CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><head><meta charSet="utf-8"/><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width"/><title>Scientific publishers are producing more papers than ever</title><link rel="icon" href="/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon"/><link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/engassets/ico/touch-icon-120x120.png"/><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/engassets/ico/touch-icon-180x180.png"/><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="/engassets/ico/touch-icon-152x152.png"/><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="167x167" href="/engassets/ico/touch-icon-167x167.png"/><link rel="manifest" href="/site.webmanifest.json"/><link href="https://cdn.design-system.economist.com" rel="preconnect"/><link href="https://cdn.design-system.economist.com" rel="preconnect" crossorigin="anonymous"/><link href="https://cdn.parsely.com" rel="preconnect"/><meta name="theme-color" content="#E3120B"/><meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#E3120B"/><meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="/engassets/ico/tile-144.png"/><meta name="application-name" content="The Economist"/><meta name="msapplication-tooltip" content="The Economist"/><link rel="canonical" href="https://www.economist.com/science-and-technology/2024/11/20/scientific-publishers-are-producing-more-papers-than-ever"/><meta name="description" content="Concerns about some of their business models are building | Science & technology"/><meta name="parsely-post-id" content="ldq42e1fc34nlp1bfrt2k9tq8uqgoved"/><meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:large"/><meta name="thumbnail" content="https://www.economist.com/content-assets/images/20241123_STD001.jpg"/><meta property="og:site_name" content="The Economist"/><meta property="og:title" content="Scientific publishers are producing more papers than ever"/><meta property="og:type" content="Article"/><meta property="og:url" content="https://www.economist.com/science-and-technology/2024/11/20/scientific-publishers-are-producing-more-papers-than-ever"/><meta property="og:description" content="Concerns about some of their business models are building "/><meta property="og:image" content="https://www.economist.com/content-assets/images/20241123_STD001.jpg"/><meta property="og:image:width" content="1280"/><meta property="og:image:height" content="720"/><meta property="og:image:alt" content="illustration of a blue laboratory flask with a hand holding it from the side. A large explosion of white papers is erupting from the top of the flask"/><meta property="twitter:image:alt" content="illustration of a blue laboratory flask with a hand holding it from the side. A large explosion of white papers is erupting from the top of the flask"/><meta name="twitter:site" content="@TheEconomist"/><meta name="twitter:description" content="Concerns about some of their business models are building "/><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/><meta name="twitter:image" content="https://www.economist.com/content-assets/images/20241123_STD001.jpg"/><meta property="fb:app_id" content="193926687345108"/><meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes"/><meta name="mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes"/><script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","isPartOf":{"@type":["NewsArticle","Product"],"name":"The Economist","productID":"economist.com:showcase"},"url":"https://www.economist.com/science-and-technology/2024/11/20/scientific-publishers-are-producing-more-papers-than-ever","dateline":"","headline":"Scientific publishers are producing more papers than ever","description":"Concerns about some of their business models are building ","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.economist.com/science-and-technology/2024/11/20/scientific-publishers-are-producing-more-papers-than-ever","dateCreated":"2024-11-20T18:17:37.358Z","datePublished":"2024-11-20T18:17:37.358Z","dateModified":"","image":"https://www.economist.com/content-assets/images/20241123_STD001.jpg","publisher":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","name":"The Economist","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://www.economist.com/engassets/google-search-logo.png"}},"author":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","name":"The Economist","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://www.economist.com/engassets/google-search-logo.png"},"url":"https://www.economist.com/"},"creator":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","name":"The Economist","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://www.economist.com/engassets/google-search-logo.png"}},"copyrightHolder":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","name":"The Economist","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://www.economist.com/engassets/google-search-logo.png"}},"copyrightYear":2024,"articleSection":"Science & technology","thumbnailUrl":"https://www.economist.com/content-assets/images/20241123_STD001.jpg","keywords":[],"inLanguage":"en","isAccessibleForFree":false,"printSection":"Science & technology","printEdition":"2024-11-23T00:00:00.000Z"} </script><script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","name":"The Economist","foundingDate":"1843","url":"https://www.economist.com","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://www.economist.com/engassets/google-search-logo.png"},"sameAs":["https://www.facebook.com/theeconomist","https://www.instagram.com/theeconomist","https://www.twitter.com/theeconomist","https://www.linkedin.com/company/the-economist","https://www.youtube.com/user/economistmagazine","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist"]} </script><link rel="preload" as="image" imageSrcSet="https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=360,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20241123_STD001.jpg 360w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=384,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20241123_STD001.jpg 384w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=480,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20241123_STD001.jpg 480w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=600,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20241123_STD001.jpg 600w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=834,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20241123_STD001.jpg 834w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=960,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20241123_STD001.jpg 960w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=1096,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20241123_STD001.jpg 1096w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=1280,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20241123_STD001.jpg 1280w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=1424,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20241123_STD001.jpg 1424w" imageSizes="(min-width: 960px) 700px, 95vw" fetchpriority="high"/><meta name="next-head-count" content="42"/><script>window.env = {"ENV":"production"}; </script><script data-nscript="beforeInteractive">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info = {"agent":"","beacon":"bam.eu01.nr-data.net","errorBeacon":"bam.eu01.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"NRBR-d59e0edcfdf2bb57fb4","applicationID":"475131438","agentToken":null,"applicationTime":119.041943,"transactionName":"MhBSZQoZCxFWUBZbWgtac0QLDAoPGFANXEEAG0Q=","queueTime":0,"ttGuid":"0111ced68bf4424c"}; (window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={privacy:{cookies_enabled:true},ajax:{deny_list:["bam.eu01.nr-data.net"]},distributed_tracing:{enabled:true}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={agentID:"538522448",accountID:"2609975",trustKey:"2609975",xpid:"VgAHWF9UDRAEU1RTBAADVVw=",licenseKey:"NRBR-d59e0edcfdf2bb57fb4",applicationID:"475131438"};;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-spa-1.274.0.min.js.LICENSE.txt */ (()=>{var e,t,r={8122:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>i});var n=r(944);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.R)(3);if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.R)(4);const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{if(null===e[a]){r[a]=null;continue}Array.isArray(e[a])&&Array.isArray(t[a])?r[a]=Array.from(new Set([...e[a],...t[a]])):"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.R)(1,e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.R)(2,e)}}},2555:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Vp:()=>c,fn:()=>s,x1:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8122);const o={beacon:n.NT.beacon,errorBeacon:n.NT.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){try{const t=c(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}function c(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function u(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.info=a[e])}},9417:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D0:()=>h,gD:()=>g,xN:()=>p});var n=r(993);const i=e=>{if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return!1;try{document.createDocumentFragment().querySelector(e)}catch{return!1}return!0};var o=r(2614),a=r(944),s=r(384),c=r(8122);const u="[data-nr-mask]",d=()=>{const e={mask_selector:"*",block_selector:"[data-nr-block]",mask_input_options:{color:!1,date:!1,"datetime-local":!1,email:!1,month:!1,number:!1,range:!1,search:!1,tel:!1,text:!1,time:!1,url:!1,week:!1,textarea:!1,select:!1,password:!0}};return{ajax:{deny_list:void 0,block_internal:!0,enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},feature_flags:[],generic_events:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},harvest:{tooManyRequestsDelay:60},jserrors:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},logging:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0,level:n.p_.INFO},metrics:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},obfuscate:void 0,page_action:{enabled:!0},page_view_event:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},performance:{capture_marks:!1,capture_measures:!1},privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},proxy:{assets:void 0,beacon:void 0},session:{expiresMs:o.wk,inactiveMs:o.BB},session_replay:{autoStart:!0,enabled:!1,harvestTimeSeconds:60,preload:!1,sampling_rate:10,error_sampling_rate:100,collect_fonts:!1,inline_images:!1,fix_stylesheets:!0,mask_all_inputs:!0,get mask_text_selector(){return e.mask_selector},set mask_text_selector(t){i(t)?e.mask_selector="".concat(t,",").concat(u):""===t||null===t?e.mask_selector=u:(0,a.R)(5,t)},get block_class(){return"nr-block"},get ignore_class(){return"nr-ignore"},get mask_text_class(){return"nr-mask"},get block_selector(){return e.block_selector},set block_selector(t){i(t)?e.block_selector+=",".concat(t):""!==t&&(0,a.R)(6,t)},get mask_input_options(){return e.mask_input_options},set mask_input_options(t){t&&"object"==typeof t?e.mask_input_options={...t,password:!0}:(0,a.R)(7,t)}},session_trace:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},soft_navigations:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},spa:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},ssl:void 0,user_actions:{enabled:!0}}},l={},f="All configuration objects require an agent identifier!";function h(e){if(!e)throw new Error(f);if(!l[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return l[e]}function p(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);l[e]=(0,c.a)(t,d());const r=(0,s.nY)(e);r&&(r.init=l[e])}function g(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);var r=h(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(r=r[n[i]]))return;r=r[n[n.length-1]]}return r}},5603:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>c,o:()=>s});var n=r(384),i=r(8122);const o={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},a={};function s(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("LoaderConfig for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function c(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.loader_config=a[e])}},3371:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>f,f:()=>l});var n=r(8122),i=r(384),o=r(6154),a=r(9324);let s=0;const c={buildEnv:a.F3,distMethod:a.Xs,version:a.xv,originTime:o.WN},u={customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,onerror:void 0,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},appMetadata:{},session:void 0,denyList:void 0,timeKeeper:void 0,obfuscator:void 0},d={};function l(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!d[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return d[e]}function f(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");d[e]={...(0,n.a)(t,u),...c},Object.hasOwnProperty.call(d[e],"harvestCount")||Object.defineProperty(d[e],"harvestCount",{get:()=>++s});const r=(0,i.nY)(e);r&&(r.runtime=d[e])}},9324:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{F3:()=>i,Xs:()=>o,Yq:()=>a,xv:()=>n});const n="1.274.0",i="PROD",o="CDN",a="^2.0.0-alpha.17"},6154:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{A4:()=>s,OF:()=>d,RI:()=>i,WN:()=>h,bv:()=>o,gm:()=>a,lR:()=>f,m:()=>u,mw:()=>c,sb:()=>l});var n=r(1863);const i="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,o="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),a=i?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),s="complete"===a?.document?.readyState,c=Boolean("hidden"===a?.document?.visibilityState),u=""+a?.location,d=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(a.navigator?.userAgent),l=d&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,f=(()=>{const e=a.navigator?.userAgent?.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);return Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2?+e[1]:0})(),h=Date.now()-(0,n.t)()},7295:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Xv:()=>a,gX:()=>i,iW:()=>o});var n=[];function i(e){if(!e||o(e))return!1;if(0===n.length)return!0;for(var t=0;t<n.length;t++){var r=n[t];if("*"===r.hostname)return!1;if(s(r.hostname,e.hostname)&&c(r.pathname,e.pathname))return!1}return!0}function o(e){return void 0===e.hostname}function a(e){if(n=[],e&&e.length)for(var t=0;t<e.length;t++){let r=e[t];if(!r)continue;0===r.indexOf("http://")?r=r.substring(7):0===r.indexOf("https://")&&(r=r.substring(8));const i=r.indexOf("/");let o,a;i>0?(o=r.substring(0,i),a=r.substring(i)):(o=r,a="");let[s]=o.split(":");n.push({hostname:s,pathname:a})}}function s(e,t){return!(e.length>t.length)&&t.indexOf(e)===t.length-e.length}function c(e,t){return 0===e.indexOf("/")&&(e=e.substring(1)),0===t.indexOf("/")&&(t=t.substring(1)),""===e||e===t}},1687:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Ak:()=>c,Ze:()=>l,x3:()=>u});var n=r(7836),i=r(3606),o=r(860),a=r(2646);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:o.P3[t]||0};d(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e,t){e&&s[e]&&(s[e].get(t)&&s[e].delete(t),h(e,t,!1),s[e].size&&f(e))}function d(e){if(!e)throw new Error("agentIdentifier required");s[e]||(s[e]=new Map)}function l(e="",t="feature",r=!1){if(d(e),!e||!s[e].get(t)||r)return h(e,t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0,f(e)}function f(e){const t=Array.from(s[e]);t.every((([e,t])=>t.staged))&&(t.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),t.forEach((([t])=>{s[e].delete(t),h(e,t)})))}function h(e,t,r=!0){const o=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,s=i.i.handlers;if(!o.aborted&&o.backlog&&s){if(r){const e=o.backlog[t],r=s[t];if(r){for(let t=0;e&&t<e.length;++t)p(e[t],r);Object.entries(r).forEach((([e,t])=>{Object.values(t||{}).forEach((t=>{t[0]?.on&&t[0]?.context()instanceof a.y&&t[0].on(e,t[1])}))}))}}o.isolatedBacklog||delete s[t],o.backlog[t]=null,o.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}function p(e,t){var r=e[1];Object.values(t[r]||{}).forEach((t=>{var r=e[0];if(t[0]===r){var n=t[1],i=e[3],o=e[2];n.apply(i,o)}}))}},7836:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P:()=>c,ee:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8990),o=r(3371),a=r(2646),s=r(5607);const c="nr@context:".concat(s.W),u=function e(t,r){var n={},s={},d={},l=!1;try{l=16===r.length&&(0,o.f)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var f={on:p,addEventListener:p,removeEventListener:function(e,t){var r=n[e];if(!r)return;for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)},emit:function(e,r,n,i,o){!1!==o&&(o=!0);if(u.aborted&&!i)return;t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=h(n),c=g(e),d=c.length,l=0;l<d;l++)c[l].apply(a,r);var p=v()[s[e]];p&&p.push([f,e,r,a]);return a},get:m,listeners:g,context:h,buffer:function(e,t){const r=v();if(t=t||"feature",f.aborted)return;Object.entries(e||{}).forEach((([e,n])=>{s[n]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])}))},abort:function(){f._aborted=!0,Object.keys(f.backlog).forEach((e=>{delete f.backlog[e]}))},isBuffering:function(e){return!!v()[s[e]]},debugId:r,backlog:l?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{},isolatedBacklog:l};return Object.defineProperty(f,"aborted",{get:()=>{let e=f._aborted||!1;return e||(t&&(e=t.aborted),e)}}),f;function h(e){return e&&e instanceof a.y?e:e?(0,i.I)(e,c,(()=>new a.y(c))):new a.y(c)}function p(e,t){n[e]=g(e).concat(t)}function g(e){return n[e]||[]}function m(t){return d[t]=d[t]||e(f,t)}function v(){return f.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),d=(0,n.Zm)();d.ee||(d.ee=u)},2646:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{y:()=>n});class n{constructor(e){this.contextId=e}}},9908:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{d:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(7836).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},3606:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{i:()=>o});var n=r(9908);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.d,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.d);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},3878:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){return{capture:e,passive:!1,signal:t}}function i(e,t,r=!1,i){window.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}function o(e,t,r=!1,i){document.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}r.d(t,{DD:()=>o,jT:()=>n,sp:()=>i})},5607:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>n});const n=(0,r(9566).bz)()},9566:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{LA:()=>s,ZF:()=>c,bz:()=>a,el:()=>u});var n=r(6154);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(30))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,r++).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(e)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s<e;s++)a.push(o(r,i++).toString(16));return a.join("")}function c(){return s(16)}function u(){return s(32)}},2614:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>a,H3:()=>n,g:()=>u,iL:()=>c,tS:()=>s,uh:()=>i,wk:()=>o});const n="NRBA",i="SESSION",o=144e5,a=18e5,s={STARTED:"session-started",PAUSE:"session-pause",RESET:"session-reset",RESUME:"session-resume",UPDATE:"session-update"},c={SAME_TAB:"same-tab",CROSS_TAB:"cross-tab"},u={OFF:0,FULL:1,ERROR:2}},1863:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(){return Math.floor(performance.now())}r.d(t,{t:()=>n})},7485:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D:()=>i});var n=r(6154);function i(e){if(0===(e||"").indexOf("data:"))return{protocol:"data"};try{const t=new URL(e,location.href),r={port:t.port,hostname:t.hostname,pathname:t.pathname,search:t.search,protocol:t.protocol.slice(0,t.protocol.indexOf(":")),sameOrigin:t.protocol===n.gm?.location?.protocol&&t.host===n.gm?.location?.host};return r.port&&""!==r.port||("http:"===t.protocol&&(r.port="80"),"https:"===t.protocol&&(r.port="443")),r.pathname&&""!==r.pathname?r.pathname.startsWith("/")||(r.pathname="/".concat(r.pathname)):r.pathname="/",r}catch(e){return{}}}},944:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.debug&&console.debug("New Relic Warning: https://github.com/newrelic/newrelic-browser-agent/blob/main/docs/warning-codes.md#".concat(e),t)}r.d(t,{R:()=>n})},5284:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>c,B:()=>s});var n=r(7836),i=r(6154);const o="newrelic";const a=new Set,s={};function c(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);s[t]??={},e&&"object"==typeof e&&(a.has(t)||(r.emit("rumresp",[e]),s[t]=e,a.add(t),function(e={}){try{i.gm.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(o,{detail:e}))}catch(e){}}({loaded:!0})))}},8990:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{I:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},6389:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t=500,r={}){const n=r?.leading||!1;let i;return(...r)=>{n&&void 0===i&&(e.apply(this,r),i=setTimeout((()=>{i=clearTimeout(i)}),t)),n||(clearTimeout(i),i=setTimeout((()=>{e.apply(this,r)}),t))}}function i(e){let t=!1;return(...r)=>{t||(t=!0,e.apply(this,r))}}r.d(t,{J:()=>i,s:()=>n})},3304:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{A:()=>o});var n=r(7836);const i=()=>{const e=new WeakSet;return(t,r)=>{if("object"==typeof r&&null!==r){if(e.has(r))return;e.add(r)}return r}};function o(e){try{return JSON.stringify(e,i())??""}catch(e){try{n.ee.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}return""}}},5289:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{GG:()=>o,sB:()=>a});var n=r(3878);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.sp)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.DD)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},384:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{NT:()=>o,US:()=>d,Zm:()=>a,bQ:()=>c,dV:()=>s,nY:()=>u,pV:()=>l});var n=r(6154),i=r(1863);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return n.gm.NREUM||(n.gm.NREUM={}),void 0===n.gm.newrelic&&(n.gm.newrelic=n.gm.NREUM),n.gm.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:n.gm.setTimeout,SI:n.gm.setImmediate,CT:n.gm.clearTimeout,XHR:n.gm.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:n.gm.Request,EV:n.gm.Event,PR:n.gm.Promise,MO:n.gm.MutationObserver,FETCH:n.gm.fetch,WS:n.gm.WebSocket}),e}function c(e,t){let r=a();r.initializedAgents??={},t.initializedAt={ms:(0,i.t)(),date:new Date},r.initializedAgents[e]=t}function u(e){let t=a();return t.initializedAgents?.[e]}function d(e,t){a()[e]=t}function l(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},2843:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>i});var n=r(3878);function i(e,t=!1,r,i){(0,n.DD)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"===document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},8139:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>f});var n=r(7836),i=r(3434),o=r(8990),a=r(6154);const s={},c=a.gm.XMLHttpRequest,u="addEventListener",d="removeEventListener",l="nr@wrapped:".concat(n.P);function f(e){var t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("events")}(e);if(s[t.debugId]++)return t;s[t.debugId]=1;var r=(0,i.YM)(t,!0);function f(e){r.inPlace(e,[u,d],"-",p)}function p(e,t){return e[1]}return"getPrototypeOf"in Object&&(a.RI&&h(document,f),h(a.gm,f),h(c.prototype,f)),t.on(u+"-start",(function(e,t){var n=e[1];if(null!==n&&("function"==typeof n||"object"==typeof n)){var i=(0,o.I)(n,l,(function(){var e={object:function(){if("function"!=typeof n.handleEvent)return;return n.handleEvent.apply(n,arguments)},function:n}[typeof n];return e?r(e,"fn-",null,e.name||"anonymous"):n}));this.wrapped=e[1]=i}})),t.on(d+"-start",(function(e){e[1]=this.wrapped||e[1]})),t}function h(e,t,...r){let n=e;for(;"object"==typeof n&&!Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(n,u);)n=Object.getPrototypeOf(n);n&&t(n,...r)}},3434:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Jt:()=>o,YM:()=>c});var n=r(7836),i=r(5607);const o="nr@original:".concat(i.W);var a=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,s=!1;function c(e,t){return e||(e=n.ee),r.inPlace=function(e,t,n,i,o){n||(n="");const a="-"===n.charAt(0);for(let s=0;s<t.length;s++){const c=t[s],u=e[c];d(u)||(e[c]=r(u,a?c+n:n,i,c,o))}},r.flag=o,r;function r(t,r,n,s,c){return d(t)?t:(r||(r=""),nrWrapper[o]=t,function(e,t,r){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.keys(e).forEach((function(r){Object.defineProperty(t,r,{get:function(){return e[r]},set:function(t){return e[r]=t,t}})})),t}catch(e){u([e],r)}for(var n in e)a.call(e,n)&&(t[n]=e[n])}(t,nrWrapper,e),nrWrapper);function nrWrapper(){var o,a,d,l;try{a=this,o=[...arguments],d="function"==typeof n?n(o,a):n||{}}catch(t){u([t,"",[o,a,s],d],e)}i(r+"start",[o,a,s],d,c);try{return l=t.apply(a,o)}catch(e){throw i(r+"err",[o,a,e],d,c),e}finally{i(r+"end",[o,a,l],d,c)}}}function i(r,n,i,o){if(!s||t){var a=s;s=!0;try{e.emit(r,n,i,t,o)}catch(t){u([t,r,n,i],e)}s=a}}}function u(e,t){t||(t=n.ee);try{t.emit("internal-error",e)}catch(e){}}function d(e){return!(e&&"function"==typeof e&&e.apply&&!e[o])}},9300:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.ajax},3333:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{TZ:()=>n,Zp:()=>i,mq:()=>s,nf:()=>a,qN:()=>o});const n=r(860).K7.genericEvents,i=["auxclick","click","copy","keydown","paste","scrollend"],o=["focus","blur"],a=4,s=1e3},6774:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.jserrors},993:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{ET:()=>o,TZ:()=>a,p_:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i={ERROR:"ERROR",WARN:"WARN",INFO:"INFO",DEBUG:"DEBUG",TRACE:"TRACE"},o="log",a=n.K7.logging},3785:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{R:()=>c,b:()=>u});var n=r(9908),i=r(1863),o=r(860),a=r(3969),s=r(993);function c(e,t,r={},c=s.p_.INFO){(0,n.p)(a.xV,["API/logging/".concat(c.toLowerCase(),"/called")],void 0,o.K7.metrics,e),(0,n.p)(s.ET,[(0,i.t)(),t,r,c],void 0,o.K7.logging,e)}function u(e){return"string"==typeof e&&Object.values(s.p_).some((t=>t===e.toUpperCase().trim()))}},3969:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{TZ:()=>n,XG:()=>s,rs:()=>i,xV:()=>a,z_:()=>o});const n=r(860).K7.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},6630:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewEvent},782:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewTiming},6344:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>d,G4:()=>o,Qb:()=>l,TZ:()=>i,Ug:()=>a,_s:()=>s,bc:()=>u,yP:()=>c});var n=r(2614);const i=r(860).K7.sessionReplay,o={RECORD:"recordReplay",PAUSE:"pauseReplay",REPLAY_RUNNING:"replayRunning",ERROR_DURING_REPLAY:"errorDuringReplay"},a=.12,s={DomContentLoaded:0,Load:1,FullSnapshot:2,IncrementalSnapshot:3,Meta:4,Custom:5},c={[n.g.ERROR]:15e3,[n.g.FULL]:3e5,[n.g.OFF]:0},u={RESET:{message:"Session was reset",sm:"Reset"},IMPORT:{message:"Recorder failed to import",sm:"Import"},TOO_MANY:{message:"429: Too Many Requests",sm:"Too-Many"},TOO_BIG:{message:"Payload was too large",sm:"Too-Big"},CROSS_TAB:{message:"Session Entity was set to OFF on another tab",sm:"Cross-Tab"},ENTITLEMENTS:{message:"Session Replay is not allowed and will not be started",sm:"Entitlement"}},d=5e3,l={API:"api"}},5270:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Aw:()=>c,CT:()=>u,SR:()=>s});var n=r(384),i=r(9417),o=r(7767),a=r(6154);function s(e){return!!