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Isaac Newton - Wikipedia, a enciclopedia libre

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id="toc-Cálculo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Óptica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Óptica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Óptica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Óptica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gravidade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gravidade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Gravidade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gravidade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vida_posterior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vida_posterior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Vida posterior</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vida_posterior-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Mostrar ou agochar a subsección &quot;Vida posterior&quot;</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vida_posterior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Royal_Mint" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royal_Mint"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Royal Mint</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Royal_Mint-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_leis_da_dinámica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_leis_da_dinámica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>As leis da dinámica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_leis_da_dinámica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Véxase_tamén" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Véxase_tamén"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Véxase tamén</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Véxase_tamén-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Mostrar ou agochar a subsección &quot;Véxase tamén&quot;</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Véxase_tamén-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliografía" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografía"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Bibliografía</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografía-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ligazóns_externas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ligazóns_externas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Ligazóns externas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ligazóns_externas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contidos" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostrar ou agochar a táboa de contidos" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostrar ou agochar a táboa de contidos</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Isaac Newton</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ir a un artigo noutra lingua. Dispoñible en 229 linguas" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-229" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">229 linguas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Исаак Ньютон – adigueo" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Исаак Ньютон" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="adigueo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – alemán suízo" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="alemán suízo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%8B%AD%E1%88%B3%E1%8A%AD_%E1%8A%92%E1%8B%8D%E1%89%B0%E1%8A%95" title="አይሳክ ኒውተን – amhárico" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አይሳክ ኒውተን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amhárico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – aragonés" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – inglês antigo" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="inglês antigo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aisik_Newt%E1%BB%8Dn" title="Aisik Newtọn – obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Aisik Newtọn" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8" title="आइजक न्यूटन – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="आइजक न्यूटन" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo de calidade"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%82_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%86" title="إسحاق نيوتن – árabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إسحاق نيوتن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="árabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%9D%DC%A3%DC%9A%DC%A9_%DC%A2%DC%9D%DC%98%DC%9B%DC%A2" title="ܐܝܣܚܩ ܢܝܘܛܢ – arameo" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܝܣܚܩ ܢܝܘܛܢ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="arameo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%82_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%86" title="إسحاق نيوتن – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="إسحاق نيوتن" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%83_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%86" title="ايزاك نيوتن – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ايزاك نيوتن" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%A8" title="আইজাক নিউটন – assamés" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="আইজাক নিউটন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – asturiano" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8" title="आइज्याक न्यूटन – awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="आइज्याक न्यूटन" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – aimará" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="aimará" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0saak_Nyuton" title="İsaak Nyuton – acerbaixano" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İsaak Nyuton" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="acerbaixano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7%DA%A9_%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="آیزاک نیوتون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آیزاک نیوتون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Исаак Ньютон – baxkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Исаак Ньютон" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baxkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – balinés" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balinés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izauoks_Niotuons" title="Izauoks Niotuons – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Izauoks Niotuons" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ісаак Ньютан – belaruso" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ісаак Ньютан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belaruso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ісак Ньютан – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ісак Ньютан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishak_Niuton" title="Ishak Niuton – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Ishak Niuton" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo de calidade"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%9D%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Исак Нютон – búlgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Исак Нютон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8" title="आइजक न्यूटन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="आइजक न्यूटन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B0%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="နျူတန် – Pa&#039;O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="နျူတန်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa&#039;O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo bo"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%A8" title="আইজাক নিউটন – bengalí" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আইজাক নিউটন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%A8" title="আইজাক নিউটন – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="আইজাক নিউটন" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – bretón" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretón" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – bosníaco" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosníaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Исаак Ньютон – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Исаак Ньютон" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – catalán" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalán" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo bo"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8A_%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Исхьакъ Ньютон – checheno" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Исхьакъ Ньютон" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="checheno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B2%DA%A9_%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%86" title="ئایزک نیوتن – kurdo central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئایزک نیوتن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurdo central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – corso" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="corso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayzek_Nyuton" title="Ayzek Nyuton – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Ayzek Nyuton" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – checo" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="checo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%87%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8A_%D0%9D%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8A" title="Їсаакъ Нютонъ – eslavo eclesiástico" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Їсаакъ Нютонъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="eslavo eclesiástico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%98%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ньютон, Исаак – chuvaxo" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ньютон, Исаак" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="chuvaxo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – galés" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – dinamarqués" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dinamarqués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – alemán" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemán" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – baixo sorbio" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="baixo sorbio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8" title="आइज्याक न्यूटन – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="आइज्याक न्यूटन" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%90%DE%A7%DE%86%DE%B0_%DE%82%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%AA%DE%93%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0" title="އިސާކް ނިއުޓަން – divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އިސާކް ނިއުޓަން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%83%CE%B1%CE%AC%CE%BA_%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%8D%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD" title="Ισαάκ Νεύτων – grego" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ισαάκ Νεύτων" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grego" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo bo"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – inglés" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo bo"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – español" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="español" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – estoniano" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – éuscaro" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="éuscaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7%DA%A9_%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%86" title="آیزاک نیوتن – persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آیزاک نیوتن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo bo"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – finés" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtoni_Isaac" title="Newtoni Isaac – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Newtoni Isaac" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – feroés" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="feroés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – francés" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – frisón setentrional" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frisón setentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – friulano" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friulano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – frisón occidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frisón occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – irlandés" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E9%A0%93" title="牛頓 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="牛頓" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – gaélico escocés" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaélico escocés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – guaraní" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Avañe&#039;ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8" title="सर आयझॅक न्यूटन – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="सर आयझॅक न्यूटन" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%87%E0%AA%9D%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%95_%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%82%E0%AA%9F%E0%AA%A8" title="આઇઝેક ન્યૂટન – guxarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="આઇઝેક ન્યૂટન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="guxarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – hawaiano" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="hawaiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%96%D7%A7_%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F" title="אייזק ניוטון – hebreo" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אייזק ניוטון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8" title="आइज़क न्यूटन – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आइज़क न्यूटन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – croata" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – alto sorbio" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="alto sorbio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – crioulo haitiano" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="crioulo haitiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – húngaro" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="húngaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%AF_%D5%86%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Իսահակ Նյուտոն – armenio" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իսահակ Նյուտոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armenio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo de calidade"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – indonesio" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – ilocano" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – islandés" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – italiano" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B6%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3" title="アイザック・ニュートン – xaponés" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アイザック・ニュートン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="xaponés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aizak_Nyuutn" title="Aizak Nyuutn – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Aizak Nyuutn" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/aisak.niuton" title="aisak.niuton – lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="aisak.niuton" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – xavanés" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="xavanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%90%E1%83%99_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ისააკ ნიუტონი – xeorxiano" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ისააკ ნიუტონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="xeorxiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – cabila" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="cabila" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Исаак Ньютон – kazako" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Исаак Ньютон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazako" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – kalaallisut" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="kalaallisut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kalaallisut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%8B_%E1%9E%89%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%93" title="អ៊ីសាក់ ញូតុន – khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អ៊ីសាក់ ញូតុន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%90%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಸರ್ ಐಸಾಕ್ ನ್ಯೂಟನ್ – kannará" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸರ್ ಐಸಾಕ್ ನ್ಯೂಟನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannará" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B4%EC%9E%91_%EB%89%B4%ED%84%B4" title="아이작 뉴턴 – coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아이작 뉴턴" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – kölsch" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="kölsch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – kurdo" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%98%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ньютон, Исаак – komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Ньютон, Исаак" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – córnico" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="córnico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Исаак Ньютон – kirguiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Исаак Ньютон" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirguiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo de calidade"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaacus_Newtonus" title="Isaacus Newtonus – latín" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Isaacus Newtonus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latín" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – luxemburgués" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Исаак Ньютон – lezguio" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Исаак Ньютон" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lezguio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yisaaka_Netoni" title="Yisaaka Netoni – ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Yisaaka Netoni" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – limburgués" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – lituano" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%AAzaks_%C5%85%C5%ABtons" title="Īzaks Ņūtons – letón" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Īzaks Ņūtons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letón" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8" title="आइज्याक न्यूटन – maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="आइज्याक न्यूटन" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Исаак Ньютон – moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Исаак Ньютон" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – malgaxe" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaxe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%98%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ньютон Исаак – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Ньютон Исаак" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%8A%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BD" title="Исак Њутн – macedonio" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Исак Њутн" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedonio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%90%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BA" title="ഐസക് ന്യൂട്ടൺ – malabar" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഐസക് ന്യൂട്ടൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malabar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Исаак Ньютон – mongol" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Исаак Ньютон" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8" title="आयझॅक न्यूटन – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आयझॅक न्यूटन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo de calidade"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – malaio" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo de calidade"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – maltés" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – mirandés" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B0%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="နယူတန် – birmano" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နယူတန်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%82_%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%86" title="اسحاق نیوتن – mazandaraní" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اسحاق نیوتن" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – baixo alemán" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="baixo alemán" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – baixo saxón" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="baixo saxón" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8" title="आइज्याक न्युटन – nepalí" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="आइज्याक न्युटन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8" title="आइज्याक न्युटन – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="आइज्याक न्युटन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – neerlandés" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – noruegués nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="noruegués nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – noruegués bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="noruegués bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – chewa" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="chewa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chi-Chewa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – occitano" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaaq_Niwuuten" title="Isaaq Niwuuten – oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Isaaq Niwuuten" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%95_%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%89%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%A8" title="ଆଇଜାକ ନିଉଟନ – odiá" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଆଇଜାକ ନିଉଟନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="odiá" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%98%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ньютон, Исаак – ossetio" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Ньютон, Исаак" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ossetio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%8A%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%A8" title="ਆਇਜ਼ਕ ਨਿਊਟਨ – panxabí" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਆਇਜ਼ਕ ਨਿਊਟਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panxabí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Nyuuton" title="Isaac Nyuuton – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Isaac Nyuuton" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – polaco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B2%DA%A9_%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%B9%D9%86" title="آئیزک نیوٹن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آئیزک نیوٹن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%83%CE%B1%CE%AC%CE%BA_%CE%9D%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Ισαάκ Νιούτον – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Ισαάκ Νιούτον" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AD%D9%82_%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%BC%D9%86" title="اسحق نیوټن – paxto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اسحق نیوټن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paxto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo bo"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – portugués" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – romanche" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="romanche" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – romanés" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – aromanés" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="aromanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo bo"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%98%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ньютон, Исаак – ruso" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ньютон, Исаак" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Ісаак Ньютон – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ісаак Ньютон" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%90%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D" title="ऐसाक् न्यूटन् – sánscrito" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="ऐसाक् न्यूटन्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sánscrito" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%98%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ньютон Исаак – iacuto" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Ньютон Исаак" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="iacuto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A0_%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱟᱭᱡᱮᱠ ᱱᱤᱭᱩᱴᱚᱱ – santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱟᱭᱡᱮᱠ ᱱᱤᱭᱩᱴᱚᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – sardo" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – siciliano" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – escocés" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="escocés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A6%D8%B2%DA%AA_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%BD%D9%86" title="آئزڪ نيوٽن – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="آئزڪ نيوٽن" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – serbocroata" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbocroata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Is%E1%B8%A5aqq_Nyutun" title="Isḥaqq Nyutun – tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Isḥaqq Nyutun" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="අයිසැක් නිව්ටන් – cingalés" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අයිසැක් නිව්ටන්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="cingalés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – eslovaco" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A6%D8%B2%DA%A9_%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%B9%D9%86" title="آئزک نیوٹن – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="آئزک نیوٹن" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – esloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isxaaq_Newton" title="Isxaaq Newton – somalí" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Isxaaq Newton" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somalí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isak_Njutoni" title="Isak Njutoni – albanés" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Isak Njutoni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%8A%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BD" title="Исак Њутн – serbio" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Исак Њутн" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – sundanés" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – sueco" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="sueco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – suahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aykesa,niwtun" title="Aykesa,niwtun – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Aykesa,niwtun" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="ஐசாக் நியூட்டன் – támil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஐசாக் நியூட்டன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="támil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%90%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="ఐజాక్ న్యూటన్ – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఐజాక్ న్యూటన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%9D%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Исаак Нютон – taxico" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Исаак Нютон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="taxico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%81_%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="ไอแซก นิวตัน – tailandés" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไอแซก นิวตัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tailandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaak_N%C3%BDuton" title="Isaak Nýuton – turkmeno" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Isaak Nýuton" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – tagalo" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaak_Njuton" title="Isaak Njuton – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Isaak Njuton" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Исаак Ньютон – tártaro" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Исаак Ньютон" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tártaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Ньютон – tuvaniano" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Ньютон" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="tuvaniano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%89%D8%B3%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%83_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%87%D9%86" title="ئىسساك نيوتۇن – uigur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئىسساك نيوتۇن" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uigur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Ісаак Ньютон – ucraíno" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ісаак Ньютон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraíno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A6%D8%B2%DA%A9_%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%B9%D9%86" title="آئزک نیوٹن – urdú" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آئزک نیوٹن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdú" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – uzbeko" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbeko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njuton_Isaak" title="Njuton Isaak – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Njuton Isaak" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo de calidade"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – volapuk" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapuk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – valón" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="valón" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – waray-waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray-waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E9%A1%BF" title="牛顿 – chinés wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="牛顿" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="chinés wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%90%E1%83%99_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ისააკ ნიუტონი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ისააკ ნიუტონი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A7_%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9F" title="אייזיק ניוטאן – yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אייזיק ניוטאן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – ioruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="ioruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E7%89%9B%E9%A1%BF" title="艾萨克·牛顿 – chinés" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="艾萨克·牛顿" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E9%A0%93" title="牛頓 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="牛頓" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Isaac Newton" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E7%A2%A9%C2%B7%E7%89%9B%E9%A0%93" title="艾碩·牛頓 – cantonés" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="艾碩·牛頓" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q935#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Editar as ligazóns interlingüísticas" class="wbc-editpage">Editar as ligazóns</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espazos de nomes"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Ver o contido da páxina [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artigo</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon 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</div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Vistas"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton"><span>Ler</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Newton&amp;veaction=edit" title="Editar esta páxina [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Editar</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Newton&amp;action=edit" title="Editar o código fonte desta páxina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Editar a fonte</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Newton&amp;action=history" title="Versións anteriores desta páxina [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Ver o 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href="/wiki/Especial:P%C3%A1xinas_que_ligan_con_esta/Isaac_Newton" title="Lista de todas as páxinas do wiki que ligan cara a aquí [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Páxinas que ligan con esta</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Cambios_relacionados/Isaac_Newton" rel="nofollow" title="Cambios recentes nas páxinas ligadas desde esta [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Cambios relacionados</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:P%C3%A1xinas_especiais" title="Lista de todas as páxinas especiais [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Páxinas especiais</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Newton&amp;oldid=6700390" title="Ligazón permanente a esta versión desta páxina"><span>Ligazón permanente</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Newton&amp;action=info" title="Máis información sobre esta páxina"><span>Información da páxina</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Cita&amp;page=Isaac_Newton&amp;id=6700390&amp;wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Información sobre como citar esta páxina"><span>Citar esta páxina</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:UrlShortener&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIsaac_Newton"><span>Xerar URL acurtado</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:QrCode&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIsaac_Newton"><span>Descargar o código QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Imprimir/exportar </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Libro&amp;bookcmd=book_creator&amp;referer=Isaac+Newton"><span>Crear un libro</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:DownloadAsPdf&amp;page=Isaac_Newton&amp;action=show-download-screen"><span>Descargar como PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Newton&amp;printable=yes" title="Versión para imprimir da páxina [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versión para imprimir</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Noutros proxectos </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikiquote.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" hreflang="gl"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q935" title="Ligazón ao elemento conectado no repositorio de datos [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Elemento de Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Ferramentas das páxinas"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aparencia"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aparencia</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mover á barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">agochar</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-03-1000" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Lista_de_artigos_que_toda_Wikipedia_deber%C3%ADa_ter" title="Este é un dos 1000 artigos que toda Wikipedia debería ter"><img alt="Este é un dos 1000 artigos que toda Wikipedia debería ter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/AD_%2B30.svg/22px-AD_%2B30.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/AD_%2B30.svg/33px-AD_%2B30.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/AD_%2B30.svg/44px-AD_%2B30.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="10" data-file-height="10" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Na Galipedia, a Wikipedia en galego.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="gl" dir="ltr"><p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6852753">.mw-parser-output .infobox_bodystyle{font-size:85%;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .infobox_titleclass{color:#202122;background-color:#d6d6c2}.mw-parser-output .infobox_titlestyle_pharaon{color:#202122;background-color:#f1f1de}.mw-parser-output .infobox_aboveclass{color:#202122;background-color:#d6d6c2}.mw-parser-output .infobox_headerclass{color:#202122;background-color:#d6d6c2;border-bottom:2px solid #ccccff;border-top:2px solid #ccccff}.mw-parser-output .infobox_subheaderclass{color:#202122;background-color:#d6d6c2}.mw-parser-output .infobox_subheaderstyle1{width:100%;color:#202122;background-color:#d6d6c2;text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .infobox_belowstyle{border-top:#aaa 1px solid;color:#202122;background-color:#d6d6c2;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .infobox-label{color:#202122;background-color:#eeeeee;padding-right:1.2em;text-align:start}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-data .infobox-label{color:inherit;background-color:inherit}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-data .infobox-label{color:inherit;background-color:inherit}}.mw-parser-output .infobox_center_BG{text-align:center;color:#202122;background-color:#d6d6c2}.mw-parser-output .infobox_coa{padding-top:0.3em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .infobox .extiw{color:#3C7790}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox .extiw{color:#5F9CBB;background-color:inherit}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox .extiw{color:#5F9CBB;background-color:inherit}}</style> </p> <table class="infobox" style="width:22em;infobox_bodystyle"><caption class="infobox_titleclass"><span style="float:left;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Simpleicons_Interface_user-outline.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Modelo:Biografía"><img alt="Modelo:Biografía" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Simpleicons_Interface_user-outline.svg/20px-Simpleicons_Interface_user-outline.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Simpleicons_Interface_user-outline.svg/30px-Simpleicons_Interface_user-outline.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Simpleicons_Interface_user-outline.svg/40px-Simpleicons_Interface_user-outline.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="485" data-file-height="485" /></a></span></span><span style="font-size: small"><a href="/wiki/Sir" title="Sir">Sir</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q935?uselang=gl#P511" title="Editar o valor en Wikidata"><img alt="Editar o valor en Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></span><br /><span class="fn">Isaac Newton</span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg/213px-GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg" decoding="async" width="213" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg/320px-GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg/427px-GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1364" data-file-height="1916" /></a></span><br /> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q935?uselang=gl#P18" title="Editar o valor en Wikidata"><img alt="Editar o valor en Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox_headerclass" style="text-align:center">Biografía</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nacemento</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start">25 de decembro de 1642 <sup>(Xuliano) <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q935?uselang=gl#P569" title="Editar o valor en Wikidata"><img alt="Editar o valor en Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></sup><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3316008" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q3316008">Woolsthorpe Manor (Reino de Inglaterra)</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q935?uselang=gl#P19" title="Editar o valor en Wikidata"><img alt="Editar o valor en Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Morte</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start">20 de marzo de 1727 <sup>(Xuliano) <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q935?uselang=gl#P570" title="Editar o valor en Wikidata"><img alt="Editar o valor en Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></sup> (84 anos)<br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q288781" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q288781">Kensington (Reino de Gran Bretaña)</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q935?uselang=gl#P20" title="Editar o valor en Wikidata"><img alt="Editar o valor en Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lugar de sepultura</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="/wiki/Abad%C3%ADa_de_Westminster" title="Abadía de Westminster">Abadía de Westminster</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q935?uselang=gl#P119" title="Editar o valor en Wikidata"><img alt="Editar o valor en Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align:start"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox_center_BG"> 12&#186; <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q55713110" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q55713110">Presidente da Royal Society</a> </th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"> 1703&#160;– 1727 <br />&#8592;&#160;<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2855776" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q2855776">John Somers</a> <sup>(pt)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2855776?uselang=gl" title="Traducir"><img alt="Traducir" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span> – <a href="/wiki/Hans_Sloane" title="Hans Sloane">Hans Sloane</a>&#160;&#8594; </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox_center_BG"> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q96810213" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q96810213">Member of the 1701-02 Parliament</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96810213?uselang=gl" title="Traducir"><img alt="Traducir" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span> </th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"> decembro de 1701&#160;– 1702 <br /><div style="float: left;">Circunscrición electoral: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q60576291" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q60576291">Cambridge University</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60576291?uselang=gl" title="Traducir"><img alt="Traducir" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span></div> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox_center_BG"> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6785312" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q6785312">Master of the Mint</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6785312?uselang=gl" title="Traducir"><img alt="Traducir" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span> </th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"> xaneiro de 1700&#160;– 31 de marzo de 1727 </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox_center_BG"> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7969143" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q7969143">Warden of the Mint</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7969143?uselang=gl" title="Traducir"><img alt="Traducir" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span> </th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"> 1696&#160;– xaneiro de 1700 </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox_center_BG"> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q96804831" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q96804831">Member of the 1689-90 Parliament</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96804831?uselang=gl" title="Traducir"><img alt="Traducir" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span> </th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"> 1689&#160;– 1690 <br /><div style="float: left;">Circunscrición electoral: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5025572" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q5025572">Cambridge University</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5025572?uselang=gl" title="Traducir"><img alt="Traducir" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span></div> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox_center_BG"> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q865664" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q865664">Professor lucasiano</a> <sup>(pt)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865664?uselang=gl" title="Traducir"><img alt="Traducir" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span> </th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"> 1669&#160;– 1702 <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q935?uselang=gl#P39" title="Editar o valor en Wikidata"><img alt="Editar o valor en Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox_headerclass" style="text-align:center">Datos persoais</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Residencia</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="/wiki/Inglaterra" title="Inglaterra">Inglaterra</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q935?uselang=gl#P551" title="Editar o valor en Wikidata"><img alt="Editar o valor en Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Grupo étnico</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="/wiki/Pobo_ingl%C3%A9s" title="Pobo inglés">Pobo inglés</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q935?uselang=gl#P172" title="Editar o valor en Wikidata"><img alt="Editar o valor en Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relixión</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="/wiki/Antitrinitarismo" title="Antitrinitarismo">Antitrinitarismo</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q935?uselang=gl#P140" title="Editar o valor en Wikidata"><img alt="Editar o valor en Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Educación</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_(Cambridge)" title="Trinity College (Cambridge)">Trinity College</a> <small>- <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2091008" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q2091008">mestría en artes</a> (1667–1668)</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_(Cambridge)" title="Trinity College (Cambridge)">Trinity College</a> <small>- <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1765120" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q1765120">grao en Artes</a> (1661–1665)</small><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7744473" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q7744473">The King's School</a> <sup>(pt)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7744473?uselang=gl" title="Traducir"><img alt="Traducir" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span> <small> (1655–1659)</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_Cambridge" title="Universidade de Cambridge">Universidade de Cambridge</a> <small> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q935?uselang=gl#P69" title="Editar o valor en Wikidata"><img alt="Editar o valor en Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Director de tese</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Barrow" title="Isaac Barrow">Isaac Barrow</a>, <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2893710" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q2893710">Benjamin Pulleyn</a> <sup>(pt)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2893710?uselang=gl" title="Traducir"><img alt="Traducir" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span> e sen valor <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q935?uselang=gl#P184" title="Editar o valor en Wikidata"><img alt="Editar o valor en Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lateralidade</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="/wiki/Manicho" title="Manicho">manicho</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q935?uselang=gl#P552" title="Editar o valor en Wikidata"><img alt="Editar o valor en Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox_headerclass" style="text-align:center">Actividade</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="white-space:nowrap">Campo de traballo</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%ADsica" title="Física">Física</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mec%C3%A1nica" title="Mecánica">mecánica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matem%C3%A1ticas" title="Matemáticas">matemáticas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astronom%C3%ADa" title="Astronomía">astronomía</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ciencias_naturais" title="Ciencias naturais">ciencias naturais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mec%C3%A1nica_celeste" title="Mecánica celeste">mecánica celeste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gravidade" title="Gravidade">gravidade</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%93ptica" title="Óptica">óptica</a>, <a href="/wiki/An%C3%A1lise_matem%C3%A1tica" title="Análise matemática">análise matemática</a> e <a href="/wiki/Cantidade_de_movemento" title="Cantidade de movemento">cantidade de movemento</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q935?uselang=gl#P101" title="Editar o valor en Wikidata"><img alt="Editar o valor en Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="white-space:nowrap">Lugar de traballo </span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Londres" title="Londres">Londres</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q935?uselang=gl#P937" title="Editar o valor en Wikidata"><img alt="Editar o valor en Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ocupación</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="/wiki/Matem%C3%A1tico,_matem%C3%A1tica" title="Matemático, matemática">matemático</a>,&#32;<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4964182" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q4964182">filósofo</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q935?uselang=gl#P106" title="Editar o valor en Wikidata"><img alt="Editar o valor en Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Empregador</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_Cambridge" title="Universidade de Cambridge">Universidade de Cambridge</a> <small> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q935?uselang=gl#P108" title="Editar o valor en Wikidata"><img alt="Editar o valor en Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Partido político</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q108700" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q108700">Partido Whig</a> <sup>(pt)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q108700?uselang=gl" title="Traducir"><img alt="Traducir" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q935?uselang=gl#P102" title="Editar o valor en Wikidata"><img alt="Editar o valor en Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Membro de</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><div style="text-align:start;"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> (<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q15631401" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q15631401">membro da Royal Society</a>) <small>(1672–) <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q935?uselang=gl#P463" title="Editar o valor en Wikidata"><img alt="Editar o valor en Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></small></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Interesado en</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="/wiki/Cantidade_de_movemento" title="Cantidade de movemento">Cantidade de movemento</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mec%C3%A1nica_celeste" title="Mecánica celeste">mecánica celeste</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%93ptica" title="Óptica">óptica</a> e <a href="/wiki/Gravidade" title="Gravidade">gravidade</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q935?uselang=gl#P2650" title="Editar o valor en Wikidata"><img alt="Editar o valor en Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profesores</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Barrow" title="Isaac Barrow">Isaac Barrow</a> e <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2893710" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q2893710">Benjamin Pulleyn</a> <sup>(pt)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2893710?uselang=gl" title="Traducir"><img alt="Traducir" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q935?uselang=gl#P1066" title="Editar o valor en Wikidata"><img alt="Editar o valor en Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alumnos</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q451667" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q451667">Roger Cotes</a> <sup>(pt)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451667?uselang=gl" title="Traducir"><img alt="Traducir" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span>, <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q242388" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q242388">John Flamsteed</a> <sup>(pt)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q242388?uselang=gl" title="Traducir"><img alt="Traducir" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span> e <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q452091" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q452091">William Whiston</a> <sup>(pt)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q452091?uselang=gl" title="Traducir"><img alt="Traducir" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q935?uselang=gl#P802" title="Editar o valor en Wikidata"><img alt="Editar o valor en Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="white-space:nowrap">Influencias</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><div style="text-align:start;"><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q935?uselang=gl#P737" title="Editar o valor en Wikidata"><img alt="Editar o valor en Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox_headerclass" style="text-align:center">Obra</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align:start"><div style="text-align:start;"><b>Obras destacables</b></div><div style="text-align:start;"><ul><li><small>(1680)</small> <a href="/wiki/Philosophi%C3%A6_Naturalis_Principia_Mathematica" title="Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica">Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica</a></li><li><small>(1704)</small> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q74263" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q74263">Opticks</a> <sup>(pt)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q74263?uselang=gl" title="Traducir"><img alt="Traducir" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span></li><li><small>(1736)</small> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3074567" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q3074567">Method of Fluxions</a> <sup>(pt)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3074567?uselang=gl" title="Traducir"><img alt="Traducir" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q935?uselang=gl#P800" title="Editar o valor en Wikidata"><img alt="Editar o valor en Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox_headerclass" style="text-align:center">Familia</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pais</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q26776969" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q26776969">Isaac Newton Sr.</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q935?uselang=gl#P22" title="Editar o valor en Wikidata"><img alt="Editar o valor en Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span>&#160; e&#160;<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3126832" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q3126832">Hannah Ayscough</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q935?uselang=gl#P25" title="Editar o valor en Wikidata"><img alt="Editar o valor en Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parentes</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1050921" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q1050921">Catherine Barton</a><small>, <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3403377" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q3403377">sobriña</a></small> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q935?uselang=gl#P1038" title="Editar o valor en Wikidata"><img alt="Editar o valor en Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox_headerclass" style="text-align:center">Premios</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align:start"><div style="text-align:start;"><ul><li><small>(1705)</small> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/200px_ribbon_bar_of_the_Knight_Bachelor_medal_%28UK%29.svg/30px-200px_ribbon_bar_of_the_Knight_Bachelor_medal_%28UK%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/200px_ribbon_bar_of_the_Knight_Bachelor_medal_%28UK%29.svg/45px-200px_ribbon_bar_of_the_Knight_Bachelor_medal_%28UK%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/200px_ribbon_bar_of_the_Knight_Bachelor_medal_%28UK%29.svg/60px-200px_ribbon_bar_of_the_Knight_Bachelor_medal_%28UK%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="60" /></span></span>&#160;<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q833163" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q833163">Knight Bachelor</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q935?uselang=gl#P166" title="Editar o valor en Wikidata"><img alt="Editar o valor en Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align:start"><div class="infobox_coa"><b> Sinatura </b><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Isaac_Newton_signature_ws.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Isaac_Newton_signature_ws.svg/220px-Isaac_Newton_signature_ws.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Isaac_Newton_signature_ws.svg/330px-Isaac_Newton_signature_ws.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Isaac_Newton_signature_ws.svg/440px-Isaac_Newton_signature_ws.