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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Location" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Location"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Location</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Westerwald's_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Westerwald's_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>The Westerwald's regions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Westerwald's_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Places" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Places"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Places</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Places-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport_connections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport_connections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Transport connections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport_connections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mountains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mountains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Mountains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mountains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Waterways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Waterways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Waterways</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Waterways-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Waterways subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Waterways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flowing_waters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flowing_waters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Flowing waters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flowing_waters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standing_waters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standing_waters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Standing waters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standing_waters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_times" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Early times</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_times" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Roman times</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chatti_times" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chatti_times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Chatti times</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chatti_times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Frankish_times" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frankish_times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Frankish times</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frankish_times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_times" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Modern times</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Famous_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Famous_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Famous people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Famous_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Westerwaldlied" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Westerwaldlied"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Westerwaldlied</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Westerwaldlied-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Westerwald</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4" title="Вестэрвальд – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вестэрвальд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4" title="Вестервалд – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вестервалд" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westerwald_(mass%C3%ADs)" title="Westerwald (massís) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Westerwald (massís)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westerwald_(kabukiran)" title="Westerwald (kabukiran) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Westerwald (kabukiran)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westerwald" title="Westerwald – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Westerwald" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westerwald" title="Westerwald – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Westerwald" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westerwald" title="Westerwald – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Westerwald" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westerwald" title="Westerwald – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Westerwald" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westerwald" title="Westerwald – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Westerwald" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westerwald" title="Westerwald – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Westerwald" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westerwald" title="Westerwald – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Westerwald" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westerwald" title="Westerwald – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Westerwald" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A4" title="Վեստերվալդ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վեստերվալդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westerwald" title="Westerwald – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Westerwald" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westerwaldia" title="Westerwaldia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Westerwaldia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westerwald" title="Westerwald – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Westerwald" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF" title="ويستيروالد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ويستيروالد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westerwald" title="Westerwald – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Westerwald" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westerwald" title="Westerwald – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Westerwald" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westerwald" title="Westerwald – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Westerwald" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westerwald" title="Westerwald – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Westerwald" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westerwald" title="Westerwald – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Westerwald" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4" title="Вестервальд – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вестервальд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westerwald" title="Westerwald – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Westerwald" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4" title="Вестервальд – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вестервальд" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%8B%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%9E%97%E5%B1%B1" title="韋斯特林山 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="韋斯特林山" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q640966#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Westerwald&params=50.6666667_N_07.8333333_E_region:DE_type:mountain_scale:300000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">50°40′00″N</span> <span class="longitude">7°50′00″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">50.6666667°N 07.8333333°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">50.6666667; 07.8333333</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Mountain