(0,n.dV)().o.MO&&(0,o.V)(e)&&!0===(0,i.gD)(e,"session_trace.enabled")}function c(e){return!0===(0,i.gD)(e,"session_replay.preload")&&s(e)}function u(e,t){const r=t.correctAbsoluteTimestamp(e);return{originalTimestamp:e,correctedTimestamp:r,timestampDiff:e-r,originTime:a.WN,correctedOriginTime:t.correctedOriginTime,originTimeDiff:Math.floor(a.WN-t.correctedOriginTime)}}},3738:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{He:()=>i,Kp:()=>s,Lc:()=>u,Rz:()=>d,TZ:()=>n,bD:()=>o,d3:()=>a,jx:()=>l,uP:()=>c});const n=r(860).K7.sessionTrace,i="bstResource",o="resource",a="-start",s="-end",c="fn"+a,u="fn"+s,d="pushState",l=1e3},3962:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{AM:()=>o,O2:()=>s,Qu:()=>c,TZ:()=>a,ih:()=>u,tC:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i=["click","keydown","submit"],o="api",a=n.K7.softNav,s={INITIAL_PAGE_LOAD:"",ROUTE_CHANGE:1,UNSPECIFIED:2},c={INTERACTION:1,AJAX:2,CUSTOM_END:3,CUSTOM_TRACER:4},u={IP:"in progress",FIN:"finished",CAN:"cancelled"}},7378:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$p:()=>x,BR:()=>b,Kp:()=>R,L3:()=>y,Lc:()=>c,NC:()=>o,SG:()=>d,TZ:()=>i,U6:()=>p,UT:()=>m,d3:()=>w,dT:()=>f,e5:()=>A,gx:()=>v,l9:()=>l,oW:()=>h,op:()=>g,rw:()=>u,tH:()=>E,uP:()=>s,wW:()=>T,xq:()=>a});var n=r(384);const i=r(860).K7.spa,o=["click","submit","keypress","keydown","keyup","change"],a=999,s="fn-start",c="fn-end",u="cb-start",d="api-ixn-",l="remaining",f="interaction",h="spaNode",p="jsonpNode",g="fetch-start",m="fetch-done",v="fetch-body-",b="jsonp-end",y=(0,n.dV)().o.ST,w="-start",R="-end",x="-body",T="cb"+R,A="jsTime",E="fetch"},4234:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>o});var n=r(7836),i=r(1687);class o{constructor(e,t){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.ee=n.ee.get(e),this.featureName=t,this.blocked=!1}deregisterDrain(){(0,i.x3)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName)}}},7767:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>o});var n=r(9417),i=r(6154);const o=e=>i.RI&&!0===(0,n.gD)(e,"privacy.cookies_enabled")},425:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{j:()=>j});var n=r(860),i=r(2555),o=r(3371),a=r(9908),s=r(7836),c=r(1687),u=r(5289),d=r(6154),l=r(944),f=r(3969),h=r(384),p=r(6344);const g=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId","setApplicationVersion","start",p.G4.RECORD,p.G4.PAUSE,"log","wrapLogger"],m=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease"];var v=r(1863),b=r(2614),y=r(993),w=r(3785),R=r(2646),x=r(3434);function T(e,t,r,n){if("object"!=typeof t||!t||"string"!=typeof r||!r||"function"!=typeof t[r])return(0,l.R)(29);const i=function(e){return(e||s.ee).get("logger")}(e),o=(0,x.YM)(i),a=new R.y(s.P);return a.level=n.level,a.customAttributes=n.customAttributes,o.inPlace(t,[r],"wrap-logger-",a),i}function A(){const e=(0,h.pV)();g.forEach((t=>{e[t]=(...r)=>function(t,...r){let n=[];return Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e&&e.api?e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&n.push(e.api[t](...r)):(0,l.R)(38,t)})),n.length>1?n:n[0]}(t,...r)}))}const E={};var S=r(9417),N=r(5603),O=r(5284);const _=e=>{const t=e.startsWith("http");e+="/",r.p=t?e:"https://"+e};let I=!1;function j(e,t={},g,R){let{init:x,info:j,loader_config:P,runtime:C={},exposed:k=!0}=t;C.loaderType=g;const L=(0,h.pV)();j||(x=L.init,j=L.info,P=L.loader_config),(0,S.xN)(e.agentIdentifier,x||{}),(0,N.a)(e.agentIdentifier,P||{}),j.jsAttributes??={},d.bv&&(j.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.x1)(e.agentIdentifier,j);const H=(0,S.D0)(e.agentIdentifier),D=[j.beacon,j.errorBeacon];I||(H.proxy.assets&&(_(H.proxy.assets),D.push(H.proxy.assets)),H.proxy.beacon&&D.push(H.proxy.beacon),A(),(0,h.US)("activatedFeatures",O.B),e.runSoftNavOverSpa&&=!0===H.soft_navigations.enabled&&H.feature_flags.includes("soft_nav")),C.denyList=[...H.ajax.deny_list||[],...H.ajax.block_internal?D:[]],C.ptid=e.agentIdentifier,(0,o.V)(e.agentIdentifier,C),e.ee=s.ee.get(e.agentIdentifier),void 0===e.api&&(e.api=function(e,t,h=!1){t||(0,c.Ak)(e,"api");const g={};var R=s.ee.get(e),x=R.get("tracer");E[e]=b.g.OFF,R.on(p.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(t=>{E[e]=t}));var A="api-",S=A+"ixn-";function N(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.Vp)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.x1)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),I(A,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function O(){}g.log=function(e,{customAttributes:t={},level:r=y.p_.INFO}={}){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/log/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),(0,w.R)(R,e,t,r)},g.wrapLogger=(e,t,{customAttributes:r={},level:i=y.p_.INFO}={})=>{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/wrapLogger/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),T(R,e,t,{customAttributes:r,level:i})},m.forEach((e=>{g[e]=I(A,e,!0,"api")})),g.addPageAction=I(A,"addPageAction",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),g.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,o.f)(e).customTransaction=(r||"http://custom.transaction")+t,I(A,"setPageViewName",!0)()},g.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t,r=!1){if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number","boolean"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return N(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,l.R)(40,typeof t)}else(0,l.R)(39,typeof e)},g.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,l.R)(41,typeof e)},g.setApplicationVersion=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("application.version",e,"setApplicationVersion",!1);(0,l.R)(42,typeof e)},g.start=()=>{try{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/start/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),R.emit("manual-start-all")}catch(e){(0,l.R)(23,e)}},g[p.G4.RECORD]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/recordReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),(0,a.p)(p.G4.RECORD,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,R)},g[p.G4.PAUSE]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/pauseReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),(0,a.p)(p.G4.PAUSE,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,R)},g.interaction=function(e){return(new O).get("object"==typeof e?e:{})};const _=O.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,o="function"==typeof t;return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/createTracer/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),h||(0,a.p)(S+"tracer",[(0,v.t)(),e,r],i,n.K7.spa,R),function(){if(x.emit((o?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,v.t)(),i,o],r),o)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){const t="string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e;throw x.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,t],r),t}finally{x.emit("fn-end",[(0,v.t)()],r)}}}};function I(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),i&&(0,a.p)(e+t,[(0,v.t)(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,R),r?void 0:this}}function j(){r.e(478).then(r.bind(r,8778)).then((({setAPI:t})=>{t(e),(0,c.Ze)(e,"api")})).catch((e=>{(0,l.R)(27,e),R.abort()}))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{_[e]=I(S,e,void 0,h?n.K7.softNav:n.K7.spa)})),g.setCurrentRouteName=h?I(S,"routeName",void 0,n.K7.softNav):I(A,"routeName",!0,n.K7.spa),g.noticeError=function(t,r){"string"==typeof t&&(t=new Error(t)),(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),(0,a.p)("err",[t,(0,v.t)(),!1,r,!!E[e]],void 0,n.K7.jserrors,R)},d.RI?(0,u.GG)((()=>j()),!0):j(),g}(e.agentIdentifier,R,e.runSoftNavOverSpa)),void 0===e.exposed&&(e.exposed=k),I=!0}},8374:(e,t,r)=>{r.nc=(()=>{try{return document?.currentScript?.nonce}catch(e){}return""})()},860:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$J:()=>o,K7:()=>n,P3:()=>i});const n={ajax:"ajax",genericEvents:"generic_events",jserrors:"jserrors",logging:"logging",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",softNav:"soft_navigations",spa:"spa"},i={[n.pageViewEvent]:1,[n.pageViewTiming]:2,[n.metrics]:3,[n.jserrors]:4,[n.spa]:5,[n.ajax]:6,[n.sessionTrace]:7,[n.softNav]:8,[n.sessionReplay]:9,[n.logging]:10,[n.genericEvents]:11},o={[n.pageViewTiming]:"events",[n.ajax]:"events",[n.spa]:"events",[n.softNav]:"events",[n.metrics]:"jserrors",[n.jserrors]:"jserrors",[n.sessionTrace]:"browser/blobs",[n.sessionReplay]:"browser/blobs",[n.logging]:"browser/logs",[n.genericEvents]:"ins"}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>({212:"nr-spa-compressor",249:"nr-spa-recorder",478:"nr-spa"}[e]+"-1.274.0.min.js"),i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA-1.274.0.PROD:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),d=0;d<u.length;d++){var l=u[d];if(l.getAttribute("src")==r||l.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+o){s=l;break}}if(!s){c=!0;var f={478:"sha512-1vUqEfJPB8Pihje9mv5CfYgkitO1FWcS+UQb84DbXqP8oYctRv4/lzl/MzNLPlRhcY1WVDBGL20I8vm6s2VV7g==",249:"sha512-Y/BeZAh6VSTmUtUNmS5XdyKxL92s30Fyyj8xVW76HSPxcKItL4+x2+kGMZc8pMJnUpZDz1L4eftZQAJh3D8NnA==",212:"sha512-Gn2tQ3qog5Yhrx/gRutkSTYPp+7nkKFt4/mIXg99LxcNpMDAYJZDBYmAACdoHNM86+iq1F3cBcQotFNzjIX8bw=="};(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+o),s.src=r,0!==s.src.indexOf(window.location.origin+"/")&&(s.crossOrigin="anonymous"),f[a]&&(s.integrity=f[a])}e[r]=[n];var h=(t,n)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(p);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},p=setTimeout(h.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=h.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=h.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={38:0,788:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u<a.length;u++)o=a[u],i.o(e,o)&&e[o]&&e[o][0](),e[o]=0},r=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.274.0.PROD"]=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.274.0.PROD"]||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})(),(()=>{"use strict";i(8374);var e=i(944),t=i(6344),r=i(9566);class n{agentIdentifier;constructor(e=(0,r.LA)(16)){this.agentIdentifier=e}#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}addPageAction(e,t){return this.#e("addPageAction",e,t)}setPageViewName(e,t){return this.#e("setPageViewName",e,t)}setCustomAttribute(e,t,r){return this.#e("setCustomAttribute",e,t,r)}noticeError(e,t){return this.#e("noticeError",e,t)}setUserId(e){return this.#e("setUserId",e)}setApplicationVersion(e){return this.#e("setApplicationVersion",e)}setErrorHandler(e){return this.#e("setErrorHandler",e)}addRelease(e,t){return this.#e("addRelease",e,t)}log(e,t){return this.#e("log",e,t)}}class o extends n{#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}start(){return this.#e("start")}finished(e){return this.#e("finished",e)}recordReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.RECORD)}pauseReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.PAUSE)}addToTrace(e){return this.#e("addToTrace",e)}setCurrentRouteName(e){return this.#e("setCurrentRouteName",e)}interaction(){return this.#e("interaction")}wrapLogger(e,t,r){return this.#e("wrapLogger",e,t,r)}}var a=i(860),s=i(9417);const c=Object.values(a.K7);function u(e){const t={};return c.forEach((r=>{t[r]=function(e,t){return!0===(0,s.gD)(t,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),t}var d=i(425);var l=i(1687),f=i(4234),h=i(5289),p=i(6154),g=i(5270),m=i(7767),v=i(6389);class b extends f.W{constructor(e,t,r=!0){super(e.agentIdentifier,t),this.auto=r,this.abortHandler=void 0,this.featAggregate=void 0,this.onAggregateImported=void 0,!1===e.init[this.featureName].autoStart&&(this.auto=!1),this.auto?(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,t):this.ee.on("manual-start-all",(0,v.J)((()=>{(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),this.auto=!0,this.importAggregator(e)})))}importAggregator(t,r={}){if(this.featAggregate||!this.auto)return;let n;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{n=e}));const o=async()=>{let o;try{if((0,m.V)(this.agentIdentifier)){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await i.e(478).then(i.bind(i,6526));o=e(t)}}catch(t){(0,e.R)(20,t),this.ee.emit("internal-error",[t]),this.featureName===a.K7.sessionReplay&&this.abortHandler?.()}try{if(t.sharedAggregator)await t.sharedAggregator;else{t.sharedAggregator=i.e(478).then(i.bind(i,9337));const{EventAggregator:e}=await t.sharedAggregator;t.sharedAggregator=new e}if(!this.#t(this.featureName,o))return(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),void n(!1);const{lazyFeatureLoader:e}=await i.e(478).then(i.bind(i,6103)),{Aggregate:a}=await e(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new a(t,r),n(!0)}catch(t){(0,e.R)(34,t),this.abortHandler?.(),(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName,!0),n(!1),this.ee&&this.ee.abort()}};p.RI?(0,h.GG)((()=>o()),!0):o()}#t(e,t){switch(e){case a.K7.sessionReplay:return(0,g.SR)(this.agentIdentifier)&&!!t;case a.K7.sessionTrace:return!!t;default:return!0}}}var y=i(6630);class w extends b{static featureName=y.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,y.T,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var R=i(384);var x=i(9908),T=i(2843),A=i(3878),E=i(782),S=i(1863);class N extends b{static featureName=E.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,E.T,t),p.RI&&((0,T.u)((()=>(0,x.p)("docHidden",[(0,S.t)()],void 0,E.T,this.ee)),!0),(0,A.sp)("pagehide",(()=>(0,x.p)("winPagehide",[(0,S.t)()],void 0,E.T,this.ee))),this.importAggregator(e))}}var O=i(3969);class _ extends b{static featureName=O.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,O.TZ,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var I=i(6774),j=i(3304);class P{constructor(e,t,r,n,i){this.name="UncaughtError",this.message="string"==typeof e?e:(0,j.A)(e),this.sourceURL=t,this.line=r,this.column=n,this.__newrelic=i}}function C(e){return H(e)?e:new P(void 0!==e?.message?e.message:e,e?.filename||e?.sourceURL,e?.lineno||e?.line,e?.colno||e?.col,e?.__newrelic)}function k(e){const t="Unhandled Promise Rejection";if(!e?.reason)return;if(H(e.reason))try{return e.reason.message=t+": "+e.reason.message,C(e.reason)}catch(t){return C(e.reason)}const r=C(e.reason);return r.message=t+": "+r?.message,r}function L(e){if(e.error instanceof SyntaxError&&!/:\d+$/.test(e.error.stack?.trim())){const t=new P(e.message,e.filename,e.lineno,e.colno,e.error.__newrelic);return t.name=SyntaxError.name,t}return H(e.error)?e.error:C(e)}function H(e){return e instanceof Error&&!!e.stack}class D extends b{static featureName=I.T;#r=!1;constructor(e,r=!0){super(e,I.T,r);try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}this.ee.on("internal-error",(e=>{this.abortHandler&&(0,x.p)("ierr",[C(e),(0,S.t)(),!0,{},this.#r],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)})),this.ee.on(t.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(e=>{this.#r=e})),p.gm.addEventListener("unhandledrejection",(e=>{this.abortHandler&&(0,x.p)("err",[k(e),(0,S.t)(),!1,{unhandledPromiseRejection:1},this.#r],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)}),(0,A.jT)(!1,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),p.gm.addEventListener("error",(e=>{this.abortHandler&&(0,x.p)("err",[L(e),(0,S.t)(),!1,{},this.#r],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)}),(0,A.jT)(!1,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),this.abortHandler=this.#n,this.importAggregator(e)}#n(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.abortHandler=void 0}}var M=i(8990);let K=1;const U="nr@id";function V(e){const t=typeof e;return!e||"object"!==t&&"function"!==t?-1:e===p.gm?0:(0,M.I)(e,U,(function(){return K++}))}function G(e){if("string"==typeof e&&e.length)return e.length;if("object"==typeof e){if("undefined"!=typeof ArrayBuffer&&e instanceof ArrayBuffer&&e.byteLength)return e.byteLength;if("undefined"!=typeof Blob&&e instanceof Blob&&e.size)return e.size;if(!("undefined"!=typeof FormData&&e instanceof FormData))try{return(0,j.A)(e).length}catch(e){return}}}var F=i(8139),B=i(7836),W=i(3434);const z={},q=["open","send"];function Z(t){var r=t||B.ee;const n=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("xhr")}(r);if(z[n.debugId]++)return n;z[n.debugId]=1,(0,F.u)(r);var i=(0,W.YM)(n),o=p.gm.XMLHttpRequest,a=p.gm.MutationObserver,s=p.gm.Promise,c=p.gm.setInterval,u="readystatechange",d=["onload","onerror","onabort","onloadstart","onloadend","onprogress","ontimeout"],l=[],f=p.gm.XMLHttpRequest=function(t){const r=new o(t),a=n.context(r);try{n.emit("new-xhr",[r],a),r.addEventListener(u,(s=a,function(){var e=this;e.readyState>3&&!s.resolved&&(s.resolved=!0,n.emit("xhr-resolved",[],e)),i.inPlace(e,d,"fn-",y)}),(0,A.jT)(!1))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(15,t);try{n.emit("internal-error",[t])}catch(e){}}var s;return r};function h(e,t){i.inPlace(t,["onreadystatechange"],"fn-",y)}if(function(e,t){for(var r in e)t[r]=e[r]}(o,f),f.prototype=o.prototype,i.inPlace(f.prototype,q,"-xhr-",y),n.on("send-xhr-start",(function(e,t){h(e,t),function(e){l.push(e),a&&(g?g.then(b):c?c(b):(m=-m,v.data=m))}(t)})),n.on("open-xhr-start",h),a){var g=s&&s.resolve();if(!c&&!s){var m=1,v=document.createTextNode(m);new a(b).observe(v,{characterData:!0})}}else r.on("fn-end",(function(e){e[0]&&e[0].type===u||b()}));function b(){for(var e=0;e<l.length;e++)h(0,l[e]);l.length&&(l=[])}function y(e,t){return t}return n}var Y="fetch-",X=Y+"body-",J=["arrayBuffer","blob","json","text","formData"],Q=p.gm.Request,ee=p.gm.Response,te="prototype";const re={};function ne(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("fetch")}(e);if(!(Q&&ee&&p.gm.fetch))return t;if(re[t.debugId]++)return t;function r(e,r,n){var i=e[r];"function"==typeof i&&(e[r]=function(){var e,r=[...arguments],o={};t.emit(n+"before-start",[r],o),o[B.P]&&o[B.P].dt&&(e=o[B.P].dt);var a=i.apply(this,r);return t.emit(n+"start",[r,e],a),a.then((function(e){return t.emit(n+"end",[null,e],a),e}),(function(e){throw t.emit(n+"end",[e],a),e}))})}return re[t.debugId]=1,J.forEach((e=>{r(Q[te],e,X),r(ee[te],e,X)})),r(p.gm,"fetch",Y),t.on(Y+"end",(function(e,r){var n=this;if(r){var i=r.headers.get("content-length");null!==i&&(n.rxSize=i),t.emit(Y+"done",[null,r],n)}else t.emit(Y+"done",[e],n)})),t}var ie=i(7485),oe=i(5603);class ae{constructor(e){this.agentIdentifier=e}generateTracePayload(e){if(!this.shouldGenerateTrace(e))return null;var t=(0,oe.o)(this.agentIdentifier);if(!t)return null;var n=(t.accountID||"").toString()||null,i=(t.agentID||"").toString()||null,o=(t.trustKey||"").toString()||null;if(!n||!i)return null;var a=(0,r.ZF)(),s=(0,r.el)(),c=Date.now(),u={spanId:a,traceId:s,timestamp:c};return(e.sameOrigin||this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useTraceContextHeadersForCors())&&(u.traceContextParentHeader=this.generateTraceContextParentHeader(a,s),u.traceContextStateHeader=this.generateTraceContextStateHeader(a,c,n,i,o)),(e.sameOrigin&&!this.excludeNewrelicHeader()||!e.sameOrigin&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useNewrelicHeaderForCors())&&(u.newrelicHeader=this.generateTraceHeader(a,s,c,n,i,o)),u}generateTraceContextParentHeader(e,t){return"00-"+t+"-"+e+"-01"}generateTraceContextStateHeader(e,t,r,n,i){return i+"@nr=0-1-"+r+"-"+n+"-"+e+"----"+t}generateTraceHeader(e,t,r,n,i,o){if(!("function"==typeof p.gm?.btoa))return null;var a={v:[0,1],d:{ty:"Browser",ac:n,ap:i,id:e,tr:t,ti:r}};return o&&n!==o&&(a.d.tk=o),btoa((0,j.A)(a))}shouldGenerateTrace(e){return this.isDtEnabled()&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)}isAllowedOrigin(e){var t=!1,r={};if((0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing")&&(r=(0,s.D0)(this.agentIdentifier).distributed_tracing),e.sameOrigin)t=!0;else if(r.allowed_origins instanceof Array)for(var n=0;n<r.allowed_origins.length;n++){var i=(0,ie.D)(r.allowed_origins[n]);if(e.hostname===i.hostname&&e.protocol===i.protocol&&e.port===i.port){t=!0;break}}return t}isDtEnabled(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.enabled}excludeNewrelicHeader(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.exclude_newrelic_header}useNewrelicHeaderForCors(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!1!==e.cors_use_newrelic_header}useTraceContextHeadersForCors(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.cors_use_tracecontext_headers}}var se=i(9300),ce=i(7295),ue=["load","error","abort","timeout"],de=ue.length,le=(0,R.dV)().o.REQ,fe=(0,R.dV)().o.XHR;class he extends b{static featureName=se.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,se.T,t),this.dt=new ae(e.agentIdentifier),this.handler=(e,t,r,n)=>(0,x.p)(e,t,r,n,this.ee);try{const e={xmlhttprequest:"xhr",fetch:"fetch",beacon:"beacon"};p.gm?.performance?.getEntriesByType("resource").forEach((t=>{if(t.initiatorType in e&&0!==t.responseStatus){const r={status:t.responseStatus},n={rxSize:t.transferSize,duration:Math.floor(t.duration),cbTime:0};pe(r,t.name),this.handler("xhr",[r,n,t.startTime,t.responseEnd,e[t.initiatorType]],void 0,a.K7.ajax)}}))}catch(e){}ne(this.ee),Z(this.ee),function(e,t,r,n){function i(e){var t=this;t.totalCbs=0,t.called=0,t.cbTime=0,t.end=R,t.ended=!1,t.xhrGuids={},t.lastSize=null,t.loadCaptureCalled=!1,t.params=this.params||{},t.metrics=this.metrics||{},e.addEventListener("load",(function(r){T(t,e)}),(0,A.jT)(!1)),p.lR||e.addEventListener("progress",(function(e){t.lastSize=e.loaded}),(0,A.jT)(!1))}function o(e){this.params={method:e[0]},pe(this,e[1]),this.metrics={}}function s(t,r){e.loader_config.xpid&&this.sameOrigin&&r.setRequestHeader("X-NewRelic-ID",e.loader_config.xpid);var i=n.generateTracePayload(this.parsedOrigin);if(i){var o=!1;i.newrelicHeader&&(r.setRequestHeader("newrelic",i.newrelicHeader),o=!0),i.traceContextParentHeader&&(r.setRequestHeader("traceparent",i.traceContextParentHeader),i.traceContextStateHeader&&r.setRequestHeader("tracestate",i.traceContextStateHeader),o=!0),o&&(this.dt=i)}}function c(e,r){var n=this.metrics,i=e[0],o=this;if(n&&i){var a=G(i);a&&(n.txSize=a)}this.startTime=(0,S.t)(),this.body=i,this.listener=function(e){try{"abort"!==e.type||o.loadCaptureCalled||(o.params.aborted=!0),("load"!==e.type||o.called===o.totalCbs&&(o.onloadCalled||"function"!=typeof r.onload)&&"function"==typeof o.end)&&o.end(r)}catch(e){try{t.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}}};for(var s=0;s<de;s++)r.addEventListener(ue[s],this.listener,(0,A.jT)(!1))}function u(e,t,r){this.cbTime+=e,t?this.onloadCalled=!0:this.called+=1,this.called!==this.totalCbs||!this.onloadCalled&&"function"==typeof r.onload||"function"!=typeof this.end||this.end(r)}function d(e,t){var r=""+V(e)+!!t;this.xhrGuids&&!this.xhrGuids[r]&&(this.xhrGuids[r]=!0,this.totalCbs+=1)}function l(e,t){var r=""+V(e)+!!t;this.xhrGuids&&this.xhrGuids[r]&&(delete this.xhrGuids[r],this.totalCbs-=1)}function f(){this.endTime=(0,S.t)()}function h(e,r){r instanceof fe&&"load"===e[0]&&t.emit("xhr-load-added",[e[1],e[2]],r)}function g(e,r){r instanceof fe&&"load"===e[0]&&t.emit("xhr-load-removed",[e[1],e[2]],r)}function m(e,t,r){t instanceof fe&&("onload"===r&&(this.onload=!0),("load"===(e[0]&&e[0].type)||this.onload)&&(this.xhrCbStart=(0,S.t)()))}function v(e,r){this.xhrCbStart&&t.emit("xhr-cb-time",[(0,S.t)()-this.xhrCbStart,this.onload,r],r)}function b(e){var t,r=e[1]||{};if("string"==typeof e[0]?0===(t=e[0]).length&&p.RI&&(t=""+p.gm.location.href):e[0]&&e[0].url?t=e[0].url:p.gm?.URL&&e[0]&&e[0]instanceof URL?t=e[0].href:"function"==typeof e[0].toString&&(t=e[0].toString()),"string"==typeof t&&0!==t.length){t&&(this.parsedOrigin=(0,ie.D)(t),this.sameOrigin=this.parsedOrigin.sameOrigin);var i=n.generateTracePayload(this.parsedOrigin);if(i&&(i.newrelicHeader||i.traceContextParentHeader))if(e[0]&&e[0].headers)s(e[0].headers,i)&&(this.dt=i);else{var o={};for(var a in r)o[a]=r[a];o.headers=new Headers(r.headers||{}),s(o.headers,i)&&(this.dt=i),e.length>1?e[1]=o:e.push(o)}}function s(e,t){var r=!1;return t.newrelicHeader&&(e.set("newrelic",t.newrelicHeader),r=!0),t.traceContextParentHeader&&(e.set("traceparent",t.traceContextParentHeader),t.traceContextStateHeader&&e.set("tracestate",t.traceContextStateHeader),r=!0),r}}function y(e,t){this.params={},this.metrics={},this.startTime=(0,S.t)(),this.dt=t,e.length>=1&&(this.target=e[0]),e.length>=2&&(this.opts=e[1]);var r,n=this.opts||{},i=this.target;"string"==typeof i?r=i:"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof le?r=i.url:p.gm?.URL&&"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof URL&&(r=i.href),pe(this,r);var o=(""+(i&&i instanceof le&&i.method||n.method||"GET")).toUpperCase();this.params.method=o,this.body=n.body,this.txSize=G(n.body)||0}function w(e,t){if(this.endTime=(0,S.t)(),this.params||(this.params={}),(0,ce.iW)(this.params))return;let n;this.params.status=t?t.status:0,"string"==typeof this.rxSize&&this.rxSize.length>0&&(n=+this.rxSize);const i={txSize:this.txSize,rxSize:n,duration:(0,S.t)()-this.startTime};r("xhr",[this.params,i,this.startTime,this.endTime,"fetch"],this,a.K7.ajax)}function R(e){const t=this.params,n=this.metrics;if(!this.ended){this.ended=!0;for(let t=0;t<de;t++)e.removeEventListener(ue[t],this.listener,!1);t.aborted||(0,ce.iW)(t)||(n.duration=(0,S.t)()-this.startTime,this.loadCazptureCalled||4!==e.readyState?null==t.status&&(t.status=0):T(this,e),n.cbTime=this.cbTime,r("xhr",[t,n,this.startTime,this.endTime,"xhr"],this,a.K7.ajax))}}function T(e,r){e.params.status=r.status;var n=function(e,t){var r=e.responseType;return"json"===r&&null!==t?t:"arraybuffer"===r||"blob"===r||"json"===r?G(e.response):"text"===r||""===r||void 0===r?G(e.responseText):void 0}(r,e.lastSize);if(n&&(e.metrics.rxSize=n),e.sameOrigin){var i=r.getResponseHeader("X-NewRelic-App-Data");i&&((0,x.p)(O.rs,["Ajax/CrossApplicationTracing/Header/Seen"],void 0,a.K7.metrics,t),e.params.cat=i.split(", ").pop())}e.loadCaptureCalled=!0}t.on("new-xhr",i),t.on("open-xhr-start",o),t.on("open-xhr-end",s),t.on("send-xhr-start",c),t.on("xhr-cb-time",u),t.on("xhr-load-added",d),t.on("xhr-load-removed",l),t.on("xhr-resolved",f),t.on("addEventListener-end",h),t.on("removeEventListener-end",g),t.on("fn-end",v),t.on("fetch-before-start",b),t.on("fetch-start",y),t.on("fn-start",m),t.on("fetch-done",w)}(e,this.ee,this.handler,this.dt),this.importAggregator(e)}}function pe(e,t){var r=(0,ie.D)(t),n=e.params||e;n.hostname=r.hostname,n.port=r.port,n.protocol=r.protocol,n.host=r.hostname+":"+r.port,n.pathname=r.pathname,e.parsedOrigin=r,e.sameOrigin=r.sameOrigin}const ge={},me=["pushState","replaceState"];function ve(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("history")}(e);return!p.RI||ge[t.debugId]++||(ge[t.debugId]=1,(0,W.YM)(t).inPlace(window.history,me,"-")),t}var be=i(3738);const{He:ye,bD:we,d3:Re,Kp:xe,TZ:Te,Lc:Ae,uP:Ee,Rz:Se}=be;class Ne extends b{static featureName=Te;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,Te,t);if(!(0,m.V)(this.agentIdentifier))return void this.deregisterDrain();const r=this.ee;let n;ve(r),this.eventsEE=(0,F.u)(r),this.eventsEE.on(Ee,(function(e,t){this.bstStart=(0,S.t)()})),this.eventsEE.on(Ae,(function(e,t){(0,x.p)("bst",[e[0],t,this.bstStart,(0,S.t)()],void 0,a.K7.sessionTrace,r)})),r.on(Se+Re,(function(e){this.time=(0,S.t)(),this.startPath=location.pathname+location.hash})),r.on(Se+xe,(function(e){(0,x.p)("bstHist",[location.pathname+location.hash,this.startPath,this.time],void 0,a.K7.sessionTrace,r)}));try{n=new PerformanceObserver((e=>{const t=e.getEntries();(0,x.p)(ye,[t],void 0,a.K7.sessionTrace,r)})),n.observe({type:we,buffered:!0})}catch(e){}this.importAggregator(e,{resourceObserver:n})}}var Oe=i(2614);class _e extends b{static featureName=t.TZ;#i;#o;constructor(e,r=!0){let n;super(e,t.TZ,r),this.replayRunning=!1,this.