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q935?uselang=gl#P109" title="Editar o valor en Wikidata"><img alt="Editar o valor en Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align:start"><hr /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Descrito pola fonte</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><small><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q17378135" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q17378135">Grande Enciclopedia Soviética 1969-1978</a>, (vol:18&#160;: Никко — Отолиты, sec:Ньютон Исаак, p.164-166)<br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q19180675" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q19180675">Pequeno Dicionario Enciclopédico de Brockhaus e Efron</a><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q602358" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q602358">Dicionario Enciclopédico Brockhaus e Efron</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q935?uselang=gl#P1343" title="Editar o valor en Wikidata"><img alt="Editar o valor en Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></small></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align:start"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=345&amp;url_prefix=https://www.imdb.com/&amp;id=nm8865538" title="IMDB: nm8865538"><img alt="IMDB: nm8865538" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/IMDb_Logo_Square.svg/20px-IMDb_Logo_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/IMDb_Logo_Square.svg/30px-IMDb_Logo_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/IMDb_Logo_Square.svg/40px-IMDb_Logo_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://datos.bne.es/persona/XX1041810" title="BNE: XX1041810" rel="nofollow"><img alt="BNE: XX1041810" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/BNE_logo.svg/20px-BNE_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/BNE_logo.svg/30px-BNE_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/BNE_logo.svg/40px-BNE_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1437" data-file-height="1188" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://itunes.apple.com/es/artist/459693255" title="iTunes: 459693255" rel="nofollow"><img alt="iTunes: 459693255" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/ITunes_12.png/20px-ITunes_12.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/ITunes_12.png/30px-ITunes_12.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/ITunes_12.png/40px-ITunes_12.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Newton-17" title="WikiTree: Newton-17" rel="nofollow"><img alt="WikiTree: Newton-17" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/WikiTree.png/22px-WikiTree.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/WikiTree.png/33px-WikiTree.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/WikiTree.png/44px-WikiTree.png 2x" data-file-width="214" data-file-height="214" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/21644" title="Find a Grave: 21644" rel="nofollow"><img alt="Find a Grave: 21644" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Creative-Tail-Halloween-grave.svg/22px-Creative-Tail-Halloween-grave.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Creative-Tail-Halloween-grave.svg/33px-Creative-Tail-Halloween-grave.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Creative-Tail-Halloween-grave.svg/44px-Creative-Tail-Halloween-grave.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="140" data-file-height="140" /></a></span> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q935?uselang=gl#identifiers" title="Editar o valor en Wikidata"><img alt="Editar o valor en Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Isaac Newton</b>, nado en Woolsthorpe, <a href="/wiki/Lincolnshire" title="Lincolnshire">Lincolnshire</a>, o <a href="/wiki/25_de_decembro" title="25 de decembro">25 de decembro</a> de <a href="/wiki/1643" title="1643">1643</a> (día de Nadal de 1642 segundo o <a href="/wiki/Calendario_xuliano" title="Calendario xuliano">calendario xuliano</a><sup id="cite_ref-OSNS_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OSNS-2"><span>[</span>a<span>]</span></a></sup>) e finado en <a href="/wiki/Londres" title="Londres">Londres</a> o <a href="/wiki/31_de_marzo" title="31 de marzo">31 de marzo</a> de <a href="/wiki/1727" title="1727">1727</a>, foi un <a href="/wiki/F%C3%ADsico" class="mw-redirect" title="Físico">físico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matem%C3%A1tico" class="mw-redirect" title="Matemático">matemático</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astr%C3%B3nomo" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrónomo">astrónomo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alquimista" class="mw-redirect" title="Alquimista">alquimista</a>, <a href="/wiki/Te%C3%B3logo" class="mw-redirect" title="Teólogo">teólogo</a> e <a href="/wiki/Autor" title="Autor">autor</a> inglés (descrito na súa época como un "<a href="/wiki/Filosof%C3%ADa_da_natureza" title="Filosofía da natureza">filósofo natural</a>") amplamente recoñecido como un dos os máis grandes matemáticos e físicos de todos os tempos e entre os científicos máis influentes. Foi unha figura clave na revolución filosófica coñecida como <a href="/wiki/Ilustraci%C3%B3n" title="Ilustración">Ilustración</a>. O seu libro <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophi%C3%A6_Naturalis_Principia_Mathematica" title="Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica">Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica</a></i> (<i>Principios matemáticos da filosofía natural</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> publicado por primeira vez en 1687, estableceu a <a href="/wiki/Mec%C3%A1nica_cl%C3%A1sica" title="Mecánica clásica">mecánica clásica</a>. Newton tamén fixo contribucións fundamentais á <a href="/wiki/%C3%93ptica" title="Óptica">óptica</a>, e comparte crédito co matemático alemán <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz</a> por desenvolver o <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1lculo_infinitesimal" title="Cálculo infinitesimal">cálculo infinitesimal</a>. </p><p>Nos <i>Principia</i>, Newton formulou as <a href="/wiki/Leis_de_Newton" title="Leis de Newton">leis do movemento</a> e da <a href="/wiki/Lei_da_gravitaci%C3%B3n_universal" title="Lei da gravitación universal">gravitación universal</a> que formaron o punto de vista científico dominante ata que foi substituída pola <a href="/wiki/Teor%C3%ADa_da_relatividade" title="Teoría da relatividade">teoría da relatividade</a>. Newton utilizou a súa descrición matemática da <a href="/wiki/Gravidade" title="Gravidade">gravidade</a> para derivar as <a href="/wiki/Leis_de_Kepler" title="Leis de Kepler">leis de Kepler</a> do movemento planetario, dar conta das <a href="/wiki/Marea" title="Marea">mareas</a>, as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Traxectoria&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Traxectoria (a páxina aínda non existe)">traxectorias</a> dos <a href="/wiki/Cometa" title="Cometa">cometas</a>, a precesión dos <a href="/wiki/Equinoccio" title="Equinoccio">equinoccios</a> e outros fenómenos, erradicando a dúbida sobre a <a href="/wiki/Teor%C3%ADa_helioc%C3%A9ntrica" title="Teoría heliocéntrica">heliocentricidade</a> do <a href="/wiki/Sistema_Solar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistema Solar">Sistema Solar</a>. Demostrou que o <a href="/wiki/Din%C3%A1mica" title="Dinámica">movemento dos obxectos</a> na Terra e os <a href="/wiki/Obxecto_astron%C3%B3mico" title="Obxecto astronómico">corpos celestes</a> poderían ser explicados polos mesmos principios. A inferencia de Newton de que a Terra é un <a href="/w/index.php?title=Esferoide&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Esferoide (a páxina aínda non existe)">esferoide</a> oblato foi confirmada máis tarde polas medicións xeodésicas de <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Moreau_de_Maupertuis" title="Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis">Maupertuis</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Marie_de_La_Condamine&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Marie de La Condamine (a páxina aínda non existe)">La Condamine</a> e outros, convencendo á maioría dos científicos europeos da superioridade da mecánica newtoniana sobre os sistemas anteriores. </p><p>Newton construíu o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Telescopio_newtoniano&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Telescopio newtoniano (a páxina aínda non existe)">primeiro telescopio reflector práctico</a> e desenvolveu unha sofisticada <a href="/wiki/Teor%C3%ADa_da_cor" title="Teoría da cor">teoría da cor</a> baseada na observación de que un <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisma_dispersivo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Prisma dispersivo (a páxina aínda non existe)">prisma</a> separa a <a href="/wiki/Espectro_electromagn%C3%A9tico#Radiación_visible_(luz)" title="Espectro electromagnético">luz branca</a> nas cores do <a href="/wiki/Espectro_visible" title="Espectro visible">espectro visible</a>. Os seus traballos sobre a luz foron recollidos no seu influente libro <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opticks&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Opticks (a páxina aínda non existe)">Opticks</a></i>, publicado en 1704. Tamén formulou unha <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lei_do_arrefriado_de_Newton&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lei do arrefriado de Newton (a páxina aínda non existe)">lei empírica de arrefriado</a>, realizou o primeiro cálculo teórico da <a href="/wiki/Velocidade_do_son" title="Velocidade do son">velocidade do son</a> e introduciu a noción de <a href="/wiki/Flu%C3%ADdo_newtoniano" title="Fluído newtoniano">fluído newtoniano</a>. Ademais dos seus traballos sobre o cálculo, como matemático Newton contribuíu ao estudo das series de potencias, xeneralizou o <a href="/wiki/Teorema_do_binomio" title="Teorema do binomio">teorema do binomio</a> a expoñentes non enteiros, desenvolveu un <a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9todo_de_Newton&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Método de Newton (a páxina aínda non existe)">método</a> para aproximar as <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ADz_dunha_funci%C3%B3n" title="Raíz dunha función">raíces dunha función</a>, e clasificou a maioría das <a href="/w/index.php?title=Curva_c%C3%BAbica_plana&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Curva cúbica plana (a páxina aínda non existe)">curvas cúbicas planas</a>. </p><p>Newton foi membro do <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_(Cambridge)" title="Trinity College (Cambridge)">Trinity College</a> e o segundo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Profesor_Lucasiano&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Profesor Lucasiano (a páxina aínda non existe)">profesor lucasiano de matemáticas</a> da <a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_Cambridge" title="Universidade de Cambridge">Universidade de Cambridge</a>. Era un cristián devoto pero pouco ortodoxo que rexeitaba en privado a doutrina da <a href="/wiki/Santa_Trindade" title="Santa Trindade">Trindade</a>. Negouse a recibir as <a href="/wiki/Orde_sacerdotal" title="Orde sacerdotal">ordes sacras</a> na <a href="/wiki/Igrexa_de_Inglaterra" title="Igrexa de Inglaterra">Igrexa de Inglaterra</a> a diferenza da maioría dos membros da facultade de Cambridge da época. Máis aló do seu traballo nas <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciencias_matem%C3%A1ticas&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ciencias matemáticas (a páxina aínda non existe)">ciencias matemáticas</a>, Newton dedicou gran parte do seu tempo ao estudo da <a href="/wiki/Alquimia" title="Alquimia">alquimia</a> e da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cronolox%C3%ADa_b%C3%ADblica&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Cronoloxía bíblica (a páxina aínda non existe)">cronoloxía bíblica</a>, pero a maior parte do seu traballo nesas áreas permaneceu inédito ata moito despois da súa morte. Vinculado política e persoalmente aos <a href="/wiki/Partido_Whig" class="mw-redirect" title="Partido Whig">partido Whig</a>, Newton exerceu dous breves mandatos como <a href="/w/index.php?title=Universidade_de_Cambridge_(circunscrici%C3%B3n_parlamentaria_do_Reino_Unido)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Universidade de Cambridge (circunscrición parlamentaria do Reino Unido) (a páxina aínda non existe)">Membro do Parlamento pola Universidade de Cambridge</a>, en 1689-1690 e 1701-1702. En 1705 foi nomeado cabaleiro pola raíña <a href="/wiki/Ana_de_Gran_Breta%C3%B1a" title="Ana de Gran Bretaña">Ana de Gran Bretaña</a> e pasou as tres últimas décadas da súa vida en Londres, onde foi mestre da Casa da Moeda (1696-1699) e director da Casa da Moeda (1699-1727), así como presidente da Royal Society (1703-1727). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traxectoria">Traxectoria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Newton&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Editar a sección: «Traxectoria»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Newton&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Traxectoria"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primeiros_anos">Primeiros anos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Newton&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Editar a sección: «Primeiros anos»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Newton&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Primeiros anos"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Isaac Newton naceu (segundo o <a href="/wiki/Calendario_xuliano" title="Calendario xuliano">calendario xuliano</a> en uso en <a href="/wiki/Inglaterra" title="Inglaterra">Inglaterra</a> naquel momento) "unha ou dúas horas despois da medianoite"<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> do 25 de decembro de 1642, día de <a href="/wiki/Nadal" title="Nadal">Nadal</a> (4 de xaneiro de 1643 no <a href="/wiki/Calendario_gregoriano" title="Calendario gregoriano">calendario gregoriano</a><sup id="cite_ref-OSNS_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OSNS-2"><span>[</span>a<span>]</span></a></sup>)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> na aldea de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth (a páxina aínda non existe)">Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth</a> do condado de <a href="/wiki/Lincolnshire" title="Lincolnshire">Lincolnshire</a>. O seu pai, un campesiño <a href="/wiki/Puritanismo" title="Puritanismo">puritano</a> o igual que súa nai, tamén chamado Isaac Newton, morrera tres meses antes. O parto foi prematuro aparentemente e naceu tan pequeno que ninguén pensou que lograría vivir moito tempo,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup>; a súa nai Hannah Ayscough dixo que podería caber dentro dunha cunca de <a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%B3n" title="Galón">cuarto de galón</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> A súa vida correu perigo polo menos durante unha semana. Foi bautizado o 1 de xaneiro de 1643, 12 de xaneiro no calendario gregoriano.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:LEO3122_2022_04_0002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/LEO3122_2022_04_0002.jpg/170px-LEO3122_2022_04_0002.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/LEO3122_2022_04_0002.jpg/255px-LEO3122_2022_04_0002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/LEO3122_2022_04_0002.jpg/340px-LEO3122_2022_04_0002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7125" data-file-height="4220" /></a><figcaption>Woolsthorpe Manor, a antiga casa de Isaac Newton e en primeiro plano a maceira entendida como a famosa árbore que o inspirou na teoría da gravidade.</figcaption></figure> <p>A casa onde naceu e viviu ata a súa mocidade sitúase no lado oeste do val do <a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%ADo_Witham&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Río Witham (a páxina aínda non existe)">río Witham</a>, máis abaixo da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meseta_de_Kesteven&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Meseta de Kesteven (a páxina aínda non existe)">meseta de Kesteven</a>, en dirección á cidade de <a href="/wiki/Grantham" title="Grantham">Grantham</a>. É de pedra calcaria gris, o mesmo material que se atopa na meseta. Ten forma dunha letra T grosa en cuxo trazo máis longo atópanse a cociña e o vestíbulo, e a sala áchase na unión dos dous trazos.<sup id="cite_ref-ref_dup_1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref_dup_1-9"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup>A súa entrada é descentrada e sitúase entre o vestíbulo e a sala, e oriéntase cara ás escaleiras que conducen aos dous dormitorios do piso superior. </p><p>Cando Newton tiña tres anos, a súa nai volveu casar e foi vivir co seu novo marido, o reverendo Barnabas Smith, quen non tiña intención de cargar cun neno alleo de tres anos, deixando ao seu fillo ao coidado da súa avoa materna, Margery Ayscough (de soltera Blythe), este foi posiblemente un feito traumático para Isaac; constituía a perda da nai non coñecendo ao pai. Á súa avoa nunca lle dedicou un recordo cariñoso e ata a súa morte pasou desapercibida. O mesmo ocorreu co avó, que pareceu non existir ata que se descubriu que tamén estaba presente na casa e correspondeu ao afecto de Newton da mesma forma: desheredouno.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> A Newton non lle gustaba o seu padrasto e mantivo certa inimizade cara á súa nai por casar con el, tal e como revela esta entrada nunha lista de pecados cometidos ata os 19 anos: "Ameazar o meu padrastro Smith e a miña nai con queimar a casa con eles dentro".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> Fíxoo nove anos despois do falecemento do padrasto, o que comproba que a escena quedou gravada no recordo de Newton. As accións do padrasto, que se negou a levalo a vivir con el ata que cumpriu dez anos, poderían motivar este odio.<sup id="cite_ref-ref_dup_1_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref_dup_1-9"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> A nai de Newton tivo tres fillos máis (Mary, Benjamin e Hannah) do seu segundo matrimonio.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestfall198055_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestfall198055-12"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cando Barnabás Smith faleceu, a súa nai regresou ao fogar familiar acompañada por dous fillos deste matrimonio, os seus medio irmán, pero a unión familiar durou menos de dous anos. Desde os doce anos ata os dezasete, Isaac foi enviado a estudar ao colexio <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_King%27s_School&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="The King&#39;s School (a páxina aínda non existe)">The King's School</a> en <a href="/wiki/Grantham" title="Grantham">Grantham</a>. O que se sabe desta etapa é que estudou <a href="/wiki/Lingua_latina" title="Lingua latina">latín</a>, algo de <a href="/wiki/Lingua_grega" title="Lingua grega">grego</a> e o básico de <a href="/wiki/Xeometr%C3%ADa" title="Xeometría">xeometría</a> e <a href="/wiki/Aritm%C3%A9tica" title="Aritmética">aritmética</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> Era o programa habitual de estudo dunha escola primaria nese entón. O seu mestre foi Henry Stokes, que tiña bo prestixio como educador.<sup id="cite_ref-ref_dup_2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref_dup_2-14"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> En outubro de 1659 foi retirado da escola e volveu a Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth. A súa nai, viúva por segunda vez, intentou facelo labrego, unha ocupación que el odiaba.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestfall199416–_19_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestfall199416–_19-15"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup> Stokes, convenceu á súa nai para que o enviase de volta á escola. En 1659 comprou un caderno, chamado nese entón libro de peto, en cuxa primeira páxina escribiu en latín «<i>Martij 19, 1659</i>» (19 de marzo de 1659). Representaba o período entre 1659 e 1660, que coincidía co período do seu regreso á súa cidade natal, e a maior parte dos seus escritos están dedicados a «<i>Utilissimum prosodiae supplementum</i>». Anos despois, na colección Keynes do King's College atópase unha edición de <a href="/wiki/P%C3%ADndaro" title="Píndaro">Píndaro</a> coa firma de Newton e datada en 1659. Na colección Babson aparece unha copia das <i><a href="/wiki/Metamorfoses" title="Metamorfoses">Metamorfoses</a></i> de <a href="/wiki/Ovidio" title="Ovidio">Ovidio</a> datadas ese mesmo ano.<sup id="cite_ref-ref_dup_2_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref_dup_2-14"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Os estudos primarios foron de grande utilidade para Newton; os traballos sobre matemáticas estaban escritos en latín, do mesmo xeito que os escritos sobre filosofía natural, e posteriormente permitíronlle entrar en contacto cos científicos europeos. A aritmética básica dificilmente compensaria un nivel deficiente de latín.<sup id="cite_ref-Westfall37_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Westfall37-16"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> Nesa época outra materia importante era o estudo da <a href="/wiki/Biblia" title="Biblia">Biblia</a> e líase en linguas clásicas apoiando o programa clásico de estudos e ampliando a fe protestante de Inglaterra. No caso de Isaac, o estudo deste tema, unido á biblioteca que herdou do seu padrasto, púidolle facer iniciar unha viaxe á <a href="/wiki/Teolox%C3%ADa" title="Teoloxía">teoloxía</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Westfall37_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Westfall37-16"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Na súa estadía en Grantham hospedouse na casa de Sr. Clark, na rúa High Street, xunto á George Inn. Tiña que compartir o fogar xunto a outros tres nenos, Edward, Arthur e unha nena, fillos do primeiro esposo da muller de Sr. Clark. Pola infancia que tivo, Isaac parecía non conxeniar con outras persoas da súa idade. O crecer nun ambiente de illamento cos seus avós e a posible envexa que lle causaba aos seus pares a súa superioridade intelectual o que provocaballe dificultades e levábao a realizar travesuras varias que despois negaba facer.<sup id="cite_ref-Westfall37_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Westfall37-16"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> Un dos seus amigos, <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Stukeley&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="William Stukeley (a páxina aínda non existe)">William Stukeley</a>, dedicouse a reunir información sobre Newton na súa estancia en Grantham e concluíu que os nenos o atopaban demasiado astuto e pensaban que se aproveitaba deles debido á súa rapidez mental, moi superior á deles.<sup id="cite_ref-Westfall37_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Westfall37-16"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ademais estas anécdotas demostraron que Newton aparentemente prefería a compañía feminina. Para a súa amiga Catherine Storer, varios anos máis novo que el, construíu mobles de bonecas utilizando ferramentas con moita habilidade. Ademais no terreo das suposicións puido haber un romance entre os dous mozos cando foron maiores. Segundo os rexistros coñecidos, puido ser a primeira e posiblemente a única e última experiencia romántica cunha muller na súa vida. Tempo despois a señorita Storer casou cun home apellidado Vincent e lembraba a Newton como un mozo silencioso e pensativo.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tivo un incidente cun compañeiro que posiblemente fose Arthur Storer. Este deulle unha patada no estómago, supostamente como represalia a algunha broma pesada de Newton. Este non puido esquecer nunca este feito; neste tempo non puidera afirmar o seu poder intelectual, por mor da deficiente formación escolar ou porque novamente estaba só e asustado. Estaba relegado ao último banco. Segundo o relato de Conduitt, nin ben finalizou a clase, Newton retou a unha pelexa ao outro neno no patio da igrexa para devolverlle o golpe. O fillo do mestre achegouse a eles e azuzó a pelexa palmeándolle as costas a un e choscandolle o ollo ao outro. Aínda que Newton non era tan forte como o seu rival tiña maior decisión e golpeou ao outro ata que se rendeu e declarou que non pelexaría máis. O fillo do mestre pediulle a Isaac que o tratase como a un covarde e refregáselle o nariz contra a parede. Entón Isaac agarrouno das orellas e golpeou a súa cara contra un dos lados da igrexa.<sup id="cite_ref-ref_dup_3_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref_dup_3-18"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ademais de gañarlle na pelexa, Newton esmerouse en derrotalo academicamente e converteuse no primeiro alumno da escola.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite199722_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite199722-19"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> E ademais foi gravando o seu nome en todos os bancos que ocupou segundo avanzaba nos estudos. Aínda se conserva un alféizar de pedra co seu nome.<sup id="cite_ref-ref_dup_3_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref_dup_3-18"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup> Nesa época distinguiose principalmente pola construción de <a href="/wiki/Reloxo_de_sol" title="Reloxo de sol">reloxos de sol</a> e maquetas de <a href="/wiki/Mu%C3%AD%C3%B1o_de_vento" title="Muíño de vento">muíños de vento</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestfall198060–62_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestfall198060–62-20"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>En xuño de 1661, foi admitido no <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_(Cambridge)" title="Trinity College (Cambridge)">Trinity College</a> de <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, por recomendación do seu tío o reverendo William Ayscough, que estudara alí. Comezou como <a href="/w/index.php?title=Subsizar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Subsizar (a páxina aínda non existe)">subsizar</a><sup id="cite_ref-Sizar_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sizar-22"><span>[</span>b<span>]</span></a></sup>)—pagando a súa carreira desempeñando os deberes de <a href="/wiki/Servizo_dom%C3%A9stico" title="Servizo doméstico">servizo</a> ata que en 1664 lle concederon unha bolsa de estudos, garantindolle catro anos máis ata que puidese obter o seu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Master_en_artes&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Master en artes (a páxina aínda non existe)">MA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestfall198071,_103_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestfall198071,_103-23"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup> Nesa época as ensinanzas da facultade estaban baseadas nas de <a href="/wiki/Arist%C3%B3teles" title="Aristóteles">Aristóteles</a>, a quen Newton complementou con filósofos modernos como <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a> e <a href="/wiki/Astr%C3%B3nomo" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrónomo">astrónomos</a> como <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Street&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Street (a páxina aínda non existe)">Thomas Street</a>, a través dos cales coñeceu a obra de <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Kepler</a>.<sup>[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:C%C3%B3mpre_referencia" title="Wikipedia:Cómpre referencia">Cómpre referencia</a></i>]</sup> Fixo no seu caderno unha serie de "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Quaestiones_quaedam_philosophicae&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Quaestiones quaedam philosophicae (a páxina aínda non existe)"><i>Quaestiones</i></a>" sobre a <a href="/wiki/Mecanicismo" title="Mecanicismo">filosofía mecánica</a> tal e como a atopou. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Binomio_de_Newton">Binomio de Newton</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Newton&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Editar a sección: «Binomio de Newton»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Newton&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Binomio de Newton"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En 1665, desenvolveu o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teorema_binomial&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Teorema binomial (a páxina aínda non existe)">teorema binomial</a> xeneralizado e comezou a desenvolver unha teoría matemática que máis tarde se convertería en <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1lculo" title="Cálculo">cálculo</a>. Pouco despois de que Newton obtivese a súa licenciatura en agosto de <a href="/wiki/1665" title="1665">1665</a>, a universidade pechou temporalmente como medida de precaución contra a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gran_peste_de_Londres&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gran peste de Londres (a páxina aínda non existe)">Gran peste</a>. Aínda que non fora distinguido como estudante de Cambridge,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> Os estudos privados de Newton na súa casa de Woolsthorpe durante os dous anos seguintes viron o desenvolvemento das súas teorías sobre o <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1lculo" title="Cálculo">cálculo</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%C3%93ptica" title="Óptica">óptica</a> e a <a href="/wiki/Lei_da_gravitaci%C3%B3n_universal" title="Lei da gravitación universal">lei da gravitación</a>. </p><p>Foi un dos principais precursores da <a href="/wiki/Ilustraci%C3%B3n" title="Ilustración">Ilustración</a>, e o seu traballo científico sufriu forte influencia do seu profesor e orientador <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Barrow" title="Isaac Barrow">Isaac Barrow</a> (desde 1663), e de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frans_van_Schooten&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Frans van Schooten (a páxina aínda non existe)">Frans van Schooten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Vi%C3%A8te" title="François Viète">François Viète</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Wallis&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="John Wallis (a páxina aínda non existe)">John Wallis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Fermat" title="Pierre de Fermat">Fermat</a> e <a href="/wiki/Bonaventura_Cavalieri" title="Bonaventura Cavalieri">Bonaventura Cavalieri</a>, das concepcións de <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo</a> e <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Kepler</a>, da teoría de <a href="/wiki/Arist%C3%B3teles" title="Aristóteles">Aristóteles</a> sobre rectas tanxentes ás curvas, do traballo de <a href="/wiki/Apolonio_de_Perge" title="Apolonio de Perge">Apolonio</a> sobre cónicas e da xeometría de <a href="/wiki/Euclides" title="Euclides">Euclides</a>. </p><p>En abril de 1667, volveu a Cambridge e en outubro foi elixido membro de Trinity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestfall1980178_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestfall1980178-26"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup> Os bolseiros debían ordenarse como <a href="/wiki/Sacerdote" title="Sacerdote">sacerdotes</a>, aínda que isto non se aplicaba nos anos da restauración e bastaba con afirmar a conformidade coa <a href="/wiki/Igrexa_de_Inglaterra" title="Igrexa de Inglaterra">Igrexa de Inglaterra</a>. Con todo, en <a href="/wiki/1675" title="1675">1675</a> non se puido evitar a cuestión e para entón as súas opinións pouco convencionais interpuxéronse.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestfall1980330–331_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestfall1980330–331-27"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup> Con todo, Newton logrou evitarlo mediante un permiso especial de <a href="/wiki/Carlos_II_de_Inglaterra" title="Carlos II de Inglaterra">Carlos II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite1997151_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite1997151-28"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Os seus estudos impresionaran ao <a href="/w/index.php?title=Profesor_lucasiano&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Profesor lucasiano (a páxina aínda non existe)">profesor lucasiano</a><sup id="cite_ref-Lucasiano_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lucasiano-29"><span>[</span>c<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Barrow" title="Isaac Barrow">Isaac Barrow</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Brit_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brit-30"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup> que estaba máis preocupado por desenvolver o seu propio potencial relixioso e administrativo (converteuse en mestre de Trinity dous anos despois); en 1669 Newton sucedeuno, e só un ano despois de recibir o seu MA. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cálculo"><span id="C.C3.A1lculo"></span>Cálculo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Newton&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Editar a sección: «Cálculo»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Newton&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Cálculo"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Bolton-newton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Bolton-newton.jpg/170px-Bolton-newton.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Bolton-newton.jpg/255px-Bolton-newton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Bolton-newton.jpg/340px-Bolton-newton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1338" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Sir" title="Sir">Sir</a> Isaac Newton</i><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Díxose que o traballo de Newton "fixo avanzar claramente cada rama das matemáticas entón estudada".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBall1908319_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBall1908319-32"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup> O seu traballo sobre o tema, normalmente referido como fluxións ou cálculo, visto nun manuscrito de outubro de 1666, publícase agora entre os artigos matemáticos de Newton.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup> A súa obra <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=De_analysi_per_aequationes_numero_terminorum_infinitas&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="De analysi per aequationes numero terminorum infinitas (a páxina aínda non existe)">De analysi per aequationes numero terminorum infinitas</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup> enviada por <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Barrow" title="Isaac Barrow">Isaac Barrow</a> a <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Collins_(matem%C3%A1tico)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="John Collins (matemático) (a páxina aínda non existe)">John Collins</a> en xuño de 1669, foi identificada por Barrow nunha carta enviada a Collins ese mes de agosto como a obra "dun xenio e competencia extraordinaria nestas cousas". Newton foi elixido <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society#Membros_famosos" title="Royal Society">membro da Royal Society (FRS) en 1672</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-frs_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-35"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Newton máis tarde involucrouse nunha disputa con <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a> sobre a prioridade no desenvolvemento do cálculo (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Controversia_do_c%C3%A1lculo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Controversia do cálculo (a páxina aínda non existe)">controversia do cálculo Leibniz-Newton</a>). A maioría dos historiadores modernos cren que Newton e Leibniz desenvolveron o cálculo de forma independente, aínda que con <a href="/w/index.php?title=Notaci%C3%B3n_matem%C3%A1tica&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Notación matemática (a páxina aínda non existe)">notacións matemáticas</a> moi diferentes. En ocasións suxeriuse que Newton non publicou case nada sobre iso ata 1693, e non deu un relato completo ata 1704, mentres que Leibniz comezou a publicar un relato completo dos seus métodos en 1684. A notación de Leibniz e o "Método diferencial", hoxe en día recoñecido como notacións máis convenientes, foron adoptadas polos matemáticos europeos continentais, e despois de 1820 máis ou menos, tamén por matemáticos británicos.<sup>[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:C%C3%B3mpre_referencia" title="Wikipedia:Cómpre referencia">Cómpre referencia</a></i>]</sup> </p><p>O seu traballo utiliza amplamente o cálculo en forma xeométrica baseado nos valores límite das proporcións de cantidades moi pequenas: nos propios Principia , Newton deu unha demostración disto baixo o nome de "o método das primeiras e últimas proporcións"<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></a></sup> e explicou por que puxo as súas exposicións desta forma,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup> sinalando tamén que "por este medio realízase o mesmo que polo método dos indivisibles".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Por iso, o <i>Principia</i> nos tempos modernos é chamado "un libro denso coa teoría e aplicación do cálculo infinitesimal".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></a></sup> e na época de Newton "case todo é deste cálculo."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></a></sup> O seu uso de métodos que implican "unha ou máis ordes do infinitesimalmente pequeno" está presente no seu <i>De motu corporum in gyrum</i> de 1684<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></a></sup> e nos seus traballos sobre o movemento "durante as dúas décadas anteriores a 1684".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span>[</span>39<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Sir_Isaac_Newton_by_Sir_Godfrey_Kneller,_Bt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Sir_Isaac_Newton_by_Sir_Godfrey_Kneller%2C_Bt.jpg/170px-Sir_Isaac_Newton_by_Sir_Godfrey_Kneller%2C_Bt.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Sir_Isaac_Newton_by_Sir_Godfrey_Kneller%2C_Bt.jpg/255px-Sir_Isaac_Newton_by_Sir_Godfrey_Kneller%2C_Bt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Sir_Isaac_Newton_by_Sir_Godfrey_Kneller%2C_Bt.jpg/340px-Sir_Isaac_Newton_by_Sir_Godfrey_Kneller%2C_Bt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2912" /></a><figcaption>Newton en 1702 por <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Kneller" title="Godfrey Kneller">Godfrey Kneller</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Construíu o primeiro telescopio de reflexión en <a href="/wiki/1668" title="1668">1668</a>, e foi quen primeiro observou o <a href="/wiki/Espectro_electromagn%C3%A9tico" title="Espectro electromagnético">espectro</a> visible que se pode obter pola descomposición da luz solar ao incidir sobre unha das faces dun prisma triangular transparente (ou outro medio de refracción ou de difracción), atravesándoo e proxectándose sobre un medio ou un anteparo branco. Optou, entón pola <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teor%C3%ADa_corpuscular&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Teoría corpuscular (a páxina aínda non existe)">teoría corpuscular</a> de propagación da luz, enunciándoa (<a href="/wiki/1675" title="1675">1675</a>) e contrariando a teoría ondulatoria de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Huyges&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Huyges (a páxina aínda non existe)">Huyges</a>. </p><p>A súa principal obra foi a publicación <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophi%C3%A6_Naturalis_Principia_Mathematica" title="Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica">Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica</a></i> (<i>Principios matemáticos dunha filosofía da natureza</i> - <a href="/wiki/1687" title="1687">1687</a>), en tres volumes, un verdadeiro monumento científico, en que enunciou a <a href="/wiki/Lei_da_gravitaci%C3%B3n_universal" title="Lei da gravitación universal">lei da gravitación universal</a>, xeneralizando e ampliando as constatacións de <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Johannes Kepler</a> (<a href="/wiki/Leis_de_Newton" title="Leis de Newton">Leis de Newton</a>), e resumiu as súas descubertas, principalmente o cálculo. Tratando esencialmente sobre física, astronomía e mecánica (leis dos movementos, movementos de corpos en medios resistentes, vibracións isotérmicas, velocidade do son, densidade do ar, queda dos corpos na atmosfera, presión atmosférica etc), todo tratado con matemática pura, foi a súa consagración como maior científico da súa época. </p><p>Newton mostrouse reticente a publicar os seus cálculo porque tiña medo a polémica e as críticas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart2009107_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart2009107-43"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></a></sup> Newton mantivo unha estreita relación con <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Fatio_de_Duillier&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicolas Fatio de Duillier (a páxina aínda non existe)">Nicolas Fatio de Duillier</a>. En 1691, Duillier comezou a escribir unha nova versión da <i>Principia</i> de Newton, e mantivo correspondencia con Leibniz.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestfall1980538–539_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestfall1980538–539-44"><span>[</span>41<span>]</span></a></sup> Cara 1693, a relación entre Duillier e Newton deteriorouse e o libro nunca se rematou.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span>[</span>42<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A partir de 1699, outros membros<sup>[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Palabras_a_evitar#Hai_quen_di,_dise_que,_moitos_creen_que" title="Wikipedia:Palabras a evitar">quen?</a></i>]</sup> da <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> acusaron a Leibniz de <a href="/wiki/Plaxio" title="Plaxio">plaxio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></a></sup> A disputa estalou entón con toda forza en 1711 cando a Royal Society proclamou nun estudo que era Newton o verdadeiro descubridor e cualificou a Leibniz de fraude; máis tarde descubriuse que Newton escribiu as observacións finais do estudo sobre Leibniz. Así comezou a amarga polémica que estropeou a vida tanto de Newton como de Leibniz ata a morte deste último en 1716.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBall1908356_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBall1908356-47"><span>[</span>44<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>En <a href="/wiki/1696" title="1696">1696</a> foi nomeado <i>Warden of the Mint</i> e en <a href="/wiki/1701" title="1701">1701</a> <i>Master of the Mint</i>, na <i><a href="/wiki/Royal_Mint" title="Royal Mint">Royal Mint</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Royal_Mint" title="Royal Mint">Real Casa da Moeda do Reino Unido</a>). Foi elixido socio estranxeiro da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Acad%C3%A9mie_des_Sciences&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Académie des Sciences (a páxina aínda non existe)">Académie des Sciences</a> en <a href="/wiki/1699" title="1699">1699</a> e tornouse presidente da Royal Society en <a href="/wiki/1703" title="1703">1703</a>. Publicou, en Cambridge, <i>Arithmetica universalis</i> (<a href="/wiki/1707" title="1707">1707</a>), unha especie de libro de texto sobre identidades matemáticas, análise e xeometría, posibelmente escrito moitos anos antes (talvez en <a href="/wiki/1673" title="1673">1673</a>). </p><p>Escribiu (<a href="/wiki/1669" title="1669">1669</a>) e publicou (<a href="/wiki/1711" title="1711">1711</a>) <i>De analysi per aecuationes numero terminorum infinitas</i>, sobre series e cálculo. Escribiu (<a href="/wiki/1671" title="1671">1671</a>) e publicou (<a href="/wiki/1742" title="1742">1742</a>) <i>Methodus fluxionum et serierun infinitorum</i>, sobre fluxos. Especialista en gravitación universal, na mecánica as súas principais contribucións foron a descuberta das terceira e última lei de movemento, despois chamada de <a href="/wiki/Principio_da_acci%C3%B3n_e_reacci%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Principio da acción e reacción">principio da acción e reacción</a>, a lei da gravitación universal e a conceptualización precisa de masa, momento, inercia, forza e aceleración. coa demostración da lei da gravitación estaba creada a teoría da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mec%C3%A1nica_Celeste&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mecánica Celeste (a páxina aínda non existe)">Mecánica Celeste</a>, movendo a descrición do mundo do terreo cinemático para o dinámico. </p><p>Estudou aínda forzas de resistencia e de viscosidade nos fluídos en repouso e en movemento, establecendo principios e relacións, e estableceu o cálculo da contracción dos chorros en descargas por orificios. Publicou tamén conclusións sobre escoamento en canais, velocidade de ondas superficiais e deslocamento do son no ar. Tamén escribiu sobre <a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%ADmica" title="Química">química</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alquimia" title="Alquimia">alquimia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cronolox%C3%ADa" title="Cronoloxía">cronoloxía</a> e <a href="/wiki/Teolox%C3%ADa" title="Teoloxía">teoloxía</a>. Esta preocupación de Newton con cuestións filosóficas, relixiosas e teolóxicas e o seu envolvemento coa alquimia pode estar relacionado co feito que el pertenceu a unha <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosa-cruz&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rosa-cruz (a páxina aínda non existe)">Orde Rosacruz</a>. Modestamente caracterizouse por nunca dar moita importancia á publicacións das súas descubertas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Óptica"><span id=".C3.93ptica"></span>Óptica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Newton&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Editar a sección: «Óptica»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Newton&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Óptica"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:NewtonsTelescopeReplica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/NewtonsTelescopeReplica.jpg/170px-NewtonsTelescopeReplica.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/NewtonsTelescopeReplica.jpg/255px-NewtonsTelescopeReplica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/NewtonsTelescopeReplica.jpg/340px-NewtonsTelescopeReplica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="891" /></a><figcaption>Réplica do segundo <a href="/wiki/Telescopio_reflector" title="Telescopio reflector">telescopio reflector</a> de Newton, que presentou á <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> en 1672<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span>[</span>45<span>]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>En 1666, Newton observou que o espectro de cores que sae dun <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisma_dispersivo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Prisma dispersivo (a páxina aínda non existe)">prisma</a> na posición de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Desviaci%C3%B3n_m%C3%ADnima&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Desviación mínima (a páxina aínda non existe)">desviación mínima</a> é oblongo, mesmo cando o raio de luz que entra no prisma é circular, é dicir, o prisma refracta diferentes cores por diferentes ángulos.<sup id="cite_ref-Whittaker_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whittaker-49"><span>[</span>46<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span>[</span>47<span>]</span></a></sup> Isto levouno a concluír que a cor é unha propiedade intrínseca da luz, un punto que ata entón fora motivo de debate. </p><p>De 1670 a 1672, Newton deu conferencias sobre óptica.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span>[</span>48<span>]</span></a></sup> Durante este período investigou a <a href="/wiki/Refracci%C3%B3n" title="Refracción">refracción</a> da luz, demostrando que a imaxe multicolor producida por un prisma, que el chamou <a href="/w/index.php?title=Espectro_(f%C3%ADsica)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Espectro (física) (a páxina aínda non existe)">espectro</a>, podía recompoñerse en luz branca mediante unha <a href="/wiki/Lente_(%C3%B3ptica)" title="Lente (óptica)">lente. </a> e un segundo prisma.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBall1908324_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBall1908324-52"><span>[</span>49<span>]</span></a></sup> Os estudos modernos revelaron que a análise e a resíntese da luz branca de Newton ten unha débeda coa alquimia <a href="/w/index.php?title=Corpuscularismo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Corpuscularismo (a páxina aínda non existe)">corpuscular</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span>[</span>50<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Demostrou que a luz coloreada non cambia as súas propiedades ao separar un feixe de cor e facelo brillar sobre varios obxectos, e que independentemente de que se reflicta, dispérsese ou se transmita, a luz segue sendo do mesma cor. Así, observou que a cor é o resultado da interacción dos obxectos coa luz xa coloreada e non dos obxectos que xeran a cor por si mesmos. Isto coñécese como <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vida_temper%C3%A1_de_Isaac_Newton&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Vida temperá de Isaac Newton (a páxina aínda non existe)">teoría da cor de Newton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBall1908325_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBall1908325-54"><span>[</span>51<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Dispersive_Prism_Illustration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Dispersive_Prism_Illustration.jpg/170px-Dispersive_Prism_Illustration.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Dispersive_Prism_Illustration.jpg/255px-Dispersive_Prism_Illustration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Dispersive_Prism_Illustration.jpg/340px-Dispersive_Prism_Illustration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="856" data-file-height="669" /></a><figcaption>Ilustración dun <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisma_dispersivo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Prisma dispersivo (a páxina aínda non existe)">prisma dispersivo</a> que separa a luz branca nas cores do espectro, descuberto por Newton</figcaption></figure> <p>A partir deste traballo, concluíu que a lente de calquera <a href="/wiki/Telescopio_refractor" title="Telescopio refractor">telescopio refractor</a> sufriría a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dispersi%C3%B3n_(%C3%B3ptica)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dispersión (óptica) (a páxina aínda non existe)">dispersión</a> da luz en cores (<a href="/wiki/Aberraci%C3%B3n_crom%C3%A1tica" title="Aberración cromática">aberración cromática</a>). Como proba do concepto, construíu un telescopio usando espellos reflectores no canto de lentes como <a href="/w/index.php?title=Obxectivo_(%C3%B3ptica)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Obxectivo (óptica) (a páxina aínda non existe)">obxectivo</a> para evitar ese problema.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Early_Period_(1608–1672)_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Early_Period_(1608–1672)-55"><span>[</span>52<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-White_1997,_p170_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White_1997,_p170-56"><span>[</span>53<span>]</span></a></sup> A construción do deseño, o primeiro telescopio reflector funcional coñecido, hoxe en día coñecido como <a href="/w/index.php?title=Telescopio_newtoniano&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Telescopio newtoniano (a páxina aínda non existe)">telescopio newtoniano</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-White_1997,_p170_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White_1997,_p170-56"><span>[</span>53<span>]</span></a></sup> implicou a resolución do problema dun material adecuado para o espello e a técnica de conformación. Newton tallou os seus propios espellos a partir dunha composición personalizada de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal_especular&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Metal especular (a páxina aínda non existe)">metal especular</a> altamente reflector, utilizando os <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aneis_de_Newton&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Aneis de Newton (a páxina aínda non existe)">aneis de Newton</a> para xulgar a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Calidade_(filosof%C3%ADa)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Calidade (filosofía) (a páxina aínda non existe)">óptica</a> dos seus telescopios. A finais de 1668,<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-57"><span>[</span>54<span>]</span></a></sup> puido fabricar este primeiro telescopio reflector. Tiña unhas oito polgadas de longo e ofrecía unha imaxe máis clara e nítida. En 1671, a Royal Society solicitoulle unha demostración do seu telescopio reflector.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite1997168_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite1997168-58"><span>[</span>55<span>]</span></a></sup> Este interese animouno a publicar as súas notas <i>De colores</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span>[</span>56<span>]</span></a></sup> que posteriormente ampliou na obra <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opticks&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Opticks (a páxina aínda non existe)">Opticks</a></i>. Cando <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a> criticou algunhas das ideas de Newton, este sentiuse tan ofendido que se retirou do debate público. Newton e Hooke tiveron breves intercambios en 1679-80, cando Hooke, designado para xestionar a correspondencia da Royal Society, abriu unha correspondencia destinada a obter contribucións de Newton ás transaccións da Royal Society, <sup id="cite_ref-hooke1679nov24_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hooke1679nov24-60"><span>[</span>57<span>]</span></a></sup> que tivo o efecto de estimular a Newton para que elaborase unha proba de que a forma elíptica das órbitas planetarias resultaría dunha forza centrípeta inversamente proporcional ao cadrado do vector radio. Pero os dous homes mantivéronse a mal ata a morte de Hooke.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span>[</span>58<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Newton-letter-to-briggs_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Newton-letter-to-briggs_03.jpg/170px-Newton-letter-to-briggs_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Newton-letter-to-briggs_03.jpg/255px-Newton-letter-to-briggs_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Newton-letter-to-briggs_03.jpg/340px-Newton-letter-to-briggs_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2439" data-file-height="3377" /></a><figcaption>Facsímile dunha carta de 1682 de Isaac Newton ao doutor <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Briggs_(m%C3%A9dico)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="William Briggs (médico) (a páxina aínda non existe)">William Briggs</a>, comentando a <i>A New Theory of Vision</i> de Briggs.</figcaption></figure> <p>Newton argumentou que a luz está composta por partículas ou corpúsculos, que se refractan ao acelerarse nun medio máis denso. Achegouse ás ondas sonoras para explicar o patrón repetido de reflexión e transmisión por películas finas (Opticks Bk.II, Props. 12), pero aínda conservou a súa teoría dos "axustes" que dispoñía dos corpúsculos para ser reflectidos ou transmitidos (Props.13). Porén, os físicos posteriores favoreceron unha explicación puramente ondulatoria da luz para explicar os patróns da <a href="/wiki/Interferencia" title="Interferencia">interferencia</a> e o fenómeno xeral da <a href="/wiki/Difracci%C3%B3n" title="Difracción">difracción</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Mec%C3%A1nica_cu%C3%A1ntica" title="Mecánica cuántica">mecánica cuántica</a>, os <a href="/wiki/Fot%C3%B3n" title="Fotón">fotóns</a> e a idea da <a href="/wiki/Dualidade_onda-corp%C3%BAsculo" title="Dualidade onda-corpúsculo">dualidade onda-partícula</a> só teñen un pequeno parecido coa comprensión de Newton da luz. </p><p>Na súa <i>Hipótese da luz</i> de 1675, Newton postulou a existencia do <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89ter_luminoso&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Éter luminoso (a páxina aínda non existe)">éter</a> para transmitir forzas entre partículas. O contacto co filósofo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_More&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry More (a páxina aínda non existe)">Henry More</a> dos platónicos de Cambridge reavivou o seu interese pola alquimia.<sup id="cite_ref-More_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-More-62"><span>[</span>59<span>]</span></a></sup> Substituíu o éter por forzas ocultas baseadas nas ideas de atracción e repulsión entre partículas do <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermetismo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermetismo (a páxina aínda non existe)">Hermetismo</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a>, que adquiriu moitos dos escritos de Newton sobre alquimia, afirmou que "Newton non foi o primeiro da era da razón: foi o último dos magos".<sup id="cite_ref-The_Collected_Writings_of_John_Maynard_Keynes_Volume_X_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Collected_Writings_of_John_Maynard_Keynes_Volume_X-63"><span>[</span>60<span>]</span></a></sup> O interese de Newton pola alquimia non se pode illar das súas contribucións á ciencia.<sup id="cite_ref-More_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-More-62"><span>[</span>59<span>]</span></a></sup> Isto ocorreu nunha época na que non había unha clara distinción entre a alquimia e a ciencia. Se non se apoiou na idea <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oculta&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Oculta (a páxina aínda non existe)">oculta</a> da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Acci%C3%B3n_a_distancia_(f%C3%ADsica)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Acción a distancia (física) (a páxina aínda non existe)">acción a distancia</a>, a través do baleiro, podería non desenvolver a súa teoría da gravidade. </p><p>En 1704, Newton publicou <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opticks&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Opticks (a páxina aínda non existe)">Opticks</a></i> onde foi o primeiro en mostrar un diagrama utilizando un prisma como expansor dos raios da luz, e tamén o uso de conxuntos de prismas múltiples así mesmo expoñía a súa teoría corpuscular da luz.