range in Germany</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the German mountain range. For the similarly named region and municipality of the Netherlands (both known in West Frisian as Westerwâlde), see <a href="/wiki/Westerwolde_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Westerwolde (disambiguation)">Westerwolde</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:24.5em; line-height:1.5em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;color:#000;">Westerwald</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding: 0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arborn_Panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Arborn_Panorama.jpg/272px-Arborn_Panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="272" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Arborn_Panorama.jpg/408px-Arborn_Panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Arborn_Panorama.jpg/544px-Arborn_Panorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1950" data-file-height="1350" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding: 0.2em 0em;">The Westerwald near Arborn (<a href="/wiki/Greifenstein" title="Greifenstein">Greifenstein</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;color:#000;">Highest point</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Peak</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fuchskaute" title="Fuchskaute">Fuchskaute</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Summit" title="Summit">Elevation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="border-width:0px; padding:0px; margin:0px;">657.3 m above NN</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;color:#000;">Dimensions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">60 km (37 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">3,000 km<sup>2</sup> (1,200 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;color:#000;">Geography</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.5em 0.2em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Westerwald_-_Deutsche_Mittelgebirge,_Serie_A-de.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Westerwald_-_Deutsche_Mittelgebirge%2C_Serie_A-de.png/272px-Westerwald_-_Deutsche_Mittelgebirge%2C_Serie_A-de.png" decoding="async" width="272" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Westerwald_-_Deutsche_Mittelgebirge%2C_Serie_A-de.png/408px-Westerwald_-_Deutsche_Mittelgebirge%2C_Serie_A-de.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Westerwald_-_Deutsche_Mittelgebirge%2C_Serie_A-de.png/544px-Westerwald_-_Deutsche_Mittelgebirge%2C_Serie_A-de.png 2x" data-file-width="2750" data-file-height="1450" /></a></span><div>Westerwald overview map</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">State(s)</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a>, North Rhine-Westphalia, <a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a>, Germany</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Range coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Westerwald&params=50.6666667_N_07.8333333_E_region:DE_type:mountain_scale:300000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">50°40′00″N</span> <span class="longitude">7°50′00″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">50.6666667°N 07.8333333°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">50.6666667; 07.8333333</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mountain_range" title="Mountain range"><span class="nowrap">Parent range</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Rhenish_Massif" title="Rhenish Massif">Rhenish Massif</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;color:#000;">Geology</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Orogeny" title="Orogeny">Orogeny</a></th><td class="infobox-data">formed as part of the German <a href="/wiki/Central_Uplands" title="Central Uplands">Central Uplands</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rock_types" title="List of rock types">Rock type(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">includes <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quartzite" title="Quartzite">quartzite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slate" title="Slate">slate</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Westerwald</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈvɛstɐvalt]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/be\/De-Westerwald.ogg\/De-Westerwald.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Westerwald.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/be/De-Westerwald.ogg/De-Westerwald.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Westerwald.ogg" title="File:De-Westerwald.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>; literally 'Western forest') is a low <a href="/wiki/Mountain_range" title="Mountain range">mountain range</a> on the right bank of the river <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> in the <a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">German federal states</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a>, Hesse and <a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a>. It is a part of the <a href="/wiki/Rhenish_Massif" title="Rhenish Massif">Rhenish Massif</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Rheinisches Schiefergebirge</i></span> or Rhenish <a href="/wiki/Slate" title="Slate">Slate</a> Mountains). Its highest elevation, at 657 m above sea level, is the <a href="/wiki/Fuchskaute" title="Fuchskaute">Fuchskaute</a> in the High Westerwald. </p><p>Tourist attractions include the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dornburg_(Oppidum)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dornburg (Oppidum) (page does not exist)">Dornburg</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dornburg_(Oppidum)" class="extiw" title="de:Dornburg (Oppidum)">de</a>]</span> (394 metres), site of some <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a> ruins from <a href="/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_culture" title="La Tène culture">La Tène times</a> (5th to 1st century BC), found in the <a href="/wiki/Dornburg,_Hesse" title="Dornburg, Hesse">community of the same name</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Limburg_an_der_Lahn" title="Limburg an der Lahn">Limburg an der Lahn</a>, a town with a <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval</a> centre. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geologically</a> old, heavily <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">eroded</a> range of the Westerwald is in its northern parts overlaid by a <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanic</a> upland made of <a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">Neogene</a> <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a> layers. It covers an area of some 50 km × 70 km (31 mi × 43 mi), and therefore roughly 3,000 km<sup>2</sup> (1,200 sq mi), making the Westerwald one of Germany's biggest mountain ranges by area. In areas of <a href="/wiki/Subsidence" title="Subsidence">subsidence</a>, it has in its flatter western part (Lower Westerwald) the characteristics of rolling hills. Typical for the economy of the Upper Westerwald, some 40% of which is actually wooded, are traditional slate mining, <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a> <a href="/wiki/Quarry" title="Quarry">quarrying</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diabase" title="Diabase">diabase</a> and basalt mining, <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a> and the iron ore industry, and among other things mining in the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Siegerland" title="Siegerland">Siegerländer Erzrevier</a></i></span> (roughly "Siegerland Ore Grounds"). Despite its relatively slight elevation, the Westerwald has for a low mountain range a typical agreeable climate. Economically and culturally, it belongs among Germany's best known mountain ranges. </p><p>The name "Westerwald" was first mentioned in 1048 in a