&rft.au=Nellil%2C+L.&rft.au=Olmastronil%2C+S.&rft.au=Zagarese%2C+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeothermal+energy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.eere.energy.gov/geothermal/low_temperature_resources.html">"Staufen: Risse: Hoffnung in Staufen: Quellvorgänge lassen nach"</a>. badische-zeitung.de<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-04-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Staufen%3A+Risse%3A+Hoffnung+in+Staufen%3A+Quellvorg%C3%A4nge+lassen+nach&rft.pub=badische-zeitung.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.eere.energy.gov%2Fgeothermal%2Flow_temperature_resources.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeothermal+energy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200508000704/https://www.dlr.de/EN/Service/about-relaunch/explanation.html">"Relaunch explanation"</a>. <i>NAV_NODE DLR Portal</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dlr.de/EN/Service/about-relaunch/explanation.html">the original</a> on 2020-05-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NAV_NODE+DLR+Portal&rft.atitle=Relaunch+explanation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dlr.de%2FEN%2FService%2Fabout-relaunch%2Fexplanation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeothermal+energy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wechselwirkung.eu/en/reference_stau.php">"WECHSELWIRKUNG - Numerische Geotechnik"</a>. <i>www.wechselwirkung.eu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wechselwirkung.eu&rft.atitle=WECHSELWIRKUNG+-+Numerische+Geotechnik&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wechselwirkung.eu%2Fen%2Freference_stau.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeothermal+energy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeichmannMaiBethmannErnst2007" class="citation cs2">Deichmann, N.; Mai; Bethmann; Ernst; Evans; Fäh; Giardini; Häring; Husen; et al. (2007), "Seismicity Induced by Water Injection for Geothermal Reservoir Stimulation 5 km Below the City of Basel, Switzerland", <i>American Geophysical Union</i>, <b>53</b>: V53F–08, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AGUFM.V53F..08D">2007AGUFM.V53F..08D</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Geophysical+Union&rft.atitle=Seismicity+Induced+by+Water+Injection+for+Geothermal+Reservoir+Stimulation+5+km+Below+the+City+of+Basel%2C+Switzerland&rft.volume=53&rft.pages=V53F-08&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007AGUFM.V53F..08D&rft.aulast=Deichmann&rft.aufirst=N.&rft.au=Mai&rft.au=Bethmann&rft.au=Ernst&rft.au=Evans&rft.au=F%C3%A4h&rft.au=Giardini&rft.au=H%C3%A4ring&rft.au=Husen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeothermal+energy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSussmanJavellanaBenavidez1993" class="citation journal cs1">Sussman, David; Javellana, Samson P.; Benavidez, Pio J. (1993-10-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-6505%2893%2990024-H">"Geothermal energy development in the Philippines: An overview"</a>. <i>Geothermics</i>. Special Issue Geothermal Systems of the Philippines. <b>22</b> (5): 353–367. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993Geoth..22..353S">1993Geoth..22..353S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0375-6505%2893%2990024-H">10.1016/0375-6505(93)90024-H</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0375-6505">0375-6505</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geothermics&rft.atitle=Geothermal+energy+development+in+the+Philippines%3A+An+overview&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=353-367&rft.date=1993-10-01&rft.issn=0375-6505&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0375-6505%2893%2990024-H&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1993Geoth..22..353S&rft.aulast=Sussman&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Javellana%2C+Samson+P.&rft.au=Benavidez%2C+Pio+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1016%2F0375-6505%252893%252990024-H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeothermal+energy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRatioGabo-RatioTabios-Hillebrecht2019" class="citation cs2">Ratio, Marnel Arnold; Gabo-Ratio, Jillian Aira; Tabios-Hillebrecht, Anna Leah (2019), Manzella, Adele; Allansdottir, Agnes; Pellizzone, Anna (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78286-7_14">"The Philippine Experience in Geothermal Energy Development"</a>, <i>Geothermal Energy and Society</i>, Lecture Notes in Energy, vol. 67, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 217–238, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-78286-7_14">10.1007/978-3-319-78286-7_14</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-78286-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-78286-7"><bdi>978-3-319-78286-7</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:134654953">134654953</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-05-29</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geothermal+Energy+and+Society&rft.atitle=The+Philippine+Experience+in+Geothermal+Energy+Development&rft.volume=67&rft.pages=217-238&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A134654953%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-78286-7_14&rft.isbn=978-3-319-78286-7&rft.aulast=Ratio&rft.aufirst=Marnel+Arnold&rft.au=Gabo-Ratio%2C+Jillian+Aira&rft.au=Tabios-Hillebrecht%2C+Anna+Leah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-78286-7_14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeothermal+energy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:4_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDacilloColoAndrinoAlcober2010" class="citation web cs1">Dacillo, Danilo B.; Colo, Marie Hazel B.; Andrino, Romeo P. Jr.; Alcober, Edwin H.; Sta. Ana, Francis Xavier; Malate, Ramonchito Cedric M. (April 25–29, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geothermal-energy.org/pdf/IGAstandard/WGC/2010/0506.pdf">"Tongonan Geothermal Field: Conquering the Challenges of 25 Years of Production"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tongonan+Geothermal+Field%3A+Conquering+the+Challenges+of+25+Years+of+Production&rft.date=2010-04-25%2F2010-04-29&rft.aulast=Dacillo&rft.aufirst=Danilo+B.&rft.au=Colo%2C+Marie+Hazel+B.&rft.au=Andrino%2C+Romeo+P.+Jr.&rft.au=Alcober%2C+Edwin+H.&rft.au=Sta.+Ana%2C+Francis+Xavier&rft.au=Malate%2C+Ramonchito+Cedric+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geothermal-energy.org%2Fpdf%2FIGAstandard%2FWGC%2F2010%2F0506.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeothermal+energy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrondaMarasiganLazaro2015" class="citation web cs1">Fronda, Ariel D.; Marasigan, Mario C.; Lazaro, Vanessa S. (April 19–25, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2016/ph240/makalinao1/docs/01053.pdf">"Geothermal Development in the Philippines: The Country Update"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geothermal+Development+in+the+Philippines%3A+The+Country+Update&rft.date=2015-04-19%2F2015-04-25&rft.aulast=Fronda&rft.aufirst=Ariel+D.