<sup id="cite_ref-OPN1_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OPN1-64"><span>[</span>61<span>]</span></a></sup> Consideraba que a luz estaba formada por corpúsculos extremadamente sutís, que a materia ordinaria estaba formada por corpúsculos máis comúns e especulaba a través dunha especie de transmutación alquímica "Acaso os corpos comúns e a luz non son convertibles o un no outro,&#160;... e non poden os corpos recibir gran parte da súa actividade das partículas de luz que entran na súa composición?".<sup id="cite_ref-Newton&#39;s_Alchemy_and_His_Theory_of_Matter_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newton&#39;s_Alchemy_and_His_Theory_of_Matter-65"><span>[</span>62<span>]</span></a></sup> Newton tamén construíu unha forma primitiva dun <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xerador_electrost%C3%A1tico&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Xerador electrostático (a páxina aínda non existe)">xerador electrostático</a> de fricción, usando un globo de vidro.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span>[</span>63<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>No seu libro <i>Opticks</i>, Newton foi o primeiro en mostrar un diagrama que utilizaba un prisma como expansor do feixe, así como o uso de conxuntos de prismas múltiples.<sup id="cite_ref-OPN1_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OPN1-64"><span>[</span>61<span>]</span></a></sup> Uns 278 anos despois da discusión de Newton, os <a href="/w/index.php?title=Expansores_de_feixe&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Expansores de feixe (a páxina aínda non existe)">expansores de feixe de prisma múltiple</a> convertéronse en fundamentais para o desenvolvemento dos <a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A1ser_axustable&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Láser axustable (a páxina aínda non existe)">láseres sintonizables de ancho de liña estreita</a>. Ademais, o uso destes expansores de feixes prismáticos deu lugar á <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teor%C3%ADa_da_dispersi%C3%B3n_de_prismas_m%C3%BAltiples&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Teoría da dispersión de prismas múltiples (a páxina aínda non existe)">teoría da dispersión de prismas múltiples</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OPN1_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OPN1-64"><span>[</span>61<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Con posterioridade a Newton, introducíronse moitas modificacións. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Young" title="Thomas Young">Young</a> e <a href="/wiki/Augustin_Fresnel" title="Augustin Fresnel">Fresnel</a> descartaron a teoría das partículas de Newton en favor da teoría das ondas de <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens" title="Christiaan Huygens">Huygens</a> para demostrar que a cor é a manifestación visible da lonxitude de onda da luz. A ciencia tamén se deu conta aos poucos da diferenza entre a percepción da cor e a óptica matematizable. O poeta e científico alemán, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a>, non puido sacudir os cimentos newtonianos, pero "Goethe atopou un buraco na armadura de Newton. Newton comprometeuse coa doutrina de que a refracción sen cor era imposible. Por tanto, pensaba que as lentes dos telescopios debían ser sempre imperfectas, xa que o acromatismo e a refracción eran incompatibles. <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Dollond&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="John Dollond (a páxina aínda non existe)">Dollond</a> demostrou que esta dedución era errónea".<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span>[</span>64<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Portrait_of_Sir_Isaac_Newton_(4670220).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Portrait_of_Sir_Isaac_Newton_%284670220%29.jpg/170px-Portrait_of_Sir_Isaac_Newton_%284670220%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Portrait_of_Sir_Isaac_Newton_%284670220%29.jpg/255px-Portrait_of_Sir_Isaac_Newton_%284670220%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Portrait_of_Sir_Isaac_Newton_%284670220%29.jpg/340px-Portrait_of_Sir_Isaac_Newton_%284670220%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1039" data-file-height="1269" /></a><figcaption>Gravado dun <i>Retrato de Newton</i> de <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Vanderbank&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="John Vanderbank (a páxina aínda non existe)">John Vanderbank</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gravidade">Gravidade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Newton&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Editar a sección: «Gravidade»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Newton&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Gravidade"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:NewtonsPrincipia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/NewtonsPrincipia.jpg/220px-NewtonsPrincipia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/NewtonsPrincipia.jpg/330px-NewtonsPrincipia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/NewtonsPrincipia.jpg/440px-NewtonsPrincipia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1266" data-file-height="842" /></a><figcaption>Exemplar do propio Newton de <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophi%C3%A6_Naturalis_Principia_Mathematica" title="Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica">Principia</a></i> coas correccións manuscritas de Newton para a segunda edición, actualmente conservado na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblioteca_Wren&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Biblioteca Wren (a páxina aínda non existe)">Biblioteca Wren</a> do <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_(Cambridge)" title="Trinity College (Cambridge)">Trinity College de Cambridge</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>En 1679, Newton retomou o seu traballo sobre a <a href="/wiki/Mec%C3%A1nica_celeste" title="Mecánica celeste">mecánica celeste</a> considerando a gravitación e o seu efecto nas órbitas dos <a href="/wiki/Planeta" title="Planeta">planetas</a> con referencia ás <a href="/wiki/Leis_de_Kepler" title="Leis de Kepler">leis de Kepler</a> do movemento planetario. Isto foi estimulado por un breve intercambio de cartas en 1679-80 con Hooke, que fora nomeado para xestionar a correspondencia da Royal Society, e que abriu unha correspondencia destinada a obter contribucións de Newton ás transaccións da Royal Society.<sup id="cite_ref-hooke1679nov24_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hooke1679nov24-60"><span>[</span>57<span>]</span></a></sup> O renovado interese de Newton polas cuestións astronómicas recibiu un novo estímulo coa aparición dun cometa no inverno de 1680-1681, sobre o que mantivo correspondencia con <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Flamsteed&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="John Flamsteed (a páxina aínda non existe)">John Flamsteed</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestfall1980391–392_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestfall1980391–392-68"><span>[</span>65<span>]</span></a></sup> Tras os intercambios con Hooke, Newton elaborou unha proba de que a forma elíptica das órbitas planetarias sería o resultado dunha forza centrípeta inversamente proporcional ao cadrado do vector radio. Newton comunicou os seus resultados a <a href="/wiki/Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley">Edmond Halley</a> e á Royal Society en <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=De_motu_corporum_in_gyrum&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="De motu corporum in gyrum (a páxina aínda non existe)">De motu corporum in gyrum</a></i>, un tratado escrito nunhas nove follas que foi copiado no Libro de Rexistro da Royal Society en decembro de 1684.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span>[</span>66<span>]</span></a></sup> Este tracto contiña o núcleo que Newton desenvolveu e expandiu para formar o <i>Principia</i>. </p><p>O <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophi%C3%A6_Naturalis_Principia_Mathematica" title="Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica">Principia</a></i> publicouse o 5 de xullo de 1687 co apoio e a axuda financeira de Halley. Nesta obra, Newton enunciou as <a href="/wiki/Leis_de_Newton" title="Leis de Newton">tres leis universais do movemento</a>. En conxunto, estas leis describen a relación entre calquera obxecto, as forzas que actúan sobre el e o movemento resultante, sentando as bases da <a href="/wiki/Mec%C3%A1nica_cl%C3%A1sica" title="Mecánica clásica">mecánica clásica</a>. Contribuíron a moitos avances durante a <a href="/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_Industrial" title="Revolución Industrial">Revolución Industrial</a>. que veu a continuación, e que non foron melloradas durante máis de 200 anos. Moitos destes avances seguen sendo os fundamentos das tecnoloxías non relativistas no mundo moderno. Utilizou a palabra latina <i>gravitas</i> (peso) para o efecto que se coñecería como <a href="/wiki/Gravidade" title="Gravidade">gravidade</a>, e definiu a lei da <a href="/wiki/Lei_da_gravitaci%C3%B3n_universal" title="Lei da gravitación universal">gravitación universal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmitz2018_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmitz2018-70"><span>[</span>67<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Na mesma obra, Newton presentou un método de análise xeométrica similar ao cálculo que utilizaba "razóns primeira e última", deu a primeira determinación analítica (baseada na <a href="/wiki/Lei_de_Boyle" title="Lei de Boyle">lei de Boyle</a>) da velocidade do son no aire, deduciu a oblatura da figura esferoidal da Terra, explicou a precesión dos equinoccios como resultado da atracción gravitatoria da Lúa sobre a oblatura da Terra, iniciou o estudo gravitatorio das <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teor%C3%ADa_lunar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Teoría lunar (a páxina aínda non existe)">irregularidades no movemento da Lúa</a>, proporcionou unha teoría para a determinación das órbitas dos cometas, e moito máis.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmitz2018_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmitz2018-70"><span>[</span>67<span>]</span></a></sup> O biógrafo de Newton <a href="/wiki/David_Brewster" title="David Brewster">David Brewster</a> informou de que a complexidade de aplicar a súa teoría da gravidade ao movemento da Lúa era tan grande que afectou á saúde de Newton: "Viuse privado do apetito e do soño" durante o seu traballo sobre o problema entre 1692-93, e díxolle ao astrónomo <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Machin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="John Machin (a páxina aínda non existe)">John Machin</a> que "nunca lle doía a cabeza senón cando estudaba o tema". Segundo Brewster, <a href="/wiki/Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley">Edmond Halley</a> tamén lle dixo a <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Conduitt&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="John Conduitt (a páxina aínda non existe)">John Conduitt</a> que cando o presionaban para que completase a súa análise, Newton "sempre respondía que lle doía a cabeza, e <i>mantiñao esperto tan a miúdo, que non quería pensar máis niso</i>". [Énfase no orixinal]<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span>[</span>68<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Newton deixou clara a súa visión <a href="/wiki/Teor%C3%ADa_helioc%C3%A9ntrica" title="Teoría heliocéntrica">heliocéntrica</a> do sistema solar -desenvolvida de forma un tanto moderna porque xa a mediados da década de 1680 recoñeceu a "desviación do Sol" respecto ao centro de gravidade do sistema solar-.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span>[</span>69<span>]</span></a></sup> Para Newton, non era precisamente o centro do Sol ou de calquera outro corpo o que podía considerarse en repouso, senón que "o centro de gravidade común da Terra, o Sol e todos os planetas debe considerarse o centro do mundo", e este centro de gravidade "ou está en repouso ou se move uniformemente cara adiante en liña recta" (Newton adoptou a alternativa "en repouso" en vista do consenso de que o centro, ondequeira que estivese, estaba en repouso).<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span>[</span>70<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>O postulado de Newton dunha <a href="/wiki/Acci%C3%B3n_a_distancia" title="Acción a distancia">forza invisible capaz de actuar a grandes distancias</a> valeulle críticas por introducir "<a href="/wiki/Ciencias_ocultas" title="Ciencias ocultas">ciencias ocultas</a>" na ciencia.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span>[</span>71<span>]</span></a></sup> Máis tarde, na segunda edición dos <i>Principia </i> (1713), Newton rexeitou firmemente tales críticas no final <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scholium_Generale&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Scholium Generale (a páxina aínda non existe)">Scholium Generale</a></i> , escribindo que bastaba con que os fenómenos implicasen unha atracción gravitatoria, como así era; pero non indicaban a súa causa, e era innecesario e impropio formular hipótese de cousas que non estaban implicadas polos fenómenos. (Aquí Newton utilizou o que se converteu na súa famosa expresión <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypotheses_non_fingo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hypotheses non fingo (a páxina aínda non existe)">Hypotheses non fingo</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span>[</span>72<span>]</span></a></sup>) </p><p>Cos <i>Principia</i>, Newton alcanzou recoñecemento internacional.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestfall1980Capítulo_11_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestfall1980Capítulo_11-76"><span>[</span>73<span>]</span></a></sup> Adquiriu un círculo de admiradores, entre eles o matemático de orixe suíza <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Fatio_de_Duillier&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicolas Fatio de Duillier (a páxina aínda non existe)">Nicolas Fatio de Duillier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hatch_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hatch-77"><span>[</span>74<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>En 1710, Newton atopou 72 das 78 "especies" de curvas cúbicas e clasificounas en catro tipos.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span>[</span>75<span>]</span></a></sup> En 1717, e probablemente coa axuda de Newton, <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Stirling_(matem%C3%A1tico)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="James Stirling (matemático) (a páxina aínda non existe)">James Stirling</a> demostrou que toda curva cúbica era un destes catro tipos. Newton tamén afirmou que os catro tipos podían obterse mediante <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plano_proxectivo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Plano proxectivo (a páxina aínda non existe)">proxección plana</a> a partir dun deles, e isto demostrouse en 1731, catro anos despois da súa morte.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span>[</span>76<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vida_posterior">Vida posterior</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Newton&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Editar a sección: «Vida posterior»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Newton&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Vida posterior"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Royal_Mint">Royal Mint</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Newton&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Editar a sección: «Royal Mint»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Newton&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Royal Mint"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Newton_25.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Newton_25.jpg/170px-Newton_25.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Newton_25.jpg/255px-Newton_25.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Newton_25.jpg/340px-Newton_25.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1185" /></a><figcaption>Isaac Newton ancián en 1712, retratado por <a href="/wiki/Sir" title="Sir">Sir</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Thornhill&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="James Thornhill (a páxina aínda non existe)">James Thornhill</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Na década de 1690, Newton escribiu varios <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tratados_relixiosos&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tratados relixiosos (a páxina aínda non existe)">tratados relixiosos</a> sobre a interpretación literal e simbólica da Biblia. Un manuscrito que Newton enviou a <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a> no que discutía a fidelidade de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Coma_xo%C3%A1nico&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Coma xoánico (a páxina aínda non existe)">1 Xoán 5:7</a>-ou <a href="/w/index.php?title=Coma_xo%C3%A1nico&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Coma xoánico (a páxina aínda non existe)">Coma xoánico</a>- e a súa fidelidade aos manuscritos orixinais do Novo Testamento, permaneceu inédito até 1785.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span>[</span>77<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Newton tamén foi membro do <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parlamento_de_Inglaterra&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Parlamento de Inglaterra (a páxina aínda non existe)">Parlamento de Inglaterra</a> pola <a href="/w/index.php?title=Universidade_de_Cambridge_(circunscrici%C3%B3n_parlamentaria_do_Reino_Unido)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Universidade de Cambridge (circunscrición parlamentaria do Reino Unido) (a páxina aínda non existe)">Universidade de Cambridge</a> en 1689 e 1701, pero segundo algúns relatos os seus únicos comentarios foron queixarse dunha corrente de aire frío na cámara e pedir que se pechase a xanela.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite1997232_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite1997232-81"><span>[</span>78<span>]</span></a></sup> Con todo, o diarista de Cambridge <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abraham_de_la_Pryme&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Abraham de la Pryme (a páxina aínda non existe)">Abraham de la Pryme</a> sinalou que reprendera a uns estudantes que atemorizaban aos aldeáns afirmando que unha casa estaba encantada.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span>[</span>79<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Newton trasladouse en 1696 a Londres para ocupar o posto de director da <a href="/wiki/Royal_Mint" title="Royal Mint">Royal Mint</a> (<i>Real Casa da Moeda</i>) durante o reinado do rei <a href="/wiki/Guillerme_III_de_Inglaterra" title="Guillerme III de Inglaterra">Guillerme III</a>, cargo que obtivera grazas ao patrocinio de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Montagu,_1er_conde_de_Halifax&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Montagu, 1er conde de Halifax (a páxina aínda non existe)">Charles Montagu, 1er conde de Halifax</a>, entón <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chanceler_do_Tesoro_do_Reino_Unido&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Chanceler do Tesoro do Reino Unido (a páxina aínda non existe)">chanceler do tesouro</a>. Encargouse da gran recuperación de Inglaterra, pisou os talóns a lord Lucas, gobernador da Torre, e conseguiu o posto de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Interventor&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Interventor (a páxina aínda non existe)">interventor</a> adxunto da rama temporal de Chester para Edmond Halley. Newton converteuse quizais no <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mestre_da_Casa_da_Moeda&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mestre da Casa da Moeda (a páxina aínda non existe)">mestre da menta</a> máis coñecido tras a morte de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Neale&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Neale (a páxina aínda non existe)">Thomas Neale</a> en 1699, cargo que Newton ocupou durante os últimos 30&#160;anos da súa vida<sup id="cite_ref-Mint_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mint-83"><span>[</span>80<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevenson2010_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevenson2010-84"><span>[</span>81<span>]</span></a></sup> Estes nomeamentos estaban pensados como <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinecura&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinecura (a páxina aínda non existe)">sinecuras</a>, pero Newton tomounos en serio. Retirouse das súas funcións en Cambridge en 1701 e exerceu a súa autoridade para reformar a moeda e castigar aos <a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9todos_de_desvalorizaci%C3%B3n_da_moeda&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Métodos de desvalorización da moeda (a páxina aínda non existe)">cortadores</a> e falsificadores de moedas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_leis_da_dinámica"><span id="As_leis_da_din.C3.A1mica"></span>As leis da dinámica</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Newton&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Editar a sección: «As leis da dinámica»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Newton&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: As leis da dinámica"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="detail principal"> <dl><dd><span><span><i>Artigo principal</i><i>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Leis_de_Newton" title="Leis de Newton">Leis de Newton</a>.</span></span></dd></dl></div> <p>Un dos temas tratados en <i>Principia</i> foron as tres leis da <a href="/wiki/Din%C3%A1mica" title="Dinámica">dinámica</a> ou <a href="/wiki/Leis_de_Newton" title="Leis de Newton">leis de Newton</a>, nas que explicaba o movemento dos corpos así como os seus efectos e causas. Estas leis son: </p> <ul><li><b>A primeira lei de Newton ou lei da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inercia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Inercia (a páxina aínda non existe)">inercia</a></b></li></ul> <p>"Todo corpo permanecerá no seu estado de repouso ou movemento uniforme e rectilíneo a non ser que sexa obrigado por forzas externas a cambiar o seu estado". </p><p>Nesta, Newton afirma que un corpo sobre o que non actúan forzas externas (ou as que actúan se anulan entre si) permanecerá en repouso ou movéndose a <a href="/wiki/Velocidade" title="Velocidade">velocidade</a> constante. </p><p>Esta idea, que xa fora enunciada por <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a> w <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo</a>, supoñía romper coa <a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%ADsica_aristot%C3%A9lica&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Física aristotélica (a páxina aínda non existe)">física aristotélica</a>, segundo a cal un corpo só se mantiña en movemento mentres actuara unha forza sobre el. </p> <ul><li><b>A segunda lei de Newton ou lei da interacción e a forza</b></li></ul> <p>"O cambio de movemento é proporcional á forza motriz externa e ocorre segundo a liña recta ao largo da cal aquela forza se exerce". </p><p>Esta lei explica as condicións necesarias para modificar o estado de movemento ou repouso dun corpo. Segundo Newton estas modificacións só teñen lugar se se produce unha interacción entre dous corpos, entrando ou non en contacto (por exemplo, a <a href="/wiki/Gravidade" title="Gravidade">gravidade</a> actúa sen que haxa contacto físico). Segundo a segunda lei, as interaccións producen variacións no <a href="/wiki/Momento_lineal" class="mw-redirect" title="Momento lineal">momento lineal</a>, a razón de </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {F}}={\frac {d{\vec {p}}}{dt}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>F</mi> <mo stretchy="false">&#x2192;<!-- → --></mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>p</mi> <mo stretchy="false">&#x2192;<!-- → --></mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {F}}={\frac {d{\vec {p}}}{dt}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/15c426b3f1ea30d7f5c1edbfe6865c88861f6b2f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:8.247ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {F}}={\frac {d{\vec {p}}}{dt}}}"></span> </p><p>Sendo <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {F}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>F</mi> <mo stretchy="false">&#x2192;<!-- → --></mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {F}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ef40edff397a115ecdce7d3518001dfcc7f37d9e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.771ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {F}}}"></span> a forza, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle d{\vec {p}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>p</mi> <mo stretchy="false">&#x2192;<!-- → --></mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle d{\vec {p}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2688eb5d3ea1789e3de02f403e0af19032e4ae80" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.541ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle d{\vec {p}}}"></span> o diferencial do momento lineal, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {dt}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>d</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {dt}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cfb070e7c1000a9438b123975ae14ee58c24ce91" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.055ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {dt}}"></span> o diferencial do tempo. </p><p>A segunda lei pode resumirse na fórmula </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {F}}={m}{\vec {a}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>F</mi> <mo stretchy="false">&#x2192;<!-- → --></mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>a</mi> <mo stretchy="false">&#x2192;<!-- → --></mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {F}}={m}{\vec {a}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a8b3d0e6c7747cc6f209ba13c888b747d1655049" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:8.14ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {F}}={m}{\vec {a}}}"></span> </p><p>sendo <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {F}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>F</mi> <mo stretchy="false">&#x2192;<!-- → --></mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {F}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ef40edff397a115ecdce7d3518001dfcc7f37d9e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.771ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {F}}}"></span> a forza (medida en newtons) que hai que aplicar sobre un corpo de masa m para provocar unha aceleración <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {a}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>a</mi> <mo stretchy="false">&#x2192;<!-- → --></mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {a}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/546e6615827e17295718741fd0b86f639a947f16" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {a}}}"></span>. </p> <ul><li><b>A terceira lei de Newton ou lei de acción-reacción</b></li></ul> <p>"Con toda acción ocorre sempre unha reacción igual e contraria; as accións mutuas de dous corpos sempre son iguais e dirixidas en sentidos opostos". </p><p>Esta lei reflíctese constantemente na natureza: tense unha sensación de <a href="/wiki/Dor" title="Dor">dor</a> ao golpear unha mesa, posto que a mesa exerce unha forza sobre ti coa mesma intensidade; o impulso que consegue un <a href="/wiki/Nataci%C3%B3n" title="Natación">nadador</a> ao exercer unha forza sobre o bordo da <a href="/wiki/Piscina" title="Piscina">piscina</a>, sendo a forza que lle impulsa a reacción do bordo á forza que el está exercendo. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notas">Notas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Newton&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Editar a sección: «Notas»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Newton&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Notas"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-OSNS-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-OSNS_2-0">1,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-OSNS_2-1">1,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Durante a vida de Newton, utilizábanse dous calendarios en Europa: o <a href="/wiki/Calendario_xuliano" title="Calendario xuliano">xuliano</a> ("<a href="/w/index.php?title=Estilo_antigo_e_estilo_nuevo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Estilo antigo e estilo nuevo (a páxina aínda non existe)">Estilo Antigo</a>") nas rexións <a href="/wiki/Protestantismo" title="Protestantismo">protestantes</a> e <a href="/wiki/Igrexa_ortodoxa" title="Igrexa ortodoxa">ortodoxas</a>, incluída Gran Bretaña; e o <a href="/wiki/Calendario_gregoriano" title="Calendario gregoriano">gregoriano</a> ("<a href="/w/index.php?title=Estilo_antigo_e_estilo_nuevo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Estilo antigo e estilo nuevo (a páxina aínda non existe)">Estilo Novo</a>") na Europa católica romana. No momento do nacemento de Newton, as datas gregorianas ían dez días por diante das xulianas: así, o seu nacemento rexístrase como o 25 de decembro de 1642 no estilo antigo, pero pódese converter a unha data ao estilo novo (moderno) do 4 de xaneiro de 1643. No momento da súa morte, a diferenza entre os calendarios aumentara a once días. Ademais, morreu no período posterior ao comezo do ano do Estilo Novo, o 1 de xaneiro, pero antes do aninovo do Estilo Antigo, o 25 de marzo. A súa morte produciuse o 20 de marzo de 1726 segundo o calendario do Estilo Antigo, pero o ano adoita axustarse a 1727. Unha conversión completa ao Estilo Novo dá a data do 31 de marzo de 1727. <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sizar-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Sizar_22-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">En Cambridge, un sizar era orixinalmente un estudante de licenciatura que financiaba os seus estudos realizando tarefas máis ou menos serviles dentro da súa facultade pero, co paso do tempo, era cada vez máis probable que recibise pequenas subvencións da facultade.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lucasiano-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Lucasiano_29-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">O profesor Lucasiano é o titular da Cátedra Lucasiana de Matemáticas (Lucasian Chair of Mathematics) da Universidade de Cambridge. O cargo foi fundado en 1663 por Henry Lucas, membro do parlamento inglés pola Universidade entre 1639 e 1640, e establecido oficialmente por Carlos II en 1664.</span> </li> </ol></div> <dl><dt>Referencias</dt></dl> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Thony, Christie (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thonyc.wordpress.com/2015/03/20/calendrical-confusion-or-just-when-did-newton-die/">"Calendrical confusion or just when did Newton die?"</a>. The Renaissance Mathematicus<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 16 de xullo do 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AIsaac+Newton&amp;rft.au=Thony%2C+Christie&amp;rft.btitle=Calendrical+confusion+or+just+when+did+Newton+die%3F&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=The+Renaissance+Mathematicus&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthonyc.wordpress.com%2F2015%2F03%2F20%2Fcalendrical-confusion-or-just-when-did-newton-die%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">G. E. Smith, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2008/entries/newton-principia/">"Newton's Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica"</a>, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2008 Edition), E. N. Zalta (ed.).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astro.com/astro-databank/Newton,_Isaac">"Isaac Newton, horoscope for birth date 25 December 1642 Jul.Cal"</a>. <i>Astro-Databank Wiki</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 16 de xullo do 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AIsaac+Newton&amp;rft.atitle=Isaac+Newton%2C+horoscope+for+birth+date+25+December+1642+Jul.Cal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Astro-Databank+Wiki&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astro.com%2Fastro-databank%2FNewton%2C_Isaac&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Westfall, páx. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Ackroyd&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Ackroyd (a páxina aínda non existe)">Ackroyd</a>, Peter (2012). "1". En Fondo de cultura económica. <i>Newton, Una biografía breve</i>. p.&#160;9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AIsaac+Newton&amp;rft.atitle=1&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter&amp;rft.aulast=Ackroyd&amp;rft.btitle=Newton%2C+Una+biograf%C3a+breve&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.pages=9&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Storr, Anthony (decembro de 1985). "Isaac Newton". <i>British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Edition)</i> <b>291</b> (6511). pp.&#160;1779–1784. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/29521701">29521701</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1419183">1419183</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3936583">3936583</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.291.6511.1779">10.1136/bmj.291.6511.1779</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AIsaac+Newton&amp;rft.atitle=Isaac+Newton&amp;rft.aufirst=Anthony&amp;rft.aulast=Storr&amp;rft.chron=decembro+de+1985&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=6511&amp;rft.jtitle=British+Medical+Journal+%28Clinical+Research+Edition%29&amp;rft.pages=1779-1784&amp;rft.volume=291&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F29521701&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1419183&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.291.6511.1779&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3936583&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Westfall, páx. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref_dup_1-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ref_dup_1_9-0">8,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ref_dup_1_9-1">8,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Westfall, pág. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Westfall, páx. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Keynes, Milo (20 de setembro de 2008). "Balancing Newton's Mind: His Singular Behaviour and His Madness of 1692–93". <i>Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London</i> <b>62</b> (3). pp.&#160;289–300. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/20462679">20462679</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19244857">19244857</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frsnr.2007.0025">10.1098/rsnr.2007.0025</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AIsaac+Newton&amp;rft.atitle=Balancing+Newton%27s+Mind%3A+His+Singular+Behaviour+and+His+Madness+of+1692%9393&amp;rft.aufirst=Milo&amp;rft.aulast=Keynes&amp;rft.chron=20+de+setembro+de+2008&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.jtitle=Notes+and+Records+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&amp;rft.pages=289-300&amp;rft.volume=62&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20462679&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsnr.2007.0025&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19244857&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestfall198055-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestfall198055_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWestfall1980">Westfall 1980</a>, p.&#160;55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Newton the Mathematician" Z. Bechler, ed., Contemporary Newtonian Research(Dordrecht 1982) pp. 110–111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref_dup_2-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ref_dup_2_14-0">13,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ref_dup_2_14-1">13,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Westfall, páx. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestfall199416–_19-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestfall199416–_19_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWestfall1994">Westfall 1994</a>, pp.&#160;16– 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Westfall37-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Westfall37_16-0">15,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Westfall37_16-1">15,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Westfall37_16-2">15,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Westfall37_16-3">15,3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Westfall, páx. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Westfall, páx. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref_dup_3-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ref_dup_3_18-0">17,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ref_dup_3_18-1">17,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Westfall, páx. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite199722-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite199722_19-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite1997">White 1997</a>, p.&#160;22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestfall198060–62-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestfall198060–62_20-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWestfall1980">Westfall 1980</a>, pp.&#160;60–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Markus Fierz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120906162848/http://www.ngzh.ch/Neuj1972.html">"Isaac Newton als Mathematiker" &#91;Isaac Newton e as matemáticas&#93;</a>. <i>Naturforschende Gesellschaft in Zürich</i> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_alem%C3%A1" title="Lingua alemá">alemán</a>)</span>. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ngzh.ch/Neuj1972.html">o orixinal</a> o 2012-09-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 18 de xullo do 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AIsaac+Newton&amp;rft.atitle=Isaac+Newton+als+Mathematiker&amp;rft.au=Markus+Fierz&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Naturforschende+Gesellschaft+in+Z%C3%BCrich&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ngzh.ch%2FNeuj1972.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestfall198071,_103-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestfall198071,_103_23-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWestfall1980">Westfall 1980</a>, pp.&#160;71, 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hoskins, Michael, ed. (1997). <i>Cambridge Illustrated History of Astronomy</i>. Cambridge University Press. p.&#160;159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0-521-41158-5" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0-521-41158-5">978-0-521-41158-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AIsaac+Newton&amp;rft.btitle=Cambridge+Illustrated+History+of+Astronomy&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-521-41158-5&amp;rft.pages=159&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Newton, Isaac. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-ADD-04004">"Waste Book"</a>. Cambridge University Digital Library<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 18 de xullo do 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AIsaac+Newton&amp;rft.aufirst=Isaac&amp;rft.aulast=Newton&amp;rft.btitle=Waste+Book&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Digital+Library&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcudl.lib.cam.ac.uk%2Fview%2FMS-ADD-04004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestfall1980178-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestfall1980178_26-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWestfall1980">Westfall 1980</a>, p.&#160;178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestfall1980330–331-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestfall1980330–331_27-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWestfall1980">Westfall 1980</a>, pp.&#160;330–331.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite1997151-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite1997151_28-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite1997">White 1997</a>, p.&#160;151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brit-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Brit_30-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="https://en.m.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Barrow,_Isaac">"Isaac Barrow"</a>. <i>Enciclopedia Británica 1911</i> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglesa" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a>)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 19 de xullo do 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AIsaac+Newton&amp;rft.atitle=Isaac+Barrow&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Enciclopedia+Brit%C3%A1nica+1911&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.m.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2F1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica%2FBarrow%2C_Isaac&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bolton, S.K. (1889). <i>Famous Men of Science</i>. Nova York: Thomas Y. Crowell &amp; Co.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBall1908319-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBall1908319_32-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBall1908">Ball 1908</a>, p.&#160;319.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Whiteside, D.T. (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1ZcYsNBptfYC&amp;pg=PA400"><i>The Mathematical Papers of Isaac Newton</i></a>. "Part 7: The October 1666 Tract on Fluxions". Cambridge University Press. p.&#160;400.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AIsaac+Newton&amp;rft.au=Whiteside%2C+D.T.&amp;rft.btitle=The+Mathematical+Papers+of+Isaac+Newton&amp;rft.date=1967&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=400&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1ZcYsNBptfYC%26pg%3DPA400&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Mathematical Association of America <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mathdl.maa.org/mathDL/46/?pa=content&amp;sa=viewDocument&amp;nodeId=3803&amp;bodyId=4071">.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130701143830/http://mathdl.maa.org/mathDL/46/?pa=content&amp;sa=viewDocument&amp;nodeId=3803&amp;bodyId=4071">Arquivado</a> 01 de xullo de 2013 en <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Recuperado o 3 de febreiro de 2012 &amp; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/prism.php?id=15">newtonproject</a> Recuperado o 6 de febreiro de 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-frs-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-frs_35-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150316060617/https://royalsociety.org/about-us/fellowship/fellows">"Fellows of the Royal Society"</a>. London: Royal Society. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://royalsociety.org/about-us/fellowship/fellows">o orixinal</a> o 16 de marzo de 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AIsaac+Newton&amp;rft.btitle=Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Royal+Society&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froyalsociety.org%2Fabout-us%2Ffellowship%2Ffellows&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Newton, <i>Principia</i>, 1729 English translation, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Tm0FAAAAQAAJ&amp;pg=PA41">Of the motion of bodies p.&#160;41</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Newton, <i>Principia</i>, 1729 English translation, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Tm0FAAAAQAAJ&amp;pg=PA54">Of the motion of bodies p.&#160;54</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Newton, Sir Isaac (1850). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N-hHAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA102"><i>Newton's Principia: The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy</i></a> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglesa" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a>)</span>. Geo. P. Putnam.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AIsaac+Newton&amp;rft.aufirst=Sir+Isaac&amp;rft.aulast=Newton&amp;rft.btitle=Newton%27s+Principia%3A+The+Mathematical+Principles+of+Natural+Philosophy&amp;rft.date=1850&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pub=Geo.+P.+Putnam&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN-hHAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA102&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Clifford Truesdell, <i>Essays in the History of Mechanics</i> (1968), p.&#160;99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">No prefacio do Marqués de L'Hospital no <i>Analyse des Infiniment Petits</i> (Paris, 1696).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Starting with <a href="/w/index.php?title=De_motu_corporum_in_gyrum&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="De motu corporum in gyrum (a páxina aínda non existe)">De motu corporum in gyrum</a>, see also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uvMGAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=RA1-PA2">(Latin) Theorem 1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Whiteside, D.T., ed. (1970). "The Mathematical principles underlying Newton's Principia Mathematica". <i>Journal for the History of Astronomy</i>. <b>1</b>. Cambridge University Press. pp.&#160;116–138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart2009107-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart2009107_43-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStewart2009">Stewart 2009</a>, p.&#160;107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestfall1980538–539-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestfall1980538–539_44-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWestfall1980">Westfall 1980</a>, pp.&#160;538–539.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_S._Westfall&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard S. Westfall (a páxina aínda non existe)">Westfall, Richard S.</a> (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/neveratrestbiogr00west/page/538"><i>Never at Rest: A Biography of Isaac Newton</i></a>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/neveratrestbiogr00west/page/538">538–9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0-521-27435-7" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0-521-27435-7">978-0-521-27435-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AIsaac+Newton&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard+S.&amp;rft.aulast=Westfall&amp;rft.btitle=Never+at+Rest%3A+A+Biography+of+Isaac+Newton&amp;rft.date=1980&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-521-27435-7&amp;rft.pages=538-9&amp;rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fneveratrestbiogr00west%2Fpage%2F538&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Nowlan, Robert (2017). <i>Masters of Mathematics: The Problems They Solved, Why These Are Important, and What You Should Know about Them</i>. Rotterdam: Sense Publishers. p.&#160;136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-94-6300-891-4" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-94-6300-891-4">978-94-6300-891-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AIsaac+Newton&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert&amp;rft.aulast=Nowlan&amp;rft.btitle=Masters+of+Mathematics%3A+The+Problems+They+Solved%2C+Why+These+Are+Important%2C+and+What+You+Should+Know+about+Them&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-94-6300-891-4&amp;rft.pages=136&amp;rft.place=Rotterdam&amp;rft.pub=Sense+Publishers&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBall1908356-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBall1908356_47-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBall1908">Ball 1908</a>, p.&#160;356.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">King, Henry C (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=KAWwzHlDVksC&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>The History of the Telescope</i></a>. p.&#160;74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0-486-43265-6" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0-486-43265-6">978-0-486-43265-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AIsaac+Newton&amp;rft.aufirst=Henry+C&amp;rft.aulast=King&amp;rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Telescope&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-486-43265-6&amp;rft.pages=74&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.es%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKAWwzHlDVksC%26redir_esc%3Dy&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whittaker-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Whittaker_49-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=E._T._Whittaker&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="E. T. Whittaker (a páxina aínda non existe)">Whittaker, E.T.</a>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_History_of_the_Theories_of_Aether_and_Electricity&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity (a páxina aínda non existe)">A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity</a></i>, Dublin University Press, 1910.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Olivier Darrigol (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=Ye_1AAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PAPA81&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false"><i>A History of Optics from Greek Antiquity to the Nineteenth Century</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p.&#160;81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0-19-964437-7" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0-19-964437-7">978-0-19-964437-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AIsaac+Newton&amp;rft.au=Olivier+Darrigol&amp;rft.btitle=A+History+of+Optics+from+Greek+Antiquity+to+the+Nineteenth+Century&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19-964437-7&amp;rft.pages=81&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.es%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYe_1AAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPAPA81%26redir_esc%3Dy%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Newton, Isaac. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-ADD-03970/">"Hydrostatics, Optics, Sound and Heat"</a>. Cambridge University Digital Library<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AIsaac+Newton&amp;rft.aufirst=Isaac&amp;rft.aulast=Newton&amp;rft.btitle=Hydrostatics%2C+Optics%2C+Sound+and+Heat&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Digital+Library&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcudl.lib.cam.ac.uk%2Fview%2FMS-ADD-03970%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBall1908324-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBall1908324_52-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBall1908">Ball 1908</a>, p.&#160;324.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_R._Newman&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="William R. Newman (a páxina aínda non existe)">William R. Newman</a>, "Newton's Early Optical Theory and its Debt to Chymistry", in Danielle Jacquart and Michel Hochmann, eds., <i>Lumière et vision dans les sciences et dans les arts</i> (Geneva: Droz, 2010), pp. 283–307. A free access online version of this article can be found at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/newton/html/Newton_optics-alchemy_Jacquart_paper.pdf">the <i>Chymistry of Isaac Newton</i> project</a> (PDF)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBall1908325-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBall1908325_54-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBall1908">Ball 1908</a>, p.&#160;325.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Early_Period_(1608–1672)-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Early_Period_(1608–1672)_55-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etoile.berkeley.edu/~jrg/TelescopeHistory/Early_Period.html">"The Early Period (1608–1672)"</a>. James R. Graham's Home Page<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AIsaac+Newton&amp;rft.btitle=The+Early+Period+%281608%931672%29&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=James+R.+Graham%27s+Home+Page&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetoile.berkeley.edu%2F~jrg%2FTelescopeHistory%2FEarly_Period.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><sup>[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Ligaz%C3%B3ns_mortas" title="Wikipedia:Ligazóns mortas">Ligazón morta</a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-White_1997,_p170-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-White_1997,_p170_56-0">53,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-White_1997,_p170_56-1">53,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite1997">White 1997</a>, p.&#160;170</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_57-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Rupert_Hall&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfred Rupert Hall (a páxina aínda non existe)">Hall, Alfred Rupert</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=7R8LsvMcUioC&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>Isaac Newton: adventurer in thought</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p.&#160;67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0-521-56669-8" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0-521-56669-8">978-0-521-56669-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/606137087">606137087</a>. <q>This is the one dated 23 February 1669, in which Newton described his first reflecting telescope, constructed (it seems) near the close of the previous year.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AIsaac+Newton&amp;rft.aufirst=Alfred+Rupert&amp;rft.aulast=Hall&amp;rft.btitle=Isaac+Newton%3A+adventurer+in+thought&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-521-56669-8&amp;rft.pages=67&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.es%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7R8LsvMcUioC%26redir_esc%3Dy&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F606137087&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite1997168-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite1997168_58-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite1997">White 1997</a>, p.&#160;168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Newton, Isaac. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/view/texts/normalized/NATP00004">"Of Colours"</a>. <i>The Newton Project</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AIsaac+Newton&amp;rft.atitle=Of+Colours&amp;rft.aufirst=Isaac&amp;rft.aulast=Newton&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Newton+Project&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk%2Fview%2Ftexts%2Fnormalized%2FNATP00004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hooke1679nov24-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-hooke1679nov24_60-0">57,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-hooke1679nov24_60-1">57,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">See 'Correspondence of Isaac Newton, vol. 2, 1676–1687' ed. H.W. Turnbull, Cambridge University Press 1960; at p. 297, documento número 235, carta de Hooke a Newton do 24 de novembro de 1679.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Iliffe, Robert (2007) Newton. A very short introduction, Oxford University Press 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-More-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-More_62-0">59,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-More_62-1">59,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Westfall, Richard S. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/neveratrestbiogr00west/page/530"><i>Never at Rest: A Biography of Isaac Newton</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/neveratrestbiogr00west/page/530">530–531</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0-521-27435-7" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0-521-27435-7">978-0-521-27435-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AIsaac+Newton&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard+S.&amp;rft.aulast=Westfall&amp;rft.btitle=Never+at+Rest%3A+A+Biography+of+Isaac+Newton&amp;rft.date=1983&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-521-27435-7&amp;rft.pages=530-531&amp;rft.place=Cambridge&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fneveratrestbiogr00west%2Fpage%2F530&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Collected_Writings_of_John_Maynard_Keynes_Volume_X-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Collected_Writings_of_John_Maynard_Keynes_Volume_X_63-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Keynes, John Maynard (1972). "Newton, The Man". <i>The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes Volume X</i>. MacMillan St. Martin's Press. pp.&#160;363–366.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AIsaac+Newton&amp;rft.atitle=Newton%2C+The+Man&amp;rft.aufirst=John+Maynard&amp;rft.aulast=Keynes&amp;rft.btitle=The+Collected+Writings+of+John+Maynard+Keynes+Volume+X&amp;rft.date=1972&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.pages=363-366&amp;rft.pub=MacMillan+St.+Martin%27s+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OPN1-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-OPN1_64-0">61,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-OPN1_64-1">61,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-OPN1_64-2">61,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a href="/w/index.php?title=F._J._Duarte&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="F. J. Duarte (a páxina aínda non existe)">Duarte, F.J.</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150217223512/http://www.tunablelasers.com/F.J.DuarteOPN%282000%29.pdf">"Newton, prisms, and the 'opticks' of tunable lasers"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Optics and Photonics News</i> <b>11</b> (5): 24–25. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000OptPN..11...24D">2000OptPN..11...24D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1364%2FOPN.11.5.000024">10.1364/OPN.11.5.000024</a>. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tunablelasers.com/F.J.DuarteOPN%282000%29.pdf">o orixinal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> o 17 de febreiro 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 17 de febreiro de 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AIsaac+Newton&amp;rft.atitle=Newton%2C+prisms%2C+and+the+%27opticks%27+of+tunable+lasers&amp;rft.aufirst=F.J.&amp;rft.aulast=Duarte&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.jtitle=Optics+and+Photonics+News&amp;rft.pages=24-25&amp;rft.volume=11&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tunablelasers.com%2FF.J.DuarteOPN%25282000%2529.pdf&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000OptPN..11...24D&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1364%2FOPN.11.5.000024&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newton&#39;s_Alchemy_and_His_Theory_of_Matter-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Newton&#39;s_Alchemy_and_His_Theory_of_Matter_65-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Dobbs, J.T. (decembro de 1982). "Newton's Alchemy and His Theory of Matter". <i>Isis</i> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglesa" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a>)</span> <b>73</b> (4): 523. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F353114">10.1086/353114</a>. <q>citando a Opticks</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AIsaac+Newton&amp;rft.atitle=Newton%27s+Alchemy+and+His+Theory+of+Matter&amp;rft.aufirst=J.T.&amp;rft.aulast=Dobbs&amp;rft.chron=decembro+de+1982&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.jtitle=Isis&amp;rft.pages=523&amp;rft.volume=73&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F353114&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-66">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Opticks, 2nd Ed 1706. Query 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-67">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tyndall, John. (1880). <i>Popular Science Monthly</i> Volume 17, July. <a href="https://gl.wikisource.org/wiki/Popular_Science_Monthly/Volume_17/July_1880/Goethe%27s_Farbenlehre:_Theory_of_Colors_II" class="extiw" title="s:Popular Science Monthly/Volume 17/July 1880/Goethe&#39;s Farbenlehre: Theory of Colors II">s:Popular Science Monthly/Volume 17/July 1880/Goethe's Farbenlehre: Theory of Colors II</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestfall1980391–392-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestfall1980391–392_68-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWestfall1980">Westfall 1980</a>, pp.&#160;391–392.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-69">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Whiteside, D.T., ed. (1974). <i>Mathematical Papers of Isaac Newton, 1684–1691</i>. <b>6</b>. Cambridge University Press. p.&#160;30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schmitz2018-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Schmitz2018_70-0">67,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Schmitz2018_70-1">67,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Schmitz, Kenneth S. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200310132426/https://books.google.com/books?id=4WGdBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA251"><i>Physical Chemistry: Multidisciplinary Applications in Society</i></a> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglesa" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a>)</span>. Amsterdam: Elsevier. p.&#160;251. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0-12-800599-6" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0-12-800599-6">978-0-12-800599-6</a>. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4WGdBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA251">o orixinal</a> o 10 de marzo de 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 3 de setembro do 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AIsaac+Newton&amp;rft.aufirst=Kenneth+S.&amp;rft.aulast=Schmitz&amp;rft.btitle=Physical+Chemistry%3A+Multidisciplinary+Applications+in+Society&amp;rft.date=2018&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-12-800599-6&amp;rft.pages=251&amp;rft.place=Amsterdam&amp;rft.pub=Elsevier&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4WGdBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA251&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-71">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Brewster, Sir David (22 de marzo de 1860). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=acBV7QHgMIAC&amp;q=head+ache&amp;pg=PA3">"Memoirs of the Life, Writings, and Discoveries of Sir Isaac Newton"</a>. Edmonston and Douglas &#8211; vía Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AIsaac+Newton&amp;rft.aufirst=Sir+David&amp;rft.aulast=Brewster&amp;rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+the+Life%2C+Writings%2C+and+Discoveries+of+Sir+Isaac+Newton&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Edmonston+and+Douglas&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DacBV7QHgMIAC%26q%3Dhead%2Bache%26pg%3DPA3&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-72">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See Curtis Wilson, "The Newtonian achievement in astronomy", pp. 233–274 in R Taton &amp; C Wilson (eds) (1989) <i>The General History of Astronomy</i>, Volume, 2A', <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rkQKU-wfPYMC&amp;pg=PA233">at p. 233</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151003121307/https://books.google.com/books?id=rkQKU-wfPYMC&amp;pg=PA233">Arquivado</a> 3 de outubro de 2015 en <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-73">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">As citas textuais proceden da tradución de 1729 do libro 3 <i>Principia</i>;233&#93;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_6EqxPav3vIsC/page/n257">at pp. 232–33 &#91;233&#93;</a>..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-74">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Edelglass et al., <i>Matter and Mind</i>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/0-940262-45-2" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/0-940262-45-2">0-940262-45-2</a>. p. 54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-75">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sobre o significado e as orixes desta expresión, véxase Kirsten Walsh, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.otago.ac.nz/emxphi/2010/10/does-newton-feign-an-hypothesis/">Does Newton feign an hypothesis?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714120054/https://blogs.otago.ac.nz/emxphi/2010/10/does-newton-feign-an-hypothesis/">Arquivado</a> 14 de xullo de 2014 en <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.otago.ac.nz/emxphi/">Early Modern Experimental Philosophy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721051523/https://blogs.otago.ac.nz/emxphi/">Arquivado</a> 2011-07-21 en <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., 18 de outubro de 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestfall1980Capítulo_11-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestfall1980Capítulo_11_76-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWestfall1980">Westfall 1980</a>, Capítulo 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hatch-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Hatch_77-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Hatch, Professor Robert&#160;A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120802071026/http://web.clas.ufl.edu/users/ufhatch/pages/13-NDFE/newton/05-newton-timeline-m.htm">"Newton Timeline"</a>. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.clas.ufl.edu/users/ufhatch/pages/13-NDFE/newton/05-newton-timeline-m.htm">o orixinal</a> o 2 de agosto de 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 14 de marzo do 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AIsaac+Newton&amp;rft.aufirst=Professor+Robert+A.&amp;rft.aulast=Hatch&amp;rft.btitle=Newton+Timeline&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.clas.ufl.edu%2Fusers%2Fufhatch%2Fpages%2F13-NDFE%2Fnewton%2F05-newton-timeline-m.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-78">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Bloye, Nicole; Huggett, Stephen (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230308041757/http://stephenhuggett.com/Newton.pdf">"Newton, the geometer"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Newsletter of the European Mathematical Society</i> (82). pp.&#160;19–27. <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_Reviews" title="Mathematical Reviews">MR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=2896438">2896438</a>. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stephenhuggett.com/Newton.pdf">o orixinal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> o 8 de marzo de 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 14 de marzo do 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AIsaac+Newton&amp;rft.atitle=Newton%2C+the+geometer&amp;rft.au=Huggett%2C+Stephen&amp;rft.aufirst=Nicole&amp;rft.aulast=Bloye&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=82&amp;rft.jtitle=Newsletter+of+the+European+Mathematical+Society&amp;rft.pages=19-27&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ams.org%2Fmathscinet-getitem%3Fmr%3D2896438&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstephenhuggett.com%2FNewton.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-79">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Conics and Cubics,</i> Robert Bix. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undergraduate_Texts_in_Mathematics&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics (a páxina aínda non existe)">Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics</a></i>, 2nd ed., 2006, Springer Verlag.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-80">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170709035722/https://www.libraries.psu.edu/tas/locke/mss/c1690.html">"John Locke Manuscripts&#160;– Chronological Listing: 1690"</a>. <i>psu.edu</i>. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.libraries.psu.edu/tas/locke/mss/c1690.html">o orixinal</a> o 9 de xullo de 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 15 de marzo do 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AIsaac+Newton&amp;rft.atitle=John+Locke+Manuscripts+%93+Chronological+Listing%3A+1690&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=psu.edu&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.libraries.psu.edu%2Ftas%2Flocke%2Fmss%2Fc1690.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>; and John C. Attig, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.libraries.psu.edu/tas/locke/bib/ch5c.html#01160">John Locke Bibliography&#160;— Chapter 5, Religion, 1751–1900</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121112070820/http://www.libraries.psu.edu/tas/locke/bib/ch5c.html#01160">Arquivado</a> 12 de novembro de 2012 en <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite1997232-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite1997232_81-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite1997">White 1997</a>, p.&#160;232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-82">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Sawer, Patrick (6 de setembro de 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/09/06/what-students-should-avoid-during-freshers-week-100-years-ago-an/">"What students should avoid during fresher's week (100&#160;years ago and now)"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/09/06/what-students-should-avoid-during-freshers-week-100-years-ago-an/">o orixinal</a> o 10 de xaneiro de 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 9 de abril do 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AIsaac+Newton&amp;rft.atitle=What+students+should+avoid+during+fresher%27s+week+%28100+years+ago+and+now%29&amp;rft.aufirst=Patrick&amp;rft.aulast=Sawer&amp;rft.chron=6+de+setembro+de+2016&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2016%2F09%2F06%2Fwhat-students-should-avoid-during-freshers-week-100-years-ago-an%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mint-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Mint_83-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation episode"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141101074330/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=105012144">"Isaac Newton: Physicist And&#160;... Crime Fighter?"</a>. <i>Science Friday</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=105012144">Transcript</a>. 5 de xuño de 2009. NPR. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=105012144">o orixinal</a> o 1 de novembro de 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 9 de abril do 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AIsaac+Newton&amp;rft.btitle=Science+Friday&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D105012144&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevenson2010-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevenson2010_84-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevenson2010">Levenson 2010</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Véxase_tamén"><span id="V.C3.A9xase_tam.C3.A9n"></span>Véxase tamén</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Newton&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Editar a sección: «Véxase tamén»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Newton&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Véxase tamén"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Portada_galega" class="extiw" title="commons:Portada galega">Commons</a> ten máis contidos multimedia sobre:&#8201;&#8201;<i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" class="extiw" title="commons:Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a></b></i></td></tr> </tbody></table> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">A <a href="https://gl.wikiquote.org/wiki/Portada" class="extiw" title="q:Portada">Galicitas</a> posúe citas sobre:&#8201;&#8201;<i><b><a href="https://gl.wikiquote.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" class="extiw" title="q:Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a></b></i></td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliografía"><span id="Bibliograf.C3.ADa"></span>Bibliografía</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Newton&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12" title="Editar a sección: «Bibliografía»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Newton&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Bibliografía"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFBall1908" class="citation book">Ball, W.W. Rouse (1908). <i>A Short Account of the History of Mathematics</i>. Nova York: Dover. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/0-486-20630-0" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/0-486-20630-0">0-486-20630-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AIsaac+Newton&amp;rft.aufirst=W.W.+Rouse&amp;rft.aulast=Ball&amp;rft.btitle=A+Short+Account+of+the+History+of+Mathematics&amp;rft.date=1908&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-486-20630-0&amp;rft.place=Nova+York&amp;rft.pub=Dover&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Casini, Paolo (1971 (ou 1969).). <i>El universo máquina. Orígenes de la filosofía newtoniana'<span></span></i>. Barcelona: M. Roca.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AIsaac+Newton&amp;rft.aufirst=Paolo&amp;rft.aulast=Casini&amp;rft.btitle=El+universo+m%C3%A1quina.+Or%C3genes+de+la+filosof%C3a+newtoniana%27&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.place=Barcelona&amp;rft.pub=M.+Roca&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li>Christianson, G.E. (1984): <i>In the Presence of Creator, Isaac Newton and His Times</i>. The Free Press. <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/0029051908" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-02-905190-8</a> [<i>Newton</i> (2 vol.). Salvat Editores, S.A. Biblioteca Salvat de Grandes Biografías, <b>99</b> y <b>100</b>. 625 páxs. Barcelona, 1987 <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/8434582449" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 84-345-8244-9</a> e <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/8434582457" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 84-345-8245-7</a>]</li> <li>Cohen, I. Bernard. <i>La revolución newtoniana</i>, Madrid, Alianza, 1983 (ou 1980)</li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Craig, John (1958). "Isaac Newton&#160;– Crime Investigator". <i>Nature</i> <b>182</b> (4629): 149–152. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1958Natur.182..149C">1958Natur.182..149C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F182149a0">10.1038/182149a0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AIsaac+Newton&amp;rft.atitle=Isaac+Newton+%93+Crime+Investigator&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rft.aulast=Craig&amp;rft.date=1958&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=4629&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.pages=149-152&amp;rft.volume=182&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1958Natur.182..149C&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F182149a0&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Craig, John (1963). "Isaac Newton and the Counterfeiters". <i>Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London</i> <b>18</b> (2): 136–145. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frsnr.1963.0017">10.1098/rsnr.1963.0017</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AIsaac+Newton&amp;rft.atitle=Isaac+Newton+and+the+Counterfeiters&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rft.aulast=Craig&amp;rft.date=1963&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Notes+and+Records+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&amp;rft.pages=136-145&amp;rft.volume=18&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsnr.1963.0017&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gardner" title="Martin Gardner">Gardner, M.</a> (2001): <i>Isaac Newton, alquimista y fundamentalista</i>. En: <i>Did Adam and Eve Have Navels?: Debunking Pseudoscience</i> W.W. Norton &amp; Company. 333 páxs. <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/0393049639" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-393-04963-9</a> <i>¿Tenían ombligo Adán y Eva?</i>. Editorial Debate. 384 páxs. Barcelona, 2001 <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/8483064553" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 84-8306-455-3</a></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGjertsen1986" class="citation book">Gjertsen, Derek (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newtonhandbook0000gjer"><i>The Newton Handbook</i></a>. London: Routledge &amp; Kegan Paul. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/0-7102-0279-2" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/0-7102-0279-2">0-7102-0279-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AIsaac+Newton&amp;rft.aufirst=Derek&amp;rft.aulast=Gjertsen&amp;rft.btitle=The+Newton+Handbook&amp;rft.date=1986&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-7102-0279-2&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewtonhandbook0000gjer&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li>Gleick, James. <i>Isaac Newton</i>, Barcelona, RBA, 2005 (o 2003)</li> <li>Koyré, Alexandre. <i>Études newtoniennes</i>, París, Gallimard, 1968</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Levenson, Thomas (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newtoncounterfei0000leve_g7m7"><i>Newton and the Counterfeiter: The Unknown Detective Career of the World's Greatest Scientist</i></a>. Mariner Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0-547-33604-6" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0-547-33604-6">978-0-547-33604-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AIsaac+Newton&amp;rft.aufirst=Thomas&amp;rft.aulast=Levenson&amp;rft.btitle=Newton+and+the+Counterfeiter%3A+The+Unknown+Detective+Career+of+the+World%27s+Greatest+Scientist&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-547-33604-6&amp;rft.pub=Mariner+Books&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewtoncounterfei0000leve_g7m7&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFManuel1968" class="citation book">Manuel, Frank E (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/portraitofisaacn0000manu_t4s4"><i>A Portrait of Isaac Newton</i></a>. Belknap Press of Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AIsaac+Newton&amp;rft.aufirst=Frank+E&amp;rft.aulast=Manuel&amp;rft.btitle=A+Portrait+of+Isaac+Newton&amp;rft.date=1968&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pub=Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University%2C+Cambridge%2C+MA&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fportraitofisaacn0000manu_t4s4&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFStewart2009" class="citation book">Stewart, James (2009). <i>Calculus: Concepts and Contexts</i>. Cengage Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0-495-55742-5" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0-495-55742-5">978-0-495-55742-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AIsaac+Newton&amp;rft.aufirst=James&amp;rft.aulast=Stewart&amp;rft.btitle=Calculus%3A+Concepts+and+Contexts&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-495-55742-5&amp;rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li>Westfall, R.S. (1980): <i>Never at Rest</i>. Cambridge University Press. 908 páxs. <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/0521274354" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-521-27435-4</a></li> <li>Westfall, R.S. (1993): <i>The life of Isaac Newton</i>. Cambridge University Press. 328 páxs. <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/0521432529" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-521-43252-9</a>. <i>Isaac Newton, una vida</i>. Cambridge University Press. 320 páxs. Madrid, 2001 <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/8483231735" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 84-8323-173-5</a> Versión resumida de <i>Never at Rest</i>, centrada na biografía máis que na obra.</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Westfall, Robert S. ABC, S.I., ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isaacnewtonunavi00west"><i>Isaac Newton, una vida</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0521555890" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0521555890">978-0521555890</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AIsaac+Newton&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert+S.&amp;rft.aulast=Westfall&amp;rft.btitle=Isaac+Newton%2C+una+vida&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0521555890&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisaacnewtonunavi00west&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li>White, M. (1997): <i>Isaac Newton: The Last Sorcercer</i>. Addison-Wesley, Helix books. 402 páxs. Reading, Mass. <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/0201483017" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-201-48301-7</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ligazóns_externas"><span id="Ligaz.C3.B3ns_externas"></span>Ligazóns externas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Newton&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13" title="Editar a sección: «Ligazóns externas»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Newton&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Ligazóns externas"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://axxon.com.ar/rev/127/c-127Divulgacion.htm">"La garra del león"</a> Anécdotas sobre a vida de Isaac Newton. <i>(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_castel%C3%A1" title="Lingua castelá">castelán</a>)</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070126034416/http://redalyc.uaemex.mx/redalyc/pdf/414/41400705.pdf">Newton organicista: más allá de lo probable</a> <i>(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_castel%C3%A1" title="Lingua castelá">castelán</a>)</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051026183009/http://www.newtonproject.ic.ac.uk/catalogue/D.htm">Imperial College de Londres</a>. <i>(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglesa" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a>)</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/newton-stm/">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a> A visión de Newton do espazo, do tempo e do movemento. <i>(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglesa" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a>)</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/collections/newton">Cambridge Digital Library - Newton Papers</a>. Manuscritos dixitalizados de Isaac Newton gardados na <a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_Cambridge" title="Universidade de Cambridge">Universidade de Cambridge</a>. <i>(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglesa" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a>)</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://members.tripod.com/~gravitee/toc.htm"><i>Principia Mathematica</i> (on line)</a> <i>(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglesa" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a>)</i></li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ilustración" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-ver"><a href="/wiki/Modelo:Ilustraci%C3%B3n" title="Modelo:Ilustración"><abbr title="Ver o modelo">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-conversa"><a href="/wiki/Conversa_modelo:Ilustraci%C3%B3n" 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style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alemaña</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Justus_Henning_B%C3%B6hmer&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Justus Henning Böhmer (a páxina aínda non existe)">Justus Henning Böhmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Gottfried_Herder&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Gottfried Herder (a páxina aínda non existe)">Johann Gottfried von Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodor_Gottlieb_von_Hippel_the_Elder&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Theodor Gottlieb von Hippel the Elder (a páxina aínda non existe)">Theodor Gottlieb von Hippel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Wilhelm von Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotthold_Ephraim_Lessing" title="Gotthold Ephraim Lessing">Gotthold Ephraim Lessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Christoph_Lichtenberg" title="Georg Christoph Lichtenberg">Georg Christoph Lichtenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moses_Mendelssohn&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Moses Mendelssohn (a páxina aínda non existe)">Moses Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_von_Pufendorf&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuel von Pufendorf (a páxina aínda non existe)">Samuel von Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Friedrich Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Thomasius&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Christian Thomasius (a páxina aínda non existe)">Christian Thomasius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriel_Wagner&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gabriel Wagner (a páxina aínda non existe)">Gabriel Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Felix_Wei%C3%9Fe&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Christian Felix Weiße (a páxina aínda non existe)">Christian Felix Weiße</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Martin_Wieland" title="Christoph Martin Wieland">Christoph Martin Wieland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Wizenmann&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Wizenmann (a páxina aínda non existe)">Thomas Wizenmann</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Wolff_(fil%C3%B3sofo)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Christian Wolff (filósofo) (a páxina aínda non existe)">Christian Wolff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilustraci%C3%B3n_en_Espa%C3%B1a&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ilustración en España (a páxina aínda non existe)">España</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Cadalso" title="José Cadalso">José Cadalso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_III_de_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Carlos III de España">Carlos III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Xer%C3%B3nimo_Feijoo" title="Benito Xerónimo Feijoo">Benito Xerónimo Feijoo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leandro_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Morat%C3%ADn&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Leandro Fernández de Moratín (a páxina aínda non existe)">Leandro Fernández de Moratín</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valentin_de_Foronda&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Valentin de Foronda (a páxina aínda non existe)">Valentin de Foronda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Melchor_de_Jovellanos" title="Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos">Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Sarmiento" title="Martín Sarmiento">Martín Sarmiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Torres_Villarroel" title="Diego de Torres Villarroel">Diego de Torres