document from the <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Trier" title="Electorate of Trier">Electorate of Trier</a> and described at that time the woodlands (<i>Wald</i> is German for "forest" or "woods") around the three churches in <a href="/wiki/Bad_Marienberg" title="Bad Marienberg">Bad Marienberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rennerod" title="Rennerod">Rennerod</a> and Emmerichenhain, west of the royal court at <a href="/wiki/Herborn_(Hesse)" class="mw-redirect" title="Herborn (Hesse)">Herborn</a>. Only since the mid 19th century has the name come into common usage for the whole range. </p><p>The High Westerwald has since the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> formed the heart of the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Herrschaft zum</i></span> (also <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">vom</i></span> or <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">auf dem</i></span>) <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Westerwald</i></span> ("Lordship over the Westerwald"). This comprised the three court districts of <a href="/wiki/Bad_Marienberg_(Westerwald)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bad Marienberg (Westerwald)">Marienberg</a>, Emmerichenhain and <a href="/wiki/Stein-Neukirch" title="Stein-Neukirch">Neukirch</a>. The Lordship later fell under the governance of the Lordship or County of Beilstein. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westerwald&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Location">Location</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westerwald&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herkersdorf_Ottoturm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Herkersdorf_Ottoturm.jpg/300px-Herkersdorf_Ottoturm.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Herkersdorf_Ottoturm.jpg/450px-Herkersdorf_Ottoturm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Herkersdorf_Ottoturm.jpg/600px-Herkersdorf_Ottoturm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="896" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>View of the northern Westerwald from the Otto Turm at Herkersdorf/Kirchen</figcaption></figure> <p>The Westerwald lies mostly southwest of the three-state common point shared by Rhineland-Palatinate, Hesse and North Rhine-Westphalia in the districts of <a href="/wiki/Altenkirchen_(district)" title="Altenkirchen (district)">Altenkirchen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lahn-Dill-Kreis" title="Lahn-Dill-Kreis">Lahn-Dill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limburg-Weilburg" title="Limburg-Weilburg">Limburg-Weilburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neuwied_(district)" title="Neuwied (district)">Neuwied</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhein-Lahn-Kreis" title="Rhein-Lahn-Kreis">Rhein-Lahn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhein-Sieg" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhein-Sieg">Rhein-Sieg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Westerwaldkreis" title="Westerwaldkreis">Westerwaldkreis</a> and partly in <a href="/wiki/Siegen-Wittgenstein" title="Siegen-Wittgenstein">Siegen-Wittgenstein</a>. It is found south of the <a href="/wiki/Rothaargebirge" class="mw-redirect" title="Rothaargebirge">Rothaargebirge</a>, southwest of the Lahn-Dill-Bergland (another low mountain range), north of the <a href="/wiki/Taunus" title="Taunus">Taunus</a> and east of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Rhine" title="Middle Rhine">Middle Rhine</a> and stretches more or less southwards from <a href="/wiki/Siegen" title="Siegen">Siegen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burbach_(Siegerland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Burbach (Siegerland)">Burbach</a>, southwestwards from <a href="/wiki/Haiger" title="Haiger">Haiger</a>, northwestwards from <a href="/wiki/Weilburg" title="Weilburg">Weilburg</a>, northwards from <a href="/wiki/Limburg_an_der_Lahn" title="Limburg an der Lahn">Limburg an der Lahn</a>, northeastwards from <a href="/wiki/Koblenz" title="Koblenz">Koblenz</a>, eastwards from <a href="/wiki/Linz_am_Rhein" title="Linz am Rhein">Linz am Rhein</a>, southeastwards from <a href="/wiki/Wissen" title="Wissen">Wissen</a> and southwards from <a href="/wiki/Betzdorf,_Germany" title="Betzdorf, Germany">Betzdorf</a>. In its centre lie <a href="/wiki/Bad_Marienberg_(Westerwald)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bad Marienberg (Westerwald)">Bad Marienberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hachenburg" title="Hachenburg">Hachenburg</a>. </p><p>Clockwise, the Westerwald is bordered by the following river valleys: the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> between <a href="/wiki/Koblenz" title="Koblenz">Koblenz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linz_am_Rhein" title="Linz am Rhein">Linz</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sieg_(river)" title="Sieg (river)">Sieg</a> as far as Betzdorf, the <a href="/wiki/Heller_(river)" title="Heller (river)">Heller</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dill_(river)" title="Dill (river)">Dill</a> and from its mouth near <a href="/wiki/Wetzlar" title="Wetzlar">Wetzlar</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lahn" title="Lahn">Lahn</a> up to <a href="/wiki/Lahnstein" title="Lahnstein">Lahnstein</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Geomorphology" title="Geomorphology">Geomorphologically</a>, the Westerwald belongs to the Rhenish Massif, which forms the greater part of that range's eastern half on the Rhine's right bank. Likewise, the <a href="/wiki/Gladenbach_Uplands" title="Gladenbach Uplands">Gladenbach Uplands</a>, lying east of the Dill, also belong to the Westerwald, whereas the mountains reaching up to 680 m (2,230 ft) near the Haiger Saddle (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Haiger Sattel</i></span>) and east of <a href="/wiki/Siegen" title="Siegen">Siegen</a> are counted as part of the <a href="/wiki/Rothaargebirge" class="mw-redirect" title="Rothaargebirge">Rothaargebirge</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Westerwald's_regions"><span id="The_Westerwald.27s_regions"></span>The Westerwald's regions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westerwald&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Westerwald's regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Westerwald is divided by elevation into these three regions: </p> <ul><li><b>Unterer</b> or <b>Vorderer Westerwald</b>, or <b>Vorderwesterwald</b>:</li></ul> <dl><dd>Translated here as <b>Lower Westerwald</b>, this region borders on the Rhine and Lahn river valley landscapes and manifests itself as the western and southwestern part of the Westerwald, a heavily <a href="/wiki/Truncated_upland" title="Truncated upland">truncated upland</a> with elevations ranging from 200 to 400 m. The subsidence areas found within (<i>Dierdorfer Senke</i>, <i>Montabaurer Senke</i>) are known for their clay deposits. Indeed, the name for this small region is the <a href="/wiki/Kannenb%C3%A4ckerland" title="Kannenbäckerland">Kannenbäckerland</a>, or "Jug Bakers’ Land", a reference to the traditional <a href="/wiki/Ceramic_art" title="Ceramic art">ceramics</a> industry here. In the southwest, in the richly wooded Montabaur Heights (<i>Montabaurer Höhe</i>) is found a <a href="/wiki/Monadnock" class="mw-redirect" title="Monadnock">monadnock</a> made of <a href="/wiki/Quartzite" title="Quartzite">quartzite</a>, as well as the Malberg Conservation Area (<i>Naturschutzgebiet Malberg</i>). The <a href="/wiki/Siebengebirge" title="Siebengebirge">Siebengebirge</a> joining the range in the northwest near <a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a> (reaching 464 m) is, however, regionally grouped with the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Rhine" title="Middle Rhine">Middle Rhine</a> area.