#o=e;try{n=JSON.parse(localStorage.getItem("".concat(Oe.H3,"_").concat(Oe.uh)))}catch(e){}(0,g.SR)(e.agentIdentifier)&&this.ee.on(t.G4.RECORD,(()=>this.#a())),this.#s(n)?(this.#i=n?.sessionReplayMode,this.#c()):this.importAggregator(e),this.ee.on("err",(e=>{this.replayRunning&&(this.errorNoticed=!0,(0,x.p)(t.G4.ERROR_DURING_REPLAY,[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee))})),this.ee.on(t.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(e=>{this.replayRunning=e}))}#s(e){return e&&(e.sessionReplayMode===Oe.g.FULL||e.sessionReplayMode===Oe.g.ERROR)||(0,g.Aw)(this.agentIdentifier)}#u=!1;async#c(e){if(!this.#u){this.#u=!0;try{const{Recorder:t}=await Promise.all([i.e(478),i.e(249)]).then(i.bind(i,8589));this.recorder??=new t({mode:this.#i,agentIdentifier:this.agentIdentifier,trigger:e,ee:this.ee}),this.recorder.startRecording(),this.abortHandler=this.recorder.stopRecording}catch(e){}this.importAggregator(this.#o,{recorder:this.recorder,errorNoticed:this.errorNoticed})}}#a(){this.featAggregate?this.featAggregate.mode!==Oe.g.FULL&&this.featAggregate.initializeRecording(Oe.g.FULL,!0):(this.#i=Oe.g.FULL,this.#c(t.Qb.API),this.recorder&&this.recorder.parent.mode!==Oe.g.FULL&&(this.recorder.parent.mode=Oe.g.FULL,this.recorder.stopRecording(),this.recorder.startRecording(),this.abortHandler=this.recorder.stopRecording))}}var Ie=i(3962);class je extends b{static featureName=Ie.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){if(super(e,Ie.TZ,t),!p.RI||!(0,R.dV)().o.MO)return;const r=ve(this.ee);Ie.tC.forEach((e=>{(0,A.sp)(e,(e=>{a(e)}),!0)}));const n=()=>(0,x.p)("newURL",[(0,S.t)(),""+window.location],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee);r.on("pushState-end",n),r.on("replaceState-end",n);try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}(0,A.sp)("popstate",(e=>(0,x.p)("newURL",[e.timeStamp,""+window.location],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)),!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal);let i=!1;const o=new((0,R.dV)().o.MO)(((e,t)=>{i||(i=!0,requestAnimationFrame((()=>{(0,x.p)("newDom",[(0,S.t)()],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee),i=!1})))})),a=(0,v.s)((e=>{(0,x.p)("newUIEvent",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee),o.observe(document.body,{attributes:!0,childList:!0,subtree:!0,characterData:!0})}),100,{leading:!0});this.abortHandler=function(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),o.disconnect(),this.abortHandler=void 0},this.importAggregator(e,{domObserver:o})}}var Pe=i(7378);const Ce={},ke=["appendChild","insertBefore","replaceChild"];function Le(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("jsonp")}(e);if(!p.RI||Ce[t.debugId])return t;Ce[t.debugId]=!0;var r=(0,W.YM)(t),n=/[?&](?:callback|cb)=([^&#]+)/,i=/(.*)\.([^.]+)/,o=/^(\w+)(\.|$)(.*)$/;function a(e,t){if(!e)return t;const r=e.match(o),n=r[1];return a(r[3],t[n])}return r.inPlace(Node.prototype,ke,"dom-"),t.on("dom-start",(function(e){!function(e){if(!e||"string"!=typeof e.nodeName||"script"!==e.nodeName.toLowerCase())return;if("function"!=typeof e.addEventListener)return;var o=(s=e.src,c=s.match(n),c?c[1]:null);var s,c;if(!o)return;var u=function(e){var t=e.match(i);if(t&&t.length>=3)return{key:t[2],parent:a(t[1],window)};return{key:e,parent:window}}(o);if("function"!=typeof u.parent[u.key])return;var d={};function l(){t.emit("jsonp-end",[],d),e.removeEventListener("load",l,(0,A.jT)(!1)),e.removeEventListener("error",f,(0,A.jT)(!1))}function f(){t.emit("jsonp-error",[],d),t.emit("jsonp-end",[],d),e.removeEventListener("load",l,(0,A.jT)(!1)),e.removeEventListener("error",f,(0,A.jT)(!1))}r.inPlace(u.parent,[u.key],"cb-",d),e.addEventListener("load",l,(0,A.jT)(!1)),e.addEventListener("error",f,(0,A.jT)(!1)),t.emit("new-jsonp",[e.src],d)}(e[0])})),t}const He={};function De(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("promise")}(e);if(He[t.debugId])return t;He[t.debugId]=!0;var r=t.context,n=(0,W.YM)(t),i=p.gm.Promise;return i&&function(){function e(r){var o=t.context(),a=n(r,"executor-",o,null,!1);const s=Reflect.construct(i,[a],e);return t.context(s).getCtx=function(){return o},s}p.gm.Promise=e,Object.defineProperty(e,"name",{value:"Promise"}),e.toString=function(){return i.toString()},Object.setPrototypeOf(e,i),["all","race"].forEach((function(r){const n=i[r];e[r]=function(e){let i=!1;[...e||[]].forEach((e=>{this.resolve(e).then(a("all"===r),a(!1))}));const o=n.apply(this,arguments);return o;function a(e){return function(){t.emit("propagate",[null,!i],o,!1,!1),i=i||!e}}}})),["resolve","reject"].forEach((function(r){const n=i[r];e[r]=function(e){const r=n.apply(this,arguments);return e!==r&&t.emit("propagate",[e,!0],r,!1,!1),r}})),e.prototype=i.prototype;const o=i.prototype.then;i.prototype.then=function(...e){var i=this,a=r(i);a.promise=i,e[0]=n(e[0],"cb-",a,null,!1),e[1]=n(e[1],"cb-",a,null,!1);const s=o.apply(this,e);return a.nextPromise=s,t.emit("propagate",[i,!0],s,!1,!1),s},i.prototype.then[W.Jt]=o,t.on("executor-start",(function(e){e[0]=n(e[0],"resolve-",this,null,!1),e[1]=n(e[1],"resolve-",this,null,!1)})),t.on("executor-err",(function(e,t,r){e[1](r)})),t.on("cb-end",(function(e,r,n){t.emit("propagate",[n,!0],this.nextPromise,!1,!1)})),t.on("propagate",(function(e,r,n){this.getCtx&&!r||(this.getCtx=function(){if(e instanceof Promise)var r=t.context(e);return r&&r.getCtx?r.getCtx():this})}))}(),t}const Me={},Ke="setTimeout",Ue="setInterval",Ve="clearTimeout",Ge="-start",Fe=[Ke,"setImmediate",Ue,Ve,"clearImmediate"];function Be(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("timer")}(e);if(Me[t.debugId]++)return t;Me[t.debugId]=1;var r=(0,W.YM)(t);return r.inPlace(p.gm,Fe.slice(0,2),Ke+"-"),r.inPlace(p.gm,Fe.slice(2,3),Ue+"-"),r.inPlace(p.gm,Fe.slice(3),Ve+"-"),t.on(Ue+Ge,(function(e,t,n){e[0]=r(e[0],"fn-",null,n)})),t.on(Ke+Ge,(function(e,t,n){this.method=n,this.timerDuration=isNaN(e[1])?0:+e[1],e[0]=r(e[0],"fn-",this,n)})),t}const We={};function ze(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("mutation")}(e);if(!p.RI||We[t.debugId])return t;We[t.debugId]=!0;var r=(0,W.YM)(t),n=p.gm.MutationObserver;return n&&(window.MutationObserver=function(e){return this instanceof n?new n(r(e,"fn-")):n.apply(this,arguments)},MutationObserver.prototype=n.prototype),t}const{TZ:qe,d3:Ze,Kp:Ye,$p:Xe,wW:Je,e5:Qe,tH:$e,uP:et,rw:tt,Lc:rt}=Pe;class nt extends b{static featureName=qe;constructor(e,t=!0){if(super(e,qe,t),!p.RI)return;try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}let r,n=0;const i=this.ee.get("tracer"),o=Le(this.ee),a=De(this.ee),s=Be(this.ee),c=Z(this.ee),u=this.ee.get("events"),d=ne(this.ee),l=ve(this.ee),f=ze(this.ee);function h(e,t){l.emit("newURL",[""+window.location,t])}function g(){n++,r=window.location.hash,this[et]=(0,S.t)()}function m(){n--,window.location.hash!==r&&h(0,!0);var e=(0,S.t)();this[Qe]=~~this[Qe]+e-this[et],this[rt]=e}function v(e,t){e.on(t,(function(){this[t]=(0,S.t)()}))}this.ee.on(et,g),a.on(tt,g),o.on(tt,g),this.ee.on(rt,m),a.on(Je,m),o.on(Je,m),this.ee.on("fn-err",((...t)=>{t[2]?.__newrelic?.[e.agentIdentifier]||(0,x.p)("function-err",[...t],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)})),this.ee.buffer([et,rt,"xhr-resolved"],this.featureName),u.buffer([et],this.featureName),s.buffer(["setTimeout"+Ye,"clearTimeout"+Ze,et],this.featureName),c.buffer([et,"new-xhr","send-xhr"+Ze],this.featureName),d.buffer([$e+Ze,$e+"-done",$e+Xe+Ze,$e+Xe+Ye],this.featureName),l.buffer(["newURL"],this.featureName),f.buffer([et],this.featureName),a.buffer(["propagate",tt,Je,"executor-err","resolve"+Ze],this.featureName),i.buffer([et,"no-"+et],this.featureName),o.buffer(["new-jsonp","cb-start","jsonp-error","jsonp-end"],this.featureName),v(d,$e+Ze),v(d,$e+"-done"),v(o,"new-jsonp"),v(o,"jsonp-end"),v(o,"cb-start"),l.on("pushState-end",h),l.on("replaceState-end",h),window.addEventListener("hashchange",h,(0,A.jT)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),window.addEventListener("load",h,(0,A.jT)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),window.addEventListener("popstate",(function(){h(0,n>1)}),(0,A.jT)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),this.abortHandler=this.#n,this.importAggregator(e)}#n(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.abortHandler=void 0}}var it=i(3333);class ot extends b{static featureName=it.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,it.TZ,t);const r=[e.init.page_action.enabled,e.init.performance.capture_marks,e.init.performance.capture_measures,e.init.user_actions.enabled];p.RI&&e.init.user_actions.enabled&&(it.Zp.forEach((e=>(0,A.sp)(e,(e=>(0,x.p)("ua",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)),!0))),it.qN.forEach((e=>(0,A.sp)(e,(e=>(0,x.p)("ua",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)))))),r.some((e=>e))?this.importAggregator(e):this.deregisterDrain()}}var at=i(993),st=i(3785);class ct extends b{static featureName=at.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,at.TZ,t);const r=this.ee;this.ee.on("wrap-logger-end",(function([e]){const{level:t,customAttributes:n}=this;(0,st.R)(r,e,n,t)})),this.importAggregator(e)}}new class extends o{constructor(t,r){super(r),p.gm?(this.features={},(0,R.bQ)(this.agentIdentifier,this),this.desiredFeatures=new Set(t.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(w),this.runSoftNavOverSpa=[...this.desiredFeatures].some((e=>e.featureName===a.K7.softNav)),(0,d.j)(this,t,t.loaderType||"agent"),this.run()):(0,e.R)(21)}get config(){return{info:this.info,init:this.init,loader_config:this.loader_config,runtime:this.runtime}}run(){try{const t=u(this.agentIdentifier),r=[...this.desiredFeatures];r.sort(((e,t)=>a.P3[e.featureName]-a.P3[t.featureName])),r.forEach((r=>{if(!t[r.featureName]&&r.featureName!==a.K7.pageViewEvent)return;if(this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.spa)return;if(!this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.softNav)return;const n=function(e){switch(e){case a.K7.ajax:return[a.K7.jserrors];case a.K7.sessionTrace:return[a.K7.ajax,a.K7.pageViewEvent];case a.K7.sessionReplay:return[a.K7.sessionTrace];case a.K7.pageViewTiming:return[a.K7.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(r.featureName).filter((e=>!(e in this.features)));n.length>0&&(0,e.R)(36,{targetFeature:r.featureName,missingDependencies:n}),this.features[r.featureName]=new r(this)}))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(22,t);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,R.Zm)();delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.features,delete this.sharedAggregator;return r.ee.get(this.agentIdentifier).abort(),!1}}}({features:[he,w,N,Ne,_e,_,D,ot,ct,je,nt],loaderType:"spa"})})()})();</script><script data-test-id="interactive-resize-script" data-nscript="beforeInteractive"> // Resize iframes on articles with interactives when they send a RESIZE message window.addEventListener('message', (event) => { if (event.data.type === 'RESIZE') { const height = parseInt(event.data.payload.height, 10); Array.prototype.forEach.call(document.getElementsByTagName('iframe'), function (element) { if (element.contentWindow === event.source) { element.style.height = height + 'px'; } }); } }, false); </script><link rel="preload" href="/engassets/_next/static/css/4459ef93097ba0c1.css" as="style"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="/engassets/_next/static/css/4459ef93097ba0c1.css" data-n-g=""/><link rel="preload" href="/engassets/_next/static/css/a59e9025c8757d15.css" as="style"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="/engassets/_next/static/css/a59e9025c8757d15.css" data-n-p=""/><noscript data-n-css=""></noscript><script defer="" nomodule="" src="/engassets/_next/static/chunks/polyfills-42372ed130431b0a.js"></script><script data-test-id="sourcepoint-config-script" src="//cmp-cdn.p.aws.economist.com/latest/configs/economist.config.js" defer="" data-nscript="beforeInteractive"></script><script data-test-id="sourcepoint-script" src="//cmp-cdn.p.aws.economist.com/latest/cmp.min.js" defer="" data-nscript="beforeInteractive"></script><script data-test-id="optimizely-script" src="/optimizelyjs/19440972562.js" id="optimizely-script" defer="" data-nscript="beforeInteractive"></script><script src="https://wall-ui-cdn.p.aws.economist.com/latest/wall-ui.js" defer="" data-nscript="beforeInteractive"></script><script src="/engassets/_next/static/chunks/webpack-72554de810025d5e.js" defer=""></script><script src="/engassets/_next/static/chunks/framework-b0ec748c7a4c483a.js" defer=""></script><script src="/engassets/_next/static/chunks/main-1ef9d06425594aa8.js" defer=""></script><script src="/engassets/_next/static/chunks/pages/_app-4de73a357971a62d.js" defer=""></script><script src="/engassets/_next/static/chunks/109fbaa8-65ddf34048a157fa.js" defer=""></script><script src="/engassets/_next/static/chunks/5078-fbe0a910bde2a3c2.js" defer=""></script><script src="/engassets/_next/static/chunks/7604-29dc0ac8e3f8806e.js" defer=""></script><script src="/engassets/_next/static/chunks/7192-d6e58f8f0517faba.js" defer=""></script><script src="/engassets/_next/static/chunks/2829-8673cc4bc660b39b.js" defer=""></script><script src="/engassets/_next/static/chunks/8615-3e5c200c55f42533.js" defer=""></script><script src="/engassets/_next/static/chunks/8696-000c67c496b6abe0.js" defer=""></script><script src="/engassets/_next/static/chunks/8334-5862f73fca53b879.js" defer=""></script><script src="/engassets/_next/static/chunks/6763-e5e68173ea56623e.js" defer=""></script><script src="/engassets/_next/static/chunks/1756-03288303960369bb.js" defer=""></script><script src="/engassets/_next/static/chunks/2070-36986400310236a4.js" defer=""></script><script src="/engassets/_next/static/chunks/6629-b1a9d003f772c0d2.js" defer=""></script><script src="/engassets/_next/static/chunks/6718-ef4f30fbd940f6a2.js" defer=""></script><script src="/engassets/_next/static/chunks/1212-1a6a259b88ed4389.js" defer=""></script><script src="/engassets/_next/static/chunks/4073-492e436ef8b009b6.js" defer=""></script><script src="/engassets/_next/static/chunks/8522-0761abc9ce598570.js" defer=""></script><script src="/engassets/_next/static/chunks/pages/%5B...slug%5D-32fa9f6b92ede5dc.js" defer=""></script><script src="/engassets/_next/static/g4_rRJluS5qUqtAQFUdVq/_buildManifest.js" defer=""></script><script src="/engassets/_next/static/g4_rRJluS5qUqtAQFUdVq/_ssgManifest.js" defer=""></script></head><body><div id="__next"><div><style data-emotion="css-global 1me4job">body{background-color:var(--ds-color-london-100);color:var(--ds-color-london-5);font-family:var(--ds-type-system-serif);font-size:var(--ds-type-scale-0);font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:var(--ds-type-leading-lower);-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;}img{height:auto;max-width:100%;}.visually-hidden{clip:rect(0.0625rem,0.0625rem,0.0625rem,0.0625rem);height:0.0625rem;margin:-0.0625rem;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:0.0625rem;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global rxe3jc">.advert >div{display:inline-block;margin:0.75rem 0 0;}.advert--aside{grid-column:1/-1;margin:0;}.advert--inline{border:0.0625rem solid hsla(var(--ds-color-hsl-london-85),0.5);box-shadow:none;margin-bottom:2.1875rem;margin-top:1.3125rem;}.advert--regwall{border:0.0625rem solid hsla(var(--ds-color-hsl-london-85),0.5);box-shadow:none;margin-bottom:0;margin-top:2.25rem;}@media (max-width: 79.9375rem){.advert--regwall{background-color:#fafafa;border:1px solid #ededed;margin-top:2.1875rem;position:-webkit-sticky;position:sticky;top:0;z-index:1;}}.advert--leaderboard{display:none;}.advert--billboard{display:none;}.advert--full-width{margin:0 0 3rem 0;}.advert.hidden{margin:0;}@media (min-width: 60rem){.advert--leaderboard{display:block;height:9.8125rem;}.advert--full-width{margin-bottom:3.5rem;}}@media (max-width: 79.9375rem){.advert--right-rail,.layout-rhr-lower{display:none;}}@media (min-width: 80rem){.advert--right-rail{grid-area:1/9/3/-1;height:40.9375rem;}.advert--right-rail .advert{box-shadow:none;}}@media (min-width: 89rem){.advert--right-rail{grid-column-start:10;}}</style><div class="global-layout css-0 elzdq2l0"><div class="adComponent_advert__kPVUI adComponent_top__0UnUy adComponent_hidden__Dp0GM"><div><div id="econtop-0" class="adComponent_adcontainer__eooQr"></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css kd3t5x">.css-kd3t5x{background-color:var(--ds-color-london-100);position:absolute;}.css-kd3t5x,.css-kd3t5x .ds-masthead{width:100%;}.css-kd3t5x .ds-masthead.is-open,.css-kd3t5x .ds-masthead.account-is-open,.css-kd3t5x .ds-masthead.search-is-open{position:fixed;z-index:98;}.css-kd3t5x +div,.css-kd3t5x +div+footer{position:relative;top:7.25rem;}@media (max-width: 37.4375rem){.css-kd3t5x .ds-masthead.is-open,.css-kd3t5x .ds-masthead.search-is-open{overflow-y:scroll;}.css-kd3t5x .ds-masthead.account-is-open{overflow-y:scroll;height:100%;}.css-kd3t5x .ds-masthead.is-open{height:100%;}.css-kd3t5x .ds-masthead.is-open::after{background:var(--ds-color-london-20);bottom:-50vh;content:'';height:100vh;position:fixed;width:100%;z-index:-1;}.css-kd3t5x .ds-masthead +div,.css-kd3t5x .ds-masthead +div+footer{top:7.25rem;}}@media (min-width: 22.5rem){.css-kd3t5x .ds-masthead{margin-bottom:1rem;}.css-kd3t5x .ds-masthead.is-open{height:100%;}.css-kd3t5x .ds-masthead +div,.css-kd3t5x .ds-masthead +div+footer{top:7.25rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.css-kd3t5x .ds-masthead{margin-bottom:0.5rem;}.css-kd3t5x .ds-masthead.is-open,.css-kd3t5x .ds-masthead.account-is-open,.css-kd3t5x .ds-masthead.search-is-open{height:auto;position:absolute;}.css-kd3t5x +div,.css-kd3t5x +div+footer{top:7.25rem;}}@media (min-width: 60rem){.css-kd3t5x +div,.css-kd3t5x +div+footer{top:8.5rem;}}@media (max-width: 19.5625rem){.css-kd3t5x +div,.css-kd3t5x +div+footer{top:10.5rem;}}</style><div class="styled-masthead css-kd3t5x e1u2f09b0"><style data-emotion="css-global 8vn48m">@media (max-width: 37.4375rem){html.masthead-is-open,body.masthead-is-open{height:100%;overflow:hidden;}body.masthead-is-open::before{background:var(--ds-color-london-20);bottom:-50vh;content:'';height:100vh;position:fixed;width:100%;z-index:1;}}</style><header data-test-id="Masthead" class="ds-masthead"><div class="ds-layout-masthead"><a href="/" class="ds-masthead-home"><svg width="128" height="64" viewBox="0 0 128 64" role="img" id="ds-economist-logo" aria-labelledby="ds-economist-logo-title" class="ds-masthead-logo"><title id="ds-economist-logo-title">The Economist</title><path d="M128 0H0V64.0018H128V0Z" fill="#E3120B"></path><path d="M66.5136 27.6934V28.4131H71.4384V27.6934C70.4647 27.5911 70.0555 27.3336 70.0555 26.4622V20.666C70.0555 18.7186 68.722 17.7414 67.1839 17.7414C65.5434 17.7414 64.2593 18.768 63.5925 19.3818V18.768L63.6948 12.7672C62.4142 13.127 61.0807 13.3316 59.7966 13.381V13.9949C60.9255 14.2524 61.2324 14.5593 61.2324 15.4307V26.4551C61.2324 27.3265 60.8232 27.5311 60.0012 27.6863V28.406H64.8731V27.6863C63.8465 27.6863 63.5925 27.3794 63.5925 26.4551V21.3257C63.5925 20.0945 64.4639 19.2231 65.748 19.2231C67.0322 19.2231 67.6954 19.9428 67.6954 21.2728V26.4516C67.6954 27.323 67.3885 27.5276 66.5171 27.6828L66.5136 27.6934Z" fill="white"></path><path d="M20.7189 47.0788H19.7946C18.3059 47.0788 17.8967 46.6166 17.8967 45.643V40.1043L20.2038 40.2066C21.3328 40.2595 21.742 40.5135 21.9466 42.2069H22.7686V37.1303H21.9466C21.742 38.8237 21.3328 39.1306 20.2038 39.18L17.8967 39.2823V34.3575C17.8967 33.3309 18.3588 32.9216 19.5371 32.9216H21.1775C23.0226 32.9216 23.333 33.6907 23.7916 35.6381H24.6136V31.9973H13.381V32.717C14.5593 32.9746 15.1238 33.3838 15.1238 34.2552V45.6394C15.1238 46.6131 14.5593 47.0223 13.2787 47.2799V47.9995H24.8182L25.2804 43.7944H24.3561C23.6893 46.2568 23.3295 47.0753 20.7154 47.0753L20.7189 47.0788Z" fill="white"></path><path d="M97.0786 45.9993V39.8467L97.1809 36.6153C95.8474 37.0245 94.5668 37.2291 93.2333 37.3349V38.0017C94.3622 38.0546 94.6162 38.6685 94.6162 39.6421V46.0028C94.6162 46.9765 94.2564 47.234 93.4379 47.2834V48.0031H98.3628V47.2834C97.2868 47.2305 97.0822 47.0259 97.0822 46.0028L97.0786 45.9993Z" fill="white"></path><path d="M90.7709 45.9993V39.6915C90.7709 37.6419 89.3351 36.6153 87.7969 36.6153C86.5657 36.6153 85.1828 37.3843 84.1033 38.3086C83.6941 37.1797 82.6675 36.6153 81.5915 36.6153C80.2086 36.6153 78.7198 37.4866 77.7462 38.3086L77.7991 36.6153C76.5185 37.0245 75.2873 37.2291 74.0031 37.3349V38.0017C75.132 38.0546 75.386 38.6685 75.386 39.6421V46.0028C75.386 46.9765 74.9239 47.234 74.1054 47.2834V48.0031H79.2349V47.2834C78.2083 47.2305 77.852 47.0259 77.852 46.0028V40.2066C77.852 38.8731 78.7234 38.0511 80.0075 38.0511C81.1364 38.0511 81.8526 38.8731 81.8526 40.1537V45.9993C81.8526 46.973 81.4433 47.2305 80.5719 47.2799V47.9996H85.7014V47.2799C84.6748 47.227 84.3185 47.0223 84.3185 45.9993V40.2031C84.3185 38.8695 85.1899 38.0476 86.474 38.0476C87.6029 38.0476 88.3191 38.8695 88.3191 40.1501V45.9957C88.3191 46.9694 87.9098 47.227 87.0384 47.2763V47.996H92.115V47.2763C91.1413 47.2234 90.7815 47.0188 90.7815 45.9957L90.7709 45.9993Z" fill="white"></path><path d="M105.231 41.6918L103.386 40.7675C102.462 40.3054 102.106 39.6915 102.106 39.0248C102.106 37.9982 102.928 37.3314 104.004 37.3314C105.387 37.3314 105.951 38.4603 106.364 39.434H107.031L106.978 37.1762C106.156 36.8164 105.133 36.6118 104.261 36.6118C102.056 36.6118 100.003 37.8924 100.003 40.0972C100.003 41.4308 100.772 42.4574 101.951 43.0218L103.644 43.8438C104.72 44.3553 105.235 44.8175 105.235 45.7418C105.235 46.8707 104.311 47.4104 103.235 47.4104C101.541 47.4104 101.03 46.2039 100.67 44.6129H99.9009L99.9538 47.4845C100.568 47.7914 101.852 48.2042 103.235 48.2042C105.799 48.2042 107.542 46.7154 107.542 44.6658C107.542 43.2829 106.773 42.4609 105.235 41.6918H105.231Z" fill="white"></path><path d="M81.334 26.2047L80.8224 25.6402C80.0534 26.3599 79.0797 27.076 77.7462 27.076C75.4884 27.076 74.6699 25.485 74.6699 23.0261V22.6663H81.3869C81.5421 19.844 80.004 17.7414 77.284 17.7414C74.3101 17.7414 72.2075 20.2532 72.2075 23.6399C72.2075 26.7162 73.8479 28.7694 76.7196 28.7694C78.9774 28.7694 80.5155 27.3336 81.334 26.2047ZM76.9771 18.6163C78.1554 18.6163 79.0797 19.5406 78.9245 21.8478H74.6664C74.8216 19.5406 75.7953 18.6163 76.9736 18.6163H76.9771Z" fill="white"></path><path d="M97.3855 33.4367C97.3855 32.5653 96.7188 31.8986 95.8474 31.8986C94.976 31.8986 94.3093 32.5653 94.3093 33.4367C94.3093 34.3081 94.976 34.9748 95.8474 34.9748C96.7188 34.9748 97.3855 34.3081 97.3855 33.4367Z" fill="white"></path><path d="M42.6161 36.6153C39.18 36.6153 37.335 39.5398 37.335 42.6655C37.335 46.1016 39.6951 48.2042 42.5138 48.2042C45.9499 48.2042 47.795 45.2302 47.795 42.2033C47.795 38.6649 45.4878 36.6153 42.6161 36.6153ZM42.8207 47.3857C41.2826 47.3857 40.256 46.1545 39.9491 42.7713C39.8962 42.3092 39.8962 41.847 39.8962 41.4378C39.8962 38.8237 40.7181 37.4372 42.3057 37.4372C43.8932 37.4372 44.8704 38.6685 45.1773 42.0516C45.2302 42.5138 45.2302 42.9759 45.2302 43.3852C45.2302 45.9993 44.3589 47.3857 42.8207 47.3857Z" fill="white"></path><path d="M32.717 46.5144C30.5615 46.5144 29.3338 44.7716 29.3338 42.0517C29.3338 39.4869 30.0535 37.4866 31.694 37.4866C33.3344 37.4866 33.3344 39.6421 34.6679 39.6421C35.3347 39.6421 35.8991 39.0777 35.8991 38.3615C35.8991 37.2856 34.5162 36.6188 32.7206 36.6188C29.2351 36.6188 26.875 39.1306 26.875 42.8736C26.875 46.1545 28.6706 48.2077 31.5423 48.2077C33.9024 48.2077 35.4405 46.8742 36.3119 45.643L35.8003 45.0785C35.0313 45.7982 34.0576 46.5144 32.7241 46.5144H32.717Z" fill="white"></path><path d="M59.5391 45.9993V39.6915C59.5391 37.6419 58.1562 36.6153 56.4628 36.6153C54.7695 36.6153 53.6935 37.5396 52.7692 38.3086L52.8221 36.6153C51.5415 37.0245 50.3103 37.2291 49.0262 37.3349V38.0017C50.1551 38.0546 50.4091 38.6685 50.4091 39.6421V46.0028C50.4091 46.9765 49.9469 47.234 49.1285 47.2834V48.0031H54.205V47.2834C53.1784 47.2305 52.8715 47.0259 52.8715 46.0028V39.8997C52.8715 38.7708 53.7429 38.0546 55.0764 38.0546C56.4099 38.0546 57.0766 38.7743 57.0766 40.1572V46.0028C57.0766 46.9765 56.6674 47.234 55.796 47.2834V48.0031H60.8726V47.2834C59.8989 47.2305 59.5391 47.0259 59.5391 46.0028V45.9993Z" fill="white"></path><path d="M67.4873 36.6153C64.0512 36.6153 62.2061 39.5398 62.2061 42.6655C62.2061 46.1016 64.5662 48.2042 67.385 48.2042C70.8211 48.2042 72.6661 45.2302 72.6661 42.2033C72.6661 38.6649 70.3589 36.6153 67.4873 36.6153ZM67.6919 47.3857C66.1538 47.3857 65.1272 46.1545 64.8202 42.7713C64.7673 42.3092 64.7673 41.847 64.7673 41.4378C64.7673 38.8237 65.5893 37.4372 67.1768 37.4372C68.7643 37.4372 69.7415 38.6685 70.0485 42.0516C70.1014 42.5138 70.1014 42.9759 70.1014 43.3852C70.1014 45.9993 69.23 47.3857 67.6919 47.3857Z" fill="white"></path><path d="M50.6172 15.025C50.9241 15.025 51.0794 15.1273 51.0794 15.4871V26.1024C51.0794 27.0266 50.4655 27.5382 49.2343 27.6934V28.4131H55.4891V27.6934C54.2579 27.5382 53.6441 27.0266 53.6441 26.1024V15.4871C53.6441 15.1273 53.8487 15.025 54.0533 15.025H54.9247C56.5651 15.025 57.1296 15.6917 57.7469 17.9989H58.516V14.203H46.2074V17.9989H46.9765C47.5903 15.6917 48.1054 15.025 49.7988 15.025H50.6207H50.6172Z" fill="white"></path><path d="M113.437 46.8213C112.77 46.8213 112.206 46.5144 112.206 45.3855V38.2557H115.282V37.1268H112.206V34.3575H111.437C111.028 36.2555 109.899 37.4337 108.565 37.589V38.2557H109.796L109.694 45.8441C109.694 47.2799 110.206 48.2042 112.104 48.2042C113.282 48.2042 114.361 47.8443 115.335 46.9236L115.028 46.3591C114.619 46.6167 114.002 46.8213 113.437 46.8213Z" fill="white"></path></svg><svg width="64" height="64" viewBox="0 0 64 64" class="ds-masthead-monogram" role="img" id="ds-monogram-square" aria-labelledby="ds-monogram-square-title"><title id="ds-monogram-square-title">The Economist</title><path d="M64 0H0V64H64V0Z" fill="#E3120B"></path><path d="M35.1056 49.5991H32.7536C28.9908 49.5991 28.0496 48.5016 28.0496 46.0476V32.2621L33.7989 32.5232C36.6205 32.6803 37.6658 33.2535 38.2415 37.4842H40.175V24.7941H38.2415C37.6658 29.0758 36.6205 29.8081 33.7989 29.9122L28.0496 30.1733V17.9014C28.0496 15.3434 29.148 14.3499 32.0737 14.3499H36.2019C40.8018 14.3499 41.6368 16.2817 42.7883 21.1387H44.8789V12H16.7613V13.8277C19.6891 14.454 21.0998 15.4984 21.0998 17.6403V46.0476C21.0998 48.5016 19.6891 49.495 16.5 50.1723V52H45.2975L46.5 41.5028H44.148C42.3187 47.6122 41.6388 49.597 35.1056 49.597V49.5991Z" fill="#FFFFFF"></path>/></svg></a><a class="ds-skip-to-content" href="#content">Skip to content</a><div class="ds-masthead-nav"><nav aria-label="Primary" class="ds-masthead-nav-alpha"><ul><li class="ds-masthead-nav-alpha__item ds-masthead-nav-alpha__item--menu"><a class="ds-menu-disclosure" href="#" data-menu-is-open="false" aria-expanded="false" id="menu-button" data-test-id="Menu link" url="#sections" type="menu-nav"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g id="icon-menu-disclosure" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path><path class="path-foreground" d="M3 18h18v-2H3v2zm0-5h18v-2H3v2zm0-7v2h18V6H3z" fill="#0D0D0D" fill-rule="nonzero"></path></g></svg>Menu</a></li><li class="ds-masthead-nav-alpha__item ds-masthead-nav-alpha__item--weekly-edition"><a class="weekly-edition-link ds-navigation-link" href="/weeklyedition"><span>Weekly edition</span></a></li><li class="ds-masthead-nav-alpha__item ds-masthead-nav-alpha__item--the-world-in-brief"><a class="the-world-in-brief-link