Villarroel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Estados Unidos<br />de América</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Mason&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="George Mason (a páxina aínda non existe)">George Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Francia</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Le_Rond_d%27Alembert" title="Jean Le Rond d&#39;Alembert">Jean Le Rond d'Alembert</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Louis_de_Voyer_de_Paulmy_d%27Argenson&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="René Louis de Voyer de Paulmy d&#39;Argenson (a páxina aínda non existe)">René Louis d'Argenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bayle" title="Pierre Bayle">Pierre Bayle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Augustin_de_Beaumarchais" title="Pierre-Augustin de Beaumarchais">Pierre-Augustin de Beaumarchais</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Chamfort&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicolas Chamfort (a páxina aínda non existe)">Nicolas Chamfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89milie_du_Ch%C3%A2telet" title="Émilie du Châtelet">Émilie du Châtelet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89tienne_Bonnot_de_Condillac&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Étienne Bonnot de Condillac (a páxina aínda non existe)">Étienne Bonnot de Condillac</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marquis_de_Condorcet&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Marquis de Condorcet (a páxina aínda non existe)">Marquis de Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Denis Diderot</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Le_Bovier_de_Fontenelle&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle (a páxina aínda non existe)">Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claude_Adrien_Helv%C3%A9tius&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Claude Adrien Helvétius (a páxina aínda non existe)">Claude Adrien Helvétius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Henri_Thiry_d%27Holbach" title="Paul Henri Thiry d&#39;Holbach">Paul Henri Thiry d'Holbach</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_de_Jaucourt&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis de Jaucourt (a páxina aínda non existe)">Louis de Jaucourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julien_Offray_de_La_Mettrie" title="Julien Offray de La Mettrie">Julien Offray de La Mettrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc" title="Georges-Louis Leclerc">Georges-Louis Leclerc</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriel_Bonnot_de_Mably&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gabriel Bonnot de Mably (a páxina aínda non existe)">Gabriel Bonnot de Mably</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylvain_Mar%C3%A9chal&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sylvain Maréchal (a páxina aínda non existe)">Sylvain Maréchal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Meslier&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Meslier (a páxina aínda non existe)">Jean Meslier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89tienne-Gabriel_Morelly&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Étienne-Gabriel Morelly (a páxina aínda non existe)">Étienne-Gabriel Morelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Quesnay" title="François Quesnay">François Quesnay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guillaume_Thomas_Fran%C3%A7ois_Raynal&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Guillaume Thomas François Raynal (a páxina aínda non existe)">Guillaume Thomas François Raynal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marqu%C3%A9s_de_Sade" title="Marqués de Sade">Marqués de Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anne_Robert_Jacques_Turgot&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Anne Robert Jacques Turgot (a páxina aínda non existe)">Anne Robert Jacques Turgot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grecia</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neophytos_Doukas&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Neophytos Doukas (a páxina aínda non existe)">Neophytos Doukas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theoklitos_Farmakidis&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Theoklitos Farmakidis (a páxina aínda non existe)">Theoklitos Farmakidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigas_Feraios" title="Rigas Feraios">Rigas Feraios</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theophilos_Kairis&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Theophilos Kairis (a páxina aínda non existe)">Theophilos Kairis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adamantios_Kora%C3%ADs" title="Adamantios Koraís">Adamantios Koraís</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Irlanda</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Robert Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Toland&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="John Toland (a páxina aínda non existe)">John Toland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italia</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Cesare Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaetano_Filangieri&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaetano Filangieri (a páxina aínda non existe)">Gaetano Filangieri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinando_Galiani&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferdinando Galiani (a páxina aínda non existe)">Ferdinando Galiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Galvani" title="Luigi Galvani">Luigi Galvani</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Genovesi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonio Genovesi (a páxina aínda non existe)">Antonio Genovesi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francesco_Mario_Pagano&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Francesco Mario Pagano (a páxina aínda non existe)">Francesco Mario Pagano</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giovanni_Salvemini&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Giovanni Salvemini (a páxina aínda non existe)">Giovanni Salvemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Verri" title="Pietro Verri">Pietro Verri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Países Baixos</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balthasar_Bekker&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Balthasar Bekker (a páxina aínda non existe)">Balthasar Bekker</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pieter_de_la_Court&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pieter de la Court (a páxina aínda non existe)">Pieter de la Court</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petrus_Cunaeus&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Petrus Cunaeus (a páxina aínda non existe)">Petrus Cunaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Hugo Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Hemsterhuis&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="François Hemsterhuis (a páxina aínda non existe)">François Hemsterhuis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens" title="Christiaan Huygens">Christiaan Huygens</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adriaan_Koerbagh&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Adriaan Koerbagh (a páxina aínda non existe)">Adriaan Koerbagh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederik_van_Leenhof&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Frederik van Leenhof (a páxina aínda non existe)">Frederik van Leenhof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_van_Leeuwenhoek" title="Antoni van Leeuwenhoek">Antoni van Leeuwenhoek</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Nieuwentyt&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bernard Nieuwentyt (a páxina aínda non existe)">Bernard Nieuwentyt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" class="mw-redirect" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Swammerdam" title="Jan Swammerdam">Jan Swammerdam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hendrik_Wyermars&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hendrik Wyermars (a páxina aínda non existe)">Hendrik Wyermars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Polonia</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tadeusz_Czacki&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tadeusz Czacki (a páxina aínda non existe)">Tadeusz Czacki</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ko%C5%82%C5%82%C4%85taj&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hugo Kołłątaj (a páxina aínda non existe)">Hugo Kołłątaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Konarski" title="Stanisław Konarski">Stanisław Konarski</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ignacy_Krasicki&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ignacy Krasicki (a páxina aínda non existe)">Ignacy Krasicki</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julian_Ursyn_Niemcewicz&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz (a páxina aínda non existe)">Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanis%C5%82aw_August_Poniatowski&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Stanisław August Poniatowski (a páxina aínda non existe)">Stanisław August Poniatowski</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C4%99drzej_%C5%9Aniadecki&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jędrzej Śniadecki (a páxina aínda non existe)">Jędrzej Śniadecki</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanis%C5%82aw_Staszic&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Stanisław Staszic (a páxina aínda non existe)">Stanisław Staszic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%B3zef_Wybicki&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Józef Wybicki (a páxina aínda non existe)">Józef Wybicki</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrzej_Stanis%C5%82aw_Za%C5%82uski&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrzej Stanisław Załuski (a páxina aínda non existe)">Andrzej Stanisław Załuski</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%B3zef_Andrzej_Za%C5%82uski&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Józef Andrzej Załuski (a páxina aínda non existe)">Józef Andrzej Załuski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A3o_Jos%C3%A9_de_Carvalho_e_Melo" title="Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo">Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Romanía</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ion_Budai-Deleanu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ion Budai-Deleanu (a páxina aínda non existe)">Ion Budai-Deleanu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dinicu_Golescu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dinicu Golescu (a páxina aínda non existe)">Dinicu Golescu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petru_Maior&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Petru Maior (a páxina aínda non existe)">Petru Maior</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuil_Micu-Klein&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuil Micu-Klein (a páxina aínda non existe)">Samuil Micu-Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gheorghe_%C8%98incai&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gheorghe Șincai (a páxina aínda non existe)">Gheorghe Șincai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rusia</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catarina_II_de_Rusia" title="Catarina II de Rusia">Catarina II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Denis_Fonvizin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Denis Fonvizin (a páxina aínda non existe)">Denis Fonvizin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Kheraskov&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikhail Kheraskov (a páxina aínda non existe)">Mikhail Kheraskov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lomonosov" title="Mikhail Lomonosov">Mikhail Lomonosov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolay_Novikov&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolay Novikov (a páxina aínda non existe)">Nikolay Novikov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Radishchev&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Radishchev (a páxina aínda non existe)">Alexander Radishchev</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yekaterina_Vorontsova-Dashkova&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Yekaterina Vorontsova-Dashkova (a páxina aínda non existe)">Yekaterina Vorontsova-Dashkova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reino Unido<br />(<a href="/wiki/Ilustraci%C3%B3n_escocesa" title="Ilustración escocesa">Escocia</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Addison" title="Joseph Addison">Joseph Addison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon_(fil%C3%B3sofo)" title="Francis Bacon (filósofo)">Francis Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Beattie" title="James Beattie">James Beattie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Black&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Black (a páxina aínda non existe)">Joseph Black</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugh_Blair&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hugh Blair (a páxina aínda non existe)">Hugh Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Boswell&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="James Boswell (a páxina aínda non existe)">James Boswell</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Burnett,_Lord_Monboddo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="James Burnett, Lord Monboddo (a páxina aínda non existe)">James Burnett, Lord Monboddo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Collins&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Anthony Collins (a páxina aínda non existe)">Anthony Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_Ferguson&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Adam Ferguson (a páxina aínda non existe)">Adam Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Edward Gibbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Hutcheson_(fil%C3%B3sofo)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Francis Hutcheson (filósofo) (a páxina aínda non existe)">Francis Hutcheson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Samuel Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Millar_(fil%C3%B3sofo)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="John Millar (filósofo) (a páxina aínda non existe)">John Millar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Isaac Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Ogilvie_of_Pittensear&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="William Ogilvie of Pittensear (a páxina aínda non existe)">William Ogilvie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Price&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Price (a páxina aínda non existe)">Richard Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Joseph Priestley</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Reid&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Reid (a páxina aínda non existe)">Thomas Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_3rd_Earl_of_Shaftesbury&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury (a páxina aínda non existe)">Shaftesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dugald_Stewart&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dugald Stewart (a páxina aínda non existe)">Dugald Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Mary Wollstonecraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Xenebra</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Firmin_Abauzit&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Firmin Abauzit (a páxina aínda non existe)">Firmin Abauzit</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Bonnet&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Bonnet (a páxina aínda non existe)">Charles Bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Jacques_Burlamaqui&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui (a páxina aínda non existe)">Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Louis_de_Lolme&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Louis de Lolme (a páxina aínda non existe)">Jean-Louis de Lolme</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Pr%C3%A9vost&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Prévost (a páxina aínda non existe)">Pierre Prévost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antoine-Jacques_Roustan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Antoine-Jacques Roustan (a páxina aínda non existe)">Antoine-Jacques Roustan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace-B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dict_de_Saussure&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Horace-Bénédict de Saussure (a páxina aínda non existe)">Horace-Bénédict de Saussure</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacob_Vernes&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacob Vernes (a páxina aínda non existe)">Jacob Vernes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacob_Vernet&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacob Vernet (a páxina aínda non existe)">Jacob Vernet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Categor%C3%ADa:Ilustraci%C3%B3n_(corrente_intelectual)" title="Categoría:Ilustración (corrente intelectual)">Categoría</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Control_de_autoridades" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Control_de_autoridades" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width: 12%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Axuda:Control_de_autoridades" title="Axuda:Control de autoridades">Control de autoridades</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlinks" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Main_Page" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span>: <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q935" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q935">Q935</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/22146457">WorldCat</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/22146457/">22146457</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Apost%C3%B3lica_Vaticana" title="Biblioteca Apostólica Vaticana">BAV</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/https://viaf.org/processed/BAV%7CADV10260288">ADV10260288</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/BIBSYS" title="BIBSYS">BIBSYS</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90116488">90116488</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_do_Brasil" title="Biblioteca Nacional do Brasil">BLBNB</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://acervo.bn.gov.br/sophia_web/autoridade/detalhe/000578553">000578553</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Museo_Brit%C3%A1nico" title="Museo Británico">BMT</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG75601">75601</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_da_Rep%C3%BAblica_Arxentina" title="Biblioteca Nacional da República Arxentina">BNA</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&amp;local_base=BNA10&amp;doc_number=000023090">000023090</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BNB: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bnb.data.bl.uk/doc/person/NewtonIsaac1642-1727">ID</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Chile&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Biblioteca Nacional de Chile (a páxina aínda non existe)">BNCHL</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F/?func=direct&amp;local_base=red10&amp;doc_number=000039641">000039641</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Biblioteca Nacional de España">BNE</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX1041810">XX1041810</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Francia" title="Biblioteca Nacional de Francia">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119176085">119176085</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Grande_Enciclopedia_Rusa" title="Grande Enciclopedia Rusa">BRE</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.bigenc.ru/text/2281138">2281138</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A1logo_de_autoridades_de_nomes_e_t%C3%ADtulos_de_Catalu%C3%B1a" title="Catálogo de autoridades de nomes e títulos de Cataluña">CANTIC</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registres/CUCId/a10433399">a10433399</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Consortium_of_European_Research_Libraries" title="Consortium of European Research Libraries">CERL</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.cerl.org/thesaurus/cnp01498927">cnp01498927</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/CiNii" title="CiNii">CiNii</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00086072">DA00086072</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">DeutscheBio: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118587544.html">118587544</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Documents_diplomatiques_suisses&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Documents diplomatiques suisses (a páxina aínda non existe)">Dodis</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dodis.ch/P66018">P66018</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_Oxford" title="Universidade de Oxford">E-Enlightment</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.13051/ee:bio/newtoisaac002662">newtoisaac002662</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">EBID</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Isaac-Newton">ID</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_Alexandrina" title="Bibliotheca Alexandrina">EGAXA</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/processed/EGAXA%7Cvtls001125226">vtls001125226</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Europeana" title="Europeana">Europeana</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.europeana.eu/agent/base/146840">ID</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Faceted_Application_of_Subject_Terminology" title="Faceted Application of Subject Terminology">FAST</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.worldcat.org/fast/1801333">1801333</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Gran_Enciclop%C3%A8dia_Catalana" title="Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana">GEC</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enciclopedia.cat/ec-gec-0045915.xml">0045915</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118587544">118587544</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Proxecto_Gutenberg" title="Proxecto Gutenberg">Gutenberg</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/6288">6288</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Istituto_Centrale_per_il_Catalogo_Unico" title="Istituto Centrale per il Catalogo Unico">ICCU</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/risultati-autori/-/opac-autori/detail/CFIV002501?core=autoriall">CFIV002501</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Movie_Database" title="Internet Movie Database">IMDb</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=345&amp;url_prefix=https://www.imdb.com/&amp;id=nm8865538">nm8865538</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Isidore: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isidore.science/a/newton_isaac_auteur_du_texte">newton_isaac_auteur_du_texte</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" title="International Standard Name Identifier">ISNI</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000120997897">0000000120997897</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblioteca_e_Arquivos_do_Canad%C3%A1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Biblioteca e Arquivos do Canadá (a páxina aínda non existe)">LAC</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collectionscanada.gc.ca/canadiana-authorities/index/view?index_name=cdnAutNbr&amp;search_text=0061B1539&amp;page=1&amp;cdnAutNbr=0061B1539">0061B1539</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79007443">n79007443</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/LibraryThing" title="LibraryThing">LibraryThing</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.librarything.com/author/newtonisaac">newtonisaac</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/2836">2836</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_Genealogy_Project" title="Mathematics Genealogy Project">MGP</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=74313">74313</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_Reviews" title="Mathematical Reviews">MR</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/130825">130825</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Central_Library&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="National Central Library (a páxina aínda non existe)">NCL</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleweb.ncl.edu.tw/F/?func=accref&amp;acc_sequence=001181923">001181923</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_da_Dieta" title="Biblioteca Nacional da Dieta">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00451249">00451249</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_da_Rep%C3%BAblica_Checa" title="Biblioteca Nacional da República Checa">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&amp;local_base=aut&amp;ccl_term=ica=jn20000604178">jn20000604178</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Australia" title="Biblioteca Nacional de Australia">NLA</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librariesaustralia.nla.gov.au/search/display?dbid=auth&amp;id=35385821">35385821</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Grecia" title="Biblioteca Nacional de Grecia">NLG</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://koha.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?marc=1&amp;authid=139366">139366</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Notable_Names_Database" title="Notable Names Database">NNDB</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nndb.com/people/864/000024792/">000024792</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery" title="National Portrait Gallery">NPG</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp03286">mp03286</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Real_dos_Pa%C3%ADses_Baixos" title="Biblioteca Real dos Países Baixos">NTA</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068482841">068482841</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">OBP: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/lookupname?key=Newton,Isaac,1642-1727">ID</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">ODNB</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/20059">20059</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library">OL</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL18916A?mode=all">OL18916A</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">openMLOL: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.medialibrary.it/media/ricercaopen.aspx?selcrea=10190">10190</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/ORCID" title="ORCID">ORCID</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6137-1097">0000-0002-6137-1097</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Portugal" title="Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal">PTBNP</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/981465">981465</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_do_Estado_Ruso" title="Biblioteca do Estado Ruso">RSL</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&amp;find_code=SYS&amp;adjacent=Y&amp;local_base=RSL11&amp;request=000039006&amp;CON_LNG=ENG">000039006</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar">Scholar</a>: 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href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/la-rivoluzione-scientifica-i-protagonisti-isaac-newton_(Storia-della-Scienza)">la-rivoluzione-scientifica-i-protagonisti-isaac-newton_(Storia-della-Scienza)</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Union_List_of_Artist_Names" title="Union List of Artist Names">ULAN</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&amp;role=&amp;nation=&amp;subjectid=500330573">500330573</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/WikiTree" title="WikiTree">WikiTree</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Newton-17">Newton-17</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zentralblatt_MATH&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Zentralblatt MATH (a páxina aínda non existe)">zbMATH</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:newton.isaac">newton.isaac</a></span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐5dc468848‐gsc6z Cached time: 20241124020818 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 2.095 seconds Real time usage: 3.663 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 13417/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 362885/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 60817/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 26/100 Expensive parser function count: 59/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 72050/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 1.363/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 13249033/52428800 bytes Lua Profile: MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntity 440 ms 27.8% ? 240 ms 15.2% 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