&rft.au=Marasigan%2C+Mario+C.&rft.au=Lazaro%2C+Vanessa+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flarge.stanford.edu%2Fcourses%2F2016%2Fph240%2Fmakalinao1%2Fdocs%2F01053.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeothermal+energy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlcaraz" class="citation web cs1">Alcaraz, A.P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2016/ph240/makalinao1/docs/alcaraz.pdf">"Geothermal Energy Development - A Boon to Philippine Energy Self-Reliance Efforts"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 29,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geothermal+Energy+Development+-+A+Boon+to+Philippine+Energy+Self-Reliance+Efforts&rft.aulast=Alcaraz&rft.aufirst=A.P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flarge.stanford.edu%2Fcourses%2F2016%2Fph240%2Fmakalinao1%2Fdocs%2Falcaraz.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeothermal+energy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCusi" class="citation web cs1">Cusi, Alfonso G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://policy.asiapacificenergy.org/sites/default/files/Philippine%20Energy%20Plan%202016-2030.pdf">"Philippine Energy Plan 2012–2030 Update"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 29,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Philippine+Energy+Plan+2012%E2%80%932030+Update&rft.aulast=Cusi&rft.aufirst=Alfonso+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpolicy.asiapacificenergy.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FPhilippine%2520Energy%2520Plan%25202016-2030.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeothermal+energy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanson2019" class="citation web cs1">Hanson, Patrick (2019-07-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geoenergymarketing.com/energy-blog/geothermal-country-overview-philippines/">"Geothermal Country Overview: Philippines"</a>. <i>GeoEnergy Marketing</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-05-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GeoEnergy+Marketing&rft.atitle=Geothermal+Country+Overview%3A+Philippines&rft.date=2019-07-12&rft.aulast=Hanson&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geoenergymarketing.com%2Fenergy-blog%2Fgeothermal-country-overview-philippines%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeothermal+energy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geo-energy.org/pressReleases/2013/GEA2013UpdateRelease.aspx"><i>GEA Update Release 2013</i></a>, Geo-energy.org, 2013-02-26<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-10-09</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=GEA+Update+Release+2013&rft.pub=Geo-energy.org&rft.date=2013-02-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeo-energy.org%2FpressReleases%2F2013%2FGEA2013UpdateRelease.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeothermal+energy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hungarianconservative.com/articles/reviews/szeged_geothermal_energy_euronews/">"Szeged's Unique Use of Geothermal Energy"</a>. <i>HungarianConservative.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HungarianConservative.com&rft.atitle=Szeged%E2%80%99s+Unique+Use+of+Geothermal+Energy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hungarianconservative.com%2Farticles%2Freviews%2Fszeged_geothermal_energy_euronews%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeothermal+energy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/geothermal" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:geothermal">geothermal</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Geothermal_energy" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Geothermal energy">Geothermal energy</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.higp.hawaii.edu/hggrc/">"Hawai'i Groundwater & Geothermal Resources Center"</a>. <i>University of Hawaii at Manoa</i>. 2023-07-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Hawaii+at+Manoa&rft.atitle=Hawai%27i+Groundwater+%26+Geothermal+Resources+Center&rft.date=2023-07-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.higp.hawaii.edu%2Fhggrc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeothermal+energy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geothermal.org/">"Geothermal Rising :: Using the Earth to Save the Earth"</a>. <i>www.geothermal.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.geothermal.org&rft.atitle=Geothermal+Rising+%3A%3A+Using+the+Earth+to+Save+the+Earth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geothermal.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeothermal+energy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.energy.gov/eere/geothermal/geothermal-technologies-office">Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy – Geothermal Technologies Office</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iea-gia.org/">International Energy Agency Geothermal Energy Homepage</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nrel.gov/geothermal/">NREL – Geothermal Research</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4jzXonyL6PM">2022 discussion of geothermal energy advantages and challenges</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geothermal_energy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Geothermal_power" title="Template:Geothermal power"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geothermal_power" title="Template talk:Geothermal power"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geothermal_power" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Geothermal power"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geothermal_energy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Geothermal energy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geothermal energy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Geothermal energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_gradient" title="Geothermal gradient">Geothermal gradient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_heating" title="Geothermal heating">Geothermal heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power" title="Geothermal power">Geothermal power</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NesjavellirPowerPlant_edit2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/NesjavellirPowerPlant_edit2.jpg/120px-NesjavellirPowerPlant_edit2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/NesjavellirPowerPlant_edit2.jpg/180px-NesjavellirPowerPlant_edit2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/NesjavellirPowerPlant_edit2.jpg/240px-NesjavellirPowerPlant_edit2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Armenia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Australia" title="Geothermal power in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Canada" title="Geothermal power in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Chile" title="Geothermal power in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_China" title="Geothermal