</dd></dl> <ul><li><b>Oberer Westerwald</b>:</li></ul> <dl><dd>Translated here as <b>Upper Westerwald</b>, this is a partly wooded land of volcanic crests with major basalt layers, above all in the area of the Westerwald Lake Plateau (<i>Westerwälder Seenplatte</i>), with elevations ranging from some 350 to 500 m. To the south, as part of the Lahn valley, the hilly <a href="/wiki/Limburg_Basin" title="Limburg Basin">Limburg Basin</a> abuts the Upper Westerwald.</dd></dl> <ul><li><b>Hoher Westerwald</b>:</li></ul> <dl><dd>The <b>High Westerwald</b> is an undulating and basalt-rich tableland decked with woodlands, making for a highly moderated <a href="/wiki/Microclimate" title="Microclimate">microclimate</a>, especially against extreme warmth. It ranges from roughly 450 to 657 m in height. Here is found the Fuchskaute, the highest peak.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westerwald&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The climate of the region vastly qualifies as <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic</a> (Köppen climate classification: <i>Cfb</i>), while higher altitudes experience a <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">humid continental climate</a> (Köppen climate classification: <i>Dfb</i>). </p><p>In the lowlands of the <i>Unterwesterwald</i> (Lower Westerwald), summers tend to be warm to hot. Erratic <a href="/wiki/Thunderstorm" title="Thunderstorm">convective downpours</a> are not uncommon, yet mostly brief. Winters are mild and see a lot of precipitation, which mostly falls as rain. Snowfall occurs multiple times a year, but usually melts within hours. Thermophilic fruits like <a href="/wiki/Figs" class="mw-redirect" title="Figs">figs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peaches" class="mw-redirect" title="Peaches">peaches</a> are <a href="/wiki/Hardiness_zones" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardiness zones">hardy</a> in this area. </p><p>The mountainous areas of the <i>Oberwesterwald</i> (Upper Westerwald) and <i>Hoher Westerwald</i> (High Westerwald) feature a much colder climate and are more prone to extreme weather, such as extreme wind gusts during <a href="/wiki/European_windstorms" class="mw-redirect" title="European windstorms">extratropical cyclones</a>. Summer days are pleasantly warm and rarely become hot due to a cool breeze, while winters are cold and rich in snow. The area is home to a number of <a href="/wiki/Ski_areas" class="mw-redirect" title="Ski areas">ski areas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Places">Places</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westerwald&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Places"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>District seats in the Westerwald are: <a href="/wiki/Altenkirchen_(Westerwald)" class="mw-redirect" title="Altenkirchen (Westerwald)">Altenkirchen</a> (Altenkirchen district), <a href="/wiki/Montabaur" title="Montabaur">Montabaur</a> (Westerwaldkreis) and <a href="/wiki/Neuwied" title="Neuwied">Neuwied</a> (Neuwied district). Furthermore, the Lahn-Dill-Kreis, the <a href="/wiki/Mayen-Koblenz" title="Mayen-Koblenz">Mayen-Koblenz</a> district, the Rhein-Lahn-Kreis and the Limburg-Weilburg district each have shares of the Westerwald. If Sieg is taken as the Westerwald's northernmost limit, then the Rhein-Sieg district likewise belongs here, at least in parts (for example the Siebengebirge and the communities of <a href="/wiki/Eitorf" title="Eitorf">Eitorf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windeck" title="Windeck">Windeck</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport_connections">Transport connections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westerwald&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Transport connections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Westerwald and its outer edges are crossed by stretches of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Bundesstra%C3%9Fe" title="Bundesstraße">Bundesstraßen</a></i></span> <a href="/wiki/Bundesstra%C3%9Fe_8" title="Bundesstraße 8">8</a>, 42, <a href="/wiki/Bundesstra%C3%9Fe_49" title="Bundesstraße 49">49</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bundesstra%C3%9Fe_54" title="Bundesstraße 54">54</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bundesstra%C3%9Fe_62" title="Bundesstraße 62">62</a>, 255, 256, 277, 413 and 414, over which there are connections to the <a href="/wiki/Autobahn" title="Autobahn">Autobahnen</a> <a href="/wiki/Bundesautobahn_3" title="Bundesautobahn 3">A 3</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>–<a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt</a>), <a href="/wiki/Bundesautobahn_45" title="Bundesautobahn 45">A 45</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a>–<a href="/wiki/Aschaffenburg" title="Aschaffenburg">Aschaffenburg</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Bundesautobahn_48" title="Bundesautobahn 48">A 48</a>. </p><p>The most notable railway is the <a href="/wiki/Cologne-Frankfurt_high-speed_rail_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Cologne-Frankfurt high-speed rail line">Cologne-Frankfurt high-speed rail line</a> with minor stops at Montabaur and Limburg an der Lahn. </p><p>The High Westerwald is served by <a href="/wiki/Siegerland_Airport" title="Siegerland Airport">Siegerland Airport</a> for private use and special touristic charters, south of <a href="/wiki/Burbach_(Siegerland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Burbach (Siegerland)">Burbach</a>. </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1508px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ww_panorama_bmg1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panorama of the Westerwald seen from Bad Marienberg"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Ww_panorama_bmg1.jpg/1500px-Ww_panorama_bmg1.jpg" decoding="async" width="1500" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Ww_panorama_bmg1.jpg/2250px-Ww_panorama_bmg1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Ww_panorama_bmg1.jpg/3000px-Ww_panorama_bmg1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5481" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Ww_panorama_bmg1.jpg" title="File:Ww panorama bmg1.jpg"> </a></div>Panorama of the Westerwald seen from <a href="/wiki/Bad_Marienberg_(Westerwald)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bad Marienberg (Westerwald)">Bad Marienberg</a></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology">Geology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westerwald&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hummelsberg_Basalt_S%C3%A4ulen_3.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Hummelsberg_Basalt_S%C3%A4ulen_3.JPG/220px-Hummelsberg_Basalt_S%C3%A4ulen_3.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Hummelsberg_Basalt_S%C3%A4ulen_3.JPG/330px-Hummelsberg_Basalt_S%C3%A4ulen_3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Hummelsberg_Basalt_S%C3%A4ulen_3.JPG/440px-Hummelsberg_Basalt_S%C3%A4ulen_3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Basalt columns at the Hummelsberg</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geologically</a>, the Westerwald is part of the Rhenish Massif, and likewise represents a heavily <a href="/wiki/Truncated_upland" title="Truncated upland">eroded remnant</a> of a great <a href="/wiki/Variscan_orogeny" title="Variscan orogeny">Variscan</a> mountain system which in the <a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic</a> characterized a great deal of Europe. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian</a> <a href="/wiki/Bedrock" title="Bedrock">bedrock</a> is covered by volcanic masses from the <a href="/wiki/Tertiary" title="Tertiary">Tertiary</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tuff" title="Tuff">tuffs</a>. Economically important, besides slate, <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> and clay <a href="/wiki/Quarry" title="Quarry">quarrying</a>, were, and still are, iron and its processing industry between <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rheintal</a> (Unkel, Linz) and the lower Wied, <a href="/wiki/Pumice" title="Pumice">pumice</a> gravel in the <a href="/wiki/Neuwied" title="Neuwied">Neuwied</a> Basin, various mineral springs and, once, <a href="/wiki/Lignite" title="Lignite">brown coal</a> mining. </p><p>The whole Westerwald region lay under a tropically warm arm of the sea in the <a href="/wiki/Palaeozoic" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeozoic">Palaeozoic</a> (600 to 270 million years ago). This sea deposited layers of sediments many kilometres thick into the Variscan <a href="/wiki/Geosyncline" title="Geosyncline">geosyncline</a>, which were heavily folded in the <a href="/wiki/Orogeny" title="Orogeny">orogeny</a> that followed. The towns of <a href="/wiki/Siegen" title="Siegen">Siegen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Koblenz" title="Koblenz">Koblenz</a> on the Westerwald's north and southwest edges even gave two Lower Devonian layers, with their colourful slates, their names. The upper mountain layers are formed of volcanic strata made of basalt containing tuffs. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WesterwaldTopf3475.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/WesterwaldTopf3475.JPG/220px-WesterwaldTopf3475.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/WesterwaldTopf3475.JPG/330px-WesterwaldTopf3475.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/WesterwaldTopf3475.JPG/440px-WesterwaldTopf3475.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption>Typical everyday Westerwald pottery</figcaption></figure> <p>In a few areas, slate and clay have long been quarried, the latter notably in the so-called <a href="/wiki/Kannenb%C3%A4ckerland" title="Kannenbäckerland">Kannenbäckerland</a>, but also in a few other places where the clay is worked into the salt-<a href="/wiki/Ceramic_glaze" title="Ceramic glaze">glazed</a> grey <a href="/wiki/Westerwald_Pottery" class="mw-redirect" title="Westerwald Pottery">Westerwald Pottery</a> with <a href="/wiki/Cobalt_blue" title="Cobalt blue">cobalt blue</a> decoration. The pottery industry is centred on <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6hr-Grenzhausen" title="Höhr-Grenzhausen">Höhr-Grenzhausen</a>. Exports, particularly to Italy, are also important (more than one million metric tons each year). In the mid 16th century, potters from <a href="/wiki/Raeren" title="Raeren">Raeren</a> in Belgium migrated into the Westerwald, bringing with them some of their <a href="/wiki/Molding_(process)" title="Molding (process)">moulds</a>. This type of pottery was taken to the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> and was found in the early <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chesapeake (tribe)">Chesapeake</a> settlements. Today one finds not only highly crafted moulded vases and mugs but also a range of handcrafted utility ware, with hand-painted swirling floral motifs. </p><p>In the eastern Westerwald (the part lying in Hesse) are found interesting limestone deposits from the most varied of geological times. Erdbach limestone from the Lower <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a> gave one small time period the name "Erdbachian".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Near <a href="/wiki/Breitscheid,_Hesse" title="Breitscheid, Hesse">Breitscheid</a> are found the remnants of an <a href="/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll">atoll</a> from the subtropical Devonian sea that was here 380,000,000 years ago. Parts of this limestone formation are worked in <a href="/wiki/Open-pit_mining" title="Open-pit mining">open-pit mining</a>; near <a href="/wiki/Enspel" title="Enspel">Enspel</a>, a "<a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossil</a> conservation area" has been instituted, in which institutes from several <a href="/wiki/Hochschule" title="Hochschule">colleges</a> conduct research and excursions. A few <a href="/wiki/Karst_topography" class="mw-redirect" title="Karst topography">karst</a> caves are of interest to <a href="/wiki/Spelaeology" class="mw-redirect" title="Spelaeology">spelaeology</a> and bring about the temporary disappearance and reappearance of the Erdbach. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mountains">Mountains</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westerwald&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mountains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_and_hills_of_the_Westerwald" title="List of mountains and hills of the Westerwald">List of mountains and hills of the Westerwald</a></div> <p>The Westerwald's highest mountain is the <a href="/wiki/Fuchskaute" title="Fuchskaute">Fuchskaute</a> in the High Westerwald, meaning "fox hollow". Many peaks and crests exceed the 600-metre level. Sorted by elevation above sea level, these are some of the Westerwald's highest elevations: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuchskaute" title="Fuchskaute">Fuchskaute</a> (657 m), near Willingen, Westerwaldkreis, Rhineland-Palatinate</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stegskopf" title="Stegskopf">Stegskopf</a> (654 m), near Emmerzhausen, Altenkirchen district, Rhineland-Palatinate</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salzburger_Kopf" title="Salzburger Kopf">Salzburger Kopf</a> (653 m), near Salzburg, Westerwaldkreis, Rhineland-Palatinate</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6llberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Höllberg">Höllberg</a> (643 m), near Driedorf, Lahn-Dill-Kreis, Hesse</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auf_der_Baar" title="Auf der Baar">Auf der Baar</a> (618 m), near Driedorf/Breitscheid, Lahn-Dill-Kreis, Hesse</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Barstein">Barstein</a> (614 m), near Breitscheid, Lahn-Dill-Kreis, Hesse</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knoten_(Westerwald)" class="mw-redirect" title="Knoten (Westerwald)">Knoten</a> (605 m), near Driedorf, Lahn-Dill-Kreis, Hesse</li> <li>Die Höh (598 m), near Burbach, Siegen-Wittgenstein, North Rhine-Westphalia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alarmstange" title="Alarmstange">Alarmstange</a> (542.2 m), near Horresen, Westerwaldkreis, Rhineland-Palatinate</li> <li>Köppel (540 m), near Montabaur, Westerwaldkreis, Rhineland-Palatinate</li> <li>Hohenseelbachskopf (530 m), near Daaden, Siegen-Wittgenstein and Altenkirchen district, North Rhine-Westphalia and Rhineland-Palatinate</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A4bersberg" title="Gräbersberg">Gräbersberg</a> (513.1 m), near Alpenrod, Westerwaldkreis, Rhineland-Palatinate</li> <li>Mahlscheid (509 m), near Herdorf, Siegen-Wittgenstein and Altenkirchen district, North Rhine-Westphalia and Rhineland-Palatinate</li> <li>Malberg (422 m), near Ötzingen, Westerwaldkreis, Rhineland-Palatinate</li> <li>Hummelsberg (389 m), near Linz am Rhein, Neuwied district, Rhineland-Palatinate</li> <li>Beulskopf (388 m), near Altenkirchen, Altenkirchen district, Rhineland-Palatinate</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Westerwald_H%C3%B6llberg.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Höllberg"><img alt="Höllberg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Westerwald_H%C3%B6llberg.jpg/120px-Westerwald_H%C3%B6llberg.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Westerwald_H%C3%B6llberg.jpg/180px-Westerwald_H%C3%B6llberg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Westerwald_H%C3%B6llberg.jpg/240px-Westerwald_H%C3%B6llberg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1950" data-file-height="1350" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Höllberg</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blick_vom_Knoten.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View from the Knoten"><img alt="View from the Knoten" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Blick_vom_Knoten.jpg/120px-Blick_vom_Knoten.