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<span>Dramatic role</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dramatic_role-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Performance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Performance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Performance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Performance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Insertions_by_Davenant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insertions_by_Davenant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Insertions by Davenant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insertions_by_Davenant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Walpole's_political_satire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Walpole's_political_satire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Walpole's political satire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Walpole's_political_satire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Welles'_"voodoo_Macbeth"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Welles'_"voodoo_Macbeth""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Welles' "voodoo Macbeth"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Welles'_"voodoo_Macbeth"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marowitz's_and_Ionesco's_witches'_secret_identities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marowitz's_and_Ionesco's_witches'_secret_identities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Marowitz's and Ionesco's witches' secret identities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marowitz's_and_Ionesco's_witches'_secret_identities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Felipe's_adaption_to_Spanish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Felipe's_adaption_to_Spanish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Felipe's adaption to Spanish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Felipe's_adaption_to_Spanish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_representations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_representations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Other representations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_representations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other representations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_representations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>In art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>In music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>In literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>In film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_computer_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_computer_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>In computer games</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reisert"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Reisert</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reisert-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rowling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rowling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Rowling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rowling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Three Witches</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Characters in Macbeth</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the <i>Macbeth</i> characters. For the South Korean television show, see <a href="/wiki/The_Three_Witches" title="The Three Witches"><i>The Three Witches</i></a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Weird Sisters" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Weird_Sisters_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Weird Sisters (disambiguation)">Weird Sisters (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Fictional character</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1256394594">.mw-parser-output .ib-character{border-spacing:2px 5px}.mw-parser-output .ib-character .infobox-above,.mw-parser-output .ib-character .infobox-header{background-color:#DEDEE2}.mw-parser-output .ib-character .infobox-image img{background-color:#f8f9fa}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ib-character .infobox-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ib-character .infobox-header{background:hsl(240,6%,20%);color:inherit}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ib-character .infobox-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ib-character .infobox-header{background:hsl(240,6%,20%);color:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-character"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above notheme">Three Witches / Weird Sisters</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i><a href="/wiki/Macbeth" title="Macbeth">Macbeth</a></i> character</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Three_Witches_(scene_from_Macbeth)_by_William_Rimmer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Three_Witches_%28scene_from_Macbeth%29_by_William_Rimmer.jpg/220px-Three_Witches_%28scene_from_Macbeth%29_by_William_Rimmer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Three_Witches_%28scene_from_Macbeth%29_by_William_Rimmer.jpg/330px-Three_Witches_%28scene_from_Macbeth%29_by_William_Rimmer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Three_Witches_%28scene_from_Macbeth%29_by_William_Rimmer.jpg/440px-Three_Witches_%28scene_from_Macbeth%29_by_William_Rimmer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="739" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Scene from <i>Macbeth</i>, depicting the witches' conjuring of an apparition in Act IV, Scene I. Painting by <a href="/wiki/William_Rimmer" title="William Rimmer">William Rimmer</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Created by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Three Witches</b>, also known as the <b>Weird Sisters</b>, <b>Weyward Sisters</b> or <b>Wayward Sisters</b>, are characters in <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>'s play <i><a href="/wiki/Macbeth" title="Macbeth">Macbeth</a></i> (c. 1603–1607). The witches eventually lead <a href="/wiki/Macbeth_(Macbeth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Macbeth (Macbeth)">Macbeth</a> to his demise, and they hold a striking resemblance to <a href="/wiki/Moirai" title="Moirai">the three Fates of classical mythology</a>. Their origin lies in <a href="/wiki/Holinshed%27s_Chronicles" title="Holinshed's Chronicles">Holinshed's <i>Chronicles</i></a> (1587), a history of England, Scotland and Ireland. Other possible sources, apart from Shakespeare, include British folklore, contemporary treatises on <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a> as <a href="/wiki/James_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="James I of England">King James VI of Scotland</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Daemonologie" title="Daemonologie">Daemonologie</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Witch_of_Endor" title="Witch of Endor">Witch of Endor</a> from the Bible, the <a href="/wiki/Norns" title="Norns">Norns</a> of <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a>, and ancient classical myths of the Fates: the Greek <a href="/wiki/Moirai" title="Moirai">Moirai</a> and the Roman <a href="/wiki/Parcae" title="Parcae">Parcae</a>. </p><p>Shakespeare's witches are <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">prophets</a> who hail Macbeth early in the play, and predict his ascent to kingship. Upon killing the king and gaining the throne of Scotland, Macbeth hears them ambiguously predict his eventual downfall. The witches, and their "filthy" trappings and supernatural activities, set an ominous tone for the play. </p><p>Artists in the 18th century, including <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fuseli" title="Henry Fuseli">Henry Fuseli</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Rimmer" title="William Rimmer">William Rimmer</a>, depicted them variously, as have many directors since. Some have exaggerated or sensationalised the hags, or have adapted them to different cultures, as in <a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Orson Welles</a>'s rendition of the weird sisters as <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou" title="Haitian Vodou">voodoo</a> priestesses. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_Witches&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Macbeth%27s_Hillock_(2.5km_from_Brodie_Castle)_-_geograph.org.uk_-_246182.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Macbeth%27s_Hillock_%282.5km_from_Brodie_Castle%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_246182.jpg/220px-Macbeth%27s_Hillock_%282.5km_from_Brodie_Castle%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_246182.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Macbeth%27s_Hillock_%282.5km_from_Brodie_Castle%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_246182.jpg/330px-Macbeth%27s_Hillock_%282.5km_from_Brodie_Castle%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_246182.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Macbeth%27s_Hillock_%282.5km_from_Brodie_Castle%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_246182.jpg/440px-Macbeth%27s_Hillock_%282.5km_from_Brodie_Castle%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_246182.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Macbeth's Hillock, near <a href="/wiki/Brodie_Castle" title="Brodie Castle">Brodie Castle</a>, is traditionally identified as the "blasted heath" where Macbeth and Banquo first met the "weird sisters".</figcaption></figure> <p>The name "weird sisters" is found in most modern editions of <i>Macbeth.</i> However, the <a href="/wiki/First_Folio" title="First Folio">First Folio</a>'s text reads: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>The weyward Sisters, hand in hand,<br /> Posters of the Sea and Land... </p> </div></blockquote> <p>In later scenes in the First Folio, the witches are described as "weyward", but never "weird". The modern appellation "weird sisters" derives from <a href="/wiki/Raphael_Holinshed" title="Raphael Holinshed">Holinshed</a>'s original <i>Chronicles</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/weird" class="extiw" title="wikt:weird">weird</a></i> (descended from Old English <i><a href="/wiki/Wyrd" title="Wyrd">wyrd</a></i> 'fate') was a borrowing from <a href="/wiki/Middle_Scots" title="Middle Scots">Middle Scots</a> and had different meanings besides the modern common meaning 'eerie'. The Holinshed Chronicles aided in this search for the wayward in those who had trusted the weird sisters unfold. </p><p>One of Shakespeare's principal sources is the Holinshed (1587)<sup id="cite_ref-Holinshed-1587_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holinshed-1587-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (April 2022)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> account of <a href="/wiki/King_Duncan" title="King Duncan">King Duncan</a>. Holinshed described the future King <a href="/wiki/Macbeth_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Macbeth of Scotland">Macbeth of Scotland</a> and his companion Banquo encountering "three women in strange and wild apparell, resembling creatures of elder world" who hail the men with glowing prophecies and then vanish "immediately out of their sight".<sup id="cite_ref-Nicoll-Muir-2002_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicoll-Muir-2002-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Holinshed reported that "the common opinion was that these women were either the Weird Sisters, that is<span class="nowrap"> </span>[...] the goddesses of destiny, or else some nymphs or fairies endued with knowledge of prophecy by their necromantical science."<sup id="cite_ref-Nicoll-Muir-2002_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicoll-Muir-2002-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another principal source was the <i><a href="/wiki/Daemonologie" title="Daemonologie">Daemonologie</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">King James</a> published in 1597 which included a news pamphlet titled <i><a href="/wiki/Newes_from_Scotland" title="Newes from Scotland">Newes from Scotland</a></i> that detailed the infamous <a href="/wiki/North_Berwick_witch_trials" title="North Berwick witch trials">North Berwick witch trials</a> of 1590. Not only had this trial taken place in Scotland, witches involved confessed to attempt the use of witchcraft to raise a tempest and sabotage the very boat King James and <a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Denmark" title="Anne of Denmark">Queen Anne</a> were on board during their return trip from Denmark. The three witches discuss the raising of winds at sea in the opening lines of Act 1, Scene 3.