ds-navigation-link" href="/the-world-in-brief"><span>The world in brief</span></a></li><li class="ds-masthead-nav-alpha__item ds-masthead-nav-alpha__item--search"><a class="ds-navigation-disclosure--icon ds-navigation-disclosure--icon-search ds-navigation-disclosure" href="#" type="search-form">Search<svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"><path class="path-foreground" fill="#0D0D0D" fill-rule="nonzero" d="M7.41 8.59L12 13.17l4.59-4.58L18 10l-6 6-6-6z"></path><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path></g></svg></a></li></ul></nav><div class="ds-masthead-nav-beta"><div class="ds-masthead-nav-beta__item ds-masthead-nav-beta__item--log-in"><a class="ds-navigation-link" href="/api/auth/login"><span>Log in</span></a></div></div></div><nav class="ds-masthead-nav-lists"><div id="menu-nav" tabindex="-1" role="presentation"></div><ul class="link-groups"><li class="ds-navigation-list"><h2 class="ds-navigation-list__header">Opinion</h2><ul class="ds-navigation-list-items--opinion"><li><a class="ds-navigation-link ds-navigation-link--inverse" href="/leaders"><span>Leaders</span></a></li><li><a class="ds-navigation-link ds-navigation-link--inverse" href="/letters"><span>Letters to the editor</span></a></li><li><a class="ds-navigation-link ds-navigation-link--inverse" href="/by-invitation"><span>By Invitation</span></a></li><li class="ds-navigation-inner-list-desktop-only"><h2 class="ds-navigation-list__header">Current topics</h2><ul class="ds-navigation-list-items--current-topics"><li><a class="ds-navigation-link ds-navigation-link--inverse" href="/topics/the-us-elections-of-2024"><span>US elections 2024</span></a></li><li><a class="ds-navigation-link ds-navigation-link--inverse" href="/topics/ukraine-at-war"><span>War in Ukraine</span></a></li><li><a class="ds-navigation-link ds-navigation-link--inverse" href="/topics/war-in-the-middle-east"><span>War in the Middle East</span></a></li><li><a class="ds-navigation-link ds-navigation-link--inverse" href="/topics/the-world-ahead-2025"><span>The World Ahead 2025</span></a></li><li><a class="ds-navigation-link ds-navigation-link--inverse" href="/topics/climate-change"><span>Climate change</span></a></li><li><a class="ds-navigation-link ds-navigation-link--inverse" href="/topics/coronavirus"><span>Coronavirus</span></a></li><li><a class="ds-navigation-link ds-navigation-link--inverse" href="/topics/economy"><span>The world economy</span></a></li><li><a class="ds-navigation-link ds-navigation-link--inverse" href="/topics/artificial-intelligence"><span>Artificial intelligence</span></a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="ds-navigation-list ds-navigation-list-no-desktop"><h2 class="ds-navigation-list__header">Current topics</h2><ul class="ds-navigation-list-items--current-topics"><li><a class="ds-navigation-link ds-navigation-link--inverse" href="/topics/the-us-elections-of-2024"><span>US elections 2024</span></a></li><li><a class="ds-navigation-link ds-navigation-link--inverse" href="/topics/ukraine-at-war"><span>War in Ukraine</span></a></li><li><a class="ds-navigation-link ds-navigation-link--inverse" href="/topics/war-in-the-middle-east"><span>War in the Middle East</span></a></li><li><a class="ds-navigation-link ds-navigation-link--inverse" href="/topics/the-world-ahead-2025"><span>The World Ahead 2025</span></a></li><li><a class="ds-navigation-link ds-navigation-link--inverse" href="/topics/climate-change"><span>Climate change</span></a></li><li><a class="ds-navigation-link ds-navigation-link--inverse" href="/topics/coronavirus"><span>Coronavirus</span></a></li><li><a class="ds-navigation-link ds-navigation-link--inverse" href="/topics/economy"><span>The world economy</span></a></li><li><a class="ds-navigation-link ds-navigation-link--inverse" href="/topics/artificial-intelligence"><span>Artificial intelligence</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="ds-navigation-list"><h2 class="ds-navigation-list__header">World</h2><ul class="ds-navigation-list-items--world"><li><a class="ds-navigation-link ds-navigation-link--inverse" href="/the-world-this-week"><span>The world this week</span></a></li><li><a class="ds-navigation-link ds-navigation-link--inverse" href="/topics/china"><span>China</span></a></li><li><a class="ds-navigation-link ds-navigation-link--inverse" href="/topics/united-states"><span>United States</span></a></li><li><a class="ds-navigation-link ds-navigation-link--inverse" href="/europe"><span>Europe</span></a></li><li><a class="ds-navigation-link ds-navigation-link--inverse" href="/topics/britain"><span>Britain</span></a></li><li><a class="ds-navigation-link ds-navigation-link--inverse" href="/middle-east-and-africa"><span>Middle East & Africa</span></a></li><li><a class="ds-navigation-link ds-navigation-link--inverse" href="/asia"><span>Asia</span></a></li><li><a class="ds-navigation-link ds-navigation-link--inverse" href="/the-americas"><span>The Americas</span></a></li><li><a class="ds-navigation-link ds-navigation-link--inverse" href="/international"><span>International</span></a></li><li><a class="ds-navigation-link ds-navigation-link--inverse" href="/international-relations-a-to-z"><span>A-Z of international relations</span></a></li><li><a class="ds-navigation-link ds-navigation-link--inverse" href="/military-terms-a-to-z"><span>A-Z of military terms</span></a></li><li><a class="ds-navigation-link ds-navigation-link--inverse" href="/interactive/us-politics-glossary-election-terms"><span>A-Z of US politics</span></a></li><li><a class="ds-navigation-link ds-navigation-link--inverse" href="/interactive/us-2024-election/trump-biden-polls"><span>US election poll tracker</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="ds-navigation-list"><h2 class="ds-navigation-list__header">In depth</h2><ul class="ds-navigation-list-items--in-depth"><li><a class="ds-navigation-link ds-navigation-link--inverse" href="/science-and-technology"><span>Science & technology</span></a></li><li><a class="ds-navigation-link ds-navigation-link--inverse" href="/briefing"><span>Briefing</span></a></li><li><a class="ds-navigation-link ds-navigation-link--inverse" href="/graphic-detail"><span>Graphic detail</span></a></li><li><a class="ds-navigation-link ds-navigation-link--inverse" href="/the-economist-explains"><span>The Economist explains</span></a></li><li><a class="ds-navigation-link ds-navigation-link--inverse" href="/special-reports"><span>Special reports</span></a></li><li><a class="ds-navigation-link ds-navigation-link--inverse" href="/technology-quarterly"><span>Technology Quarterly</span></a></li><li><a class="ds-navigation-link ds-navigation-link--inverse" href="/essay"><span>Essay</span></a></li><li><a class="ds-navigation-link ds-navigation-link--inverse" href="/schools-brief"><span>Schools brief</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="ds-navigation-list"><h2 class="ds-navigation-list__header">Business & economics</h2><ul class="ds-navigation-list-items--business-and-economics"><li><a class="ds-navigation-link ds-navigation-link--inverse" href="/finance-and-economics"><span>Finance & economics</span></a></li><li><a class="ds-navigation-link ds-navigation-link--inverse" href="/business"><span>Business</span></a></li><li><a class="ds-navigation-link ds-navigation-link--inverse" href="/big-mac-index"><span>Big Mac index</span></a></li><li><a class="ds-navigation-link ds-navigation-link--inverse" href="/economics-a-to-z"><span>A-Z of economics</span></a></li><li><a class="ds-navigation-link ds-navigation-link--inverse" href="/economic-and-financial-indicators"><span>Economic & financial indicators</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="ds-navigation-list"><h2 class="ds-navigation-list__header">Culture & society</h2><ul class="ds-navigation-list-items--culture-and-society"><li><a class="ds-navigation-link ds-navigation-link--inverse" href="/1843"><span>1843 magazine</span></a></li><li><a class="ds-navigation-link ds-navigation-link--inverse" href="/culture"><span>Culture</span></a></li><li><a class="ds-navigation-link ds-navigation-link--inverse" href="/obituary"><span>Obituary</span></a></li><li><a class="ds-navigation-link ds-navigation-link--inverse" href="/the-economist-reads"><span>The Economist reads</span></a></li><li><a class="ds-navigation-link ds-navigation-link--inverse" href="/christmas-specials"><span>Christmas Specials</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="ds-navigation-list ds-navigation-list--more"><h2 class="ds-navigation-list__header">More</h2><ul class="ds-navigation-list-items--more"><li><a class="ds-navigation-link ds-navigation-link--inverse" href="/audio/podcasts"><span>Podcasts</span></a></li><li><a class="ds-navigation-link ds-navigation-link--inverse" href="/newsletters"><span>Newsletters</span></a></li><li><a class="ds-navigation-link ds-navigation-link--inverse" href="/video"><span>Video</span></a></li><li><a class="ds-navigation-link ds-navigation-link--inverse" href="/get-the-app"><span>The Economist app</span></a></li><li><a class="ds-navigation-link ds-navigation-link--inverse" href="/securedrop/"><span>SecureDrop</span></a></li><li><a class="ds-navigation-link ds-navigation-link--inverse" href="/subscriber-events"><span>Subscriber events</span></a></li><li><a class="ds-navigation-link ds-navigation-link--inverse" href="https://education.economist.com/"><span>Economist Education courses</span></a></li><li><a class="ds-navigation-link ds-navigation-link--inverse" href="/enterprise/"><span>Economist Enterprise</span></a></li></ul></li></ul></nav><nav class="ds-masthead-account-lists"><ul class="ds-masthead-account-list"><li class="ds-masthead-account-list__item"><a class="ds-navigation-link" href="/api/my-account"><span>My Economist</span></a></li><li class="ds-masthead-account-list__item"><a class="ds-navigation-link" href="/saved-stories"><span>Saved stories</span></a></li><li class="ds-masthead-account-list__item"><a class="ds-navigation-link" href="/api/auth/logout"><span>Log out</span></a></li></ul><ul class="ds-masthead-account-main-list"><li class="ds-masthead-account-list__item"><a class="ds-navigation-link" href="/saved-stories"><span>Saved stories</span></a></li><li class="ds-masthead-account-list__item"><a class="ds-navigation-link" href="/api/my-account"><span>Account</span></a></li><li class="ds-masthead-account-list__item"><a class="ds-navigation-link" href="/api/auth/logout"><span>Log out</span></a></li></ul></nav><div class="ds-search-form"><div id="search-form" tabindex="-1" role="presentation"></div><form action="/search" method="get" class="ds-search-form-container"><div class="ds-form-field-layout ds-form-field-layout--adjacent"><label class="ds-form-label ds-form-label--inverse" for="masthead-search"><span>Search</span></label><div class="ds-form-field-combined-input"><input class="ds-form-input ds-form-input--inverse" id="masthead-search" name="q" placeholder=" " type="text" value=""/><button class="ds-button ds-button--secondary ds-button--inverse ds-button--icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" role="img" aria-labelledby="masthead-search-icon"><title id="masthead-search-icon">Search</title><path d="M15.5 14h-.79l-.28-.27A6.471 6.471 0 0016 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 109.5 16c1.61 0 3.09-.59 4.23-1.57l.27.28v.79l5 4.99L20.49 19l-4.99-5zm-6 0C7.01 14 5 11.99 5 9.5S7.01 5 9.5 5 14 7.01 14 9.5 11.99 14 9.5 14z"></path></svg></button></div></div></form><div class="ds-search-form__cta-container"><style data-emotion="css wx73b6">.css-wx73b6{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:flex-start;-webkit-box-align:flex-start;-ms-flex-align:flex-start;align-items:flex-start;-webkit-box-pack:start;-ms-flex-pack:start;-webkit-justify-content:flex-start;justify-content:flex-start;}</style><div class="css-wx73b6 e18u8xkp0"><style data-emotion="css 1oekucs">.css-1oekucs{margin-right:0.5rem;}.css-1oekucs svg path{fill:var(--ds-color-london-100);}</style><span class="css-1oekucs e18u8xkp1"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 13 12" width="13" height="12"><path fill="#333" d="M.544 7.056V5.648c6.288 0 7.68 0 9.104.016-.368-.32-1.136-1.088-4.096-4L6.448.72l5.648 5.632L6.448 12l-.896-.928C8.48 8.112 9.264 7.36 9.648 7.04c-1.344.016-2.816.016-9.104.016Z"></path></svg></span><style data-emotion="css 1pk2s9o">.css-1pk2s9o{--text-color:var(--ds-color-london-100);--hover-color:var(--ds-color-london-85);--active-focus-bg-color:var(--ds-color-chicago-90);--focus-color:var(--ds-color-london-5);--active-color:var(--ds-color-chicago-30);color:var(--text-color);font-family:var(--ds-type-system-sans);font-size:1rem;font-style:italic;font-weight:400;}.css-1pk2s9o a{color:inherit;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:0.1875rem;}.css-1pk2s9o a:hover,.css-1pk2s9o a:focus,.css-1pk2s9o a:active{text-decoration-thickness:0.125rem;outline:transparent;}.css-1pk2s9o a:hover{color:var(--hover-color);text-decoration-color:var(--hover-color);}.css-1pk2s9o a:focus,.css-1pk2s9o a:active{background-color:var(--active-focus-bg-color);}.css-1pk2s9o a:focus{color:var(--focus-color);text-decoration-color:var(--focus-color);}.css-1pk2s9o a:active{color:var(--active-color);text-decoration-color:var(--active-color);}</style><p class="css-1pk2s9o e18u8xkp2">Try <a href="https://www.economist.com/labs/ai-search" data-analytics="masthead:ai_search">AI-powered search</a></p></div></div></div></div><div id="skip-to-content-target"></div></header></div><div><style data-emotion="css 9rt3sc">.css-9rt3sc{background-color:inherit;margin-bottom:7rem;}</style><div class="css-9rt3sc e10tor440"><script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"/science-and-technology","name":"Science & technology"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"/weeklyedition/2024-11-23","name":"November 23rd 2024 edition"}}]} </script><main role="main" id="content"><article data-test-id="Article" id="new-article-template"><style data-emotion="css 1bfdg3q">.css-1bfdg3q{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;max-width:89.5rem;position:relative;padding-left:var(--ds-grid-gap);padding-right:var(--ds-grid-gap);}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.css-1bfdg3q{padding-left:var(--ds-grid-gutter);padding-right:var(--ds-grid-gutter);}}</style><div class="css-1bfdg3q e1pkqesp0" data-test-id="standard-article-template"><style data-emotion="css 1qjp74c">.css-1qjp74c{display:grid;grid-auto-flow:row;grid-column-gap:var(--ds-grid-gutter);grid-row-gap:3rem;grid-row-gap:0;grid-auto-columns:1fr;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;max-width:89.5rem;overflow:visible;position:relative;}@media (min-width: 22.5rem){.css-1qjp74c{grid-template:auto/repeat(6, minmax(0, 1fr));}}@media (min-width: 52.125rem){.css-1qjp74c{grid-template:auto/repeat(9, minmax(0, 1fr));}}@media (min-width: 80rem){.css-1qjp74c{grid-template:auto/repeat(12, minmax(0, 1fr));}}@media (min-width: 89rem){.css-1qjp74c{grid-template:auto/repeat(16, minmax(0, 1fr));}}</style><div class="css-1qjp74c e188esf00"><style data-emotion="css 129jqss">.css-129jqss{position:relative;-webkit-align-self:auto;-ms-flex-item-align:auto;align-self:auto;}@media (min-width: 22.5rem){.css-129jqss{grid-column-start:1;}}@media (min-width: 52.125rem){.css-129jqss{grid-column-start:2;}}@media (min-width: 68.5rem){.css-129jqss{grid-column-start:3;}}@media (min-width: 80rem){.css-129jqss{grid-column-start:3;}}@media (min-width: 89rem){.css-129jqss{grid-column-start:4;}}@media (min-width: 22.5rem){.css-129jqss{grid-column-end:7;}}@media (min-width: 52.125rem){.css-129jqss{grid-column-end:9;}}@media (min-width: 68.5rem){.css-129jqss{grid-column-end:8;}}@media (min-width: 80rem){.css-129jqss{grid-column-end:9;}}@media (min-width: 89rem){.css-129jqss{grid-column-end:12;}}.css-129jqss:last-child::after{height:0;}</style><div class="css-129jqss en4o1560"><style data-emotion="css u7urgs">.css-u7urgs .eg03uz0{margin-top:0.75rem;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.css-u7urgs .eg03uz0{margin-top:1rem;}}</style><section class="css-u7urgs e12sbwn90"><style data-emotion="css b4a1pi">.css-b4a1pi{margin-bottom:0.25rem;white-space:pre-wrap;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.css-b4a1pi{margin-bottom:0.5rem;}}</style><div class="css-b4a1pi e1u9wqfn0"><style data-emotion="css x8vgju">.css-x8vgju{color:var(--ds-color-economist-red);font-family:var(--ds-type-system-sans-lining);font-size:var(--ds-type-scale-0);font-weight:400;line-height:var(--ds-type-leading-lower);}.css-x8vgju a{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;color:inherit;-webkit-transition:color var(--ds-interactions-transition);transition:color var(--ds-interactions-transition);outline:solid transparent;}.css-x8vgju a:hover,.css-x8vgju a:active{color:var(--ds-color-chicago-30);}.css-x8vgju a:hover span{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-x8vgju a:focus{color:var(--ds-color-london-10);background-color:var(--ds-color-chicago-95);}</style><span class="css-x8vgju e6e0kfy0"><a href="/science-and-technology" data-analytics="sidebar:section"><span>Science & technology</span></a></span><style data-emotion="css rjcumh">.css-rjcumh{font-family:var(--ds-type-system-sans-lining);font-size:var(--ds-type-scale-0);font-weight:400;line-height:var(--ds-type-leading-lower);color:var(--header-fly-color, var(--ds-color-london-5));}</style><span class="css-rjcumh e1vi1cqp0"> | Fit to print</span></div><style data-emotion="css 1p83fk8">.css-1p83fk8{color:var(--header-headline-color, var(--ds-color-london-5));font-family:var(--ds-type-system-serif-lining);font-size:var(--ds-type-scale-4);font-weight:400;line-height:var(--ds-type-leading-upper);}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.css-1p83fk8{font-size:var(--ds-type-scale-6);line-height:var(--ds-type-leading-upper);}}@media (min-width: 60rem){.css-1p83fk8{font-size:var(--ds-type-scale-7);line-height:var(--ds-type-leading-upper);}}</style><h1 class="css-1p83fk8 e1r8fcie0">Scientific publishers are producing more papers than ever</h1><style data-emotion="css 1ms10sa">.css-1ms10sa{color:var(--header-rubric-color, var(--ds-color-london-5));font-family:var(--ds-type-system-serif);font-size:var(--ds-type-scale-1);font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:var(--ds-type-leading-lower);}</style><h2 class="css-1ms10sa eg03uz0">Concerns about some of their business models are building </h2></section></div><style data-emotion="css vpmedt">.css-vpmedt{position:relative;-webkit-align-self:auto;-ms-flex-item-align:auto;align-self:auto;}@media (min-width: 22.5rem){.css-vpmedt{grid-column-start:1;}}@media (min-width: 52.125rem){.css-vpmedt{grid-column-start:1;}}@media (min-width: 68.5rem){.css-vpmedt{grid-column-start:2;}}@media (min-width: 80rem){.css-vpmedt{grid-column-start:3;}}@media (min-width: 89rem){.css-vpmedt{grid-column-start:4;}}@media (min-width: 22.5rem){.css-vpmedt{grid-column-end:7;}}@media (min-width: 52.125rem){.css-vpmedt{grid-column-end:10;}}@media (min-width: 68.5rem){.css-vpmedt{grid-column-end:9;}}@media (min-width: 80rem){.css-vpmedt{grid-column-end:9;}}@media (min-width: 89rem){.css-vpmedt{grid-column-end:12;}}.css-vpmedt:last-child::after{height:0;}</style><div class="css-vpmedt en4o1560"><style data-emotion="css 1ugvd2u">.css-1ugvd2u{margin-top:2.5rem;}.css-1ugvd2u img{width:100%;}@media (min-width: 60rem){.css-1ugvd2u{margin-top:3rem;}}</style><section class="css-1ugvd2u e18wk22u0"><style data-emotion="css j0a8mg">.css-j0a8mg img{display:block;}.css-j0a8mg .egmy3ck2{margin-top:0.25rem;}</style><figure class="css-j0a8mg e1197rjj0"><img alt="illustration of a blue laboratory flask with a hand holding it from the side. A large explosion of white papers is erupting from the top of the flask" fetchpriority="high" width="1280" height="720" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent" sizes="(min-width: 960px) 700px, 95vw" srcSet="https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=360,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20241123_STD001.jpg 360w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=384,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20241123_STD001.jpg 384w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=480,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20241123_STD001.jpg 480w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=600,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20241123_STD001.jpg 600w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=834,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20241123_STD001.jpg 834w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=960,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20241123_STD001.jpg 960w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=1096,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20241123_STD001.jpg 1096w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=1280,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20241123_STD001.jpg 1280w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=1424,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20241123_STD001.jpg 1424w" src="https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=1424,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20241123_STD001.jpg"/><style data-emotion="css 18w36g1">.css-18w36g1{width:100%;font-family:var(--ds-type-system-sans);}</style><figcaption class="css-18w36g1 egmy3ck2"><style data-emotion="css 4n0fre">.css-4n0fre{font-family:var(--ds-type-system-sans);font-size:var(--ds-type-scale--1);font-weight:400;font-variant:small-caps no-common-ligatures no-discretionary-ligatures no-historical-ligatures no-contextual;line-height:var(--ds-type-leading-lower);text-transform:lowercase;color:var(--ds-color-london-35);}.egmy3ck0+.css-4n0fre{margin-left:0.25rem;}</style><span class="css-4n0fre egmy3ck1">Illustration: Mike Haddad</span></figcaption></figure></section></div><div class="css-129jqss en4o1560"><style data-emotion="css 13r0q4k">.css-13r0q4k .e8htone0{margin-bottom:1.25rem;padding-top:1.75rem;border-top:0.0625rem solid var(--ds-color-london-85);}.css-13r0q4k .e1d3rrj40{padding:1.25rem 0;border-top:0.0625rem solid var(--ds-color-london-85);display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}.css-13r0q4k .e1d3rrj40 +.em0l2j50{margin-top:0;}.css-13r0q4k .e12eqbp50{margin-top:1.3125rem;margin-bottom:2.1875rem;}</style><div class="css-13r0q4k ebbih0g0"><style data-emotion="css f1to7x">.css-f1to7x{margin-top:0.25rem;}.css-f1to7x +.ezpf5o0{margin-top:0.75rem;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.css-f1to7x +.ezpf5o0{margin-top:1.75rem;}}@media (min-width: 80rem){.css-f1to7x{margin-top:0.25rem;}}</style><div class="css-f1to7x e1oehc1h0"><style data-emotion="css jwv1ak">.css-jwv1ak{position:relative;border-bottom:0;color:var(--ds-color-london-35);}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.css-jwv1ak{border-bottom:0.0625rem solid var(--ds-color-london-85);}}.css-jwv1ak .ds-actioned-link{margin-right:0.625rem;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.css-jwv1ak .ds-actioned-link{margin-left:0.625rem;margin-right:0;}}.css-jwv1ak .ei4w8y0{margin-right:0.625rem;margin-top:0;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.css-jwv1ak .ei4w8y0{margin-right:0;}}.css-jwv1ak .ei4w8y0 .ds-actioned-link{margin-right:0;}.css-jwv1ak >.eygoqsu0>*{padding:1rem 0;}.css-jwv1ak >.eygoqsu0>*:nth-of-type(2){border-top:0.0625rem solid var(--ds-color-london-85);}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.css-jwv1ak >.eygoqsu0>*:nth-of-type(2){border-top:0;}}</style><div class="css-jwv1ak eupm5sl0"><style data-emotion="css w0h03k">.css-w0h03k{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-align-items:stretch;-webkit-box-align:stretch;-ms-flex-align:stretch;align-items:stretch;-webkit-box-pack:start;-ms-flex-pack:start;-webkit-justify-content:flex-start;justify-content:flex-start;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.css-w0h03k{-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.css-w0h03k{-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.css-w0h03k{-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;}}</style><div class="css-w0h03k eygoqsu0"><div><style data-emotion="css 1c8ktq7">.css-1c8ktq7{font-size:var(--ds-type-scale--1);font-family:var(--ds-type-system-sans-lining);font-weight:400;line-height:var(--ds-type-leading-lower);color:var(--ds-color-london-35);}</style><time dateTime="2024-11-20T18:17:37.358Z" class="css-1c8ktq7 e4cw3vv0"> Nov 20th 2024</time></div><div><style data-emotion="css 1902i5q">.css-1902i5q{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}</style><div class="css-1902i5q eygoqsu0"><style data-emotion="css 1s3lugw">.css-1s3lugw{display:none;}@media (max-width: 37.4375rem){.css-1s3lugw{display:block;}}</style><div class="css-1s3lugw e3e40d40"></div><style data-emotion="css jusp8i">.css-jusp8i{position:relative;display:inline;}.css-jusp8i .ecqelu90{z-index:100;position:fixed;left:0;bottom:0;width:100%;border-bottom-left-radius:0;border-bottom-right-radius:0;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.css-jusp8i .ecqelu90{position:absolute;top:1.5rem;bottom:auto;left:auto;right:0;width:auto;border-radius:0.5rem;}}</style><div data-test-id="sharing-modal" class="css-jusp8i e756v990"><button class="ds-actioned-link ds-actioned-link--minor ds-actioned-link--share"><span>Share</span></button></div></div></div></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css 1xs6rxu">.css-1xs6rxu{margin-top:0.75rem;width:100%;margin-bottom:0.875rem;display:inline-block;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.css-1xs6rxu{margin-top:1.75rem;}.css-1xs6rxu:has(.e50l3u40:first-child),.css-1xs6rxu:has(.efyz8gm0:first-child),.css-1xs6rxu:has(.e1kg44ft0:first-child){margin-top:0.875rem;}}.css-1xs6rxu .e1wexn3l0{position:relative;}</style><section data-body-id="cp2" class="css-1xs6rxu e19oi8vf1"><style data-emotion="css 11m2wk0">.css-11m2wk0 *+*{margin-top:0.875rem;}.css-11m2wk0 .e1mvczvy0{margin-top:0;}.css-11m2wk0 .e50l3u40:first-child,.css-11m2wk0 .efyz8gm0:first-child,.css-11m2wk0 .e1kg44ft0:first-child{margin:0;}.css-11m2wk0 .e50l3u40 +*,.css-11m2wk0 .efyz8gm0 +*,.css-11m2wk0 .e1kg44ft0 +*{margin-top:1.75rem;}.css-11m2wk0 .e50l3u40 +.e1mvczvy0,.css-11m2wk0 .efyz8gm0 +.e1mvczvy0,.css-11m2wk0 .e1kg44ft0 +.e1mvczvy0,.css-11m2wk0 .e50l3u40 +.e18kpe850,.css-11m2wk0 .efyz8gm0 +.e18kpe850,.css-11m2wk0 .e1kg44ft0 +.e18kpe850,.css-11m2wk0 .e50l3u40 +.e1xa31850,.css-11m2wk0 .efyz8gm0 +.e1xa31850,.css-11m2wk0 .e1kg44ft0 +.e1xa31850{margin-top:2.1875rem;}.css-11m2wk0 *+.e50l3u40,.css-11m2wk0 *+.efyz8gm0,.css-11m2wk0 *+.e1kg44ft0{margin-top:1.75rem;}.css-11m2wk0 .e1mvczvy0+*,.css-11m2wk0 .e18kpe850+*,.css-11m2wk0 .e1xa31850+*{margin-top:2.1875rem;}.css-11m2wk0 .e1gvmbw00+*{margin-top:1.75rem;}.css-11m2wk0 *+.e1gvmbw00{margin-top:1.75rem;}.css-11m2wk0 *+.e15xa22h0{margin-top:1.75rem;}.css-11m2wk0 .e15xa22h0+*{margin-top:1.75rem;}.css-11m2wk0 *+.eeajri10{margin-top:1.3125rem;}.css-11m2wk0 *+.e1xa31850{margin-top:2.1875rem;}.css-11m2wk0 .e1xa31850+*{margin-top:2.1875rem;}.css-11m2wk0 .e1xa31850+.e1mvczvy0{margin-top:2.1875rem;}.css-11m2wk0 .e1mvczvy0+.e1xa31850{margin-top:2.1875rem;}.css-11m2wk0 >.e1nk3r6v0+*{margin-top:0;}.css-11m2wk0 .e1v7vv2r0+*{margin-top:1.3125rem;}.css-11m2wk0 .e1v7vv2r0+.e1v7vv2r0{margin-top:0.875rem;}.css-11m2wk0 >.e16ilo480+*{margin-top:1.3125rem;}.css-11m2wk0 .eeajri10+.e1tt35bk0{margin-top:1.3125rem;}.css-11m2wk0 .e16ilo480+.e15xa22h0{margin-top:1.3125rem;}.css-11m2wk0 .e16ilo480+.e1gvmbw00{margin-top:1.3125rem;}.css-11m2wk0 .e1xa31850+.e1xa31850{margin-top:1.3125rem;}.css-11m2wk0 .eeajri10+.e16ilo480{margin-top:1.3125rem;}.css-11m2wk0 .eeajri10+.e1nk3r6v0{margin-top:1.3125rem;}.css-11m2wk0 .e1nk3r6v0+.e16ilo480{margin-top:0.875rem;}.css-11m2wk0 .e1nk3r6v0+.e1gvmbw00{margin-top:1.3125rem;}.css-11m2wk0 .e18kpe850+*,.css-11m2wk0 .e1mvczvy0+*{margin-top:2.1875rem;}.css-11m2wk0 *+.e18kpe850,.css-11m2wk0 *+.e1mvczvy0{margin-top:2.1875rem;}.css-11m2wk0 .e18kpe850+.e18kpe850,.css-11m2wk0 .e1mvczvy0+.e1mvczvy0,.css-11m2wk0 .e18kpe850+.e1mvczvy0,.css-11m2wk0 .e1mvczvy0+.e18kpe850{margin-top:1.3125rem;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.css-11m2wk0 .e18kpe851{margin-bottom:0.875rem;}}.css-11m2wk0 .eeajri10+.e18kpe851{margin-top:1.3125rem;}.css-11m2wk0 .eeajri10+.e18kpe851+.e1tt35bk0{margin-top:1.3125rem;}.css-11m2wk0 .e1xa31850+.e18kpe851+.e1tt35bk0{margin-top:2.1875rem;}.css-11m2wk0 .e18kpe851+.e1tt35bk0+.e16ilo480{margin-top:1.3125rem;}.css-11m2wk0 .e15xa22h0+.e18kpe851,.css-11m2wk0 .e15xa22h0+.e18kpe851+.e1tt35bk0,.css-11m2wk0 .e1gvmbw00+.e18kpe851+.e1tt35bk0,.css-11m2wk0 .e1gvmbw00+.e18kpe851{margin-top:2.1875rem;}.css-11m2wk0 .e1tt35bk0+.e18kpe851,.css-11m2wk0 .e1tt35bk0+.e18kpe851+.e1tt35bk0,.css-11m2wk0 .e16ilo480+.e18kpe851,.css-11m2wk0 .e16ilo480+.e18kpe851+.e1tt35bk0{margin-top:1.3125rem;}.css-11m2wk0 .e1tt35bk0+.e1v7vv2r0{margin-top:1.75rem;}@media (max-width: 37.4375rem){.css-11m2wk0 .e18kpe851+.e1tt35bk0,.css-11m2wk0 .e1gvmbw00+.e18kpe851+.e1tt35bk0,.css-11m2wk0 .e15xa22h0+.e18kpe851+.e1tt35bk0{margin-top:0.875rem;}}.css-11m2wk0 .e18kpe851+*:not(.e1tt35bk0),.css-11m2wk0 .e18kpe851+.e1tt35bk0+*:not(.e1tt35bk0){clear:both;}.css-11m2wk0 *:not(.ezpf5o0)+.e1tt35bk0:has([data-caps='initial']:first-child),.css-11m2wk0 *:not(.ezpf5o0)+.e1tt35bk0:has(.drop-cap:first-child){margin-top:1.75rem;}.css-11m2wk0 .e1v7vv2r0+.e1tt35bk0:has([data-caps='initial']:first-child),.css-11m2wk0 .e1v7vv2r0+.e1tt35bk0:has(.drop-cap:first-child){margin-top:1.3125rem;}.css-11m2wk0 .e1cbnkh80{clear:both;}.css-11m2wk0 *+.e1cbnkh80{margin-top:2.1875rem;}.css-11m2wk0 .e1cbnkh80+*{margin-top:2.1875rem;}.css-11m2wk0 *+.ezpf5o0{margin-top:1.75rem;}.css-11m2wk0 .ezpf5o0+*{margin-top:0.875rem;}</style><div class="css-11m2wk0 e19oi8vf2"><style data-emotion="css 1f0x4sl">.css-1f0x4sl{color:var(--ds-color-london-5);font-family:var(--ds-type-system-serif);font-weight:400;font-size:var(--ds-type-scale-1);line-height:var(--ds-type-leading-lower);}.css-1f0x4sl del,.css-1f0x4sl s{-webkit-text-decoration:strikethrough;text-decoration:strikethrough;}.css-1f0x4sl strong,.css-1f0x4sl b{font-weight:700;}.css-1f0x4sl em,.css-1f0x4sl i{font-style:italic;}.css-1f0x4sl sup{font-feature-settings:'sups' 1;}.css-1f0x4sl sub{font-feature-settings:'subs' 1;}.css-1f0x4sl small,.css-1f0x4sl .small-caps{display:inline;font-size:inherit;font-variant:small-caps no-common-ligatures no-discretionary-ligatures no-historical-ligatures no-contextual;line-height:var(--ds-type-leading-lower);text-transform:lowercase;}.css-1f0x4sl u,.css-1f0x4sl .underline{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:0.125rem;text-decoration-thickness:0.0625rem;}.css-1f0x4sl a{color:var(--ds-color-london-5);-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-color:var(--ds-color-chicago-45);text-decoration-thickness:0.125rem;text-underline-offset:0.125rem;}.css-1f0x4sl a:hover{color:var(--ds-color-chicago-30);-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-thickness:0.0625rem;}.css-1f0x4sl a:focus{background-color:var(--ds-color-chicago-95);color:var(--ds-color-london-5);outline:none;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-color:var(--ds-color-chicago-45);text-decoration-thickness:0.125rem;}.css-1f0x4sl a:active{background-color:var(--ds-color-chicago-95);color:var(--ds-color-london-5);-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1f0x4sl [data-caps='initial'],.css-1f0x4sl .drop-cap{float:left;font-feature-settings:'ss08' 1;font-size:3.5rem;height:3.25rem;line-height:1;margin:0.0625rem 0.2rem 0 0;text-transform:uppercase;}.css-1f0x4sl [data-ornament='ufinish'],.css-1f0x4sl .ufinish{color:var(--ds-color-economist-red);}.css-1f0x4sl [data-ornament='ufinish']::before,.css-1f0x4sl .ufinish::before{font-size:var(--ds-type-scale-1);content:' ';}</style><p data-component="paragraph" class="css-1f0x4sl e1tt35bk0"><span data-caps="initial">S</span><small>CIENTIFIC PUBLISHING</small> has long been a money-printing operation, with many big publishing houses reporting profit margins of between 30% and 40% year after year. The long-standing business model is watertight. Articles, which are written and reviewed by academics, are locked behind paywalls. Universities and research institutions then pay through the nose for access to them via subscriptions that cost millions of dollars a year.</p></div></section><style data-emotion="css 1bdax0c">.css-1bdax0c{margin:0.875rem 0;}.css-1bdax0c .eikojtn0+*{margin-top:0.875rem;}.e1t0la761+.css-1bdax0c{margin-top:0;}</style><div class="css-1bdax0c e13p72us0"><style data-emotion="css 1i4m1tx">.css-1i4m1tx{color:var(--ds-color-london-20);font-family:var(--ds-type-system-sans);font-size:var(--ds-type-scale--1);line-height:var(--ds-type-leading-lower);}.css-1i4m1tx s,.css-1i4m1tx del{-webkit-text-decoration:line-through;text-decoration:line-through;text-decoration-thickness:0.0625rem;}.css-1i4m1tx b{font-weight:600;}.css-1i4m1tx i{font-style:italic;}.css-1i4m1tx sup{font-feature-settings:'sups' 1;}.css-1i4m1tx sub{font-feature-settings:'subs' 1;}.css-1i4m1tx u{text-decoration-thickness:0.0625rem;}.css-1i4m1tx a{color:var(--ds-color-london-5);-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-thickness:0.0625rem;}.css-1i4m1tx a:hover{color:var(--ds-color-chicago-30);-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1i4m1tx a:focus,.css-1i4m1tx a:active{background-color:var(--ds-color-chicago-95);color:var(--ds-color-london-5);}.css-1i4m1tx a:focus{outline:solid transparent;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-1i4m1tx a:active{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}</style><p class="css-1i4m1tx eikojtn0">This article appeared in the Science & technology section of the print edition under the headline “Paper trails”</p></div><style data-emotion="css 1ijq0b9">.css-1ijq0b9 .ds-chapter-list__item a span{border:0;}.css-1ijq0b9 .ds-chapter-list__item a:hover span{color:var(--ds-color-chicago-30);-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-1ijq0b9 .ds-chapter-list__item a:focus span{background-color:var(--ds-color-chicago-95);box-shadow:none;color:var(--ds-color-london-5);outline:solid transparent;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-1ijq0b9 .ds-chapter-list__item a:active span{color:var(--ds-color-chicago-30);}.css-1ijq0b9 .ds-section-headline a{border-bottom:0;}.css-1ijq0b9 .ds-section-headline a:hover{color:var(--ds-color-chicago-30);-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-1ijq0b9 .ds-section-headline a:focus{background-color:var(--ds-color-chicago-95);box-shadow:none;color:var(--ds-color-london-5);outline:solid transparent;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-1ijq0b9 .ds-section-headline a:active{color:var(--ds-color-chicago-30);}</style><div data-tracking-id="content-well-chapter-list" class="css-1ijq0b9 e8htone0"><div class="ds-chapter-list"><h2 class="ds-section-headline ds-section-headline--rule-accent"><a href="/science-and-technology" class="ds-section-headline-link">Science & technology</a> <span class="ds-section-subheadline">November 23rd 2024</span></h2><ul><li class="ds-chapter-list__item"><a class="ds-link-with-arrow ds-link-with-arrow--minor ds-link-with-arrow--text-right" href="/science-and-technology/2024/11/20/scientists-are-building-a-catalogue-of-every-type-of-cell-in-our-bodies"><span>Scientists are building a catalogue of every type of cell in our bodies</span></a></li><li class="ds-chapter-list__item"><a class="ds-link-with-arrow ds-link-with-arrow--minor ds-link-with-arrow--selected ds-link-with-arrow--text-right" href="/science-and-technology/2024/11/20/scientific-publishers-are-producing-more-papers-than-ever"><span>Scientific publishers are producing more papers than ever</span></a></li><li class="ds-chapter-list__item"><a class="ds-link-with-arrow ds-link-with-arrow--minor ds-link-with-arrow--text-right" href="/science-and-technology/2024/11/20/the-two-types-of-human-laugh"><span>The two types of human laugh </span></a></li><li class="ds-chapter-list__item"><a class="ds-link-with-arrow ds-link-with-arrow--minor ds-link-with-arrow--text-right" href="/science-and-technology/2024/11/20/how-squid-could-help-people-get-over-their-needle-phobia"><span>How squid could help people get over their needle phobia </span></a></li></ul></div></div><style data-emotion="css wcxg11">.css-wcxg11{font-family:var(--ds-type-system-serif);position:relative;}.css-wcxg11 .ds-link-with-arrow-icon{cursor:pointer;font-weight:500;}.css-wcxg11 .ds-link-with-arrow-icon span{color:var(--ds-color-london-5);}.css-wcxg11 .ds-link-with-arrow-icon::before{color:var(--ds-color-economist-red);}.css-wcxg11 .ds-link-with-arrow-icon:hover span{color:var(--ds-color-chicago-30);-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-wcxg11 .ds-link-with-arrow-icon:focus span{background-color:var(--ds-color-chicago-95);box-shadow:none;color:var(--ds-color-london-5);outline:solid transparent;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-wcxg11 .ds-link-with-arrow-icon:active span{background-color:var(--ds-color-chicago-95);color:var(--ds-color-chicago-30);-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-wcxg11 .ds-link-with-arrow-icon:hover span,.css-wcxg11 .ds-link-with-arrow-icon:focus span,.css-wcxg11 .ds-link-with-arrow-icon:active span{border:0;}</style><div data-test-id="vertical" class="css-wcxg11 e1d3rrj40"><style data-emotion="css vsh08d">.css-vsh08d{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-box-pack:column;-ms-flex-pack:column;-webkit-justify-content:column;justify-content:column;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;text-align:center;-webkit-column-gap:1.25rem;column-gap:1.25rem;}</style><div orientation="vertical" class="css-vsh08d e1d3rrj41"><style data-emotion="css s61v3v">.css-s61v3v{border-radius:0.125rem;box-shadow:-0.125rem 0.125rem 0.25rem 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.4);margin-bottom:0.75rem;min-width:10rem;max-width:12rem;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.css-s61v3v{min-width:12rem;}}.css-s61v3v img{display:block;max-width:100%;}</style><div orientation="vertical" class="css-s61v3v e1d3rrj43"><figure class="css-j0a8mg e1197rjj0"><img loading="lazy" width="1280" height="1709" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent" sizes="300px" srcSet="https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=16,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20241123_DE_AP.jpg 16w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=32,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20241123_DE_AP.jpg 32w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=48,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20241123_DE_AP.jpg 48w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=64,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20241123_DE_AP.jpg 64w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=96,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20241123_DE_AP.jpg 96w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=128,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20241123_DE_AP.jpg 128w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=256,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20241123_DE_AP.jpg 256w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=360,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20241123_DE_AP.jpg 360w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=384,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20241123_DE_AP.jpg 384w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=480,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20241123_DE_AP.jpg 480w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=600,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20241123_DE_AP.jpg 600w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=834,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20241123_DE_AP.jpg 834w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=960,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20241123_DE_AP.jpg 960w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=1096,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20241123_DE_AP.jpg 1096w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=1280,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20241123_DE_AP.jpg 1280w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=1424,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20241123_DE_AP.jpg 1424w" src="https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=1424,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20241123_DE_AP.jpg"/></figure></div><style data-emotion="css std7t4">.css-std7t4{max-width:16rem;}</style><div orientation="vertical" class="css-std7t4 e1d3rrj42"><style data-emotion="css zqomh4">.css-zqomh4{color:var(--ds-color-london-5);font-family:var(--ds-type-system-serif-lining);font-size:var(--ds-type-scale-2);font-weight:500;line-height:var(--ds-type-leading-upper);margin-bottom:0.25rem;}</style><h3 orientation="vertical" class="css-zqomh4 e1d3rrj44">From the November 23rd 2024 edition</h3><style data-emotion="css 12b2bkb">.css-12b2bkb{color:var(--ds-color-london-5);font-size:var(--ds-type-scale-0);font-weight:400;line-height:var(--ds-type-leading-lower);margin-bottom:1.5rem;}</style><p orientation="vertical" class="css-12b2bkb e1d3rrj45">Discover stories from this section and more in the list of contents</p><a class="ds-link-with-arrow-icon ds-link-with-arrow-icon--minor" href="/weeklyedition/2024-11-23" data-analytics="sidebar:weekly_edition"><span>Explore the edition</span></a></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css 1cmx12d">.css-1cmx12d{margin-top:0.875rem;}.css-1cmx12d +.eq1asik0{margin-top:3rem;padding-bottom:0;}.e1t0la761+.css-1cmx12d{margin-top:0;}</style><div class="css-1cmx12d em0l2j50"><style data-emotion="css 19gx9y0">.css-19gx9y0{position:relative;border-bottom:0;border-top:0.0625rem solid var(--ds-color-london-85);color:var(--ds-color-london-35);}.css-19gx9y0 .ds-actioned-link{margin-right:0.625rem;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.css-19gx9y0 .ds-actioned-link{margin-left:0.625rem;margin-right:0;}}.css-19gx9y0 .ei4w8y0{margin-right:0.625rem;margin-top:0;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.css-19gx9y0 .ei4w8y0{margin-right:0;}}.css-19gx9y0 .ei4w8y0 .ds-actioned-link{margin-right:0;}.css-19gx9y0 >.eygoqsu0>*{padding:1rem 0;}.css-19gx9y0 >.eygoqsu0>*:nth-of-type(2){border-top:0.0625rem solid var(--ds-color-london-85);}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.css-19gx9y0 >.eygoqsu0>*:nth-of-type(2){border-top:0;}}</style><div class="css-19gx9y0 eupm5sl0"><style data-emotion="css 15sn8g1">.css-15sn8g1{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-align-items:stretch;-webkit-box-align:stretch;-ms-flex-align:stretch;align-items:stretch;-webkit-box-pack:start;-ms-flex-pack:start;-webkit-justify-content:flex-start;justify-content:flex-start;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.css-15sn8g1{-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.css-15sn8g1{-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.css-15sn8g1{-webkit-box-pack:end;-ms-flex-pack:end;-webkit-justify-content:flex-end;justify-content:flex-end;}}</style><div class="css-15sn8g1 eygoqsu0"><div><style data-emotion="css 9mn5vp">.css-9mn5vp{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;row-gap:0.6rem;}</style><div class="css-9mn5vp eygoqsu0"><div class="css-1s3lugw e3e40d40"></div><div data-test-id="sharing-modal" class="css-jusp8i e756v990"><button class="ds-actioned-link ds-actioned-link--minor ds-actioned-link--share"><span>Share</span></button></div><a class="ds-actioned-link ds-actioned-link--minor ds-actioned-link--reuse-this-content" href="https://s100.copyright.com/AppDispatchServlet?publisherName=economist&publication=economist&title=Scientific%20publishers%20are%20producing%20more%20papers%20than%20ever&publicationDate=2024-11-20&contentID=%2Fcontent%2Fldq42e1fc34nlp1bfrt2k9tq8uqgoved&type=A&orderBeanReset=TRUE" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" data-analytics="end_of_article:reuse_this_content"><span>Reuse this content</span></a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css 169lzn0">.css-169lzn0{position:relative;-webkit-align-self:auto;-ms-flex-item-align:auto;align-self:auto;display:none;}@media (min-width: 80rem){.css-169lzn0{grid-column-start:9;}}@media (min-width: 89rem){.css-169lzn0{grid-column-start:13;}}@media (min-width: 80rem){.css-169lzn0{grid-column-end:13;}}@media (min-width: 89rem){.css-169lzn0{grid-column-end:17;}}@media (min-width: 80rem){.css-169lzn0{grid-row-start:1;}}@media (min-width: 80rem){.css-169lzn0{grid-row-end:span 4;}}@media (min-width: 80rem){.css-169lzn0{display:block;}}.css-169lzn0:last-child::after{height:0;}</style><div data-test-id="right-hand-rail-ads" class="css-169lzn0 en4o1560"><style data-emotion="css 1y1zooy">.css-1y1zooy{display:inline;}.css-1y1zooy >*+*{margin-top:2rem;}.css-1y1zooy >*:only-child{margin-top:1.25rem;}.css-1y1zooy >*:last-child{position:-webkit-sticky;position:sticky;top:1.5rem;}</style><div class="css-1y1zooy epfkve70"><div class="adComponent_advert__kPVUI adComponent_right__A3uJw adComponent_hidden__Dp0GM"><div><div id="econright-r0" class="adComponent_adcontainer__eooQr"></div></div></div><div class="adComponent_advert__kPVUI adComponent_right__A3uJw adComponent_hidden__Dp0GM"><div><div id="econright-r1" class="adComponent_adcontainer__eooQr"></div></div></div></div></div></div><div data-optimizely="related-articles-section"><style data-emotion="css mqgbir">.css-mqgbir{margin-top:6rem;}.css-mqgbir .ds-section-headline{margin-bottom:1rem;}</style><div class="css-mqgbir ekf19570"><h2 class="ds-section-headline ds-section-headline--rule-emphasised"><a href="/science-and-technology" class="ds-section-headline-link">Discover more</a></h2><style data-emotion="css 1udh2m3">@media (min-width: 60rem){.css-1udh2m3 .en4o1560 .en4o1560:last-of-type{padding-bottom:1.5rem;}}@media (min-width: 60rem){.css-1udh2m3 .en4o1560 .en4o1560{padding-bottom:1.5rem;}}@media (min-width: 80rem){.css-1udh2m3 .en4o1560 .en4o1560{padding-bottom:0;}}@media (min-width: 60rem){.css-1udh2m3 .en4o1560>hr+.enphw8n0:last-of-type{padding-bottom:1.5rem;}}@media (min-width: 60rem){.css-1udh2m3 .en4o1560:nth-of-type(5){padding-bottom:1.5rem;}}.css-1udh2m3 .e188esf00 .e188esf00{margin-top:-0.25rem;}@media (min-width: 80rem){.css-1udh2m3 .en4o1560:nth-of-type(3) .e188esf00{margin-top:0;}}</style><div class="css-1udh2m3 e1sxhytt1"><style data-emotion="css 10pit5x">.css-10pit5x{display:grid;grid-auto-flow:row;grid-column-gap:var(--ds-grid-gutter);grid-row-gap:2.75rem;grid-auto-columns:1fr;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;max-width:89.5rem;overflow:hidden;position:relative;grid-row-gap:1.5rem;grid-template-areas:"group1" "line" "group2" "line2" "group3";}@media (min-width: 60rem){.css-10pit5x{grid-template:auto/repeat(12, minmax(0, 1fr));}}@media (min-width: 60rem){.css-10pit5x{grid-template-areas:"group1 group1 group1 group1 group1 group1 group2 group2 group2 group2 group2 group2" "line line line line line line line line line line line line" "group3 group3 group3 group3 group3 group3 group3 group3 group3 group3 group3 group3";}}@media (min-width: 80rem){.css-10pit5x{grid-template-areas:"group1 group1 group1 group1 group2 group2 group2 group2 group2 group3 group3 group3";}}</style><div class="css-10pit5x e188esf00"><style data-emotion="css pdqis7">.css-pdqis7{grid-area:group1;position:relative;-webkit-align-self:auto;-ms-flex-item-align:auto;align-self:auto;}.css-pdqis7::after{background-color:var(--ds-color-london-85);content:'';height:100%;position:absolute;right:-1rem;right:calc(-1 * var(--ds-grid-gap));top:0;width:1px;}.css-pdqis7:last-child::after{height:0;}</style><div class="css-pdqis7 en4o1560"><style data-emotion="css ctje7d">.css-ctje7d{position:relative;width:100%;margin-top:0;overflow:hidden;display:block;}.eeawncf0 .css-ctje7d,.e1ns5z760 .css-ctje7d{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;}@media (min-width: 22.5rem){.eeawncf0 .css-ctje7d,.e1ns5z760 .css-ctje7d{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.eeawncf0 .css-ctje7d,.e1ns5z760 .css-ctje7d{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;}}@media (min-width: 60rem){.eeawncf0 .css-ctje7d,.e1ns5z760 .css-ctje7d{margin-top:-0.25rem;margin-bottom:0;}}@media (min-width: 80rem){.eeawncf0 .css-ctje7d,.e1ns5z760 .css-ctje7d{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;}}.e1ft9m2r0 .css-ctje7d{margin-left:0.75rem;margin-top:0;}@media (max-width:29.9375rem){.e1ft9m2r0 .css-ctje7d{padding-top:0.375rem;}}.ebp5mrt0 .css-ctje7d{padding-bottom:1.5rem;border-bottom:var(--ds-border-rule);}</style><div class="css-ctje7d enphw8n0"><style data-emotion="css 1w6u71t">.css-1w6u71t{position:relative;float:none;width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;}.css-1w6u71t img{display:block;}.css-1w6u71t svg{bottom:0;display:block;left:0;position:absolute;width:15%;}.css-1w6u71t+.exn4l0u0{margin-top:0.5rem;}.css-1w6u71t+style+.exn4l0u0{margin-top:0.5rem;}.css-1w6u71t+.e7j57mt0{margin-top:0.5rem;}.css-1w6u71t+style+.e7j57mt0{margin-top:0.5rem;}.css-1w6u71t+.e8l300f0{margin-top:0.5rem;}.css-1w6u71t+style+.e8l300f0{margin-top:0.5rem;}</style><div class="css-1w6u71t e1xwzcy70"><figure class="css-j0a8mg e1197rjj0"><img theme="[object Object]" alt="Comedy Club audience. " loading="lazy" width="1280" height="720" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent" sizes="(min-width: 1440px) 700px, (min-width: 1280px) 50vw, (min-width: 960px) 66vw, 95vw" srcSet="https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=256,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20241123_STP503.jpg 256w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=360,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20241123_STP503.jpg 360w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=384,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20241123_STP503.jpg 384w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=480,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20241123_STP503.jpg 480w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=600,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20241123_STP503.jpg 600w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=834,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20241123_STP503.jpg 834w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=960,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20241123_STP503.jpg 960w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=1096,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20241123_STP503.jpg 1096w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=1280,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20241123_STP503.jpg 1280w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=1424,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20241123_STP503.jpg 1424w" src="https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=1424,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20241123_STP503.jpg"/></figure></div><div class="css-0 exn4l0u0"><style data-emotion="css 107bvwz">.css-107bvwz{font-family:var(--ds-type-system-serif-lining);font-size:var(--ds-type-scale-3);font-weight:normal;line-height:var(--ds-type-leading-upper);}.css-107bvwz a{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;color:var(--ds-color-london-5);display:block;}.css-107bvwz a:hover,.css-107bvwz a:hover{color:var(--ds-color-chicago-30);-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-107bvwz a:focus,.css-107bvwz a:focus{background-color:var(--ds-color-chicago-95);color:var(--ds-color-london-5);outline:none;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-107bvwz a:active,.css-107bvwz a:active{color:var(--ds-color-chicago-30);}.css-107bvwz a::before{bottom:0;content:'';display:block;left:0;opacity:0;overflow:hidden;position:absolute;right:0;text-indent:-999em;top:0;white-space:nowrap;z-index:1;}.css-107bvwz+.e7x1xmz0,.css-107bvwz+style+.e7x1xmz0{margin-top:0.5rem;}.e1p220na0 .css-107bvwz+.e7x1xmz0{margin-top:0;}</style><h3 class="css-107bvwz e7j57mt0"><a href="/science-and-technology/2024/11/20/the-two-types-of-human-laugh" data-analytics="more_from:headline_1">The two types of human laugh </a></h3><style data-emotion="css llqkfq">.css-llqkfq{color:var(--ds-color-london-5);font-family:var(--ds-type-system-serif);max-width:43.75rem;font-size:var(--ds-type-scale-0);line-height:var(--ds-type-leading-lower);}</style><p class="css-llqkfq e7x1xmz0">One is caused by tickling; the other by everything else</p></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css 12zrjtn">.css-12zrjtn{grid-area:group2;position:relative;-webkit-align-self:auto;-ms-flex-item-align:auto;align-self:auto;}.css-12zrjtn::after{background-color:var(--ds-color-london-85);content:'';height:100%;position:absolute;right:-1rem;right:calc(-1 * var(--ds-grid-gap));top:0;width:1px;}.css-12zrjtn:last-child::after{height:0;}</style><div class="css-12zrjtn en4o1560"><style data-emotion="css 6p3gio">.css-6p3gio{position:relative;width:100%;margin-top:0;overflow:hidden;display:block;}.eeawncf0 .css-6p3gio,.e1ns5z760 .css-6p3gio{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;}@media (min-width: 22.5rem){.eeawncf0 .css-6p3gio,.e1ns5z760 .css-6p3gio{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.eeawncf0 .css-6p3gio,.e1ns5z760 .css-6p3gio{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;}}@media (min-width: 60rem){.eeawncf0 .css-6p3gio,.e1ns5z760 .css-6p3gio{margin-top:-0.25rem;margin-bottom:0;}}@media (min-width: 80rem){.eeawncf0 .css-6p3gio,.e1ns5z760 .css-6p3gio{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;}}.e1ft9m2r0 .css-6p3gio{margin-left:0.75rem;margin-top:0;}@media (max-width:29.9375rem){.e1ft9m2r0 .css-6p3gio{padding-top:0.375rem;}}.ebp5mrt0 .css-6p3gio{padding-bottom:1.5rem;border-bottom:var(--ds-border-rule);}</style><div class="css-6p3gio enphw8n0"><style data-emotion="css 1js7g3m">.css-1js7g3m{position:relative;float:none;width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;}.css-1js7g3m img{display:block;}.css-1js7g3m svg{bottom:0;display:block;left:0;position:absolute;width:15%;}.css-1js7g3m+.exn4l0u0{margin-top:0.5rem;}.css-1js7g3m+style+.exn4l0u0{margin-top:0.5rem;}.css-1js7g3m+.e7j57mt0{margin-top:0.5rem;}.css-1js7g3m+style+.e7j57mt0{margin-top:0.5rem;}.css-1js7g3m+.e8l300f0{margin-top:0.5rem;}.css-1js7g3m+style+.e8l300f0{margin-top:0.5rem;}@media (min-width: 30rem){.css-1js7g3m{float:right;margin:0.25rem 0 0 1.5rem;width:33%;padding:0;}.css-1js7g3m+.exn4l0u0{margin-top:0;}.css-1js7g3m+.e7j57mt0{margin-top:0;}.css-1js7g3m+.e8l300f0{margin-top:0;}}</style><div class="css-1js7g3m e1xwzcy70"><figure class="css-j0a8mg e1197rjj0"><img theme="[object Object]" alt="The human small