power in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Denmark" title="Geothermal power in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_El_Salvador" title="Geothermal power in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Geothermal power in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Germany" title="Geothermal power in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Geothermal power in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Iceland" title="Geothermal power in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Indonesia" title="Geothermal power in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Italy" title="Geothermal power in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Japan" title="Geothermal power in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Kenya" title="Geothermal power in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy_in_Lebanon" title="Geothermal energy in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da_Geothermal_Demonstration_Plant" title="Klaipėda Geothermal Demonstration Plant">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Mexico#Geothermal_power" title="Energy in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_New_Zealand" title="Geothermal power in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_the_Philippines" title="Geothermal power in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Portugal" title="Geothermal power in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Romania" title="Geothermal power in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Russia" title="Geothermal power in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy_in_Turkey" title="Geothermal energy in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Ukraine" title="Geothermal power in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Geothermal power in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy_in_the_United_States" title="Geothermal energy in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binary_cycle" title="Binary cycle">Binary cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_desalination" title="Geothermal desalination">Desalination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_heating" title="District heating">District heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_geothermal_system" title="Enhanced geothermal system">Enhanced geothermal system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_dry_rock_geothermal_energy" title="Hot dry rock geothermal energy">Hot dry rock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Energy concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Base_load" title="Base load">Base load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capacity_factor" title="Capacity factor">Capacity factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_return_on_investment" title="Energy return on investment">Energy return on investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_storage" title="Energy storage">Energy storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_subsidy" title="Energy subsidy">Energy subsidy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Geothermal_energy" title="Category:Geothermal energy">Category</a></b></li> <li><b>Portals:</b> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Energy" title="Portal:Energy">Energy</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Renewable_energy" title="Portal:Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Electricity_delivery" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Electricity_delivery" title="Template:Electricity delivery"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Electricity_delivery" title="Template talk:Electricity delivery"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Electricity_delivery" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Electricity delivery"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Electricity_delivery" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Electricity_delivery" title="Electricity delivery">Electricity delivery</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_generation_control" title="Automatic generation control">Automatic generation control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backfeeding" title="Backfeeding">Backfeeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Base_load" title="Base load">Base load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demand_factor" title="Demand factor">Demand factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droop_speed_control" title="Droop speed control">Droop speed control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_power" title="Electric power">Electric power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_power_quality" title="Electric power quality">Electric power quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_fault" title="Electrical fault">Electrical fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_demand_management" title="Energy demand management">Energy demand management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_return_on_investment" title="Energy return on investment">Energy return on investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grid_code" title="Grid code">Grid code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grid_energy_storage" title="Grid energy storage">Grid energy storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grid_strength" class="mw-redirect" title="Grid strength">Grid strength</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_energy_storage" title="Home energy storage">Home energy storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Load-following_power_plant" title="Load-following power plant">Load-following</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_order" title="Merit order">Merit order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nameplate_capacity" title="Nameplate capacity">Nameplate capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_demand" title="Peak demand">Peak demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_factor" title="Power factor">Power factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power-flow_study" title="Power-flow study">Power-flow study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repowering" title="Repowering">Repowering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_frequency" title="Utility frequency">Utility frequency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_renewable_energy" title="Variable renewable energy">Variability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle-to-grid" title="Vehicle-to-grid">Vehicle-to-grid</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Abspannportal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal pylons of Kriftel substation near Frankfurt"><img alt="Portal pylons of Kriftel substation near Frankfurt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Abspannportal.jpg/120px-Abspannportal.