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The news pamphlet states: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Moreover she confessed that at the time when his Majesty was in Denmark, she being accompanied with the parties before specially named, took a Cat and christened it, and afterward bound to each part of that Cat, the cheefest parts of a dead man, and several joints of his body, and that in the night following the said Cat was conveyed into the midst of the sea by all these witches sailing in their riddles or Cues as aforesaid, and so left the said Cat right before the town of Leith in Scotland: This done, there did arise such a tempest in the Sea, as a greater has not been seen, which tempest was the cause of the perishing of a Boat or vessel coming over from the town of Brunt Island to the town of Leith, of which was many Jewels and rich gifts, which should have been presented to the current Queen of Scotland, at her Majesty's coming to Leith. Again it is confessed, that the said christened Cat was the cause that the King Majesty's Ship at his coming forth of Denmark, had a contrary wind to the rest of his Ships, then being in his company, which thing was most strange and true, as the King's Majesty acknowledges</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>Daemonologie</i>, Newes from Scotland</cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Three_Witches,_MacBeth,_by_James_Henry_Nixon,_British_Museum,_1831.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Three_Witches%2C_MacBeth%2C_by_James_Henry_Nixon%2C_British_Museum%2C_1831.png/220px-Three_Witches%2C_MacBeth%2C_by_James_Henry_Nixon%2C_British_Museum%2C_1831.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Three_Witches%2C_MacBeth%2C_by_James_Henry_Nixon%2C_British_Museum%2C_1831.png/330px-Three_Witches%2C_MacBeth%2C_by_James_Henry_Nixon%2C_British_Museum%2C_1831.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Three_Witches%2C_MacBeth%2C_by_James_Henry_Nixon%2C_British_Museum%2C_1831.png/440px-Three_Witches%2C_MacBeth%2C_by_James_Henry_Nixon%2C_British_Museum%2C_1831.png 2x" data-file-width="1284" data-file-height="902" /></a><figcaption>Three Witches, MacBeth, by <a href="/wiki/James_Henry_Nixon" title="James Henry Nixon">James Henry Nixon</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> (1831)</figcaption></figure> <p>The concept of the Three Witches themselves may have been influenced by an <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> <a href="/wiki/Skald" title="Skald">skaldic</a> poem,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which twelve <a href="/wiki/Valkyrie" title="Valkyrie">valkyries</a> weave and choose who is to be slain at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Clontarf" title="Battle of Clontarf">Battle of Clontarf</a> (fought outside <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a> in 1014).<sup id="cite_ref-Simek-2007_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simek-2007-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shakespeare's creation of the Three Witches may have also been influenced by an anti-witchcraft law passed by King James nine years previously, a law that was to stay untouched for over 130 years.<sup id="cite_ref-PMLA_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMLA-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His characters' "chappy fingers", "skinny lips", and "beards", for example, are not found in Holinshed.<sup id="cite_ref-ISE-Witches_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISE-Witches-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Macbeth's Hillock near Brodie, between <a href="/wiki/Forres" title="Forres">Forres</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nairn" title="Nairn">Nairn</a> in Scotland, has long been identified as the mythical meeting place of Macbeth and the witches.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shaw-Gordon-1882_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw-Gordon-1882-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditionally, <a href="/wiki/Forres" title="Forres">Forres</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is believed to have been the home of both Duncan and Macbeth.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a> proposed that the three weird sisters should be seen as ambiguous figures, never actually calling themselves 'witches', nor are they called 'witches' by other characters in the play. Moreover, they were depicted as more fair than foul both in Holinshed's account and in the description of a contemporary play-goer <a href="/wiki/Simon_Forman" title="Simon Forman">Simon Forman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dramatic_role">Dramatic role</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_Witches&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Dramatic role"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Macbeth_and_Banquo_with_the_witches_JHF.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Dark painting showing two figures encountering witch-like creatures" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Macbeth_and_Banquo_with_the_witches_JHF.jpg/170px-Macbeth_and_Banquo_with_the_witches_JHF.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Macbeth_and_Banquo_with_the_witches_JHF.jpg/255px-Macbeth_and_Banquo_with_the_witches_JHF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Macbeth_and_Banquo_with_the_witches_JHF.jpg/340px-Macbeth_and_Banquo_with_the_witches_JHF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="548" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption><i>Macbeth and Banquo with the Witches</i> by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fuseli" title="Henry Fuseli">Henry Fuseli</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Three Witches first appear in Act 1, Scene 1, where they agree to meet later with <a href="/wiki/Macbeth_(Macbeth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Macbeth (Macbeth)">Macbeth</a>. In Act 1, Scene 3, they greet Macbeth with a prophecy that he shall be king, and his companion, <a href="/wiki/Banquo" title="Banquo">Banquo</a>, with a prophecy that he shall generate a line of kings. The prophecies have great impact upon Macbeth. As the audience later learns, he has considered usurping the throne of Scotland. </p><p>Several non-Shakespearean moments are thought to have been intruded into <i>Macbeth</i> sometime <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1618</span>; these include all of Act 3, Scene 5 and Act 4, Scene 1, ℓℓ 39–43 and ℓℓ 125–132, as well as two songs.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans-1974_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans-1974-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Act 3, Scene 5 (believed to not be written by Shakespeare),<sup id="cite_ref-Evans-1974_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans-1974-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Witches next appear and are reprimanded by <a href="/wiki/Hecate" title="Hecate">Hecate</a> for dealing with Macbeth without her participation. Hecate orders the trio to congregate at a forbidding place where Macbeth will seek their art. </p><p>In Act 4, Scene 1, the Witches gather and produce a series of ominous visions for Macbeth that herald his downfall. The meeting ends with a "show" of Banquo and his royal descendants. The Witches then vanish. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analysis">Analysis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_Witches&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Three Witches represent evil, darkness, chaos, and conflict, while their role is as agents and witnesses. They appear to have a warped sense of morality, deeming seemingly terrible acts to be moral, kind or right, such as helping one another to ruin the journey of a sailor. Their presence communicates treason and impending doom. During Shakespeare's day, witches were seen as worse than rebels, "the most notorious traitor and rebel that can be".<sup id="cite_ref-coddon_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coddon-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were not only political traitors, but spiritual traitors as well. Much of the confusion that springs from them comes from their ability to straddle the play's borders between reality and the supernatural. They are so deeply entrenched in both worlds that it is unclear whether they control fate, or whether they are merely its agents. They defy logic, not being subject to the rules of the real world.<sup id="cite_ref-coddon_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coddon-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The witches' lines in the first act: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>Fair is foul, and foul is fair<br /> Hover through the fog and filthy air </p> </div></blockquote> <p>are often said to set the tone for the remainder of the play by establishing a sense of moral confusion. Indeed, the play is filled with situations in which evil is depicted as good, while good is rendered evil. The line "Double, double toil and trouble," communicates the witches' intent clearly: they seek only to increase trouble for the mortals around them.<sup id="cite_ref-tempt_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tempt-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though the witches do not directly tell Macbeth to kill <a href="/wiki/King_Duncan" title="King Duncan">King Duncan</a>, they use a subtle form of temptation when they inform Macbeth that he is destined to be king. By placing this thought in his mind, they effectively guide him on the path to his own destruction. This follows the pattern of temptation attributed to the <a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">Devil</a> in the contemporary imagination: the Devil was believed to be a thought in a person's mind, which he or she might either indulge or reject. Macbeth indulges the temptation, while Banquo rejects it.<sup id="cite_ref-tempt_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tempt-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Performance">Performance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_Witches&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Performance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goya-Volaverunt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting of a woman with arms outstretched, flying. Below her are three gnome-like mean holding cushions." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Goya-Volaverunt.jpg/170px-Goya-Volaverunt.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Goya-Volaverunt.jpg/255px-Goya-Volaverunt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Goya-Volaverunt.jpg/340px-Goya-Volaverunt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Goya" title="Francisco Goya">Francisco Goya</a>'s <i>Volaverunt</i></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Insertions_by_Davenant">Insertions by Davenant</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_Witches&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Insertions by Davenant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a version of <i>Macbeth</i> by <a href="/wiki/William_Davenant" title="William Davenant">William Davenant</a> (1606–1668), a scene was added in which the witches tell Macduff and his wife of their future as well as several lines for the two before Macbeth's entrance in act 4. Most of these lines were taken directly from <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Middleton" title="Thomas Middleton">Thomas Middleton</a>'s play <i><a href="/wiki/The_Witch_(play)" title="The Witch (play)">The Witch</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/David_Garrick" title="David Garrick">David Garrick</a> kept these added scenes in his eighteenth-century version.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Walpole's_political_satire"><span id="Walpole.27s_political_satire"></span>Walpole's political satire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_Witches&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Walpole's political satire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Horace_Walpole" title="Horace Walpole">Horace Walpole</a> created a parody of <i>Macbeth</i> in 1742 entitled <i>The Dear Witches</i> in response to political problems of his time. The witches in his play are played by three everyday women who manipulate political events in England through marriage and patronage, and manipulate elections to have Macbeth made Treasurer and Earl of Bath. In the final scene, the witches gather around a cauldron and chant "Double, double, Toil and Trouble / parties burn and Nonsense bubble." Into their concoction they throw such things as "Judgment of a Beardless Youth" and "Liver of a Renegade". The entire play is a commentary on the political corruption and irrationality surrounding the period.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Welles'_"voodoo_Macbeth""><span id="Welles.27_.22voodoo_Macbeth.22"></span>Welles' "voodoo Macbeth"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_Witches&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Welles' "voodoo Macbeth""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Orson Welles</a>' stage production of <i><a href="/wiki/Voodoo_Macbeth" title="Voodoo Macbeth">Macbeth</a></i> sets the play in Haiti, and casts the witches as <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou" title="Haitian Vodou">voodoo</a> priestesses. As with earlier versions, the women are bystanders to the murder of Banquo, as well as <a href="/wiki/Lady_Macbeth" title="Lady Macbeth">Lady Macbeth</a>'s sleepwalking scene. Their role in each of these scenes suggests they were behind Macbeth's fall in a more direct way than Shakespeare's original portrays. The witches encroach further and further into his domain as the play progresses, appearing in the forest in the first scene and in the castle itself by the end. Directors often have difficulty keeping the witches from being exaggerated and overly-sensational.