intestine." loading="lazy" width="1280" height="720" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent" sizes="(min-width: 1440px) 700px, (min-width: 1280px) 50vw, (min-width: 960px) 66vw, 95vw" srcSet="https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=256,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20241123_STP001.jpg 256w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=360,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20241123_STP001.jpg 360w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=384,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20241123_STP001.jpg 384w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=480,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20241123_STP001.jpg 480w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=600,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20241123_STP001.jpg 600w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=834,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20241123_STP001.jpg 834w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=960,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20241123_STP001.jpg 960w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=1096,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20241123_STP001.jpg 1096w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=1280,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20241123_STP001.jpg 1280w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=1424,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20241123_STP001.jpg 1424w" src="https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=1424,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20241123_STP001.jpg"/></figure></div><div class="css-0 exn4l0u0"><style data-emotion="css 1jzypbl">.css-1jzypbl{font-family:var(--ds-type-system-serif-lining);font-size:var(--ds-type-scale-2);font-weight:normal;line-height:var(--ds-type-leading-upper);}.css-1jzypbl a{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;color:var(--ds-color-london-5);display:block;}.css-1jzypbl a:hover,.css-1jzypbl a:hover{color:var(--ds-color-chicago-30);-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-1jzypbl a:focus,.css-1jzypbl a:focus{background-color:var(--ds-color-chicago-95);color:var(--ds-color-london-5);outline:none;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-1jzypbl a:active,.css-1jzypbl a:active{color:var(--ds-color-chicago-30);}.css-1jzypbl a::before{bottom:0;content:'';display:block;left:0;opacity:0;overflow:hidden;position:absolute;right:0;text-indent:-999em;top:0;white-space:nowrap;z-index:1;}.css-1jzypbl+.e7x1xmz0,.css-1jzypbl+style+.e7x1xmz0{margin-top:0.5rem;}.e1p220na0 .css-1jzypbl+.e7x1xmz0{margin-top:0;}</style><h3 class="css-1jzypbl e7j57mt0"><a href="/science-and-technology/2024/11/20/scientists-are-building-a-catalogue-of-every-type-of-cell-in-our-bodies" data-analytics="more_from:headline_2">Scientists are building a catalogue of every type of cell in our bodies</a></h3><p class="css-llqkfq e7x1xmz0">It has thus far shed light on everything from organ formation to the causes of inflammation</p></div></div><style data-emotion="css 16c9eiw">.css-16c9eiw{border-width:0;border-top:1px solid var(--ds-color-london-85);margin:1.5rem 0;margin:1.5rem 0 1.25rem;width:100%;}</style><hr class="css-16c9eiw e188esf01"/><div class="css-6p3gio enphw8n0"><div class="css-1js7g3m e1xwzcy70"><figure class="css-j0a8mg e1197rjj0"><img theme="[object Object]" alt=" Octopus (Octopus sp) spewing his ink." loading="lazy" width="1280" height="720" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent" sizes="(min-width: 1440px) 700px, (min-width: 1280px) 50vw, (min-width: 960px) 66vw, 95vw" srcSet="https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=256,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20241123_STP501.jpg 256w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=360,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20241123_STP501.jpg 360w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=384,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20241123_STP501.jpg 384w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=480,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20241123_STP501.jpg 480w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=600,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20241123_STP501.jpg 600w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=834,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20241123_STP501.jpg 834w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=960,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20241123_STP501.jpg 960w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=1096,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20241123_STP501.jpg 1096w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=1280,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20241123_STP501.jpg 1280w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=1424,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20241123_STP501.jpg 1424w" src="https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=1424,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20241123_STP501.jpg"/></figure></div><div class="css-0 exn4l0u0"><h3 class="css-1jzypbl e7j57mt0"><a href="/science-and-technology/2024/11/20/how-squid-could-help-people-get-over-their-needle-phobia" data-analytics="more_from:headline_3">How squid could help people get over their needle phobia </a></h3><p class="css-llqkfq e7x1xmz0">Cephalopod ink propulsion is inspiring an alternative to syringes</p></div></div><hr class="css-16c9eiw e188esf01"/><div class="css-ctje7d enphw8n0"><div class="css-0 exn4l0u0"><style data-emotion="css 93c3ik">.css-93c3ik{font-family:var(--ds-type-system-serif-lining);font-size:var(--ds-type-scale-1);font-weight:500;line-height:var(--ds-type-leading-lower);}.css-93c3ik a{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;color:var(--ds-color-london-5);display:block;}.css-93c3ik a:hover,.css-93c3ik a:hover{color:var(--ds-color-chicago-30);-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-93c3ik a:focus,.css-93c3ik a:focus{background-color:var(--ds-color-chicago-95);color:var(--ds-color-london-5);outline:none;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-93c3ik a:active,.css-93c3ik a:active{color:var(--ds-color-chicago-30);}.css-93c3ik a::before{bottom:0;content:'';display:block;left:0;opacity:0;overflow:hidden;position:absolute;right:0;text-indent:-999em;top:0;white-space:nowrap;z-index:1;}.css-93c3ik+.e7x1xmz0,.css-93c3ik+style+.e7x1xmz0{margin-top:0.25rem;}.e1p220na0 .css-93c3ik+.e7x1xmz0{margin-top:0;}</style><h3 class="css-93c3ik e7j57mt0"><a href="/science-and-technology/2024/11/13/norways-atlantic-salmon-risks-going-the-way-of-the-panda" data-analytics="more_from:headline_4">Norway’s Atlantic salmon risks going the way of the panda</a></h3><p class="css-llqkfq e7x1xmz0">Climate change and fish farming are endangering its future</p></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css 1ls2jbk">.css-1ls2jbk{grid-area:group3;position:relative;-webkit-align-self:auto;-ms-flex-item-align:auto;align-self:auto;}.css-1ls2jbk::after{background-color:var(--ds-color-london-85);content:'';height:100%;position:absolute;right:-1rem;right:calc(-1 * var(--ds-grid-gap));top:0;width:1px;}.css-1ls2jbk:last-child::after{height:0;}</style><div class="css-1ls2jbk en4o1560"><style data-emotion="css yuq3xx">.css-yuq3xx{display:grid;grid-auto-flow:row;grid-column-gap:var(--ds-grid-gutter);grid-row-gap:2.75rem;grid-auto-columns:1fr;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;max-width:89.5rem;overflow:hidden;position:relative;}@media (min-width: 60rem){.css-yuq3xx{grid-template:auto/repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));}}@media (min-width: 80rem){.css-yuq3xx{grid-template:auto/repeat(1, minmax(0, 1fr));}}</style><div class="css-yuq3xx e188esf00"><style data-emotion="css 1smej6r">.css-1smej6r{position:relative;-webkit-align-self:auto;-ms-flex-item-align:auto;align-self:auto;}.css-1smej6r::after{background-color:var(--ds-color-london-85);bottom:-1.5rem;content:"";height:1px;position:absolute;left:0;width:calc(110% + var(--ds-grid-gap));}@media (min-width: 60rem){.css-1smej6r::before{background-color:var(--ds-color-london-85);content:"";height:100%;position:absolute;right:calc(-1 * var(--ds-grid-gap));top:0;width:1px;}.css-1smej6r::after{background-color:var(--ds-color-london-85);bottom:-1.5rem;content:"";height:1px;position:absolute;left:0;width:calc(110% + var(--ds-grid-gap));}}@media (min-width: 80rem){.css-1smej6r::after{background-color:var(--ds-color-london-85);bottom:-1.5rem;content:"";height:1px;position:absolute;left:0;width:calc(110% + var(--ds-grid-gap));}}.css-1smej6r:last-child::after{height:0;}</style><div data-test-id="grid-item" class="css-1smej6r en4o1560"><div class="css-ctje7d enphw8n0"><div class="css-0 exn4l0u0"><h3 class="css-93c3ik e7j57mt0"><a href="/science-and-technology/2024/11/13/artificial-intelligence-is-helping-improve-climate-models" data-analytics="more_from:headline_5">Artificial intelligence is helping improve climate models</a></h3><p class="css-llqkfq e7x1xmz0">More accurate predictions will lead to better policy-making</p></div></div></div><div data-test-id="grid-item" class="css-1smej6r en4o1560"><div class="css-ctje7d enphw8n0"><div class="css-0 exn4l0u0"><h3 class="css-93c3ik e7j57mt0"><a href="/science-and-technology/2024/11/13/physics-reveals-the-best-design-for-a-badminton-arena" data-analytics="more_from:headline_6">Physics reveals the best design for a badminton arena</a></h3><p class="css-llqkfq e7x1xmz0">The key is minimising the disruptive effects of ventilation</p></div></div></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css 1sczei4">.css-1sczei4{border-width:0;border-top:1px solid var(--ds-color-london-85);grid-area:line;margin:0;margin:1.5rem 0 1.25rem;margin:0;width:100%;display:block;}@media (min-width: 80rem){.css-1sczei4{display:none;}}</style><hr class="css-1sczei4 e188esf01"/><style data-emotion="css mmkuqe">.css-mmkuqe{border-width:0;border-top:1px solid var(--ds-color-london-85);grid-area:line2;margin:0;margin:1.5rem 0 1.25rem;margin:0;width:100%;display:block;}@media (min-width: 60rem){.css-mmkuqe{display:none;}}</style><hr class="css-mmkuqe e188esf01"/></div></div></div></div></div></article></main></div></div><footer itemType="http://schema.org/WPFooter" class="ds-footer" role="contentinfo"><div class="ds-layout-grid ds-footer-cols-alpha"><div id="ds-footer-customer-links" class="ds-footer-cols-alpha__lead"><ul class="ds-footer__link-list"><li><a class="ds-navigation-link ds-navigation-link--secondary ds-navigation-link--major ds-navigation-link--inverse" href="https://www.economist.com/api/auth/subscribe?path=%2FDE%2FECOM%2FBASE12_P%2FFooter"><span>Subscribe</span></a></li><li><a class="ds-navigation-link ds-navigation-link--secondary ds-navigation-link--major ds-navigation-link--inverse" href="https://www.economist.com/enterprise/"><span>Economist Enterprise</span></a></li><li><a class="ds-navigation-link ds-navigation-link--secondary ds-navigation-link--major ds-navigation-link--inverse" href="https://rights.economist.com/"><span>Reuse our content</span></a></li><li><a class="ds-navigation-link ds-navigation-link--secondary ds-navigation-link--major ds-navigation-link--inverse" href="https://myaccount.economist.com/s/help"><span>Help and contact us</span></a></li></ul></div><div class="ds-footer-cols-share"><h2 class="ds-footer__header">Keep updated</h2><ul class="ds-footer__link-list"><li id="ds-footer-linkedin-icon"><a class="ds-share-link ds-share-link--inverse" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/the-economist"><svg viewBox="-1 -1 34 34" width="32" height="32"><title>LinkedIn</title><g fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"><circle class="path-background" fill="#333" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path class="path-foreground" d="M25 24h-3.728v-5.847c0-1.395-.025-3.188-1.938-3.188-1.942 0-2.239 1.519-2.239 3.087V24h-3.728V11.977h3.579v1.642h.05c.497-.945 1.714-1.941 3.53-1.941 3.777 0 4.474 2.49 4.474 5.727V24zM9.163 10.333A2.165 2.165 0 0 1 7 8.166C7 6.971 7.968 6 9.163 6c1.193 0 2.162.97 2.162 2.166s-.969 2.167-2.162 2.167zM7.297 24h3.73V11.977h-3.73V24z" fill="#FFF"></path></g></svg></a></li><li id="ds-footer-facebook-icon"><a class="ds-share-link ds-share-link--inverse" href="https://www.facebook.com/theeconomist"><svg viewBox="-1 -1 34 34" width="32" height="32"><title>Facebook</title><g fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"><circle class="path-background" fill="#333" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path class="path-foreground" d="M17.49 26v-9.123h2.95l.44-3.555h-3.39v-2.27c0-1.03.276-1.731 1.697-1.731H21V6.14A23.34 23.34 0 0 0 18.359 6c-2.614 0-4.403 1.657-4.403 4.7v2.622H11v3.555h2.956V26h3.535z" fill="#FFF" fill-rule="nonzero"></path></g></svg></a></li><li id="ds-footer-x-icon"><a class="ds-share-link ds-share-link--inverse" href="https://www.twitter.com/theeconomist"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="-1 -1 34 34" width="32" height="32"><title>X</title><circle class="path-background" cx="16" cy="16" r="16" fill="#333"></circle><path class="path-foreground" fill="#fff" d="M17.965 14.617 24.511 7H22.96l-5.684 6.614L12.736 7H7.5l6.865 10.002L7.5 24.99h1.551l6.003-6.985 4.794 6.985h5.236l-7.12-10.372h.001ZM15.84 17.09l-.695-.996L9.61 8.169h2.383l4.466 6.396.696.996 5.806 8.313h-2.383L15.84 17.09Z"></path></svg></a></li><li id="ds-footer-instagram-icon"><a class="ds-share-link ds-share-link--inverse" href="https://www.instagram.com/theeconomist"><svg viewBox="-1 -1 34 34" width="32" height="32"><title>Instagram</title><defs><path id="a" d="M0 .006h19.994v19.992H0z"></path></defs><g id="share-instagram" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"><circle class="path-background" fill="#333" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><g transform="translate(6 6)"><mask id="b" fill="#fff"><use xlink:href="#a"></use></mask><path class="path-foreground" d="M9.997.006c-2.715 0-3.056.012-4.122.06-1.064.049-1.79.218-2.426.465a4.9 4.9 0 0 0-1.771 1.153 4.9 4.9 0 0 0-1.153 1.77C.278 4.092.109 4.818.06 5.882.012 6.948 0 7.288 0 10.003s.012 3.056.06 4.122c.049 1.064.218 1.79.465 2.426a4.9 4.9 0 0 0 1.153 1.771 4.9 4.9 0 0 0 1.77 1.153c.636.247 1.363.416 2.427.465 1.066.048 1.407.06 4.122.06s3.055-.012 4.122-.06c1.064-.049 1.79-.218 2.426-.465a4.9 4.9 0 0 0 1.77-1.153 4.9 4.9 0 0 0 1.154-1.77c.247-.636.416-1.363.465-2.427.048-1.066.06-1.407.06-4.122s-.012-3.055-.06-4.122c-.049-1.064-.218-1.79-.465-2.426a4.9 4.9 0 0 0-1.153-1.77A4.9 4.9 0 0 0 16.546.53c-.637-.247-1.363-.416-2.427-.465-1.067-.048-1.407-.06-4.122-.06zm0 1.802c2.67 0 2.985.01 4.04.058.974.044 1.503.207 1.856.344.466.181.8.398 1.15.748.349.35.566.683.747 1.15.137.352.3.88.344 1.856.048 1.054.058 1.37.058 4.04 0 2.668-.01 2.985-.058 4.039-.044.974-.207 1.504-.344 1.856-.181.467-.398.8-.748 1.15-.35.35-.683.566-1.15.747-.352.137-.88.3-1.856.344-1.054.049-1.37.059-4.04.059-2.669 0-2.985-.01-4.039-.059-.974-.044-1.504-.207-1.856-.344a3.097 3.097 0 0 1-1.15-.748 3.097 3.097 0 0 1-.747-1.149c-.137-.352-.3-.882-.344-1.856-.049-1.054-.059-1.37-.059-4.04s.01-2.985.059-4.04c.044-.974.207-1.503.344-1.856.181-.466.398-.8.748-1.15.35-.349.682-.566 1.149-.747.352-.137.882-.3 1.856-.344 1.054-.048 1.37-.058 4.04-.058z" fill="#FFF" mask="url(#b)"></path></g><path class="path-foreground" d="M15.997 19.335a3.332 3.332 0 1 1 0-6.664 3.332 3.332 0 0 1 0 6.664zm0-8.465a5.133 5.133 0 1 0 0 10.267 5.133 5.133 0 0 0 0-10.267zM22.533 10.667a1.2 1.2 0 1 1-2.4 0 1.2 1.2 0 0 1 2.4 0" fill="#FFF"></path></g></svg></a></li><li id="ds-footer-threads-icon"><a class="ds-share-link ds-share-link--inverse" href="https://www.threads.net/@theeconomist"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="-1 -1 34 34" width="32" height="32"><title>Threads</title><circle class="path-background" cx="16" cy="16" r="16" fill="#333333"></circle><path class="path-foreground" d="M15.934 26H15.928C12.944 25.98 10.65 24.996 9.10798 23.076C7.73798 21.366 7.02998 18.988 7.00598 16.008V15.994C7.02998 13.012 7.73798 10.636 9.10998 8.926C10.65 7.004 12.946 6.02 15.928 6H15.934H15.94C18.228 6.016 20.142 6.604 21.628 7.748C23.026 8.824 24.01 10.356 24.552 12.304L22.852 12.778C21.932 9.478 19.604 7.792 15.932 7.766C13.508 7.784 11.674 8.546 10.482 10.03C9.36798 11.42 8.79198 13.428 8.76998 16C8.79198 18.572 9.36798 20.58 10.484 21.97C11.676 23.456 13.51 24.218 15.934 24.234C18.12 24.218 19.566 23.708 20.768 22.53C22.14 21.186 22.116 19.536 21.676 18.532C21.418 17.94 20.948 17.448 20.314 17.074C20.154 18.2 19.796 19.112 19.244 19.8C18.506 20.718 17.46 21.22 16.136 21.292C15.134 21.346 14.168 21.11 13.42 20.624C12.534 20.05 12.016 19.174 11.96 18.154C11.906 17.162 12.3 16.25 13.068 15.586C13.802 14.952 14.834 14.58 16.054 14.51C16.952 14.46 17.794 14.5 18.57 14.628C18.466 14.01 18.258 13.518 17.946 13.164C17.518 12.676 16.856 12.428 15.98 12.422C15.972 12.422 15.964 12.422 15.956 12.422C15.252 12.422 14.296 12.616 13.688 13.522L12.224 12.54C13.04 11.328 14.364 10.66 15.956 10.66C15.968 10.66 15.98 10.66 15.992 10.66C18.654 10.676 20.24 12.306 20.398 15.15C20.488 15.188 20.578 15.228 20.666 15.268C21.908 15.852 22.816 16.736 23.294 17.826C23.958 19.344 24.02 21.818 22.004 23.792C20.462 25.3 18.592 25.982 15.94 26H15.934ZM16.77 16.258C16.568 16.258 16.364 16.264 16.154 16.276C14.624 16.362 13.67 17.064 13.724 18.062C13.78 19.108 14.934 19.594 16.044 19.534C17.064 19.48 18.392 19.082 18.616 16.442C18.052 16.32 17.434 16.258 16.77 16.258Z" fill="#FFFFFF"></path></svg></a></li><li id="ds-footer-tiktok-icon"><a class="ds-share-link ds-share-link--inverse" href="https://www.tiktok.com/@theeconomist"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="-1 -1 34 34" width="32" height="32"><title>TikTok</title><circle class="path-background" cx="16" cy="16" r="16" fill="#333333"></circle><path class="path-foreground" d="M24.5 14.0916C24.3393 14.1066 24.1765 14.1166 24.0115 14.1166C22.1546 14.1166 20.5227 13.1553 19.5734 11.7023C19.5734 15.514 19.5734 19.8509 19.5734 19.9236C19.5734 23.2793 16.8704 26 13.5367 26C10.203 26 7.5 23.2793 7.5 19.9236C7.5 16.5679 10.203 13.8472 13.5367 13.8472C13.6627 13.8472 13.7859 13.8586 13.9098 13.8665V16.8608C13.7859 16.8459 13.6641 16.8231 13.5367 16.8231C11.8348 16.8231 10.4557 18.2112 10.4557 19.9243C10.4557 21.6374 11.8348 23.0256 13.5367 23.0256C15.2386 23.0256 16.7416 21.6759 16.7416 19.9628C16.7416 19.8951 16.7713 6 16.7713 6H19.6144C19.882 8.55897 21.9344 10.5785 24.5 10.7638V14.0916Z" fill="#FFFFFF"></path></svg></a></li><li id="ds-footer-youtube-icon"><a class="ds-share-link ds-share-link--inverse" href="https://www.youtube.com/user/economistmagazine"><svg viewBox="-1 -1 34 34" width="32" height="32"><title>YouTube</title><g id="share-youtube" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"><circle class="path-background" fill="#333" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path class="path-foreground" d="M25.582 11.186C26 12.746 26 16 26 16s0 3.254-.418 4.814a2.504 2.504 0 0 1-1.768 1.768C22.254 23 16 23 16 23s-6.254 0-7.814-.418a2.504 2.504 0 0 1-1.768-1.768C6 19.254 6 16 6 16s0-3.254.418-4.814c.23-.86.908-1.538 1.768-1.768C9.746 9 16 9 16 9s6.254 0 7.814.418c.86.23 1.538.908 1.768 1.768zm-11.515 7.772l5.196-3-5.196-3v6z" fill="#FFF"></path></g></svg></a></li><li id="ds-footer-rss-icon"><a class="ds-share-link ds-share-link--inverse" href="https://www.economist.com/rss"><svg viewBox="-1 -1 34 34" width="32" height="32"><title>RSS</title><g id="share-rss" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"><circle class="path-background" fill="#333" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><circle class="path-foreground" fill="#FFF" cx="11.453" cy="21.052" r="2.453"></circle><path class="path-foreground" d="M9 6v3.184c7.909 0 14.321 6.412 14.321 14.321h3.184C26.505 13.841 18.664 6 9 6zm0 6.367v3.184c4.387 0 7.954 3.566 7.954 7.954h3.183c0-6.154-4.983-11.137-11.137-11.137z" fill="#FFF" fill-rule="nonzero"></path></g></svg></a></li></ul></div><p class="ds-footer__mission-statement">Published since September 1843 to take part in <em>“a severe contest between intelligence, which presses forward, and an unworthy, timid ignorance obstructing our progress.”</em> </p></div><nav class="ds-layout-grid ds-footer-cols-lambda"><div id="ds-footer-the-economist" class="ds-footer-cols-lambda__group"><h2 class="ds-footer__header">The Economist</h2><ul class="ds-footer__link-list"><li><a class="ds-navigation-link ds-navigation-link--secondary ds-navigation-link--inverse" href="https://www.economistgroup.com/about-us"><span>About</span></a></li><li><a class="ds-navigation-link ds-navigation-link--secondary ds-navigation-link--inverse" href="https://impact.economist.com/"><span>Advertise</span></a></li><li><a class="ds-navigation-link ds-navigation-link--secondary ds-navigation-link--inverse" href="https://www.economistgroup.com/group-news"><span>Press centre</span></a></li><li><a class="ds-navigation-link ds-navigation-link--secondary ds-navigation-link--inverse" href="https://www.economist.com/securedrop/"><span>SecureDrop</span></a></li></ul></div><div id="ds-footer-the-economist-group" class="ds-footer-cols-lambda__group"><h2 class="ds-footer__header">The Economist Group</h2><ul class="ds-footer__link-list"><li><a class="ds-navigation-link ds-navigation-link--secondary ds-navigation-link--inverse" href="https://www.economistgroup.com/"><span>The Economist Group</span></a></li><li><a class="ds-navigation-link ds-navigation-link--secondary ds-navigation-link--inverse" href="https://www.eiu.com/n/"><span>Economist Intelligence</span></a></li><li><a class="ds-navigation-link ds-navigation-link--secondary ds-navigation-link--inverse" href="https://impact.economist.com/"><span>Economist Impact</span></a></li><li><a class="ds-navigation-link ds-navigation-link--secondary ds-navigation-link--inverse" href="https://events.economist.com/?RefID=e.com-home&utm_source=e.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=group-aff&utm_content=footer-link"><span>Economist Impact Events</span></a></li><li><a class="ds-navigation-link ds-navigation-link--secondary ds-navigation-link--inverse" href="https://www.economistgroup.com/careers"><span>Working here</span></a></li><li><a class="ds-navigation-link ds-navigation-link--secondary ds-navigation-link--inverse" href="https://education.economist.com"><span>Economist Education Courses</span></a></li><li><a class="ds-navigation-link ds-navigation-link--secondary ds-navigation-link--inverse" href="https://jobs.economist.com/"><span>Executive Jobs</span></a></li></ul></div></nav><div class="ds-footer__cookie-notice"><p>To enhance your experience and ensure our website runs smoothly, we use cookies and similar technologies.</p><button class="ds-button ds-button--secondary ds-button--inverse ds-footer__manage-cookies-btn js-cmp-manage-cookies" type="button">Manage Cookies</button></div><div class="ds-footer-cols-omega"><ul class="ds-footer__link-list"><li id="footer-terms-of-use"><a class="ds-navigation-link ds-navigation-link--secondary ds-navigation-link--minor ds-navigation-link--inverse" href="https://www.economistgroup.com/terms-of-use"><span>Terms of Use</span></a></li><li id="footer-privacy"><a class="ds-navigation-link ds-navigation-link--secondary ds-navigation-link--minor ds-navigation-link--inverse" href="https://www.economistgroup.com/privacy-policy"><span>Privacy</span></a></li><li id="footer-cookie-policy"><a class="ds-navigation-link ds-navigation-link--secondary ds-navigation-link--minor ds-navigation-link--inverse" href="https://www.economistgroup.com/cookies-policy"><span>Cookie Policy</span></a></li><li id="footer-accessibility"><a class="ds-navigation-link ds-navigation-link--secondary ds-navigation-link--minor ds-navigation-link--inverse" href="https://www.economistgroup.com/accessibility-policy"><span>Accessibility</span></a></li><li id="footer-modern-slavery-statement"><a class="ds-navigation-link ds-navigation-link--secondary ds-navigation-link--minor ds-navigation-link--inverse" href="https://www.economistgroup.com/esg/modern-slavery-act-statement"><span>Modern Slavery Statement</span></a></li><li id="sitemap"><a class="ds-navigation-link ds-navigation-link--secondary ds-navigation-link--minor ds-navigation-link--inverse" href="https://www.economist.com/sitemap"><span>Sitemap</span></a></li><li id="footer-ccpa"><a class="ds-navigation-link ds-navigation-link--secondary ds-navigation-link--minor ds-navigation-link--inverse" href="https://www.economist.com/privacyportal"><span>Your Data Rights</span></a></li></ul><p id="ds-footer-copyright" class="ds-footer__copyright">Copyright © The Economist Newspaper Limited 2024. All rights reserved.</p></div></footer><style data-emotion="css ex89im">.css-ex89im{position:fixed;width:100%;z-index:96;bottom:0;}</style><div class="css-ex89im ejqhfnb0"><div id="zephr-ribbon"></div></div></div></div></div><script id="__NEXT_DATA__" type="application/json">{"props":{"pageProps":{"readerId":"","contactId":"","pageUrl":"https://www.economist.com/science-and-technology/2024/11/20/scientific-publishers-are-producing-more-papers-than-ever","domain":"https://www.economist.com","auth":{"loggedIn":false,"verified":false,"isAnonymous":true,"isSubscriber":false,"bulkSubscriber":false,"userType":"anonymous"},"pageType":"ARTICLE","isSubscriber":false,"region":"SG","cp1Content":null,"cp2Content":{"id":"eb22780a-dc39-4133-9ef0-acaab2b42eae","tegId":"ldq42e1fc34nlp1bfrt2k9tq8uqgoved","brand":"ECONOMIST","contentIdentity":{"leadMediaType":"NONE","articleType":"OTHER"},"section":{"id":"1539faa4-55d6-4529-b43e-9bbebdfbc07a","tegId":"0q9q05sn1pkml185ggkt9md42em318ff","name":"Science \u0026 technology","url":"/science-and-technology"},"authors":[],"headline":"Scientific publishers are producing more papers than ever","rubric":"Concerns about some of their business models are building ","flyTitle":"Fit to print","url":"/science-and-technology/2024/11/20/scientific-publishers-are-producing-more-papers-than-ever","leadComponent":{"type":"IMAGE","url":"https://www.economist.com/content-assets/images/20241123_STD001.jpg","altText":"illustration of a blue laboratory flask with a hand holding it from the side. A large explosion of white papers is erupting from the top of the flask","mode":"NORMAL","imageType":"ILLUSTRATION","caption":{"textHtml":""},"credit":"Mike Haddad","source":null,"width":1280,"height":720},"teaserImage":null,"dateFirstPublished":"2024-11-20T18:17:37.358Z","dateRevised":null,"datePublished":"2024-11-21T13:52:33.000Z","podcast":null,"byline":null,"dateline":null,"layout":{"headerStyle":"STANDARD"},"ads":{"channels":null},"narration":{"url":null},"dateModified":"2024-11-21T13:54:01.448Z","dateCreated":"2024-11-20T18:17:44.340Z","body":[{"type":"PARAGRAPH","text":"SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHING has long been a money-printing operation, with many big publishing houses reporting profit margins of between 30% and 40% year after year. The long-standing business model is watertight. Articles, which are written and reviewed by academics, are locked behind paywalls. Universities and research institutions then pay through the nose for access to them via subscriptions that cost millions of dollars a year.","textHtml":"\u003cspan data-caps=\"initial\"\u003eS\u003c/span\u003e\u003csmall\u003eCIENTIFIC PUBLISHING\u003c/small\u003e has long been a money-printing operation, with many big publishing houses reporting profit margins of between 30% and 40% year after year. The long-standing business model is watertight. Articles, which are written and reviewed by academics, are locked behind paywalls. Universities and research institutions then pay through the nose for access to them via subscriptions that cost millions of dollars a year."