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Abspannportal.jpg/180px-Abspannportal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Abspannportal.jpg/240px-Abspannportal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Non-renewable_resource" title="Non-renewable resource">Non-renewable</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_power_station" title="Fossil fuel power station">Fossil fuel power station</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">Natural gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">Oil shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">Petroleum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Nuclear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">Biogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power" title="Geothermal power">Geothermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">Hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_energy" title="Marine energy">Marine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_current_power" title="Marine current power">Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmotic_power" title="Osmotic power">Osmotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_thermal_energy_conversion" title="Ocean thermal energy conversion">Thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">Tidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_power" title="Wave power">Wave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_biofuel" title="Sustainable biofuel">Sustainable biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">Wind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Power_station_technology" title="Category:Power station technology">Generation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AC_power" title="AC power">AC power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cogeneration" title="Cogeneration">Cogeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_cycle_power_plant" title="Combined cycle power plant">Combined cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooling_tower" title="Cooling tower">Cooling tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Induction_generator" title="Induction generator">Induction generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro_combined_heat_and_power" title="Micro combined heat and power">Micro CHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microgeneration" title="Microgeneration">Microgeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankine_cycle" title="Rankine cycle">Rankine cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-phase_electric_power" title="Three-phase electric power">Three-phase electric power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_power_plant" title="Virtual power plant">Virtual power plant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Electric_power_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">Transmission</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Electric_power_distribution" title="Electric power distribution">distribution</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demand_response" title="Demand response">Demand response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_generation" title="Distributed generation">Distributed generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_demand_(electric_power)" title="Dynamic demand (electric power)">Dynamic demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_power_distribution" title="Electric power distribution">Electric power distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_power_system" title="Electric power system">Electric power system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_power_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">Electric power transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_busbar_system" title="Electrical busbar system">Electrical busbar system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_grid" title="Electrical grid">Electrical grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_substation" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical substation">Electrical substation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_retailing" title="Electricity retailing">Electricity retailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-voltage_direct_current" title="High-voltage direct current">High-voltage direct current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-voltage_shore_connection" title="High-voltage shore connection">High-voltage shore connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interconnector" title="Interconnector">Interconnector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Load_management" title="Load management">Load management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mains_electricity_by_country" title="Mains electricity by country">Mains electricity by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhead_power_line" title="Overhead power line">Overhead power line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_station" title="Power station">Power station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumped-storage_hydroelectricity" title="Pumped-storage hydroelectricity">Pumped hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-wire_earth_return" title="Single-wire earth return">Single-wire earth return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_grid" title="Smart grid">Smart grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_grid" title="Super grid">Super grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformer" title="Transformer">Transformer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_system_operator" title="Transmission system operator">Transmission system operator</a> (TSO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_tower" title="Transmission tower">Transmission tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_pole" title="Utility pole">Utility pole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Failure modes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_start" title="Black start">Black start</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brownout_(electricity)" title="Brownout (electricity)">Brownout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascading_failure" title="Cascading failure">Cascading failure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_outage" title="Power outage">Power outage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_blackout" title="Rolling blackout">Rolling blackout</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Protective<br />devices</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arc-fault_circuit_interrupter" title="Arc-fault circuit interrupter">Arc-fault circuit interrupter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_breaker" title="Circuit breaker">Circuit breaker</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth-leakage_circuit_breaker" title="Earth-leakage circuit breaker">Earth-leakage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_hexafluoride_circuit_breaker" title="Sulfur