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marowitz's_and_Ionesco's_witches'_secret_identities"><span id="Marowitz.27s_and_Ionesco.27s_witches.27_secret_identities"></span>Marowitz's and Ionesco's witches' secret identities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_Witches&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Marowitz's and Ionesco's witches' secret identities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Charles_Marowitz" title="Charles Marowitz">Charles Marowitz</a> created <i>A Macbeth</i> in 1969, a streamlined version of the play which requires only eleven actors. The production strongly suggests that <a href="/wiki/Lady_Macbeth" title="Lady Macbeth">Lady Macbeth</a> is in league with the witches. One scene shows her leading the three to a firelight incantation. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco" title="Eugène Ionesco">Eugène Ionesco</a>'s satirical version of the play <i><a href="/wiki/Macbett" title="Macbett">Macbett</a></i> (1972), one of the witches removes a costume to reveal that she is, in fact, Lady Duncan, and wants to be Macbeth's mistress. Once Macbeth is King and they are married, however, she abandons him, revealing that she was not Lady Duncan all along, but a witch. The real Lady Duncan appears and denounces Macbeth as a traitor.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Felipe's_adaption_to_Spanish"><span id="Felipe.27s_adaption_to_Spanish"></span>Felipe's adaption to Spanish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_Witches&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Felipe's adaption to Spanish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Spanish poet and playwright <a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n_Felipe" title="León Felipe">León Felipe</a> wrote a version of Shakespeare's play in Spanish which significantly changes the witches' role, especially in the final scene. After Macbeth's death, the Three Witches reappear in the midst of wind and storm, which they have been associated with throughout the play, to claim his corpse. They carry it to a ravine and shout, "Macbeth! Macbeth! Macbeth! / We have an appointment with you in Hell!" </p><p>In the play, they also connect themselves to a painting by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Goya" title="Francisco Goya">Francisco Goya</a> called <i>Volaverunt</i>, in which three mysterious figures are flying through the air and supporting a more discernible royal female figure.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_representations">Other representations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_Witches&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Other representations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_art">In art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_Witches&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Drawings contained in <i>Holinshed's Chronicles</i>, one of the sources Shakespeare used when creating the characters, portray them as members of the upper class. They are wearing elaborate dresses and hairstyles and appear to be noblewomen as Macbeth and Banquo approach. Shakespeare seems to have diverted quite a bit from this image, making the witches (as Banquo says): </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>withered, and so wild in their attire,<br /> That look not like th' inhabitants o' th' earth ...<br /> each at once her choppy fingers laying<br /> upon her skinny lips. You should be women,<br /> and yet your beards forbid me to interpret<br /> that you are so.<sup id="cite_ref-ISE-Witches_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISE-Witches-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></blockquote> <p>The Three Witches of <i>Macbeth</i> have inspired several painters over the years who have sought to capture the supernatural darkness surrounding Macbeth's encounters with them. For example, by the 18th century, belief in witches had waned in the United Kingdom. Such things were thought to be the simple stories of foreigners, farmers, and superstitious Catholics. However art depicting supernatural subjects was very popular. </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Runciman" title="John Runciman">John Runciman</a>, as one of the first artists to use Shakespearean characters in his work, created an ink-on-paper drawing entitled <i>The Three Witches</i> in 1767–1768. In it, three ancient figures are shown in close consultation, their heads together and their bodies unshown. Runciman's brother created another drawing of the witches called <i>The Witches show Macbeth The Apparitions</i> painted circa 1771–1772, portraying Macbeth's reaction to the power of the witches' conjured vision. Both brothers' work influenced many later artists by removing the characters from the familiar theatrical setting and placing them in the world of the story.<sup id="cite_ref-museum_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-museum-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johann_Heinrich_F%C3%BCssli_019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting showing three faces with hooked noses in profile, eyes looking up. Each has an arm outstretched with crooked fingers." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Johann_Heinrich_F%C3%BCssli_019.jpg/220px-Johann_Heinrich_F%C3%BCssli_019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Johann_Heinrich_F%C3%BCssli_019.jpg/330px-Johann_Heinrich_F%C3%BCssli_019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Johann_Heinrich_F%C3%BCssli_019.jpg/440px-Johann_Heinrich_F%C3%BCssli_019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1409" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fuseli" title="Henry Fuseli">Henry Fuseli</a>'s 1783 painting</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wierdsisters_parody.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Three wigged heads, seen in profile, with crooked figures to their lips. They are looking at the smiling profile of the man in the moon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Wierdsisters_parody.jpg/220px-Wierdsisters_parody.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Wierdsisters_parody.jpg/330px-Wierdsisters_parody.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Wierdsisters_parody.jpg/440px-Wierdsisters_parody.jpg 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="392" /></a><figcaption>1791 parody of Fuseli's work by <a href="/wiki/James_Gillray" title="James Gillray">James Gillray</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fuseli" title="Henry Fuseli">Henry Fuseli</a> would later create one of the more famous portrayals of the Three Witches in 1783, entitled <i>The Weird Sisters or The Three Witches</i>. In it, the witches are lined up and dramatically pointing at something all at once, their faces in profile. This painting was parodied by <a href="/wiki/James_Gillray" title="James Gillray">James Gillray</a> in 1791 in <i>Weird Sisters; Ministers of Darkness; Minions of the Moon</i>. Three figures are lined up with their faces in profile in a way similar to Fuseli's painting. However, the three figures are recognisable as <a href="/wiki/Lord_Dundas" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Dundas">Lord Dundas</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Home_secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="Home secretary">home secretary</a> at the time), <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">William Pitt</a> (prime minister), and <a href="/wiki/Lord_Thurlow" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Thurlow">Lord Thurlow</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellor</a>). The three of them are facing a moon, which contains the profiled faces of <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queen_Charlotte" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Charlotte">Queen Charlotte</a>. The drawing is intended to highlight the insanity of King George and the unusual alliance of the three politicians.<sup id="cite_ref-museum_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-museum-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fuseli created two other works depicting the Three Witches for a Dublin art gallery in 1794. The first, entitled <i>Macbeth, Banquo and the Three Witches</i> was a frustration for him. His earlier paintings of Shakespearean scenes had been done on horizontal canvases, giving the viewer a picture of the scene that was similar to what would have been seen on stage. Woodmason requested vertical paintings, shrinking the space Fuseli had to work with. In this particular painting he uses lightning and other dramatic effects to separate Macbeth and Banquo from the witches more clearly and communicate how unnatural their meeting is. Macbeth and Banquo are both visibly terrified, while the witches are confidently perched atop a mound. Silhouettes of the victorious army of Macbeth can be seen celebrating in the background, but lack of space necessitates the removal of the barren, open landscape seen in Fuseli's earlier paintings for the <a href="/wiki/Boydell_Shakespeare_Gallery" title="Boydell Shakespeare Gallery">Boydell Shakespeare Gallery</a> of the same scene.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamlyn-1978-08_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamlyn-1978-08-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Macbeth_consulting_the_Vision_of_the_Armed_Head.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Macbeth, barefoot and wearing body paint or armour and short trousers reaches into an iron pot with three old men in it. They are looking at Macbeth and pointing fingers a figure below." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Macbeth_consulting_the_Vision_of_the_Armed_Head.jpg/170px-Macbeth_consulting_the_Vision_of_the_Armed_Head.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Macbeth_consulting_the_Vision_of_the_Armed_Head.jpg/255px-Macbeth_consulting_the_Vision_of_the_Armed_Head.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Macbeth_consulting_the_Vision_of_the_Armed_Head.jpg/340px-Macbeth_consulting_the_Vision_of_the_Armed_Head.jpg 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="645" /></a><figcaption><i>Macbeth and the Armed Head</i> by Fuseli</figcaption></figure> <p>Fuseli's other Macbeth Woodmason painting <i>Macbeth and the Armed Head</i> depicts a later scene in which Macbeth is shown MacDuff and warned to be wary of him. Fuseli evidently intended the two paintings to be juxtaposed. He said, "when Macbeth meets with the witches on the heath, it is terrible, because he did not expect the supernatural visitation; but when he goes to the cave to ascertain his fate, it is no longer a subject of terror." Fuseli chose to make MacDuff a near-likeness of Macbeth himself, and considered the painting one of his most poetic in that sense, asking, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>What would be a greater object of terror to you if, some night on going home, you were to find yourself sitting at your own table<span class="nowrap"> </span>[...] would not this make a powerful impression on your mind?<sup id="cite_ref-Hamlyn-1978-08_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamlyn-1978-08-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_music">In music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_Witches&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At least fifteen operas have been based on <i>Macbeth</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but only one is regularly performed today. This is <i><a href="/wiki/Macbeth_(Verdi)" title="Macbeth (Verdi)">Macbeth</a></i>, composed by <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Giuseppe Verdi</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">libretto</a> by <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Maria_Piave" title="Francesco Maria Piave">Francesco Maria Piave</a> and premièred in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> in 1847. In the opera, the Three Witches became a chorus of at least eighteen singers, divided into three groups. Each group enters separately at the start of the opera for the scene with Macbeth and Banquo; after the men's departure, they have a chorus of triumph which does not derive from Shakespeare. They reappear in Act 3, when they conjure up the three apparitions and the procession of kings. When Verdi revised the opera for performance in Paris in 1865, he added a ballet (rarely performed nowadays) to this scene. In it, Hecate, a non-dancing character, mimes instructions to the witches before a final dance and Macbeth's arrival.