}],"footer":[],"seo":{"title":null,"description":null},"tags":[],"printHeadline":"Paper trails","printRubric":"The quantity of scientific papers has increased rapidly. Quality may not have","printFlyTitle":"Academic publishing","specialReport":null,"weeklyEdition":{"headline":"Disrupter-in-chief","rubric":"","issueDate":"2024-11-23T00:00:00.000Z","datePublished":"2024-11-21T13:52:28.000Z","editionType":"WEEKLY","cover":{"url":"https://www.economist.com/content-assets/images/20241123_DE_AP.jpg","altText":null,"width":1280,"height":1709},"squareCover":{"url":"https://www.economist.com/content-assets/images/20241123_DE_SQ_AP.jpg","altText":null,"width":1280,"height":1280},"articles":[{"id":"68805f20-941e-4aa9-91cf-d1070e998a7f","tegId":"lesg51ntktgteqi0o2fg7u8adfj7cnpj","url":"/the-world-this-week/2024/11/21/politics","headline":"Politics","flyTitle":"The world this week","section":{"tegId":"t7k3hnfcdgka3o3cer33n8oaipiqit5u","name":"The world this week"}},{"id":"2ad2d44b-b897-438b-af44-aa4e3543a34c","tegId":"md3qpckqk6s3rnnvb53olajgsm2sj7sg","url":"/the-world-this-week/2024/11/21/business","headline":"Business","flyTitle":"The world this week","section":{"tegId":"t7k3hnfcdgka3o3cer33n8oaipiqit5u","name":"The world this week"}},{"id":"390d42f8-d907-46c8-8330-4406a8a2226c","tegId":"bfci5g00rt2fma3c70mstl447glnjuld","url":"/the-world-this-week/2024/11/21/the-weekly-cartoon","headline":"The weekly cartoon","flyTitle":"The world this week","section":{"tegId":"t7k3hnfcdgka3o3cer33n8oaipiqit5u","name":"The world this week"}},{"id":"7532683f-7018-40b2-8fd2-3808279c436d","tegId":"k2enrilip9l1ookuul8ikn5lbip3pkri","url":"/the-world-this-week/2024/11/21/this-weeks-cover","headline":"This week’s cover","flyTitle":"The Economist","section":{"tegId":"t7k3hnfcdgka3o3cer33n8oaipiqit5u","name":"The world this week"}},{"id":"a4b71c3a-c6b4-4ee4-b34a-60f658f04458","tegId":"j7nr8c9culipui1oaqs5o4f9nk7p53pr","url":"/leaders/2024/11/21/the-opportunities-and-dangers-for-trumps-disrupter-in-chief","headline":"Elon Musk is Donald Trump’s disrupter-in-chief","flyTitle":"On another planet","section":{"tegId":"0eqdc3kshoq96naup34ruco7pktc6n51","name":"Leaders"}},{"id":"354d1158-20a9-4c98-858a-6d98eb3f6d52","tegId":"4sikuoji0t4vnep6hop9e1jkcvlpr44t","url":"/leaders/2024/11/21/why-british-mps-should-vote-for-assisted-dying","headline":"Why British MPs should vote for assisted dying ","flyTitle":"It’s time","section":{"tegId":"0eqdc3kshoq96naup34ruco7pktc6n51","name":"Leaders"}},{"id":"a4f6246a-b2f1-4d98-89a7-d39c2050063b","tegId":"sncjqlmsr3ml2knpa2h7u6hghc6khqs4","url":"/leaders/2024/11/20/germany-cannot-afford-to-wait-to-relax-its-debt-brake","headline":"Germany cannot afford to wait to relax its debt brake","flyTitle":"Act now, Mr Merz","section":{"tegId":"0eqdc3kshoq96naup34ruco7pktc6n51","name":"Leaders"}},{"id":"271b743f-1b54-428e-b097-f6ca5f4ccb0a","tegId":"9rp16b6pr1ngmphvi4hmvb2p5b48uiu2","url":"/leaders/2024/11/21/too-many-masters-courses-are-expensive-and-flaky","headline":"Too many master’s courses are expensive and flaky","flyTitle":"Diminishing returns","section":{"tegId":"0eqdc3kshoq96naup34ruco7pktc6n51","name":"Leaders"}},{"id":"d0a7dd98-84c3-4e91-b53b-efad7a852656","tegId":"m2unpmascad8e7lg5eienmkatasjrdfo","url":"/leaders/2024/11/21/from-nixon-to-china-to-trump-to-tehran","headline":"From Nixon to China, to Trump to Tehran","flyTitle":"Danger and deals in the Middle East","section":{"tegId":"0eqdc3kshoq96naup34ruco7pktc6n51","name":"Leaders"}},{"id":"1336b49d-cf76-42ed-9126-fdabc88f270e","tegId":"l14dpddjsdno1b9rc929pvq40p2i8qnj","url":"/letters/2024/11/21/letters-to-the-editor","headline":"Letters to the editor","flyTitle":"On ADHD, America’s election, Antarctica, canals, difficulties, Quincy Jones, Justin Trudeau","section":{"tegId":"trkdsp1g40t56londn8gqi686s2p21vb","name":"Letters"}},{"id":"f9913215-a6fa-45c2-a713-2bf8b62618ba","tegId":"as94hq5i4mq698dlorh55ier6j8qecvd","url":"/by-invitation/2024/11/21/my-assisted-dying-bill-safely-solves-a-grave-injustice-says-kim-leadbeater","headline":"My assisted-dying bill safely solves a grave injustice, says Kim Leadbeater","flyTitle":"Britain’s end-of-life debate","section":{"tegId":"arf6v6apbfv7pa17gm9ipjqoulhgsg79","name":"By Invitation"}},{"id":"f741a2dd-17d7-4d45-8a6b-bad8b21ea4d8","tegId":"ili3dlirbpk9000fa13mgu855sd3unh2","url":"/by-invitation/2024/11/21/assisted-dying-advocates-claims-of-freedom-have-it-backward-says-danny-kruger","headline":"Assisted-dying advocates’ claims of freedom have it backward, says Danny Kruger","flyTitle":"Britain’s end-of-life debate","section":{"tegId":"arf6v6apbfv7pa17gm9ipjqoulhgsg79","name":"By Invitation"}},{"id":"c43758a8-f0a0-41f0-a24e-b537c6bb8894","tegId":"1peuv9e5suh8cjs2st18a0otbenhq7e2","url":"/briefing/2024/11/21/elon-musk-and-donald-trump-seem-besotted-where-is-their-bromance-headed","headline":"Elon Musk and Donald Trump seem besotted. Where is their bromance headed?","flyTitle":"The first buddy","section":{"tegId":"ig92fd080i1j2q35gel3sev1e8r72j9r","name":"Briefing"}},{"id":"a100098d-4c1b-4999-9f44-64e41b41586c","tegId":"8bbrplajpl8nnq2v9kdnnbijl1f24a3g","url":"/briefing/2024/11/21/elon-musks-transformation-in-his-own-words","headline":"Elon Musk’s transformation, in his own words","flyTitle":"Poster boy","section":{"tegId":"ig92fd080i1j2q35gel3sev1e8r72j9r","name":"Briefing"}},{"id":"cd7fe077-db25-4d06-876d-e31f5a5c82cb","tegId":"2fd71llo68monkbbpihblrlco6tt3p6h","url":"/asia/2024/11/21/the-surprising-stagnation-of-asias-middle-classes","headline":"The surprising stagnation of Asia’s middle classes","flyTitle":"Middle-class malaise","section":{"tegId":"rs4nm4v2h4rdrnt5hrncvqkmtr2sbrr4","name":"Asia"}},{"id":"73e4b0e6-b5df-4cab-bbb9-10e8097456a2","tegId":"pj07hs4llp1gbnjq8cj15lu2a9nsehfp","url":"/asia/2024/11/21/the-mystery-of-indias-female-labour-force-participation-rate","headline":"The mystery of India’s female labour-force participation rate","flyTitle":"Women in the workforce","section":{"tegId":"rs4nm4v2h4rdrnt5hrncvqkmtr2sbrr4","name":"Asia"}},{"id":"a1183835-ca18-4e40-88da-47f80571cbbd","tegId":"gmftd4f6c5sqncbqqq15hh0t6avmop6e","url":"/asia/2024/11/21/racial-tensions-boil-over-in-new-zealand","headline":"Racial tensions boil over in New Zealand","flyTitle":"A fight over rights","section":{"tegId":"rs4nm4v2h4rdrnt5hrncvqkmtr2sbrr4","name":"Asia"}},{"id":"d511204e-a846-41f2-bb47-e3a013091531","tegId":"kn9g632ki6i5ips6of6f7hult8ptfne5","url":"/asia/2024/11/21/why-is-it-so-hard-for-indians-to-get-a-visa","headline":"Why is it so hard for Indians to get a visa?","flyTitle":"Extra baggage","section":{"tegId":"rs4nm4v2h4rdrnt5hrncvqkmtr2sbrr4","name":"Asia"}},{"id":"f62e6dee-1977-4c8d-af63-cbd1b0f42568","tegId":"uolfhnv0b5t5fts95c6r4lkn7kan7apv","url":"/asia/2024/11/21/the-caspian-sea-is-shrinking-rapidly","headline":"The Caspian Sea is shrinking rapidly ","flyTitle":"Water woes","section":{"tegId":"rs4nm4v2h4rdrnt5hrncvqkmtr2sbrr4","name":"Asia"}},{"id":"c2a4cdcc-21e4-4a7c-ba0a-7cb968594830","tegId":"nacgkkvibnl9tjjb3bg1s84u9fi3pnd7","url":"/asia/2024/11/21/once-a-free-market-pioneer-sri-lanka-takes-a-leap-to-the-left","headline":"Once a free-market pioneer, Sri Lanka takes a leap to the left","flyTitle":"Banyan","section":{"tegId":"rs4nm4v2h4rdrnt5hrncvqkmtr2sbrr4","name":"Asia"}},{"id":"7cb848f7-a40e-4460-94f4-28c096ae18fc","tegId":"h3m00k9753rne8qucr5709pfj2k1t0ai","url":"/china/2024/11/21/helping-americas-hawks-get-inside-the-head-of-xi-jinping","headline":"Helping America’s hawks get inside the head of Xi Jinping","flyTitle":"The Sino-American rivalry","section":{"tegId":"39p10mis2mcu4j80ed1thv6leh044cjn","name":"China"}},{"id":"4becd6c4-029f-4f1d-80e5-d1223393f9d8","tegId":"9968gbrdda2594t3sc56vttvcf6h556n","url":"/china/2024/11/21/trump-trade-and-feeding-chinas-pigs","headline":"Trump, trade and feeding China’s pigs","flyTitle":"A hill of beans","section":{"tegId":"39p10mis2mcu4j80ed1thv6leh044cjn","name":"China"}},{"id":"7f739957-a2c5-4e6d-8325-978debc25acc","tegId":"4lqsuf0tem9diglovs77uiab3jcij15r","url":"/china/2024/11/19/snuffing-out-the-flame-of-freedom-in-hong-kong","headline":"Snuffing out the flame of freedom in Hong Kong","flyTitle":"Human rights in China ","section":{"tegId":"39p10mis2mcu4j80ed1thv6leh044cjn","name":"China"}},{"id":"109ec1b7-3e68-4ada-8612-b8ca9ce8f540","tegId":"f6d4u5m1f8079kr9rhu834c6cd4re979","url":"/united-states/2024/11/21/democrats-are-still-processing-their-defeat","headline":"Democrats are still processing their defeat","flyTitle":"Donkey Rashomon","section":{"tegId":"h4j4itd8schld2m55dnrjg1ro8nlttoc","name":"United States"}},{"id":"1b0a21db-81db-4bb1-a3a5-b93158bf97b5","tegId":"8hulm5o0icjdaki47ge3e3po22p94s8p","url":"/united-states/2024/11/19/los-angeles-decides-it-is-sick-of-scandal","headline":"Los Angeles decides it is sick of scandal","flyTitle":"Farewell to the five queens","section":{"tegId":"h4j4itd8schld2m55dnrjg1ro8nlttoc","name":"United States"}},{"id":"1b50e40b-878e-44ac-9bf4-fe7f0705c51e","tegId":"3sn1t9h1crfhbkm2mo3tit2pr2d89m2h","url":"/united-states/2024/11/21/congestion-pricing-in-new-york-gets-the-go-ahead-after-all-maybe","headline":"Congestion pricing in New York gets the go-ahead after all. Maybe","flyTitle":"Stop, start","section":{"tegId":"h4j4itd8schld2m55dnrjg1ro8nlttoc","name":"United States"}},{"id":"579a31d8-d291-44f1-8a98-22b57f4ddda6","tegId":"vltpa4tmk2kbe783q7lc3beg8memj13v","url":"/united-states/2024/11/18/what-will-donald-trump-do-about-legal-immigration","headline":"What will Donald Trump do about legal immigration?","flyTitle":"Deporting the suits","section":{"tegId":"h4j4itd8schld2m55dnrjg1ro8nlttoc","name":"United States"}},{"id":"5898c4cd-817f-423d-9b6b-a35ded1bd59a","tegId":"ppk7el9kjttj67eq353hr40evnm3j1kn","url":"/united-states/2024/11/21/will-donald-trump-now-pardon-the-january-6th-rioters","headline":"Will Donald Trump now pardon the January 6th rioters?","flyTitle":"Capitol offences","section":{"tegId":"h4j4itd8schld2m55dnrjg1ro8nlttoc","name":"United States"}},{"id":"dcc609c7-cec8-4646-9126-f9831d6152f6","tegId":"5c9nv6hm1tjecfnn8ohcsaqb38brpv5h","url":"/united-states/2024/11/20/how-gaga-is-maha","headline":"How gaga is MAHA?","flyTitle":"Fries with that","section":{"tegId":"h4j4itd8schld2m55dnrjg1ro8nlttoc","name":"United States"}},{"id":"4144432e-1b78-4d23-9c6d-1fe6c9c9a34c","tegId":"7rhuvrrt4kutpk6vo302es8pmob0tdov","url":"/united-states/2024/11/21/how-donald-trump-could-win-the-future","headline":"How Donald Trump could win the future","flyTitle":"Lexington ","section":{"tegId":"h4j4itd8schld2m55dnrjg1ro8nlttoc","name":"United States"}},{"id":"d7ad699f-cdda-415c-a8e9-d7eb0172a052","tegId":"dop4t2pquun68iqquvtpl075omb5nljl","url":"/the-americas/2024/11/17/brazil-courts-china-as-its-musk-feud-erupts-again","headline":"Brazil courts China as its Musk feud erupts again","flyTitle":"A match made in the Middle Kingdom","section":{"tegId":"u9avqma9ca3p14gs9dp3hjvt3ebg1mr5","name":"The Americas"}},{"id":"ca7247e4-02a2-4238-8b02-346412f30164","tegId":"j4il1f497a1bj5voafpigr7tcmh1pa3b","url":"/the-americas/2024/11/21/parlacen-a-bizarre-parliament-is-a-refuge-for-bent-politicians","headline":"Parlacen, a bizarre parliament, is a refuge for bent politicians","flyTitle":"Institutional failure","section":{"tegId":"u9avqma9ca3p14gs9dp3hjvt3ebg1mr5","name":"The Americas"}},{"id":"63e596f4-8619-46b5-98f8-1e2ef2c2c919","tegId":"khri85jrhd2skb54rf9e0vk0bhg3ung2","url":"/the-americas/2024/11/21/the-mafias-latest-bonanza-salmon-heists","headline":"The mafia’s latest bonanza: salmon heists","flyTitle":"Operation Holy Salmon","section":{"tegId":"u9avqma9ca3p14gs9dp3hjvt3ebg1mr5","name":"The Americas"}},{"id":"e154fa7a-7ab2-4a8b-aa23-4bac74efd568","tegId":"8ban6a737fn0dmaaamnmpnlpscnmhpjk","url":"/middle-east-and-africa/2024/11/19/get-ready-for-maximum-pressure-20-on-iran","headline":"Get ready for “Maximum Pressure 2.0” on Iran ","flyTitle":"America and the Middle East","section":{"tegId":"d65luhl1jc8au03dch2vom7g21h40h3h","name":"Middle East \u0026 Africa"}},{"id":"1fbb8258-5dce-4322-8102-3a58c837f83a","tegId":"rvps95srojdmtgjfbv8kg8oo75auglih","url":"/middle-east-and-africa/2024/11/21/israels-hardliners-reckon-gazas-chaos-shows-they-must-control-it","headline":"Israel’s hardliners reckon Gaza’s chaos shows they must control it","flyTitle":"More chaos in Gaza","section":{"tegId":"d65luhl1jc8au03dch2vom7g21h40h3h","name":"Middle East \u0026 Africa"}},{"id":"05d6232b-866e-48fe-b528-d3061dff7ba3","tegId":"67l8g8vrfurr1kb9goupci7n3on0hg7n","url":"/middle-east-and-africa/2024/11/21/a-genocidal-militias-quest-for-legitimacy","headline":"A genocidal militia’s quest for legitimacy","flyTitle":"Sudan’s civil war","section":{"tegId":"d65luhl1jc8au03dch2vom7g21h40h3h","name":"Middle East \u0026 Africa"}},{"id":"21c88cb0-8d94-42b4-adcc-518f26829d23","tegId":"o72h82dirfut75knvq9h467hpn7lk14t","url":"/middle-east-and-africa/2024/11/21/why-gm-crops-arent-feeding-africa","headline":"Why GM crops aren’t feeding Africa","flyTitle":"The non-appliance of science","section":{"tegId":"d65luhl1jc8au03dch2vom7g21h40h3h","name":"Middle East \u0026 Africa"}},{"id":"2e2441e6-af4e-4875-8f5e-b420dd8fc78c","tegId":"fj6cdemktk4685bii0d5e10fkl2mt4ct","url":"/europe/2024/11/20/once-dominant-germany-is-now-desperate","headline":"Once dominant, Germany is now desperate","flyTitle":"The Germans don’t do it better","section":{"tegId":"75ks360ifh4d6k3c3n17b7s7uqcvb61a","name":"Europe"}},{"id":"665a931d-1c5d-4641-b9de-1b5e8f0714b6","tegId":"hlbdtfm1p9gtrs26orgr70tosfe45ct8","url":"/europe/2024/11/16/ukraines-secret-army-in-france","headline":"Ukraine’s secret army in France","flyTitle":"The struggle with Russia","section":{"tegId":"75ks360ifh4d6k3c3n17b7s7uqcvb61a","name":"Europe"}},{"id":"e7354372-bd90-4b82-b75f-ccbd7e21e083","tegId":"omv95kc0clriacr8rktc0gocoaetnqre","url":"/europe/2024/11/18/ukraine-can-at-last-use-its-western-missiles-inside-russia","headline":"Ukraine can, at last, use its Western missiles inside Russia","flyTitle":"Attack ’em","section":{"tegId":"75ks360ifh4d6k3c3n17b7s7uqcvb61a","name":"Europe"}},{"id":"081af9f9-49c0-47c9-a911-ae0aed640977","tegId":"dap87km2ea8pi43hte8v3gjsgc0dtjs4","url":"/europe/2024/11/21/a-rise-in-antisemitism-puts-europes-liberal-values-to-the-test","headline":"A rise in antisemitism puts Europe’s liberal values to the test","flyTitle":"Charlemagne","section":{"tegId":"75ks360ifh4d6k3c3n17b7s7uqcvb61a","name":"Europe"}},{"id":"9c727f47-05aa-496a-bb3a-8d87fe4cad2b","tegId":"pc4p9ojtr3l1v1c65u3obuu3rism249f","url":"/britain/2024/11/21/where-british-mps-should-look-before-the-vote-on-assisted-dying","headline":"Where British MPs should look before the vote on assisted dying ","flyTitle":"The Victorian example","section":{"tegId":"2ldk64u3gt7tku874lf6kfi40e2nvts6","name":"Britain"}},{"id":"f1332602-fd4b-46db-80bf-75ab72fe90ad","tegId":"50fl071kukr6e32rm6mnvh9ho029llt8","url":"/britain/2024/11/21/how-to-fix-palliative-care-in-britain","headline":"How to fix palliative care in Britain","flyTitle":"False dilemma","section":{"tegId":"2ldk64u3gt7tku874lf6kfi40e2nvts6","name":"Britain"}},{"id":"2391b882-471a-473c-8a53-95c24152c31e","tegId":"51jtj0l6feoaebrk32khpglt8abffj6u","url":"/britain/2024/11/21/britains-new-government-may-cut-the-number-of-channel-crossings","headline":"Britain’s new government may cut the number of Channel crossings","flyTitle":"Asylum-seekers","section":{"tegId":"2ldk64u3gt7tku874lf6kfi40e2nvts6","name":"Britain"}},{"id":"45b49a24-f9ee-4c74-92ec-2c2cc8c9bcf5","tegId":"d7652f3e99fvnko1bubrk64monjln2ps","url":"/britain/2024/11/18/britains-government-wants-bigger-pension-funds","headline":"Britain’s government wants bigger pension funds","flyTitle":"Megafund pool party","section":{"tegId":"2ldk64u3gt7tku874lf6kfi40e2nvts6","name":"Britain"}},{"id":"d47770aa-166a-4410-bc0f-5840a820e4e0","tegId":"amgndtot6rnqe0rr64ngofbd1rughhs6","url":"/britain/2024/11/19/the-story-of-britains-ginaissance","headline":"The story of Britain’s “ginaissance”","flyTitle":"Sloedown","section":{"tegId":"2ldk64u3gt7tku874lf6kfi40e2nvts6","name":"Britain"}},{"id":"dcdcd635-b788-4e83-ae03-e337b8af469c","tegId":"m0q41l2mkar4mjkrcnf96g53e7cs6ovf","url":"/britain/2024/11/21/a-sticking-plaster-policy-for-britains-strained-courts","headline":"A sticking-plaster policy for Britain’s strained courts","flyTitle":"Criminal justice","section":{"tegId":"2ldk64u3gt7tku874lf6kfi40e2nvts6","name":"Britain"}},{"id":"90c74142-7418-4c03-ae0c-b03ba633c6a8","tegId":"lb6hb7e4q35nblrtaenmjl1c9pj0g2ev","url":"/britain/2024/11/20/assisted-dying-and-the-two-concepts-of-liberty","headline":"Assisted dying and the two concepts of liberty","flyTitle":"Bagehot","section":{"tegId":"2ldk64u3gt7tku874lf6kfi40e2nvts6","name":"Britain"}},{"id":"3934d486-a1cc-47a6-9327-012428941214","tegId":"8dt9ls5p5j939m7n8da9u5nda4b4cmgt","url":"/international/2024/11/18/is-your-masters-degree-useless","headline":"Is your master’s degree useless?","flyTitle":"University in America and Britain","section":{"tegId":"rak941tjj66itoj6cbc8e8nb40kuij19","name":"International"}},{"id":"14238b75-6c66-4ed5-af99-eae54d1d433f","tegId":"usdus0g2anj8vt7aplolql06br6l5kdb","url":"/international/2024/11/16/the-perils-of-appeasing-a-warlike-russia","headline":"The perils of appeasing a warlike Russia","flyTitle":"The Telegram","section":{"tegId":"rak941tjj66itoj6cbc8e8nb40kuij19","name":"International"}},{"id":"e2f699d6-20c7-48d8-882d-4cc69954dafc","tegId":"qh4qactjgc9026tuasltrl9ntnt0sj7b","url":"/business/2024/11/19/how-chinese-is-shein","headline":"How Chinese is Shein?","flyTitle":"A corporate identity crisis","section":{"tegId":"79244csej12lltat5mgqtckdp41aagcj","name":"Business"}},{"id":"99ff3283-d842-4956-926b-d8faf91f6f5d","tegId":"tcnlbj9t6l8gpgo19eec78lqhvfs7ei6","url":"/business/2024/11/21/nvidias-boss-dismisses-fears-that-ai-has-hit-a-wall","headline":"Nvidia’s boss dismisses fears that AI has hit a wall","flyTitle":"All’s well that’s Blackwell","section":{"tegId":"79244csej12lltat5mgqtckdp41aagcj","name":"Business"}},{"id":"597e5eef-28d5-46a3-8b97-5e4e42564fd1","tegId":"k8f9tr18vkvv8feeb6jn6cu7tre1bmq7","url":"/business/2024/11/20/what-chatgpts-corporate-victims-have-in-common","headline":"What ChatGPT’s corporate victims have in common","flyTitle":"Death by LLM","section":{"tegId":"79244csej12lltat5mgqtckdp41aagcj","name":"Business"}},{"id":"ada8de67-3387-4612-8f95-7a6033db64f3","tegId":"5q39o8tcpmmrc4fcpj6rvvnjcjbb6jv5","url":"/business/2024/11/21/donald-trumps-victory-has-boosted-shares-in-private-prison-companies","headline":"Donald Trump’s victory has boosted shares in private-prison companies ","flyTitle":"Breakout","section":{"tegId":"79244csej12lltat5mgqtckdp41aagcj","name":"Business"}},{"id":"fc088056-479b-4f0b-8192-b9bd8a035423","tegId":"q8beopunvrh8thkm6ior8t91on6ssv3e","url":"/business/2024/11/21/gautam-adani-faces-bribery-charges-in-america","headline":"Gautam Adani faces bribery charges in America ","flyTitle":"Indian business","section":{"tegId":"79244csej12lltat5mgqtckdp41aagcj","name":"Business"}},{"id":"200ef7b4-6f8b-4eb3-bdd6-b1690a979555","tegId":"1uj8njfkcu7njs9s6lli5aukekil7pa2","url":"/business/2024/11/19/spirits-woes-reveal-the-dismal-state-of-americas-budget-airlines","headline":"Spirit’s woes reveal the dismal state of America’s budget airlines","flyTitle":"Flying low","section":{"tegId":"79244csej12lltat5mgqtckdp41aagcj","name":"Business"}},{"id":"9bcc691c-2e79-4aaf-8006-5099303e0479","tegId":"19noilslrtf45p8u6vf0rpt46puqegbm","url":"/business/2024/11/21/how-to-behave-in-lifts-an-office-guide","headline":"How to behave in lifts: an office guide","flyTitle":"Bartleby","section":{"tegId":"79244csej12lltat5mgqtckdp41aagcj","name":"Business"}},{"id":"002a5a1a-65c3-4807-a661-3d86a20f3e40","tegId":"fk37c5dbu6bgle45eo7209heolstotjr","url":"/business/2024/11/20/dallas-utopia-for-the-trump-curious-ceo","headline":"Does Dallas offer a vision of Trumpian America?","flyTitle":"Schumpeter","section":{"tegId":"79244csej12lltat5mgqtckdp41aagcj","name":"Business"}},{"id":"ce9f4903-5c8b-4911-bd7a-e9bbc99e540f","tegId":"k41ls8oo50o6ntsgbugp2fjnt2u576tt","url":"/finance-and-economics/2024/11/17/how-to-make-elon-musks-budget-slashing-dreams-come-true","headline":"How to make Elon Musk’s budget-slashing dreams come true","flyTitle":"Slash and burn","section":{"tegId":"h4u9v391l483f78oe4pku4pu3jsqgj9k","name":"Finance \u0026 economics"}},{"id":"096b9a68-e54a-443d-80e9-1aa031524cdf","tegId":"spe04ags4e0pj0jd5dafnd7s8hnp9bfk","url":"/finance-and-economics/2024/11/21/donald-trumps-gas-war-is-about-to-begin","headline":"Donald Trump’s gas war is about to begin","flyTitle":"Europe’s revenge","section":{"tegId":"h4u9v391l483f78oe4pku4pu3jsqgj9k","name":"Finance \u0026 economics"}},{"id":"18bac8ea-6557-4c6b-91f1-8f6e12ba4c15","tegId":"h7vjkcj666tbuj5i91njj2579l9qio0u","url":"/finance-and-economics/2024/11/21/is-china-really-a-nation-of-slackers","headline":"Is China really a nation of slackers?","flyTitle":"Lying flat","section":{"tegId":"h4u9v391l483f78oe4pku4pu3jsqgj9k","name":"Finance \u0026 economics"}},{"id":"4cc69523-e90e-485e-93c4-bd9211a71f6b","tegId":"kkbk74750hst62liktbm5vojfv9bj2k7","url":"/finance-and-economics/2024/11/21/should-investors-just-give-up-on-stocks-outside-america","headline":"Should investors just give up on stocks outside America?","flyTitle":"Buttonwood","section":{"tegId":"h4u9v391l483f78oe4pku4pu3jsqgj9k","name":"Finance \u0026 economics"}},{"id":"d1fb6fcc-77d3-44fe-ae99-0c978c74d154","tegId":"0h1ktd8311nf43o8eg0li70a5p9tds43","url":"/finance-and-economics/2024/11/18/vladimir-putin-is-in-a-painful-economic-bind","headline":"Vladimir Putin is in a painful economic bind","flyTitle":"The 21% war","section":{"tegId":"h4u9v391l483f78oe4pku4pu3jsqgj9k","name":"Finance \u0026 economics"}},{"id":"b19b5fc1-ad27-444f-a255-d9d3ad376baa","tegId":"jc42jd1c0q5bhf76p6ejkllpkfeom6m4","url":"/finance-and-economics/2024/11/21/computers-unleashed-economic-growth-will-artificial-intelligence","headline":"Computers unleashed economic growth. Will artificial intelligence?","flyTitle":"Dotcom dreaming","section":{"tegId":"h4u9v391l483f78oe4pku4pu3jsqgj9k","name":"Finance \u0026 economics"}},{"id":"7c82a11a-4214-416e-9438-0e43874c5ccf","tegId":"f3tvq8v7eem0el9dfp5s6ap1k3ijkt0i","url":"/finance-and-economics/2024/11/21/what-donald-trump-and-bernie-sanders-get-wrong-about-credit-cards","headline":"What Donald Trump and Bernie Sanders get wrong about credit cards","flyTitle":"Free exchange","section":{"tegId":"h4u9v391l483f78oe4pku4pu3jsqgj9k","name":"Finance \u0026 economics"}},{"id":"780fe43e-aa1d-4c78-9ee9-9c3ff91f2348","tegId":"t4f5uq0nds9pudgjitv2tdtj5il8ejr6","url":"/science-and-technology/2024/11/20/scientists-are-building-a-catalogue-of-every-type-of-cell-in-our-bodies","headline":"Scientists are building a catalogue of every type of cell in our bodies","flyTitle":"The Human Cell Atlas","section":{"tegId":"0q9q05sn1pkml185ggkt9md42em318ff","name":"Science \u0026 technology"}},{"id":"eb22780a-dc39-4133-9ef0-acaab2b42eae","tegId":"ldq42e1fc34nlp1bfrt2k9tq8uqgoved","url":"/science-and-technology/2024/11/20/scientific-publishers-are-producing-more-papers-than-ever","headline":"Scientific publishers are producing more papers than ever","flyTitle":"Fit to print","section":{"tegId":"0q9q05sn1pkml185ggkt9md42em318ff","name":"Science \u0026 technology"}},{"id":"39a2ccfc-c889-4d3f-8137-647f1534bc42","tegId":"irh4tj2s5qqcapa33p9tl7ea5fd5jqkq","url":"/science-and-technology/2024/11/20/the-two-types-of-human-laugh","headline":"The two types of human laugh ","flyTitle":"Funny business","section":{"tegId":"0q9q05sn1pkml185ggkt9md42em318ff","name":"Science \u0026 technology"}},{"id":"c07e51a4-8757-4dfe-a2f8-5ace01f676a8","tegId":"75q01bk5fcqe5vco02sj7nibrn99fgpq","url":"/science-and-technology/2024/11/20/how-squid-could-help-people-get-over-their-needle-phobia","headline":"How squid could help people get over their needle phobia ","flyTitle":"Moving the needle ","section":{"tegId":"0q9q05sn1pkml185ggkt9md42em318ff","name":"Science \u0026 technology"}},{"id":"319335cb-28a0-4565-a6a8-73ce3df29819","tegId":"nuilc726go2jlg54d23hvpi6621eb5eb","url":"/culture/2024/11/19/the-cult-of-jordan-peterson","headline":"The cult of Jordan Peterson","flyTitle":"Love him or loathe him?","section":{"tegId":"rvj2s19g2lkbek4tevm6sn1va1se84sl","name":"Culture"}},{"id":"d17aa4fa-e1f3-48ef-a33e-60bf0da440d5","tegId":"ijjkvmkj36hing6smvu086q3jisg6634","url":"/culture/2024/11/21/woodrow-wilsons-reputation-continues-to-decline","headline":"Woodrow Wilson’s reputation continues to decline","flyTitle":"Dove or raven?","section":{"tegId":"rvj2s19g2lkbek4tevm6sn1va1se84sl","name":"Culture"}},{"id":"cf34716e-cbaf-4bc4-ace9-6bc3b61c5ae2","tegId":"0jmdb5odecllpa1524oi4fofgglbo352","url":"/culture/2024/11/15/the-best-podcasts-of-2024-as-picked-by-the-economist","headline":"The best podcasts of 2024, as picked by The Economist","flyTitle":"In earshot","section":{"tegId":"rvj2s19g2lkbek4tevm6sn1va1se84sl","name":"Culture"}},{"id":"dc09736c-0fac-4e2d-aeb7-a57f2ad13ee4","tegId":"9vkobp4jkl1emr4q7gafbs16e1is99pr","url":"/culture/2024/11/21/tech-and-religion-are-very-much-alike","headline":"Tech and religion are very much alike","flyTitle":"Valley and the gods","section":{"tegId":"rvj2s19g2lkbek4tevm6sn1va1se84sl","name":"Culture"}},{"id":"6019e1dd-1c35-45db-adde-c613578cb30e","tegId":"cev3la0d112nsn52n26n2r84qj30qa8q","url":"/culture/2024/11/18/the-new-york-london-arbitrage-for-musicals","headline":"The New York-London arbitrage for musicals","flyTitle":"Sing it from the rooftops","section":{"tegId":"rvj2s19g2lkbek4tevm6sn1va1se84sl","name":"Culture"}},{"id":"36dee634-08ee-4dd3-b32f-54d13e499493","tegId":"ov5c5gcheetvqh3g1rthruqvudc83ggj","url":"/culture/2024/11/15/canadian-v-american-football-can-you-catch-the-difference","headline":"Canadian v American football: can you catch the difference?","flyTitle":"It’s a whole new ball game","section":{"tegId":"rvj2s19g2lkbek4tevm6sn1va1se84sl","name":"Culture"}},{"id":"0ae24451-f898-4e1d-852c-060b45ac0896","tegId":"3mfhqq9mp00fsllf7k6947300v6udfin","url":"/economic-and-financial-indicators/2024/11/21/economic-data-commodities-and-markets","headline":"Economic data, commodities and markets","flyTitle":"Indicators","section":{"tegId":"5tid6aob4kglh030jftj69gb3210l68g","name":"Economic \u0026 financial indicators"}},{"id":"84e6e0d9-569c-418a-90c1-05f82c077e5d","tegId":"022n4f2jlrarvp95415mtu7ovf3tls1r","url":"/obituary/2024/11/20/frank-auerbach-aimed-only-at-one-memorable-image","headline":"Frank Auerbach aimed only at one memorable image","flyTitle":"Layering up, scraping off","section":{"tegId":"s33as8tdjsff9k3h7jqa3gfbsljq3nsv","name":"Obituary"}}]},"technologyQuarterly":null,"sectionArticles":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"eb22780a-dc39-4133-9ef0-acaab2b42eae","tegId":"ldq42e1fc34nlp1bfrt2k9tq8uqgoved","brand":"ECONOMIST","contentIdentity":{"leadMediaType":"NONE","articleType":"OTHER"},"section":{"id":"1539faa4-55d6-4529-b43e-9bbebdfbc07a","tegId":"0q9q05sn1pkml185ggkt9md42em318ff","name":"Science \u0026 technology","url":"/science-and-technology"},"authors":[],"headline":"Scientific publishers are producing more papers than ever","rubric":"Concerns about some of their business models are building ","flyTitle":"Fit to print","url":"/science-and-technology/2024/11/20/scientific-publishers-are-producing-more-papers-than-ever","leadComponent":{"type":"IMAGE","url":"https://www.economist.com/content-assets/images/20241123_STD001.jpg","altText":"illustration of a blue laboratory flask with a hand holding it from the side. A large explosion of white papers is erupting from the top of the flask","mode":"NORMAL","imageType":"ILLUSTRATION","caption":{"textHtml":""},"credit":"Mike Haddad","source":null,"width":1280,"height":720},"teaserImage":null,"dateFirstPublished":"2024-11-20T18:17:37.358Z","dateRevised":null,"datePublished":"2024-11-21T13:52:33.000Z","podcast":null}},{"node":{"id":"39a2ccfc-c889-4d3f-8137-647f1534bc42","tegId":"irh4tj2s5qqcapa33p9tl7ea5fd5jqkq","brand":"ECONOMIST","contentIdentity":{"leadMediaType":"NONE","articleType":"OTHER"},"section":{"id":"1539faa4-55d6-4529-b43e-9bbebdfbc07a","tegId":"0q9q05sn1pkml185ggkt9md42em318ff","name":"Science \u0026 technology","url":"/science-and-technology"},"authors":[],"headline":"The two types of human laugh ","rubric":"One is caused by tickling; the other by everything else","flyTitle":"Funny business","url":"/science-and-technology/2024/11/20/the-two-types-of-human-laugh","leadComponent":{"type":"IMAGE","url":"https://www.economist.com/content-assets/images/20241123_STP503.jpg","altText":"Comedy Club audience. ","mode":"NORMAL","imageType":"PHOTOGRAPH","caption":{"textHtml":""},"credit":"Magnum/ Martin Parr","source":"Magnum","width":1280,"height":720},"teaserImage":null,"dateFirstPublished":"2024-11-20T17:47:26.805Z","dateRevised":null,"datePublished":"2024-11-21T14:34:05.000Z","podcast":null}},{"node":{"id":"780fe43e-aa1d-4c78-9ee9-9c3ff91f2348","tegId":"t4f5uq0nds9pudgjitv2tdtj5il8ejr6","brand":"ECONOMIST","contentIdentity":{"leadMediaType":"NONE","articleType":"OTHER"},"section":{"id":"1539faa4-55d6-4529-b43e-9bbebdfbc07a","tegId":"0q9q05sn1pkml185ggkt9md42em318ff","name":"Science \u0026 technology","url":"/science-and-technology"},"authors":[],"headline":"Scientists are building a catalogue of every type of cell in our bodies","rubric":"It has thus far shed light on everything from organ formation to the causes of inflammation","flyTitle":"The Human Cell Atlas","url":"/science-and-technology/2024/11/20/scientists-are-building-a-catalogue-of-every-type-of-cell-in-our-bodies","leadComponent":{"type":"IMAGE","url":"https://www.economist.com/content-assets/images/20241123_STP001.jpg","altText":"The human small intestine.","mode":"NORMAL","imageType":"PHOTOGRAPH","caption":{"textHtml":""},"credit":"Grace Burgin, Noga Rogel \u0026 Moshe","source":"NO FEE","width":1280,"height":720},"teaserImage":null,"dateFirstPublished":"2024-11-20T17:45:38.364Z","dateRevised":null,"datePublished":"2024-11-21T13:52:34.000Z","podcast":null}},{"node":{"id":"c07e51a4-8757-4dfe-a2f8-5ace01f676a8","tegId":"75q01bk5fcqe5vco02sj7nibrn99fgpq","brand":"ECONOMIST","contentIdentity":{"leadMediaType":"NONE","articleType":"OTHER"},"section":{"id":"1539faa4-55d6-4529-b43e-9bbebdfbc07a","tegId":"0q9q05sn1pkml185ggkt9md42em318ff","name":"Science \u0026 technology","url":"/science-and-technology"},"authors":[],"headline":"How squid could help people get over their needle phobia ","rubric":"Cephalopod ink propulsion is inspiring an alternative to syringes","flyTitle":"Moving the needle ","url":"/science-and-technology/2024/11/20/how-squid-could-help-people-get-over-their-needle-phobia","leadComponent":{"type":"IMAGE","url":"https://www.economist.com/content-assets/images/20241123_STP501.jpg","altText":" Octopus (Octopus sp) spewing his ink.","mode":"NORMAL","imageType":"PHOTOGRAPH","caption":{"textHtml":""},"credit":"Alamy","source":"Alamy","width":1280,"height":720},"teaserImage":null,"dateFirstPublished":"2024-11-20T17:41:05.024Z","dateRevised":null,"datePublished":"2024-11-21T13:52:33.000Z","podcast":null}},{"node":{"id":"567b1d33-f404-41ba-9815-370603c7b4de","tegId":"avi6ktubanf5d7f1hetn999obn3bof6o","brand":"ECONOMIST","contentIdentity":{"leadMediaType":"NONE","articleType":"OTHER"},"section":{"id":"1539faa4-55d6-4529-b43e-9bbebdfbc07a","tegId":"0q9q05sn1pkml185ggkt9md42em318ff","name":"Science \u0026 technology","url":"/science-and-technology"},"authors":[],"headline":"Norway’s Atlantic salmon risks going the way of the panda","rubric":"Climate change and fish farming are endangering its future","flyTitle":"Yesterday’s fish","url":"/science-and-technology/2024/11/13/norways-atlantic-salmon-risks-going-the-way-of-the-panda","leadComponent":{"type":"IMAGE","url":"https://www.economist.com/content-assets/images/20241116_STP001.jpg","altText":"Atlantic Salmon going up the river.","mode":"NORMAL","imageType":"PHOTOGRAPH","caption":{"textHtml":""},"credit":"Getty Images","source":"Getty Images","width":1280,"height":720},"teaserImage":null,"dateFirstPublished":"2024-11-13T18:16:45.968Z","dateRevised":null,"datePublished":"2024-11-14T16:53:31.000Z","podcast":null}},{"node":{"id":"e17fa332-2572-40b2-a4a5-844b535c5886","tegId":"c2htnmh6jfev8ikvqtgt53mae45a8e61","brand":"ECONOMIST","contentIdentity":{"leadMediaType":"NONE","articleType":"OTHER"},"section":{"id":"1539faa4-55d6-4529-b43e-9bbebdfbc07a","tegId":"0q9q05sn1pkml185ggkt9md42em318ff","name":"Science \u0026 technology","url":"/science-and-technology"},"authors":[],"headline":"Artificial intelligence is helping improve climate models","rubric":"More accurate predictions will lead to better policy-making","flyTitle":"Future imperfect","url":"/science-and-technology/2024/11/13/artificial-intelligence-is-helping-improve-climate-models","leadComponent":{"type":"IMAGE","url":"https://www.economist.com/content-assets/images/20241116_STP003.jpg","altText":"Display of an image of the world on the Hyperwall at the NASA Ames Research Center","mode":"NORMAL","imageType":"PHOTOGRAPH","caption":{"textHtml":""},"credit":"Getty Images","source":"Getty Images","width":1280,"height":720},"teaserImage":null,"dateFirstPublished":"2024-11-13T18:15:33.916Z","dateRevised":null,"datePublished":"2024-11-14T16:53:31.000Z","podcast":null}},{"node":{"id":"739bd743-f452-4acc-a418-ec34840f7a98","tegId":"934v0vos76ed9se051vtu7q83343p0mk","brand":"ECONOMIST","contentIdentity":{"leadMediaType":"NONE","articleType":"OTHER"},"section":{"id":"1539faa4-55d6-4529-b43e-9bbebdfbc07a","tegId":"0q9q05sn1pkml185ggkt9md42em318ff","name":"Science \u0026 technology","url":"/science-and-technology"},"authors":[],"headline":"Physics reveals the best design for a badminton arena","rubric":"The key is minimising the disruptive effects of ventilation","flyTitle":"Shuttle shock","url":"/science-and-technology/2024/11/13/physics-reveals-the-best-design-for-a-badminton-arena","leadComponent":{"type":"IMAGE","url":"https://www.economist.com/content-assets/images/20241116_STP002.jpg","altText":"Annie Xu of United States and Kerry Xu of United States in action.","mode":"NORMAL","imageType":"PHOTOGRAPH","caption":{"textHtml":"Ready to ruffle some feathers"},"credit":"Reuters","source":"Reuters","width":1280,"height":720},"teaserImage":null,"dateFirstPublished":"2024-11-13T18:15:30.644Z","dateRevised":null,"datePublished":"2024-11-14T16:53:31.000Z","podcast":null}}]},"moreFromTagData":{},"isInteractive":false},"featureFlags":["SF_SIGNPOSTING","SOURCEPOINT","CP2_ARTICLE","REGISTRANT_ONBOARDING","TWA_HOMEPAGE","TOPIC_PAGE","CUE_HOMEPAGE","ARTICLE_TAGS","GROUP_SUBSCRIBER_WELCOME_MODAL","GROUP_ONE_TIME_COOKIE_BANNER","ARTICLE_INTERVENTION_BANNER","SHOW_AI_SEARCH_CTA","CP2_ARTICLE_EDITION","TEASER_CARD_TIME_FIELD","TWIB_TIMEZONE","CP2_EDITIONS","CP2_REPORTS","CP2_TYPE_QUERY","SEARCH_PROXY_API","ZEPHR_ACQUISITION_BANNERS","LOAD_SOURCEPOINT_SCRIPTS_HIGHER","RICH_TOPICS","CP2_CACHED_URL","CP2_AUDIO","CP2_ARTICLE_MORE_FROM","CP2_TWIB","B2B_PERSONALISED_RECOMMENDATIONS","AIRSHIP","SHOW_GIFT_GIVING_BUTTON","ERROR_PAGE_MOST_READ","CP1_ARTICLE_FALLBACK"],"statusCode":200,"paywallCheck":{"shouldDropPaywall":false},"walled":true,"newsletters":{"newsletters":[{"code":"opinion","availableTo":["core"],"ident":"opinion","title":"Opinion","frequency":"Weekly","imageUrl":"https://myaccount.economist.com/file-asset-public/opinion?oid=00D3z000002JvyiEAC","tagline":"Subscriber only","slug":"opinion","hasPreview":false,"isNew":true,"category":"Editor's Pick","categorySortOrder":-1,"description":"Editorials, columns, guest opinions and your letters, all in one place","promo":{"title":"Sign up to our Opinion newsletter","description":"Editorials, columns, guest opinions and your letters, all in one place","tagline":"Subscriber only"},"keywords":["Opinion","Letters"],"priority":99,"isKeywordFallback":false,"onboardingPreSelect":false,"live":true},{"code":"cover_story","availableTo":["core"],"ident":"cover-story","title":"Cover Story","frequency":"Weekly","imageUrl":"https://myaccount.economist.com/file-asset-public/Cover_Story?oid=00D3z000002JvyiEAC","tagline":"Subscriber only","slug":"cover-story","hasPreview":false,"category":"Editor's Pick","categorySortOrder":3,"description":"A behind-the-scenes look at how we chose and designed this week’s cover","promo":{"title":"How we chose this week’s cover image","description":"Delivered to your inbox every weekend","tagline":"Subscriber only"},"keywords":[],"priority":3,"isKeywordFallback":false,"onboardingPreSelect":true,"live":true},{"code":"espresso","availableTo":["espresso","studentEspresso","core"],"ident":"the-world-in-brief","title":"The World in Brief","frequency":"Daily","imageUrl":"https://myaccount.economist.com/file-asset-public/the_world_in_brief?oid=00D3z000002JvyiEAC","tagline":"Subscriber only","slug":"the-world-in-brief","hasPreview":false,"category":"World","categorySortOrder":0,"description":"Catch up quickly on the global stories that matter","promo":{"title":"Catch up quickly on the stories that matter","description":"Sign up to enjoy a mind-expanding mix of stories, delivered six days a week","tagline":"Subscriber only"},"keywords":[],"priority":-1,"isKeywordFallback":false,"onboardingPreSelect":false,"live":true},{"code":"us_in_brief","availableTo":["core"],"ident":"us-in-brief","title":"The US in brief","frequency":"Daily","imageUrl":"https://myaccount.economist.com/file-asset-public/US_in_brief?oid=00D3z000002JvyiEAC","tagline":"Subscriber only","slug":"us-in-brief","hasPreview":false,"category":"World","categorySortOrder":1,"description":"A sharp round-up of the most important US political news","promo":{"title":"A sharp round-up of the most important US political news","description":"Sign up for updates from our correspondents and data journalists, poll tracker and election-forecast model as the 2024 race unfolds","tagline":"Subscriber only"},"keywords":["United States","United States Senate","Republican Party","Donald Trump","Joe Biden","Democratic Party","Executive Office of the President of the United States"],"priority":99,"isKeywordFallback":false,"onboardingPreSelect":false,"live":true},{"code":"te_this_week","availableTo":["anonymous","registered","espresso","studentEspresso","podcast","core"],"ident":"the-economist-this-week","title":"The Economist this week","frequency":"Weekly","imageUrl":"https://myaccount.economist.com/file-asset-public/The_Economist_This_Week?oid=00D3z000002JvyiEAC","slug":"the-economist-this-week","hasPreview":false,"category":"Editor's Pick","categorySortOrder":1,"description":"Highlights from the latest weekly issue, introduced by our editor","promo":{"title":"Highlights from the latest weekly issue, introduced by our editor","description":"Directly to your inbox every week","tagline":""},"keywords":[],"priority":2,"isKeywordFallback":false,"onboardingPreSelect":true,"live":true},{"code":"te_today","availableTo":["anonymous","registered","espresso","studentEspresso","podcast","core"],"ident":"the-economist-today","title":"The Economist today","frequency":"Daily","imageUrl":"https://myaccount.economist.com/file-asset-public/The_Economist_Today?oid=00D3z000002JvyiEAC","slug":"the-economist-today","hasPreview":false,"category":"Editor's Pick","categorySortOrder":2,"description":"The very best of our journalism, handpicked for you each weekday","promo":{"title":"Handpicked stories, in your inbox","description":"A daily newsletter with the best of our journalism","tagline":""},"keywords":[],"priority":0,"isKeywordFallback":true,"onboardingPreSelect":false,"live":true},{"code":"the_bottom_line","availableTo":["core"],"ident":"the-bottom-line","title":"The Bottom Line","frequency":"Weekly","imageUrl":"https://myaccount.economist.com/file-asset-public/the_bottom_line?oid=00D3z000002JvyiEAC","tagline":"Subscriber only","slug":"the-bottom-line","hasPreview":false,"category":"Business and Finance","categorySortOrder":0,"description":"Your essential guide to global business and technology","promo":{"title":"Need to track the megatrends shaping business and technology?","description":"From supply chains to semiconductors, The Bottom Line newsletter has you covered","tagline":"Subscriber only"},"keywords":["Business"],"priority":2,"isKeywordFallback":false,"onboardingPreSelect":false,"live":true},{"code":"money_talks","availableTo":["core"],"ident":"money-talks","title":"Money Talks","frequency":"Weekly","imageUrl":"https://myaccount.economist.com/file-asset-public/money_talks?oid=00D3z000002JvyiEAC","tagline":"Subscriber only","slug":"money-talks","hasPreview":false,"category":"Business and Finance","categorySortOrder":1,"description":"Expert analysis of the biggest stories in economics and markets","promo":{"title":"Expert analysis of the biggest stories in economics and markets","description":"Delivered to your inbox every week","tagline":"Subscriber only"},"keywords":["Finance \u0026 economics"],"priority":100,"isKeywordFallback":false,"onboardingPreSelect":false,"live":true},{"code":"checks_and_balance","availableTo":["core"],"ident":"checks-and-balance","title":"Checks and Balance","frequency":"Weekly","imageUrl":"https://myaccount.economist.com/file-asset-public/Checks_and_Balance?oid=00D3z000002JvyiEAC","tagline":"Subscriber only","slug":"checks-and-balance","hasPreview":false,"category":"World","categorySortOrder":2,"description":"Exclusive insight from our correspondents in America","promo":{"title":"Exclusive insight and reading recommendations from our correspondents in America","description":"Delivered to your inbox every week","tagline":"Subscriber only"},"keywords":["United States","United States Senate","Republican Party","Donald Trump","Joe Biden","Democratic Party","Executive Office of the President of the United States"],"priority":6,"isKeywordFallback":false,"onboardingPreSelect":false,"live":true},{"code":"blighty","availableTo":["core"],"ident":"blighty","title":"Blighty","frequency":"Weekly","imageUrl":"https://myaccount.economist.com/file-asset-public/Blighty?oid=00D3z000002JvyiEAC","tagline":"Subscriber only","slug":"blighty","hasPreview":false,"category":"World","categorySortOrder":3,"description":"Analysing the challenges facing Britain and what needs to be done to overcome them","promo":{"title":"Stay informed with our weekly Britain newsletter","description":"Analysing the challenges facing Britain and what needs to be done to overcome them","tagline":"Subscriber only"},"keywords":["Britain"],"priority":2,"isKeywordFallback":false,"onboardingPreSelect":false,"live":true},{"code":"the_war_room","availableTo":["core"],"ident":"the-war-room","title":"The War Room","frequency":"Weekly","imageUrl":"https://myaccount.economist.com/file-asset-public/the_war_room?oid=00D3z000002JvyiEAC","tagline":"Subscriber only","slug":"the-war-room","hasPreview":false,"category":"Editor's Pick","categorySortOrder":4,"description":"The best of \u003cem\u003eThe Economist\u003c/em\u003e’s defence coverage, in one place","promo":{"title":"","description":"","tagline":"Subscriber only"},"keywords":[],"priority":-1,"isKeywordFallback":false,"onboardingPreSelect":false,"live":true},{"code":"essential_india","availableTo":["anonymous","registered","espresso","studentEspresso","podcast","core"],"ident":"essential-india","title":"Essential India","frequency":"Weekly","imageUrl":"https://myaccount.economist.com/file-asset-public/essential_india?oid=00D3z000002JvyiEAC","slug":"essential-india","hasPreview":false,"category":"World","categorySortOrder":4,"description":"Your guide to an emerging great power","promo":{"title":"Stay informed with our weekly India newsletter","description":"Understand a vast and complicated country that will increasingly shape the future","tagline":""},"keywords":["Asia"],"priority":2,"isKeywordFallback":false,"onboardingPreSelect":false,"live":true},{"code":"drum_tower","availableTo":["core"],"ident":"drum-tower","title":"Drum Tower","frequency":"Weekly","imageUrl":"https://myaccount.economist.com/file-asset-public/drumtower?oid=00D3z000002JvyiEAC","tagline":"Subscriber only","slug":"drum-tower","hasPreview":false,"category":"World","categorySortOrder":5,"description":"Understand what the world makes of China—and what China makes of the world","promo":{"title":"Stay informed with our weekly China newsletter","description":"Understand what the world makes of China—and what China makes of the world","tagline":"Subscriber only"},"keywords":["China"],"priority":2,"isKeywordFallback":false,"onboardingPreSelect":false,"live":true},{"code":"cafe_europa","availableTo":["core"],"ident":"cafe-europa","title":"Café Europa","frequency":"Weekly","imageUrl":"https://myaccount.economist.com/file-asset-public/cafeeuropa?oid=00D3z000002JvyiEAC","tagline":"Subscriber only","slug":"cafe-europa","hasPreview":false,"category":"World","categorySortOrder":6,"description":"Inside Europe, from the front lines in Ukraine to the corridors of power in Brussels","promo":{"title":"Stay informed with our weekly Europe newsletter","description":"Inside Europe, from the front lines in Ukraine to the corridors of power in Brussels","tagline":"Subscriber only"},"keywords":["Europe"],"priority":2,"isKeywordFallback":false,"onboardingPreSelect":false,"live":true},{"code":"simply_science","availableTo":["core"],"ident":"simply-science","title":"Simply Science","frequency":"Weekly","imageUrl":"https://myaccount.economist.com/file-asset-public/Simply_Science2?oid=00D3z000002JvyiEAC","tagline":"Subscriber only","slug":"simply-science","hasPreview":false,"category":"Data and Science","categorySortOrder":0,"description":"A weekly fix of our mind-expanding science coverage","promo":{"title":"Curious about the world? Enjoy a weekly fix of our mind-expanding science coverage","description":"Delivered to you every week","tagline":"Subscriber only"},"keywords":["science and technology","Science \u0026 technology","biology","astronomy","philosophy","chemistry","diseases and conditions","genetics","cancer","medicine","physics"],"priority":4,"isKeywordFallback":false,"onboardingPreSelect":false,"live":true},{"code":"plot_twist","availableTo":["core"],"ident":"plot-twist","title":"Plot Twist","frequency":"Weekly","imageUrl":"https://myaccount.economist.com/file-asset-public/Plot_Twist?oid=00D3z000002JvyiEAC","tagline":"Subscriber only","slug":"plot-twist","hasPreview":false,"category":"Culture","categorySortOrder":0,"description":"A weekly conversation about culture. Because culture is a serious business","promo":{"title":"Broaden your perspective with our weekly culture newsletter","description":"Exploring trends and connections across entertainment, the arts and politics","tagline":"Subscriber only"},"keywords":["Culture"],"priority":2,"isKeywordFallback":false,"onboardingPreSelect":false,"live":true},{"code":"analysing_africa","availableTo":["core"],"ident":"analysing-africa","title":"Analysing Africa","frequency":"Weekly","imageUrl":"https://myaccount.economist.com/file-asset-public/analysing_africa?oid=00D3z000002JvyiEAC","tagline":"Subscriber only","slug":"analysing-africa","hasPreview":false,"isNew":false,"category":"World","categorySortOrder":7,"description":"Weekly insights into a continent that is reshaping our world","promo":{"title":"Exclusive insights into a continent that is reshaping our world","description":"Our weekly newsletter will help you make sense of the sweeping changes taking place across Africa","tagline":"Subscriber only"},"keywords":["Nigeria","Egypt","South Africa","Congo","Uganda","Kenya","Ethiopia","Morocco","South Sudan","Sudan","Somalia","Tanzania","Senegal"],"priority":2,"isKeywordFallback":false,"onboardingPreSelect":false,"live":true},{"code":"middle_east_dispatch","availableTo":["core"],"ident":"middle-east-dispatch","title":"Middle East Dispatch","frequency":"Weekly","imageUrl":"https://myaccount.economist.com/file-asset-public/Middle_East_Dispatch?oid=00D3z000002JvyiEAC","tagline":"Subscriber only","slug":"middle-east-dispatch","hasPreview":false,"category":"World","categorySortOrder":8,"description":"Get to grips with a region where capital, climate and geopolitics collide","promo":{"title":"Sign up to our Middle East newsletter","description":"Go deeper with our Middle East newsletter. Every week our correspondents delve into the political, social and economic stories of a region that is rarely out of the news.","tagline":"Subscriber only"},"keywords":["Israel","Iran","Saudi Arabia","Qatar"],"priority":2,"isKeywordFallback":false,"onboardingPreSelect":false,"live":true},{"code":"off_the_charts","availableTo":["core"],"ident":"off-the-charts","title":"Off the Charts","frequency":"Weekly","imageUrl":"https://myaccount.economist.com/file-asset-public/Off_the_charts2?oid=00D3z000002JvyiEAC","tagline":"Subscriber only","slug":"off-the-charts","hasPreview":false,"category":"Data and Science","categorySortOrder":1,"description":"Taking you behind the scenes of our data journalism","promo":{"title":"Taking you behind the scenes of our data journalism","description":"Directly to your inbox every week","tagline":"Subscriber only"},"keywords":["Graphic detail"],"priority":99,"isKeywordFallback":false,"onboardingPreSelect":false,"live":true},{"code":"el_boletin","availableTo":["core"],"ident":"el-boletin","title":"El Boletín","frequency":"Weekly","imageUrl":"https://myaccount.economist.com/file-asset-public/El_Boletin?oid=00D3z000002JvyiEAC","tagline":"Subscriber only","slug":"el-boletin","hasPreview":false,"category":"World","categorySortOrder":9,"description":"Follow the action in Latin America, from the depths of the Brazilian Amazon to the Mexican-American border","promo":{"title":"Stay informed with our weekly Latin America newsletter","description":"Every week our correspondents share insights on politics, economics and business from an increasingly complex region","tagline":"Subscriber only"},"keywords":["The Americas"],"priority":2,"isKeywordFallback":false,"onboardingPreSelect":false,"live":true},{"code":"climate_change","availableTo":["core"],"ident":"the-climate-issue","title":"The Climate Issue","frequency":"Fortnightly","imageUrl":"https://myaccount.economist.com/file-asset-public/Climate_issue?oid=00D3z000002JvyiEAC","tagline":"Subscriber only","slug":"the-climate-issue","hasPreview":false,"category":"Data and Science","categorySortOrder":2,"description":"Climate-change analysis that you won’t read elsewhere in \u003cem\u003eThe Economist\u003c/em\u003e","promo":{"title":"Climate-change analysis that you won’t read elsewhere in \u003cem\u003eThe Economist\u003c/em\u003e","description":"Delivered to your inbox every fortnight","tagline":"Subscriber only"},"keywords":["energy industry","migration of people","weather","energy and resource","plant","synthetic and plastic chemicals","forestry and timber","climate change","global warming","environment","environmental politics","environmental pollution"],"priority":5,"isKeywordFallback":false,"onboardingPreSelect":false,"live":true},{"code":"the_extraordinary_story","availableTo":["anonymous","registered","espresso","studentEspresso","podcast","core"],"ident":"the-extraordinary-story","title":"The Extraordinary Story","frequency":"Weekly","imageUrl":"https://myaccount.economist.com/file-asset-public/the_extraordinary_story?oid=00D3z000002JvyiEAC","slug":"the-extraordinary-story","hasPreview":false,"category":"Culture","categorySortOrder":1,"description":"Long reads and life from \u003cem\u003e1843 magazine\u003c/em\u003e","promo":{"title":"Long reads and life from \u003cem\u003e1843 magazine\u003c/em\u003e","description":"Delivered to your inbox every weekend","tagline":""},"keywords":["1843 magazine"],"priority":100,"isKeywordFallback":false,"onboardingPreSelect":false,"live":true}],"status":"ok"}},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/[...slug]","query":{"utm_source":"linkedin","utm_medium":"organic","HootpostID":"7a0c99a9-d945-436f-9dc1-5515f9cbc5e1","Profile":"knowledge unlatched","slug":["science-and-technology","2024","11","20","scientific-publishers-are-producing-more-papers-than-ever"]},"buildId":"g4_rRJluS5qUqtAQFUdVq","assetPrefix":"/engassets","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[{"strategy":"afterInteractive","data-test-id":"airship-snippet-script","children":"!function(n,r,e,t,c){var i,o=\"Promise\"in n,u={then:function(){return u},catch:function(n){\n return n(new Error(\"Airship SDK Error: Unsupported browser\")),u}},s=o?new Promise((function(n,r){i=function(e,t){e?r(e):n(t)}})):u\n ;s._async_setup=function(n){if(o)try{i(null,n(c))}catch(n){i(n)}},n[t]=s;var a=r.createElement(\"script\");a.src=e,a.async=!0,a.id=\"_uasdk\",\n a.rel=t,r.head.appendChild(a)}(window,document,'https://aswpsdkeu.com/notify/v2/ua-sdk.min.js',\n 'UA', {\n vapidPublicKey: 'BK_fZVSB30_KwTzMfW_XmzKcnHfNJ_7kRXafI6KyUlDKuxoa0JnmQSIseuvyJ26xXLoJ86wK4F9lZ4u0qdisUQU=',\n appKey: 'SgU0PKXvSeGccyIPRc5inA',\n token: 'MTpTZ1UwUEtYdlNlR2NjeUlQUmM1aW5BOlEyUGhibk9TUVA4a25QbXpHUGhjbE1nTmFlYkp6SDdEM0gzWllUVk9lX1U'\n });"}]}</script><script type="text/javascript"> window.wallInfo = {"status":"walled","type":"walled-regwall","country":"SG","metadata":{"heading":"Continue with a free trial","subheading":"Explore all our independent journalism for free for one month","loginSubheading":"Already have an account?","loginCta":"Log in","subscribeCta":"Get started","secondarySubheading":"Or continue reading this article","registerCta":"Register now","hasButton":"false"}}; </script> <script>(function(){function c(){var b=a.contentDocument||a.contentWindow.document;if(b){var d=b.createElement('script');d.innerHTML="window.__CF$cv$params={r:'8e76f9e67a166004',t:'MTczMjQyNTkwMy4wMDAwMDA='};var a=document.createElement('script');a.nonce='';a.src='/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/scripts/jsd/main.js';document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(a);";b.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(d)}}if(document.body){var a=document.createElement('iframe');a.height=1;a.width=1;a.style.position='absolute';a.style.top=0;a.style.left=0;a.style.border='none';a.style.visibility='hidden';document.body.appendChild(a);if('loading'!==document.readyState)c();else if(window.addEventListener)document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',c);else{var e=document.onreadystatechange||function(){};document.onreadystatechange=function(b){e(b);'loading'!==document.readyState&&(document.onreadystatechange=e,c())}}}})();</script></body> </html>