hexafluoride circuit breaker">Sulfur hexafluoride</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generator_interlock_kit" title="Generator interlock kit">Generator interlock kit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerical_relay" title="Numerical relay">Numerical relay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_system_protection" title="Power system protection">Power system protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protective_relay" title="Protective relay">Protective relay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residual-current_device" title="Residual-current device">Residual-current device</a> (GFI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Economics<br />and policies</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Availability_factor" title="Availability factor">Availability factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capacity_factor" title="Capacity factor">Capacity factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_offsets_and_credits" title="Carbon offsets and credits">Carbon offsets and credits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_of_electricity_by_source" title="Cost of electricity by source">Cost of electricity by source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_subsidy" title="Energy subsidy">Energy subsidies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_tax" title="Environmental tax">Environmental tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feed-in_tariff" title="Feed-in tariff">Feed-in tariff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">Fossil fuel phase-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Load_factor_(electrical)" title="Load factor (electrical)">Load factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_metering" title="Net metering">Net metering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigouvian_tax" title="Pigouvian tax">Pigouvian tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_Energy_Certificate_(United_States)" title="Renewable Energy Certificate (United States)">Renewable Energy Certificates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_commercialization" title="Renewable energy commercialization">Renewable energy commercialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_Energy_Payments" title="Renewable Energy Payments">Renewable Energy Payments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spark_spread" title="Spark spread">Spark/Dark/Quark/Bark spread</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Statistics and<br />production</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_energy_consumption" title="Electric energy consumption">Electric energy consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electricity_sectors" title="List of electricity sectors">List of electricity sectors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Electric_power_distribution" title="Category:Electric power distribution">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Natural_resources" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Natural_resources" title="Template:Natural resources"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Natural_resources" title="Template talk:Natural resources"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Natural_resources" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Natural resources"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Natural_resources" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource" title="Natural resource">Natural resources</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">Air</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Pollution / quality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Ambient_Air_Quality_Standards" title="National Ambient Air Quality Standards">Ambient standards <span style="font-size:85%;">(US)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_quality_index" title="Air quality index">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">Indoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_quality_law" title="Air quality law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">Clean Air Act <span style="font-size:85%;">(US)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Emissions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airshed" title="Airshed">Airshed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emissions_trading" title="Emissions trading">Trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reducing_emissions_from_deforestation_and_forest_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation">Deforestation (REDD)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioenergy" title="Bioenergy">Bio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_law" title="Energy law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy resources">Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">Fossil fuels</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fuel_gas" title="Fuel gas">gas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peak_coal" title="Peak coal">peak coal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peak_gas" title="Peak gas">peak gas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peak_oil" title="Peak oil">peak oil</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Geothermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">Hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">Solar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shade_(shadow)" title="Shade (shadow)">shade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">Wind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Land" title="Land">Land</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_land" title="Agricultural land">Agricultural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arable_land" title="Arable land">arable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peak_farmland" title="Peak farmland">peak farmland</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_(agriculture)" title="Field (agriculture)">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape" title="Landscape">Landscape</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cityscape" title="Cityscape">cityscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seascape" title="Seascape">seascape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soundscape" title="Soundscape">soundscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viewshed" title="Viewshed">viewshed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_law" title="Land law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Property_law" title="Property law">property</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_management" title="Land management">Management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_conservation" title="Habitat conservation">habitat conservation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">Minerals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">gemstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_mineral" title="Industrial