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Henry_Purcell" title="Henry Purcell">Henry Purcell</a>'s opera <i><a href="/wiki/Dido_and_Aeneas" title="Dido and Aeneas">Dido and Aeneas</a></i> with libretto by <a href="/wiki/Nahum_Tate" title="Nahum Tate">Nahum Tate</a>, the Sorceress addresses the two Enchantresses as "Wayward Sisters," identifying the three of them with the fates, as well as with the malevolent witches of Shakespeare's <i>Macbeth</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_literature">In literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_Witches&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: In literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Dracula" title="Dracula">Dracula</a></i>, three vampire women who live in Dracula's castle are often dubbed the "Weird Sisters" by Jonathan Harker and van Helsing, though it is unknown if <a href="/wiki/Bram_Stoker" title="Bram Stoker">Bram Stoker</a> intended them to be intentionally quoting Shakespeare. Most media these days just refer to them as the <a href="/wiki/Brides_of_Dracula" title="Brides of Dracula">Brides of Dracula</a>, likely to differentiate the characters. In <i><a href="/wiki/Wyrd_Sisters" title="Wyrd Sisters">Wyrd Sisters</a></i>, a <i><a href="/wiki/Discworld" title="Discworld">Discworld</a></i> fantasy novel by <a href="/wiki/Terry_Pratchett" title="Terry Pratchett">Terry Pratchett</a> these three witches and the <a href="/wiki/Globe_Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Globe Theater">Globe Theater</a>, now named "The Dysk", are featured. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_film">In film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_Witches&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: In film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Three_Witches_Welles.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Three gowned figures with long, grey hair hold forked sticks." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Three_Witches_Welles.JPG/220px-Three_Witches_Welles.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Three_Witches_Welles.JPG/330px-Three_Witches_Welles.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f1/Three_Witches_Welles.JPG 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="262" /></a><figcaption>The Three Witches in <a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Orson Welles</a>' controversial <a href="/wiki/Macbeth_(1948_film)" title="Macbeth (1948 film)">1948 film adaptation</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Orson Welles</a> created a film version of the play in 1948, sometimes called the <i><a href="/wiki/Macbeth_(1948_film)" title="Macbeth (1948 film)">Übermensch Macbeth</a></i>, which altered the witches' roles by having them create a <a href="/wiki/Voodoo_doll" title="Voodoo doll">voodoo doll</a> of Macbeth in the first scene. Critics take this as a sign that they control his actions completely throughout the film. Their voices are heard, but their faces are never seen, and they carry <a href="/wiki/Stang_(witchcraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stang (witchcraft)">forked staves</a> as dark parallels to the Celtic cross. Welles' voiceover in the prologue calls them "agents of chaos, priests of hell and magic". At the end of the film, when their work with Macbeth is finished, they cut off the head of his voodoo doll.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson-2007_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson-2007-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages:  129-130">(pp 129-130)</span></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Throne_of_Blood" title="Throne of Blood">Throne of Blood</a></i>, a Japanese version filmed in 1958 by <a href="/wiki/Akira_Kurosawa" title="Akira Kurosawa">Akira Kurosawa</a>, replaces the Three Witches with the Forest Spirit, an old hag who sits at her spinning wheel, symbolically entrapping Macbeth's equivalent, Washizu, in the web of his own ambition. She lives outside "The Castle of the Spider's Web", another reference to Macbeth's entanglement in her trap.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson-2007_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson-2007-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages:  130–131">(pp 130–131)</span></sup> Behind her hut, Washizu finds piles of rotting bones. The hag, the spinning wheel, and the piles of bones are direct references to the Noh play Adachigahara (also called Kurozuka), one of many artistic elements Kurosawa borrowed from Noh theatre for the film. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Roman_Polanski" title="Roman Polanski">Roman Polanski</a>'s 1971 film version of <i><a href="/wiki/Macbeth_(1971_film)" title="Macbeth (1971 film)">Macbeth</a></i> contained many parallels to his personal life in its graphic and violent depictions. His wife <a href="/wiki/Sharon_Tate" title="Sharon Tate">Sharon Tate</a> had been <a href="/wiki/Tate-LaBianca_murders" class="mw-redirect" title="Tate-LaBianca murders">murdered</a> two years earlier by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Manson" title="Charles Manson">Charles Manson</a> and three women. Many critics saw this as a clear parallel to Macbeth's murders at the urging of the Three Witches within the film.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Scotland,_PA" title="Scotland, PA">Scotland, PA</a></i>, a 2001 parody film directed by <a href="/wiki/Billy_Morrissette" class="mw-redirect" title="Billy Morrissette">Billy Morrissette</a>, sets the play in a restaurant in 1970s <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>. The witches are replaced by three <a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">hippies</a> who give Joe McBeth drug-induced suggestions and prophecies throughout the film using a <a href="/wiki/Magic_8-Ball" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic 8-Ball">Magic 8-Ball</a>. After McBeth has killed his boss, Norm Duncan, one of them suggests, "I've got it! Mac should kill McDuff's entire family!" Another hippie sarcastically responds, "Oh, that'll work! Maybe a thousand years ago. You can't go around killing everybody."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Joel_Coen" class="mw-redirect" title="Joel Coen">Joel Coen</a>'s 2021 film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tragedy_of_Macbeth_(2021_film)" title="The Tragedy of Macbeth (2021 film)">The Tragedy of Macbeth</a></i>, British actress <a href="/wiki/Kathryn_Hunter" title="Kathryn Hunter">Kathryn Hunter</a> plays all three witches. Though mostly depicted as <a href="/wiki/Dissociative_identity_disorder" title="Dissociative identity disorder">three personalities inside a single body</a>, there are several instances where the witch divides into three distinct figures. Hunter worked extensively with Coen to develop a physicality for the witches, describing them as intermediate forms, in between human women and <a href="/wiki/Crow" title="Crow">crows</a> (crows are also frequently shown flying through scenes in the film).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_computer_games">In computer games</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_Witches&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: In computer games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the computer game <i><a href="/wiki/The_Witcher_3:_Wild_Hunt" title="The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt">The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt</a></i> (2015), the <i>Three Crones of Crookback Bog</i> make an appearance, referred to as the "ladies of the wood" or "the good ladies", called Whispess, Brewess and Weavess. Portrayed as old, grossly deformed women who wield ancient, powerful magic, they are malicious characters, able to shapeshift (among others, into a flock of crows), and pose challenges to the game's protagonists. Within the first half of the game, they confront the titular figure with a prophecy about his ill fate, hinting at the outcome of the game if the player fails at the overarching quest. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_Witches&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beckett">Beckett</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_Witches&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Beckett"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Come_and_Go" title="Come and Go">Come and Go</a></i>, a short play written in 1965 by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Samuel Beckett</a>, recalls the Three Witches. The play features only three characters, all women, named Flo, Vi, and Ru. The opening line: "When did we three last meet?"<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> recalls the "When shall we three meet again?" of <i>Macbeth</i> Act 1, Scene 1.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reisert">Reisert</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_Witches&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Reisert"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Third_Witch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Third Witch (page does not exist)">The Third Witch</a></i>, a 2001 novel written by Rebecca Reisert, tells the story of the play through the eyes of a young girl named Gilly – one of the witches. Gilly seeks Macbeth's death out of revenge for killing her father.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rowling">Rowling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_Witches&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Rowling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/J._K._Rowling" title="J. K. Rowling">J. K. Rowling</a> has cited the Three Witches as an influence in her <i><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter" title="Harry Potter">Harry Potter</a></i> series. In an interview with <a href="/wiki/The_Leaky_Cauldron_(website)" title="The Leaky Cauldron (website)">The Leaky Cauldron</a> and <a href="/wiki/MuggleNet" title="MuggleNet">MuggleNet</a>, when asked, "What if [<a href="/wiki/Voldemort" class="mw-redirect" title="Voldemort">Voldemort</a>] never heard the prophecy?", she said, "It's the 'Macbeth' idea. I absolutely adore 'Macbeth'. It is possibly my favourite Shakespeare play. And that's the question isn't it? If Macbeth hadn't met the witches, would he have killed Duncan? Would any of it have happened? Is it fated or did he make it happen? I believe he made it happen."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On her website, she referred to <i>Macbeth</i> again in discussing the prophecy: "the prophecy (like the one the witches make to Macbeth, if anyone has read the play of the same name) becomes the catalyst for a situation that would never have occurred if it had not been made."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The soundtrack to <a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Prisoner_of_Azkaban_(film)" title="Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (film)">the third <i>Harry Potter</i> film</a> features a song by <a href="/wiki/John_Williams" title="John Williams">John Williams</a> called "Double Trouble", a reference to the witches' line, "Double double, toil and trouble". The lyrics were adapted from the Three Witches' spell in the play. More playfully, Rowling also invented a musical band popular in the Wizarding world called <a href="/wiki/The_Weird_Sisters_(Harry_Potter)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Weird Sisters (Harry Potter)">The Weird Sisters</a> that appears in passing in several books in the series as well as the film adaptation of <i><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Goblet_of_Fire_(film)" title="Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (film)">Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_Witches&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Yaga" title="Baba Yaga">Baba Yaga</a>, who can manifest herself as a trio of identical figures</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Lavandieres" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Lavandieres">Les Lavandieres</a>, the Night Washerwomen of Celtic mythology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_Goddess_(Neopaganism)" title="Triple Goddess (Neopaganism)">Triple Goddess</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_Witches&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFUrmson,_J.O.1981" class="citation journal cs1">Urmson, J.O. (1981). "Tate's 'Wayward Sisters'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Music & Letters</i>. <b>62</b> (2): 245. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fml%2F62.2.245-a">10.1093/ml/62.2.245-a</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Music+%26+Letters&rft.atitle=Tate%27s+%27Wayward+Sisters%27&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=245&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fml%2F62.2.245-a&rft.au=Urmson%2C+J.O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThree+Witches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holinshed-1587-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Holinshed-1587_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolinshed,_R.1587" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Holinshed" title="Raphael Holinshed">Holinshed, R.