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Blick_vom_Knoten.jpg/180px-Blick_vom_Knoten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Blick_vom_Knoten.jpg/240px-Blick_vom_Knoten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1950" data-file-height="1350" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">View from the Knoten</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hummelsberg_(Westerwald).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hummelsberg"><img alt="Hummelsberg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Hummelsberg_%28Westerwald%29.jpg/120px-Hummelsberg_%28Westerwald%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Hummelsberg_%28Westerwald%29.jpg/180px-Hummelsberg_%28Westerwald%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Hummelsberg_%28Westerwald%29.jpg/240px-Hummelsberg_%28Westerwald%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hummelsberg</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oetzingen-Malberg.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Malberg"><img alt="Malberg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Oetzingen-Malberg.jpg/120px-Oetzingen-Malberg.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Oetzingen-Malberg.jpg/180px-Oetzingen-Malberg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Oetzingen-Malberg.jpg/240px-Oetzingen-Malberg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1103" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Malberg</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Waterways">Waterways</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westerwald&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Waterways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flowing_waters">Flowing waters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westerwald&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Flowing waters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following are the Westerwald's rivers and streams: </p> <ul><li>Rivers whose valley systems border the range (clockwise): <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> – southwest edge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieg_(river)" title="Sieg (river)">Sieg</a> – north edge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dill_(river)" title="Dill (river)">Dill</a> – east edge, tributary to the Lahn</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahn" title="Lahn">Lahn</a> – southeast edge</li></ul></li> <li>Smaller rivers within the range: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mehrbach" title="Mehrbach">Mehrbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayn_(river)" title="Sayn (river)">Sayn</a> (also known as Saynbach) – in the southern (Lower) Westerwald, flows west to the Rhine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wied_(river)" title="Wied (river)">Wied</a> (between Sieg and Sayn) – flows west to the Rhine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nister_(river)" title="Nister (river)">Nister</a> (in the northeast, boundary of Upper Westerwald) – flows northwest to the Sieg</li> <li>Elbbach (Sieg) – near Wissen to the Sieg</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heller_(river)" title="Heller (river)">Heller</a> – rises in northern Westerwald and flows through the <a href="/wiki/Siegerland" title="Siegerland">Siegerland</a> to Betzdorf and into the Sieg</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbbach" title="Elbbach">Elbbach</a> (Lahn) – near <a href="/wiki/Ailertchen" title="Ailertchen">Ailertchen</a> to the Lahn</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daade" title="Daade">Daade</a> – empties between Alsdorf and Grünebach into the Heller</li></ul></li> <li>Greater streams and brooks: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aubach_(Wied)" title="Aubach (Wied)">Aubach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brexbach" title="Brexbach">Brexbach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dietzh%C3%B6lze" title="Dietzhölze">Dietzhölze</a>, Erdbach, <a href="/wiki/Fockenbach" title="Fockenbach">Fockenbach</a>, Gelbach, Hellerbach, Holzbach, Kerkerbach, Masselbach, Ulmbach.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standing_waters">Standing waters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westerwald&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Standing waters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Breitenbach Reservoir (Rennerod)</li> <li>Driedorf Reservoir</li> <li>Großer Weiher</li> <li>Fischweiher</li> <li>Heisterberger Weiher</li> <li>Krombach Reservoir</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seeweiher_(Mengerskirchen)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seeweiher (Mengerskirchen)">Seeweiher</a> near <a href="/wiki/Mengerskirchen" title="Mengerskirchen">Mengerskirchen</a></li> <li>Waagweiher</li> <li>Waldsee Maroth</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westerwald_Lake_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Westerwald Lake District">Westerwald Lake District</a> <ul><li>Brinkenweiher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreifelder_Weiher" title="Dreifelder Weiher">Dreifelder Weiher</a> (or Seeweiher)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haidenweiher" title="Haidenweiher">Haidenweiher</a></li> <li>Hausweiher</li> <li>Hofmannsweiher</li> <li>Postweiher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%B6lferlinger_Weiher" title="Wölferlinger Weiher">Wölferlinger Weiher</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiesensee" title="Wiesensee">Wiesensee</a> (reservoir)</li></ul> <p><i>Weiher</i> is a German word meaning "pond". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westerwald&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_times">Early times</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westerwald&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Early times"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Through prehistoric finds it can be determined that the <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> settled in the Westerwald and were using the iron ore deposits in the so-called <a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt times</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>, roughly 750 to 500 BC). In all likelihood they came into the area from the <a href="/wiki/Hunsr%C3%BCck" title="Hunsrück">Hunsrück</a>. From <a href="/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_culture" title="La Tène culture">La Tène times</a> come the Celtic ringwall-girded defensive and sheltering castles which may be found on, among other peaks, the Malberg. Already by La Tène times, <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a> were thrusting in from the east and from the Sieg valley. They came about 380 BC into the Upper Westerwald, bypassing the High Westerwald, seeing it as nothing more than a trackless wooded wilderness, after which they eventually came up against the Rhine in the 2nd century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_times">Roman times</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westerwald&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Roman times"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Even in the time when the Celts found themselves having to avoid the Germanic invaders by moving to the west, the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> were also pushing in from the Rhine's left bank to the southwest. However, the Romans only managed to seize a strip of land on the Rhine's right bank and the so-called Rhine-Westerwald; the Westerwald itself lay outside the Roman-occupied area, for the Romans preferred to maintain a little-settled, most likely pathless wilderness as their border. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chatti_times">Chatti times</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westerwald&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Chatti times"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Westerwald's permanent settlement and thereby its territorial history began with the <a href="/wiki/Chatti" title="Chatti">Chatti</a> (Hessians) pushing their way into the area after the Romans were driven out in the 3rd century. Placename endings such as <i> –ar, –mar </i>and<i> –aha</i> ("Haigraha" = <a href="/wiki/Haiger" title="Haiger">Haiger</a>) stemming from the <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a> (<i>"Völkerwanderung"</i>) can still be found now. These lie around the forest's outer edges in basins and dales whose soils and climate were favourable to early settlers, and include, for instance, <a href="/wiki/Hadamar" title="Hadamar">Hadamar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waldbrunn,_Hesse" title="Waldbrunn, Hesse">Lahr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wetzlar" title="Wetzlar">Wetzlar</a>. From the 4th to the 6th century, the settlements from the time of the taking of the land arose in formerly pathless areas, taking endings such as <i>–ingen</i> and <i>–heim</i>, like <a href="/wiki/Bellingen,_Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Bellingen, Rhineland-Palatinate">Bellingen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montabaur" title="Montabaur">Bladernheim</a>; these lie on the broad, raised plains in the Upper Westerwald. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Frankish_times">Frankish times</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westerwald&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Frankish times"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> built their old settlements on the edge of the Westerwald in the central areas of their districts, to build up slowly and permanently strongholds in the interior. There arose places with names ending in <i>–rode, –scheid, –hahn, –berg, –tal</i> and <i>–seifen</i>. Once clearing settlements had been established and logging for iron ore <a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">smelting</a> was under way, the widespread destruction of the forest began.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between the 6th and 9th centuries came settlement expansion from the old settlements towards the edges, a process still witnessed in placename endings such as <i>–hausen, –hofen, –kirch, –burg</i> or <i>–tal</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westerwald&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The last settlement period in the Westerwald began in the 10th century and ended about 1300. Through Carolingian policy and therefore the Trier and Cologne mission, this area underwent Christianization. Trier advanced up the Lahn, Cologne to the Rhine and Sieg. Trier-Lorrainian and Lower Rhine influences were nevertheless brought into the Westerwald. Among the witnesses to the art of building at that time is the monastery church at Limburg-<a href="/wiki/Dietkirchen" title="Dietkirchen">Dietkirchen</a>, in its oldest parts. </p><p>After many changes in ownership between the <a href="/wiki/Ottonian_dynasty" title="Ottonian dynasty">Ottonian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salian_dynasty" title="Salian dynasty">Salian</a> noble families, it was in the end the Counts of Sayn, Diez and Wied who managed to take hold of extensive landholdings. Particular importance was achieved by the Counts of Laurenburg, who later called themselves the Counts of <a href="/wiki/Nassau,_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Nassau, Germany">Nassau</a>. In the east, the Landgraves of Hesse put it about that they could beat the Archbishopric of Mainz on the battlefield. Moreover, the Counts of Wied, the Counts of Sayn-Wittgenstein and the Electorate of Trier were all prominent landlords. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_times">Modern times</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westerwald&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Modern times"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Political relations were simplified until the 16th century. Among the four greater powers' spheres of influence (Mainz, Cologne, Trier, Hesse), the House of Nassau managed to expand and strengthen its hold on its territory on the <a href="/wiki/Dill_(river)" title="Dill (river)">Dill</a> between <a href="/wiki/Siegen" title="Siegen">Siegen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nassau,_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Nassau, Germany">Nassau</a>. After the Napoleonic upheavals, Nassau had to share broad swathes of the Westerwald with the newly minted power <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a>. A sovereign <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Nassau" title="Duchy of Nassau">Duchy of Nassau</a> existed until it was annexed by Prussia in 1866. </p><p>Nowadays, the Westerwald is shared among three German federal states: Hesse, North Rhine-Westphalia and Rhineland-Palatinate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Famous_people">Famous people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westerwald&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Famous people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sabine_Baetzing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Sabine_Baetzing.jpg/220px-Sabine_Baetzing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Sabine_Baetzing.jpg/330px-Sabine_Baetzing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Sabine_Baetzing.jpg/440px-Sabine_Baetzing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="486" data-file-height="709" /></a><figcaption>Sabine Bätzing</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Peter_Altgeld" title="John Peter Altgeld">John Peter Altgeld</a> (<a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Illinois" title="Governor of Illinois">Governor of Illinois</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Sander" title="August Sander">August Sander</a> photographer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabine_B%C3%A4tzing" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabine Bätzing">Sabine Bätzing</a> (German politician, <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a>)</li> <li>Hans-Arthur Bauckhage (German politician, <a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">FDP</a>)</li> <li>Johann Wilhelm Bausch (Bishop of Limburg 1834–1840)</li> <li>Joseph Blank (German politician, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Democratic Union (Germany)">CDU</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Petras" title="Kim Petras">Kim Petras</a>, singer-song writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Blank" title="Theodor Blank">Theodor Blank</a> (former Federal minister, CDU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Boden" title="Wilhelm Boden">Wilhelm Boden</a> (German politician, CDU; Premier of Rhineland-Palatinate 1946–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katja_Burkard" title="Katja Burkard">Katja Burkard</a> (German television moderator)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieter_Cunz" title="Dieter Cunz">Dieter Cunz</a> (professor of German, Ohio State University)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Deussen" title="Paul Deussen">Paul Deussen</a> (German philosophic historian and <a href="/wiki/Indology" title="Indology">Indologist</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dickopf" title="Paul Dickopf">Paul Dickopf</a> (co-founder of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Criminal_Police_Office_(Germany)" title="Federal Criminal Police Office (Germany)">BKA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Dommermuth" title="Ralph Dommermuth">Ralph Dommermuth</a> (entrepreneur)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Enders" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Enders">Thomas Enders</a> (manager)</li> <li>Dominik Eulberg (<a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">electronic music</a> artist and disc jockey)</li> <li>Dieter Fritsch (German <a href="/wiki/Surveying" title="Surveying">surveyor</a>)</li> <li>Erhard Geyer (former Federal Chairman of the German Officials’ Federation)</li> <li>Frank Göbler (German <a href="/wiki/Slavic_studies" title="Slavic studies">Slavist</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_A._Grimm" title="Paul A. Grimm">Paul A. Grimm</a> (German artist)</li> <li>Dieter Hackler (Federal Commissioner for the Civil Service 1991–2006)</li> <li>Annegret Held (German writer)</li> <li>Hendrik Hering (German politician, SPD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_H%C3%B6ffner" title="Joseph Höffner">Joseph Höffner</a> (Bishop of <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster" title="Münster">Münster</a> 1962–1969 and <a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">Archbishop</a> of Cologne 1969–1987)</li> <li>Joachim Hörster (German politician CDU, Member of the <a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a>)</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:6640Bodo_Illgner.