mineral">industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mining_law" title="Mining law">law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_mining" title="Sand mining">sand</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_minerals" title="Peak minerals">peak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peak_copper" class="mw-redirect" title="Peak copper">copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_phosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peak phosphorus">phosphorus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_rights" title="Mineral rights">rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">Soil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soil_conservation" title="Soil conservation">conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_fertility" title="Soil fertility">fertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_health" title="Soil health">health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_resilience" title="Soil resilience">resilience</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">Use</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land-use_planning" title="Land-use planning">planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_space_reserve" title="Open space reserve">reserve</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">Life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioprospecting" title="Bioprospecting">Bioprospecting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biopiracy" title="Biopiracy">biopiracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushfood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushfood">Bushfood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushmeat" title="Bushmeat">Bushmeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">Fisheries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_fisheries" title="Climate change and fisheries">climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_law" title="Fisheries law">law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">Forests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forest_genetic_resources" title="Forest genetic resources">genetic resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_law" title="Forestry law">law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_management" title="Forest management">management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-timber_forest_product" title="Non-timber forest product">non-timber products</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Game (food)">Game</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Game_law" title="Game law">law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation" title="Marine conservation">Marine conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meadow" title="Meadow">Meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasture" title="Pasture">Pasture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant Treaty">FAO Plant Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_genetic_resources" title="Plant genetic resources">genetic resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_bank" title="Gene bank">gene banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plants_used_in_herbalism" title="List of plants used in herbalism">herbal medicines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UPOV" class="mw-redirect" title="UPOV">UPOV Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangeland" title="Rangeland">Rangeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed_bank" title="Seed bank">Seed bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife">Wildlife</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_conservation" title="Wildlife conservation">conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_management" title="Wildlife management">management</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Types / location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">Aquifer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquifer_storage_and_recovery" title="Aquifer storage and recovery">storage and recovery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">Drinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">Fresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">Groundwater</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_pollution" title="Groundwater pollution">pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_recharge" title="Groundwater recharge">recharge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_remediation" title="Groundwater remediation">remediation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrosphere" title="Hydrosphere">Hydrosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">Ice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iceberg" title="Iceberg">bergs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glacial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_ice_cap" title="Polar ice cap">polar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">Irrigation</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Huerta" title="Huerta">huerta</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_resources" title="Marine resources">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">Rain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting" title="Rainwater harvesting">harvesting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">Stormwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_water" title="Surface water">Surface water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_water" title="Reclaimed water">reclaimed water</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Watershed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desalination" title="Desalination">Desalination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">Floods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Water law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaching_(agriculture)" title="Leaching (agriculture)">Leaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">Sanitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Improved_sanitation" title="Improved sanitation">improved</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Scarcity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">Supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_efficiency" title="Water efficiency">Efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_conflict" title="Water conflict">Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_conservation" title="Water conservation">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_water" title="Peak water">Peak water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_privatization" title="Water privatization">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">Quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_right" title="Water right">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources" title="Water