</a> (1587). <a href="/wiki/Holinshed%27s_Chronicles" title="Holinshed's Chronicles"><i>The Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chronicles+of+England%2C+Scotland%2C+and+Ireland&rft.date=1587&rft.au=Holinshed%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThree+Witches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nicoll-Muir-2002-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nicoll-Muir-2002_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nicoll-Muir-2002_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicoll,_AllardyceMuir,_Kenneth2002" class="citation book cs1">Nicoll, Allardyce; Muir, Kenneth (2002). <i>Shakespeare Survey</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-5215-2355-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-5215-2355-9"><bdi>0-5215-2355-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shakespeare+Survey&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-5215-2355-9&rft.au=Nicoll%2C+Allardyce&rft.au=Muir%2C+Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThree+Witches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarren2016" class="citation book cs1">Warren, Brett (2016). <i>The Annotated Daemonology of King James. A critical edition in modern English</i>. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5329-6891-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5329-6891-4"><bdi>978-1-5329-6891-4</bdi></a>. <q>If this sounds familiar, Shakespeare took inspiration from this very passage and applied the same methods of witchcraft to his play Macbeth just a few years after the publication of <i>Dæmonologie</i>. All of the inhabitants of England and Scotland would have been familiar with this case and as the play of Macbeth is also set in Scotland, many quotes from King James' dissertation are taken as inspiration.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Annotated+Daemonology+of+King+James.+A+critical+edition+in+modern+English&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=CreateSpace+Independent+Publishing+Platform&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-5329-6891-4&rft.aulast=Warren&rft.aufirst=Brett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThree+Witches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"<a href="/wiki/Nj%C3%A1ls_saga" title="Njáls saga">Njáls saga</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Darra%C3%B0arlj%C3%B3%C3%B0" title="Darraðarljóð">Darraðarljóð</a></i>. chapter 157.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nj%C3%A1ls+saga&rft.btitle=Darra%C3%B0arlj%C3%B3%C3%B0&rft.pages=chapter-157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThree+Witches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Simek-2007-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Simek-2007_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimek,_R.2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Simek" title="Rudolf Simek">Simek, R.</a> (2007). <i>Dictionary of Northern Mythology</i>. Translated by Hall, Angela. Woodbridge, UK: <a href="/wiki/Boydell_%26_Brewer" title="Boydell & Brewer">D.S. Brewer</a>. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0859915137" title="Special:BookSources/978-0859915137"><bdi>978-0859915137</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Northern+Mythology&rft.place=Woodbridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=D.S.+Brewer&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0859915137&rft.au=Simek%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThree+Witches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PMLA-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PMLA_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolman1896" class="citation journal cs1">Tolman, Albert H. (1896). "Notes on Macbeth". <i>Publications of the Modern Language Association</i>. <b>11</b> (2): 200–219. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F456259">10.2307/456259</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/456259">456259</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163917768">163917768</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Publications+of+the+Modern+Language+Association&rft.atitle=Notes+on+Macbeth&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=200-219&rft.date=1896&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163917768%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F456259%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F456259&rft.aulast=Tolman&rft.aufirst=Albert+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThree+Witches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ISE-Witches-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ISE-Witches_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ISE-Witches_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080428111226/http://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/Library/SLT/ideas/witches.html">"Witches: Those well-dressed women are witches?"</a>. <i>Internet Shakespeare Editions</i>. University of Victoria and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/Library/SLT/ideas/witches.html">the original</a> on 28 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Shakespeare+Editions&rft.atitle=Witches%3A+Those+well-dressed+women+are+witches%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finternetshakespeare.uvic.ca%2FLibrary%2FSLT%2Fideas%2Fwitches.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThree+Witches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotsman.com/mobile/news/hail-macbeth-saviour-of-scots-tourism-1-3564634">"Hail, Macbeth, savoiur of Scots tourism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Scotsman" title="The Scotsman">The Scotsman</a></i>. 7 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Scotsman&rft.atitle=Hail%2C+Macbeth%2C+savoiur+of+Scots+tourism&rft.date=2014-10-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotsman.com%2Fmobile%2Fnews%2Fhail-macbeth-saviour-of-scots-tourism-1-3564634&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThree+Witches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shaw-Gordon-1882-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shaw-Gordon-1882_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShawGordon1882" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Lachlan; Gordon, James Skinner (1882). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofprovinc02shawuoft"><i>The History of the Province of Moray: Comprising the counties of Elgi Nairn, the greater part of the County of Inverness and a portion of the County of Banff, all called the Province of Moray before there was a division into counties</i></a>. 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Madison: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. pp. 103–105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0838640648" title="Special:BookSources/0838640648"><bdi>0838640648</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latin+American+Shakespeares&rft.place=Madison&rft.pages=103-105&rft.pub=Fairleigh+Dickinson+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0838640648&rft.au=Kliman%2C+Bernice&rft.au=Santos%2C+Rick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThree+Witches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShakespeare,_W." class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">Shakespeare, W.</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tragedy_of_Macbeth" class="mw-redirect" title="The Tragedy of Macbeth">The Tragedy of Macbeth</a></i>. act 1, scene 3, lines 39–47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tragedy+of+Macbeth&rft.pages=act-1%2C+scene-3%2C+lines-39-47&rft.au=Shakespeare%2C+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThree+Witches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-museum-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-museum_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-museum_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080430064044/http://www.tate.org.uk/britain/exhibitions/gothicnightmares/rooms/room5.htm">"Room 5: Witches and apparitions"</a> (Museum exhibit). Gothic nightmares: Fuseli, Blake, and the romantic imagination. Tate Britain Art Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tate.org.uk/britain/exhibitions/gothicnightmares/rooms/room5.htm">the original</a> on 30 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Room+5%3A+Witches+and+apparitions&rft.series=Gothic+nightmares%3A+Fuseli%2C+Blake%2C+and+the+romantic+imagination&rft.pub=Tate+Britain+Art+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tate.org.uk%2Fbritain%2Fexhibitions%2Fgothicnightmares%2Frooms%2Froom5.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThree+Witches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hamlyn-1978-08-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hamlyn-1978-08_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hamlyn-1978-08_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamlyn,_Robin1978" class="citation magazine cs1">Hamlyn, Robin (August 1978). "An Irish Shakespeare gallery". <i>The Burlington Magazine</i>. Vol. 120, no. 905. pp. 515–529.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Burlington+Magazine&rft.atitle=An+Irish+Shakespeare+gallery&rft.volume=120&rft.issue=905&rft.pages=515-529&rft.date=1978-08&rft.au=Hamlyn%2C+Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThree+Witches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSadie1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Sadie, S.</a>, ed. (1992). <a href="/wiki/New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Opera" class="mw-redirect" title="New Grove Dictionary of Opera"><i>The New Grove Dictionary of Opera</i></a>. Vol. 4. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. p. 344. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-522186-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-522186-2"><bdi>978-0-19-522186-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Grove+Dictionary+of+Opera&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pages=344&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-19-522186-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThree+Witches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBudden1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Julian_Budden" title="Julian Budden">Budden, J.</a> (1973). <i>The Operas of Verdi</i>. Vol. 1. London: Cassell. pp. 277, 300–302. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-93756-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-93756-8"><bdi>0-304-93756-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Operas+of+Verdi&rft.place=London&rft.pages=277%2C+300-302&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-304-93756-8&rft.aulast=Budden&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThree+Witches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opera.stanford.edu/iu/libretti/dido.html">"Dido and Aeneas"</a> (libretto). Palo Alto, CA: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dido+and+Aeneas&rft.place=Palo+Alto%2C+CA&rft.pub=Stanford+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopera.stanford.edu%2Fiu%2Flibretti%2Fdido.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThree+Witches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jackson-2007-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson-2007_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson-2007_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson,_Russell2007" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Russell (2007). <i>The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Film</i>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 129–131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521685016" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521685016"><bdi>978-0521685016</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Shakespeare+on+Film&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=129-131&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0521685016&rft.au=Jackson%2C+Russell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThree+Witches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolland,_Peter2004" class="citation book cs1">Holland, Peter (2004). <i>Shakespeare Survey: An annual survey of Shakespeare studies and production</i>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 145–146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521841208" title="Special:BookSources/0521841208"><bdi>0521841208</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shakespeare+Survey%3A+An+annual+survey+of+Shakespeare+studies+and+production&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=145-146&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0521841208&rft.au=Holland%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThree+Witches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeitch,_Thomas2007" class="citation book cs1">Leitch, Thomas (2007). <i>Film Adaptation and its Discontents</i>. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 117–118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801885655" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801885655"><bdi>978-0801885655</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Film+Adaptation+and+its+Discontents&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+MD&rft.pages=117-118&rft.pub=The+Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0801885655&rft.au=Leitch%2C+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThree+Witches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenker,_Maureen_Lee2022" class="citation magazine cs1">Lenker, Maureen Lee (14 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ew.com/movies/the-tragedy-of-macbeth-kathryn-hunter-witches/">"<i>The Tragedy of Macbeth</i>: Kathryn Hunter on conjuring a new take on Shakespeare's 3 witches"</a>. <i>Entertainment Weekly</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Entertainment+Weekly&rft.atitle=The+Tragedy+of+Macbeth%3A+Kathryn+Hunter+on+conjuring+a+new+take+on+Shakespeare%27s+3+witches&rft.date=2022-01-14&rft.au=Lenker%2C+Maureen+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Few.com%2Fmovies%2Fthe-tragedy-of-macbeth-kathryn-hunter-witches%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThree+Witches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckett,_S.1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Beckett, S.</a> (1984). "Come and Go". <i>Collected Shorter Plays of Samuel Beckett</i>. London: Faber and Faber. p. 196.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Come+and+Go&rft.btitle=Collected+Shorter+Plays+of+Samuel+Beckett&rft.place=London&rft.pages=196&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=1984&rft.au=Beckett%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThree+Witches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckett,_S.2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Beckett, S.</a> (2006). Roche, A. (ed.). <i>Samuel Beckett: The Great Plays after Godot / Samuel Beckett – 100 Years</i>. Dublin, IE: New Island. p. 69.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Samuel+Beckett%3A+The+Great+Plays+after+Godot+%2F+Samuel+Beckett+%E2%80%93+100+Years&rft.place=Dublin%2C+IE&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=New+Island&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Beckett%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThree+Witches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReisert,_Rebecca2001" class="citation book cs1">Reisert, Rebecca (2001). <i>The Third Witch: A novel</i>. New York, NY: Washington Square Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7434-1771-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7434-1771-2"><bdi>0-7434-1771-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Witch%3A+A+novel&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Washington+Square+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7434-1771-2&rft.au=Reisert%2C+Rebecca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThree+Witches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.the-leaky-cauldron.org/2007/07/28/jkrhbp3/">"The Leaky Cauldron and MN interview Joanne Kathleen Rowling"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Leaky_Cauldron_(website)" title="The Leaky Cauldron (website)">The Leaky Cauldron</a>. 28 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Leaky+Cauldron+and+MN+interview+Joanne+Kathleen+Rowling&rft.date=2007-07-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-leaky-cauldron.org%2F2007%2F07%2F28%2Fjkrhbp3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThree+Witches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120205110922/http://www.jkrowling.com/textonly/en/faq_view.cfm?id=84">"What is the significance of Neville being the other boy to whom the prophecy might have referred?"</a>. <i>J.K.Rowling official site (jkrowling.com)</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jkrowling.com/textonly/en/faq_view.cfm?id=84">the original</a> on 5 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=J.K.Rowling+official+site+%28jkrowling.com%29&rft.atitle=What+is+the+significance+of+Neville+being+the+other+boy+to+whom+the+prophecy+might+have+referred%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jkrowling.com%2Ftextonly%2Fen%2Ffaq_view.cfm%3Fid%3D84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThree+Witches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_Witches&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bloom, Harold, 1987. <i>William Shakespeare's Macbeth</i>. Yale University: Chelsea House.</li> <li>Bernice W, Kliman, 200. <i>Macbeth</i>. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2nd rev ed. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-6229-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-6229-2">0-7190-6229-2</a></li> <li>Shakespeare, William; Cross, Wilbur Lucius (Ed); (2007). <i>Macbeth</i>. Forgotten Books.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_Witches&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shakespeare.mit.edu/macbeth/full.html"><i>Macbeth:</i> Full-text online</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Magic_and_witchcraft" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Witchcraft" title="Template:Witchcraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Witchcraft" title="Template talk:Witchcraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Witchcraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Witchcraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Magic_and_witchcraft" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">Magic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_Africa" title="Witchcraft in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azande_witchcraft" title="Azande witchcraft">Azande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_Ghana" title="Witchcraft in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_smeller" title="Witch smeller">Witch smeller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_witchcraft" title="Asian witchcraft">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_the_Philippines" title="Witchcraft in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_witchcraft" title="European witchcraft">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_Italy" title="Witchcraft in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akelarre" title="Akelarre">Akelarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benandanti" title="Benandanti">Benandanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunning_folk" title="Cunning folk">Cunning folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_in_the_Greco-Roman_world" title="Magic in the Greco-Roman world">Greece and Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sei%C3%B0r" title="Seiðr">Seiðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seeress_(Germanic)" title="Seeress (Germanic)">Völva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch-cult_hypothesis" title="Witch-cult hypothesis">Witch-cult hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Witchcraft in Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_early_modern_Britain" title="Witchcraft in early modern Britain">Britain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_Latin_America" title="Witchcraft in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_the_Middle_East" title="Witchcraft in the Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft#Oceania" title="Witchcraft">Oceania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81kutu" title="Mākutu">Mākutu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Form</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaos_magic" title="Chaos magic">Chaos magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorcery_(goetia)" title="Sorcery (goetia)">Goetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoodoo_(spirituality)" title="Hoodoo (spirituality)">Hoodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_European_magic" title="Medieval European magic">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopagan_witchcraft" title="Neopagan witchcraft">Neopagan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_magic" title="Renaissance magic">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitary_practitioner" title="Solitary practitioner">Solitary practitioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warlock" title="Warlock">Warlock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_doctor" title="Witch doctor">Witch doctor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apotropaic_magic" title="Apotropaic magic">Apotropaic magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_magic" title="Black magic">Black magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_magic" title="Ceremonial magic">Ceremonial magic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magical_formula" title="Magical formula">Magical formula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coven" title="Coven">Coven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curse" title="Curse">Curse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anathema" title="Anathema">Anathema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damnation" title="Damnation">Damnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinx" title="Jinx">Jinx</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">Demon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evocation" title="Evocation">Evocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familiar" title="Familiar">Familiar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_magic" title="Gray magic">Gray magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incantation" title="Incantation">Incantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">Jinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_magic" title="Love magic">Love magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">Mediumship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_magic" title="Moon magic">Moon magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necromancy" title="Necromancy">Necromancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">Occultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_shamanism" title="Black shamanism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_forms_of_shamanism" title="Regional forms of shamanism">Regional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_shamanism" title="Yellow shamanism">Yellow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_magic" title="Sex magic">Sex magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigil" title="Sigil">Sigils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kardecist_spiritism" title="Kardecist spiritism">Spiritism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_magic" title="Sympathetic magic">Sympathetic magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witches%27_Sabbath" title="Witches' Sabbath">Witches' Sabbath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_magic" title="White magic">White magic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amulet" title="Amulet">Amulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athame" title="Athame">Athame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broom" title="Broom">Broom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Besom" title="Besom">besom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censer" title="Censer">Censer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloak_of_invisibility" title="Cloak of invisibility">Cloak of invisibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_ball" title="Crystal ball">Crystal ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_ointment" title="Flying ointment">Flying ointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goofer_dust" title="Goofer dust">Goofer dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimoire" title="Grimoire">Grimoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incense" title="Incense">Incense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julleuchter" title="Julleuchter">Julleuchter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_witch" title="Kitchen witch">Kitchen witch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_magic" title="Love magic">Love charm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_carpet" title="Magic carpet">Magic carpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_circle" title="Magic circle">Magic circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_ring" title="Magic ring">Magic ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_magical_weapons" title="List of magical weapons">Magical weapons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magic_sword" title="Magic sword">Magic sword</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojo_(African-American_culture)" title="Mojo (African-American culture)">Mojo bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkisi" title="Nkisi">Nkisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkondi" title="Nkondi">Nkondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppet" title="Poppet">Poppet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potion" title="Potion">Potions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sator_Square" title="Sator Square">Sator Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talisman" title="Talisman">Talisman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wand" title="Wand">Wand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_ball" title="Witch ball">Witch ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch%27s_ladder" title="Witch's ladder">Witch's ladder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Folklore and<br />mythology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agamede" title="Agamede">Agamede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aradia" title="Aradia">Aradia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Yaga" title="Baba Yaga">Baba Yaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circe" title="Circe">Circe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayan_(witch)" title="Dayan (witch)">Dayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drude" title="Drude">Drude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbow_witch" title="Elbow witch">Elbow witch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecate" title="Hecate">Hecate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huld" title="Huld">Huld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalku" title="Kalku">Kalku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medea" title="Medea">Medea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_le_Fay" title="Morgan le Fay">Morgan le Fay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muma_P%C4%83durii" title="Muma Pădurii">Muma Pădurii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_sorceresses" title="Nine sorceresses">Nine sorceresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obayifo" title="Obayifo">Obayifo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasipha%C3%AB" title="Pasiphaë">Pasiphaë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebile" title="Sebile">Sebile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorginak" title="Sorginak">Sorginak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spearfinger" title="Spearfinger">Spearfinger</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Three Witches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witches_of_Benevento" title="Witches of Benevento">Witches of Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_of_Endor" title="Witch of Endor">Witch of Endor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major<br />historic treatises</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_and_divination_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Witchcraft and divination in the Hebrew Bible">Witchcraft and divination in the Old Testament</a> (8th–2nd centuries BC)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Directorium_Inquisitorum" title="Directorium Inquisitorum">Directorium Inquisitorum</a></i> (1376)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_maleficis_mulieribus" class="mw-redirect" title="De maleficis mulieribus">De maleficis mulieribus</a></i> (1440)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Formicarius" title="Formicarius">Formicarius</a></i> (1475)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Summis_desiderantes_affectibus" title="Summis desiderantes affectibus">Summis desiderantes affectibus</a></i> (1484)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malleus_Maleficarum" title="Malleus Maleficarum">Malleus Maleficarum</a></i> (1487)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Lamiis_et_Pythonicis_Mulieribus" class="mw-redirect" title="De Lamiis et Pythonicis Mulieribus">De Lamiis et Pythonicis Mulieribus</a></i> (1489)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laienspiegel" title="Laienspiegel">Laienspiegel</a></i> (1509)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_praestigiis_daemonum" title="De praestigiis daemonum">De praestigiis daemonum</a></i> (1563)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Discoverie_of_Witchcraft" title="The Discoverie of Witchcraft">The Discoverie of Witchcraft</a></i> (1584)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Newes_from_Scotland" title="Newes from Scotland">Newes from Scotland</a></i> (1591)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Dialogue_Concerning_Witches_and_Witchcrafts" title="A Dialogue Concerning Witches and Witchcrafts">A Dialogue Concerning Witches and Witchcrafts</a></i> (1593)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daemonolatreiae_libri_tres" title="Daemonolatreiae libri tres">Daemonolatreiae libri tres</a></i> (1595)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daemonologie" title="Daemonologie">Daemonologie</a></i> (1597)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magical_Investigations" class="mw-redirect" title="Magical Investigations">Magical Investigations</a></i> (1599)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Compendium_Maleficarum" title="Compendium Maleficarum">Compendium Maleficarum</a></i> (1608)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Guide_to_Grand-Jury_Men" title="A Guide to Grand-Jury Men">A Guide to Grand-Jury Men</a></i> (1627)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Discovery_of_Witches" class="mw-redirect" title="The Discovery of Witches">The Discovery of Witches</a></i> (1647)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_sur_les_apparitions_des_esprits_et_sur_les_vampires_ou_les_revenans_de_Hongrie,_de_Moravie,_%26c." title="Traité sur les apparitions des esprits et sur les vampires ou les revenans de Hongrie, de Moravie, &c.">Treatise on the Apparitions of Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants</a></i> (1751)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Persecution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_witch_hunts" title="Modern witch hunts">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jamyi_Witch_hiring_controversy" title="Jamyi Witch hiring controversy">Jamyi Witch hiring controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_accusations_against_children" title="Witchcraft accusations against children">accusations against children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunts_in_India" title="Witch hunts in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunts_in_Nepal" title="Witch hunts in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunts_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Witch hunts in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_camp" title="Witch camp">Witch camp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Witch trials in the early modern period">Early Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Witch_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Maryland Witch Trials">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_New_York" title="Witch trials in New York">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salem_witch_trials" title="Salem witch trials">Salem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Virginia" title="Witch trials in Virginia">Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Hungary" title="Witch trials in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Moravia_witch_trials" title="Northern Moravia witch trials">Northern Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Poland" title="Witch trials in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Russia" title="Witch trials in Russia">Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Latvia_and_Estonia" title="Witch trials in Latvia and Estonia">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Denmark" title="Witch trials in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_England" title="Witch trials in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Finland" title="Witch trials in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Iceland" title="Witch trials in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Norway" title="Witch trials in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_early_modern_Scotland" title="Witch trials in early modern Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Sweden" title="Witch trials in Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_France" title="Witch trials in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_witch_trials" title="Geneva witch trials">Geneva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Italy" title="Witch trials in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Spain" title="Witch trials in Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_witch_trials" title="Basque witch trials">Basque</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Witch trials in the Holy Roman Empire">Witch trials in the Holy Roman Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">Witch hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch%27s_mark" title="Witch's mark">Witch's mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pricking" title="Pricking">Pricking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_for_witchcraft" title="List of people executed for witchcraft">List of people executed for witchcraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magic_in_fiction" title="Magic in fiction">Magic in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_witches" title="List of fictional witches">Witches in fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_(word)" title="Witch (word)">Witch (word)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_(archetype)" title="Witch (archetype)">Witch (archetype)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_magic" title="Christian views on magic">Christian views on magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_organization" title="Magical organization">Magical organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maleficium_(sorcery)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maleficium (sorcery)">Maleficium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-hand_path_and_right-hand_path" title="Left-hand path and right-hand path">Left-hand path and right-hand path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_interpretations_of_witch_trials_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Feminist interpretations of witch trials in the early modern period">Feminist interpretations of witch trials in the early modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adept" title="Adept">Adept</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="William_Shakespeare&#039;s_Macbeth" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Macbeth" title="Template:Macbeth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Macbeth" title="Template talk:Macbeth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Macbeth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Macbeth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="William_Shakespeare&#039;s_Macbeth" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Macbeth" title="Macbeth">Macbeth</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Macbeth#Characters" title="Macbeth">Characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth_(character)" title="Macbeth (character)">Macbeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Macbeth" title="Lady Macbeth">Lady Macbeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banquo" title="Banquo">Banquo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macduff_(Macbeth)" title="Macduff (Macbeth)">Macduff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Duncan" title="King Duncan">King Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_(Macbeth)" title="Malcolm (Macbeth)">Malcolm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donalbain_(Macbeth)" title="Donalbain (Macbeth)">Donalbain</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Three Witches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleance" title="Fleance">Fleance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Macduff" title="Lady Macduff">Lady Macduff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macduff%27s_son" title="Macduff's son">Macduff's son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Murderer" title="Third Murderer">Third Murderer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Siward" title="Young Siward">Young Siward</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inspirations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth,_King_of_Scotland" title="Macbeth, King of Scotland">Macbeth, King of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gruoch" title="Gruoch">Gruoch of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_I_of_Scotland" title="Duncan I of Scotland">Duncan I of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_III_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm III of Scotland">Malcolm III of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_III_of_Scotland" title="Donald III of Scotland">Donald III of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siward,_Earl_of_Northumbria" title="Siward, Earl of Northumbria">Siward, Earl of Northumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">King James VI and I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Daemonologie" title="Daemonologie">Daemonologie</a></i> (1597)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Witch_(play)" title="The Witch (play)"><i>The Witch</i> (play)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Holinshed%27s_Chronicles" title="Holinshed's Chronicles">Holinshed's Chronicles</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Darra%C3%B0arlj%C3%B3%C3%B0" title="Darraðarljóð">Darraðarljóð</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Macbeth_on_screen" title="Macbeth on screen">Film</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth_(1908_film)" title="Macbeth (1908 film)">1908</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth_(1909_French_film)" title="Macbeth (1909 French film)">1909 (French)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth_(1909_Italian_film)" title="Macbeth (1909 Italian film)">1909 (Italian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth_(1911_film)" title="Macbeth (1911 film)">1911</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth_(1913_film)" title="Macbeth (1913 film)">1913</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth_(1915_film)" title="Macbeth (1915 film)">1915</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth_(1916_film)" title="Macbeth (1916 film)">1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth_(1922_film)" title="Macbeth (1922 film)">1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth_(1948_film)" title="Macbeth (1948 film)">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth_(unfinished_film)" title="Macbeth (unfinished film)">Unfinished</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth_(1971_film)" title="Macbeth (1971 film)">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth_(2006_film)" title="Macbeth (2006 film)">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth_(2015_film)" title="Macbeth (2015 film)">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tragedy_of_Macbeth_(2021_film)" title="The Tragedy of Macbeth (2021 film)"><i>The Tragedy of Macbeth</i> (2021)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_accolades_received_by_The_Tragedy_of_Macbeth_(2021_film)" title="List of accolades received by The Tragedy of Macbeth (2021 film)">accolades</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth_(1954_film)" title="Macbeth (1954 film)">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth_(1960_American_film)" title="Macbeth (1960 American film)">1960 US TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth_(1960_Australian_film)" title="Macbeth (1960 Australian film)">1960 Australian TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth_(1961_film)" title="Macbeth (1961 film)">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth_(1979_film)" title="Macbeth (1979 film)">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth_(1982_film)" title="Macbeth (1982 film)">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBC_Television_Shakespeare#Macbeth" title="BBC Television Shakespeare">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare:_The_Animated_Tales#Macbeth" title="Shakespeare: The Animated Tales">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth_(2010_film)" title="Macbeth (2010 film)">2010</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">TV / film adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Real_Thing_at_Last" title="The Real Thing at Last">The Real Thing at Last</a></i> (1916)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marmayogi" title="Marmayogi">Marmayogi</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Joe_MacBeth" title="Joe MacBeth">Joe MacBeth</a></i> (1955)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Throne_of_Blood" title="Throne of Blood">Throne of Blood</a></i> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marmayogi_(1964_film)" title="Marmayogi (1964 film)"><i>Marmayogi</i></a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth_(1987_film)" title="Macbeth (1987 film)"><i>Macbeth</i> (Verdi opera)</a> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Men_of_Respect" title="Men of Respect">Men of Respect</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scotland,_PA" title="Scotland, PA">Scotland, PA</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Makibefo" title="Makibefo">Makibefo</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maqbool" title="Maqbool">Maqbool</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ShakespeaRe-Told#Macbeth" title="ShakespeaRe-Told">2005</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_King_of_Scotland_(film)" title="The Last King of Scotland (film)">The Last King of Scotland</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_Must_Die" title="Shakespeare Must Die">Shakespeare Must Die</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thane_of_East_County" title="Thane of East County">Thane of East County</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Veeram_(2016_film)" title="Veeram (2016 film)">Veeram</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Joji_(film)" title="Joji (film)">Joji</a></i> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Khwab-e-Hasti" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwab-e-Hasti">Khwab-e-Hasti</a></i> (1909)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voodoo_Macbeth" title="Voodoo Macbeth">Voodoo Macbeth</a></i> (1936)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MacBird!" title="MacBird!">MacBird!</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/UMabatha" title="UMabatha">uMabatha</a></i> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Macbett" title="Macbett">Macbett</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dogg%27s_Hamlet,_Cahoot%27s_Macbeth" title="Dogg's Hamlet, Cahoot's Macbeth">Cahoot's Macbeth</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MacHomer" title="MacHomer">MacHomer</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Just_Macbeth!" title="Just Macbeth!">Just Macbeth!</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sleep_No_More_(2009_play)" title="Sleep No More (2009 play)">Sleep No More</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dunsinane_(play)" title="Dunsinane (play)">Dunsinane</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sleep_No_More_(2011_play)" title="Sleep No More (2011 play)">Sleep No More</a></i> (2011)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Macbeth_(Verdi)" title="Macbeth (Verdi)">Macbeth</a></i> (1847, Verdi) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth_discography" title="Macbeth discography">discography</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Macbeth_(Bloch)" title="Macbeth (Bloch)">Macbeth</a></i> (1910, Bloch)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literary adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wyrd_Sisters" title="Wyrd Sisters">Wyrd Sisters</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_King_of_Scotland" title="The Last King of Scotland">The Last King of Scotland</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Macbeth_(Nesb%C3%B8_novel)" title="Macbeth (Nesbø novel)">Macbeth</a></i> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Albums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Music_from_Macbeth" title="Music from Macbeth">Music from Macbeth</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Macbeth_(album)" title="Macbeth (album)">Macbeth</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thane_to_the_Throne" class="mw-redirect" title="Thane to the Throne">Thane to the Throne</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_Macbeth_%E2%80%93_A_Tragedy_in_Steel" title="Shakespeare's Macbeth – A Tragedy in Steel">Shakespeare's Macbeth – A Tragedy in Steel</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lady_Macbeth_(album)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lady Macbeth (album)">Lady Macbeth</a></i> (2005)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pity_(William_Blake)" title="Pity (William Blake)">Pity</a></i> (1795)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Night_of_Enitharmon%27s_Joy" title="The Night of Enitharmon's Joy">The Night of Enitharmon's Joy</a></i> (1795)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lady_Macbeth_Seizing_the_Daggers" title="Lady Macbeth Seizing the Daggers">Lady Macbeth Seizing the Daggers</a></i> (1812 painting)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Terry_as_Lady_Macbeth" title="Ellen Terry as Lady Macbeth">Ellen Terry as Lady Macbeth</a></i> (1889)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lady_Macbeth_(sculpture)" title="Lady Macbeth (sculpture)">Lady Macbeth</a></i> (1905 sculpture)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scenes and speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/On_the_Knocking_at_the_Gate_in_Macbeth" title="On the Knocking at the Gate in Macbeth">On the Knocking at the Gate in <i>Macbeth</i></a>" (1823)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleepwalking_scene" title="Sleepwalking scene">Sleepwalking Scene (5.1)</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Tomorrow_and_tomorrow_and_tomorrow" title="Tomorrow and tomorrow and tomorrow">Tomorrow and tomorrow and tomorrow</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Words and phrases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/What%27s_done_is_done" title="What's done is done">What's done is done</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Crack_of_doom" class="mw-redirect" title="Crack of doom">Crack of doom</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Scottish_Play" title="The Scottish Play">The Scottish Play</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thane_of_Cawdor" title="Thane of Cawdor">Thane of Cawdor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_references_to_Macbeth" title="Cultural references to Macbeth">In popular culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels, film and theatre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/We_Work_Again" title="We Work Again">We Work Again</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Light_Thickens" title="Light Thickens">Light Thickens</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Deadly_Affair" title="The Deadly Affair">The Deadly Affair</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9canisme_de_la_physionomie_humaine" title="Mécanisme de la physionomie humaine">Mécanisme de la physionomie humaine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Scottish_Play_(Graham_Holliday_play)" title="The Scottish Play (Graham Holliday play)">The Scottish Play</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burke_%26_Hare_(2010_film)" title="Burke & Hare (2010 film)">Burke & Hare</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Witch%27s_Tangled_Hare" title="A Witch's Tangled Hare">A Witch's Tangled Hare</a>" (1959, <i><a href="/wiki/Looney_Tunes" title="Looney Tunes">Looney Tunes</a></i>)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Bellero_Shield" title="The Bellero Shield">The Bellero Shield</a>" (1964, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Outer_Limits_(1963_TV_series)" title="The Outer Limits (1963 TV series)">The Outer Limits</a></i>)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Movies_(The_Goodies)" title="The Movies (The Goodies)">The Movies</a>" (1975, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Goodies" title="The Goodies">The Goodies</a></i>)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Sense_and_Senility" class="mw-redirect" title="Sense and Senility">Sense and Senility</a>" (1987, <i><a href="/wiki/Blackadder_the_Third" title="Blackadder the Third">Blackadder the Third</a></i>)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Sleeping_with_the_Enemy_(The_Simpsons)" title="Sleeping with the Enemy (The Simpsons)">Sleeping with the Enemy</a>" (2004, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons" title="The Simpsons">The Simpsons</a></i>)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Coup_(The_Office)" title="The Coup (The Office)">The Coup</a>" (2006, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Office" title="The Office">The Office</a></i>)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Dial_%27N%27_for_Nerder" title="Dial 'N' for Nerder">Dial 'N' for Nerder</a>" (2008, <i>The Simpsons</i>)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Four_Great_Women_and_a_Manicure" title="Four Great Women and a Manicure">Four Great Women and a Manicure</a>" (2009, <i>The Simpsons</i>)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Shower_Principle" title="The Shower Principle">The Shower Principle</a>" (2012, <i><a href="/wiki/30_Rock" title="30 Rock">30 Rock</a></i>)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Understudy_(Inside_No._9)" title="The Understudy (Inside No. 9)">The Understudy</a>" (2014, <i><a href="/wiki/Inside_No._9" title="Inside No. 9">Inside No. 9</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Macbeth_(Strauss)" title="Macbeth (Strauss)">Macbeth</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Johann_Strauss" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Strauss">Johann Strauss</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Scottish_Play_(Lee_Blessing_play)" title="The Scottish Play (Lee Blessing play)"><i>The Scottish Play</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Trios,_Op._70_(Beethoven)" title="Piano Trios, Op. 70 (Beethoven)">Piano Trios, Op. 70</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Ludwig van Beethoven</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ruins_of_Cawdor" class="mw-redirect" title="The Ruins of Cawdor">The Ruins of Cawdor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/House_of_Cards_(British_TV_series)" title="House of Cards (British TV series)">House of Cards</a></i> (UK, 1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/House_of_Cards_(American_TV_series)" title="House of Cards (American TV series)">House of Cards</a></i> (US, 2013–2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Something_Wicked_This_Way_Comes_(novel)" title="Something Wicked This Way Comes (novel)">Something Wicked This Way Comes</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Ray_Bradbury" title="Ray Bradbury">Ray Bradbury</a>)</li></ul> 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