resources">Resources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Improved_water_source" title="Improved water source">improved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resource_policy" title="Water resource policy">policy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commons" title="Commons">Commons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enclosure" title="Enclosure">enclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_commons" title="Global commons">global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_land" title="Common land">land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">tragedy of</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_economics" title="Natural resource economics">Economics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_(economics)" title="Land (economics)">land</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem services">Ecosystem services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_natural_resources" title="Exploitation of natural resources">Exploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">overexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Overshoot_Day" title="Earth Overshoot Day">Earth Overshoot Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_management" title="Natural resource management">Management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_management" title="Adaptive management">adaptive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_capital" title="Natural capital">Natural capital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_capital_accounting" title="Natural capital accounting">accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_good" title="Environmental good">good</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_heritage" title="Natural heritage">Natural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_reserve" title="Nature reserve">Nature reserve</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remnant_natural_area" title="Remnant natural area">remnant natural area</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_ecology" title="Systems ecology">Systems ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_ecology" title="Urban ecology">Urban ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilderness" title="Wilderness">Wilderness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Resource" title="Resource">Resource</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common-pool_resource" title="Common-pool resource">Common-pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_resource" class="mw-redirect" title="Conflict resource">Conflict <span style="font-size:85%;">(perpetuation)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_curse" title="Resource curse">Curse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">Depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_extraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Resource extraction">Extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_nationalism" title="Resource nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_resource" title="Renewable resource">Renewable</a> / <a href="/wiki/Non-renewable_resource" title="Non-renewable resource">Non-renewable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_resources" title="Category:Natural resources">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127993#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4020285-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Geothermal resources"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85054271">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00573052">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="geotermální energie"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph120547&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007565445305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy&oldid=1258935618">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy&oldid=1258935618</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geothermal_energy" title="Category:Geothermal energy">Geothermal energy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Power_station_technology" title="Category:Power station technology">Power station technology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sustainable_energy" title="Category:Sustainable energy">Sustainable energy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Volcanism" title="Category:Volcanism">Volcanism</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2014" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2014">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating_from_November_2020" title="Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from November 2020">Wikipedia articles in need of updating from November 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles in need of updating">All Wikipedia articles in need of updating</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating_from_October_2020" title="Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from October 2020">Wikipedia articles in need of updating from October 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_limited_geographic_scope_from_November_2020" title="Category:Articles with limited geographic scope from November 2020">Articles with limited geographic scope from November 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 November 2024, at 12:58<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-92t4q","wgBackendResponseTime":172,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.447","walltime":"1.774","ppvisitednodes":{"value":7264,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":261202,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":8087,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":13,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":290941,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1509.806 1 -total"," 36.71% 554.266 1 Template:Reflist"," 15.59% 235.448 25 Template:Citation"," 9.92% 149.806 7 Template:Navbox"," 8.31% 125.491 29 Template:Cite_web"," 8.11% 122.419 4 Template:Lang"," 6.97% 105.285 1 Template:Renewable_energy"," 6.55% 98.860 1 Template:Sidebar"," 6.02% 90.894 5 Template:Fix"," 5.96% 90.042 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.907","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":18146531,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-h9w99","timestamp":"20241125142859","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Geothermal energy","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Geothermal_energy","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q127993","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q127993","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-10-20T20:14:46Z","dateModified":"2024-11-22T12:58:59Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/9f\/NesjavellirPowerPlant_edit2.jpg","headline":"thermal energy generated and stored in the Earth"}</script> </body> </html>