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/6640Bodo_Illgner.JPG/220px-6640Bodo_Illgner.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/6640Bodo_Illgner.JPG/330px-6640Bodo_Illgner.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/6640Bodo_Illgner.JPG/440px-6640Bodo_Illgner.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption>Bodo Illgner</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodo_Illgner" title="Bodo Illgner">Bodo Illgner</a> (German national <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> player)</li> <li>Johannes Kalpers (German singer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaspar_K%C3%B6gler" title="Kaspar Kögler">Kaspar Kögler</a> (German painter and poet)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Leber" title="Georg Leber">Georg Leber</a> (former Federal minister, SPD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Leuninger" title="Franz Leuninger">Franz Leuninger</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">Resistance</a> fighter against the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">National Socialist régime</a>, died 1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Lindemann" title="Ernst Lindemann">Ernst Lindemann</a> (German naval officer, Captain of the <i><a href="/wiki/German_battleship_Bismarck" title="German battleship Bismarck">Bismarck</a></i>)</li> <li>Peter, Manfred, Uwe and Günter Ludolf, the main producers of the television series <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Ludolfs_%E2%80%93_4_Br%C3%BCder_auf%27m_Schrottplatz" title="Die Ludolfs – 4 Brüder auf'm Schrottplatz">Die Ludolfs</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_August_Luyken" title="Heinrich August Luyken">Heinrich August Luyken</a> (German writer in <a href="/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperanto</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Ludwig_von_Nassau-Hadamar" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Ludwig von Nassau-Hadamar">Johann Ludwig von Nassau-Hadamar</a> (German prince)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanns-Josef_Ortheil" title="Hanns-Josef Ortheil">Hanns-Josef Ortheil</a> (German writer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Raiffeisen" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen">Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen</a> (German social reformer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Rockenfeller" title="Mike Rockenfeller">Mike Rockenfeller</a> (German <a href="/wiki/Auto_racing" title="Auto racing">racecar driver</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Roth" title="Gerhard Roth">Gerhard Roth</a> (German politician, SPD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Rudnik" title="Barbara Rudnik">Barbara Rudnik</a> (German actress)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Scharping" title="Rudolf Scharping">Rudolf Scharping</a> (German politician, SPD)</li> <li>Dirk Schiefen (German musician)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Schlaudraff" title="Jan Schlaudraff">Jan Schlaudraff</a> (German national football player)</li> <li>Dominik Schwaderlapp (Vicar-General of the Archbishopric of Cologne)</li> <li>Gerd Silberbauer (German actor)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Stadtfeld" title="Martin Stadtfeld">Martin Stadtfeld</a> (German pianist)</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hw-stein.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Hw-stein.jpg/220px-Hw-stein.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Hw-stein.jpg/330px-Hw-stein.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Hw-stein.jpg 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption>Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom Stein</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Friedrich_Karl_vom_Stein" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom Stein">Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom Stein</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussian</a> politician)</li> <li>Hermann Heinrich Traut (German librarian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_von_Walderdorf" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Philipp von Walderdorf">Johann Philipp von Walderdorf</a> (as Johann IX <a href="/wiki/Prince-elector" title="Prince-elector">Elector</a> and Archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Trier" title="Electorate of Trier">Trier</a> 1756–1768, <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishop" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince-Bishop">Prince-Bishop</a> of <a href="/wiki/Worms,_Germany" title="Worms, Germany">Worms</a> 1763–1768)</li> <li>Erich Wenderoth (German jurist and co-founder of the <i><a href="/wiki/Rheinische_Post" title="Rheinische Post">Rheinische Post</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_II_of_Westerburg" title="Siegfried II of Westerburg">Siegfried von Westerburg</a> (Archbishop of Cologne 1275–1297)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_Wilmenrod" title="Clemens Wilmenrod">Clemens Wilmenrod</a> (German <a href="/wiki/TV_Cooking_show" class="mw-redirect" title="TV Cooking show">television</a> <a href="/wiki/Celebrity_chef" title="Celebrity chef">cook</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Westerwaldlied">Westerwaldlied</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westerwald&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Westerwaldlied"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Westerwaldlied" title="Westerwaldlied">Westerwaldlied</a></div> <p>The Westerwald is also internationally known in songs, above all in <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folksongs</a>, and particularly the "Westerwaldlied" ("Westerwald Song"), as well as "Westerwald-Marsch" ("Westerwald March"), "Westerwald, du bist so schön" ("Westerwald, you are so lovely"), the "Neues Westerwaldlied" ("New Westerwald Song") by songwriter Ulrik Remy,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Ich bin aus 'm Westerwald" ("I am from the Westerwald") and "Das schönste Mädchen vom Westerwald" ("The Loveliest Girl from the Westerwald") by Karl-Eberhard Hain and Jürgen Hardeck, made well known by <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6hner" title="Höhner">De Höhner</a>, Die Schröders and other groups. </p><p>The "Westerwaldlied" is also sung by the <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Chile">Chilean Armed Forces</a> and is known as "Himno de la Sección".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also the inspiration for the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Korea_Armed_Forces" title="Republic of Korea Armed Forces">South Korean</a> military song, "Our Nation Forever".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recent years it has become somewhat controversial in Germany due to its origins during the National Socialist era,<sup id="cite_ref-auto_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the German military ceasing performances of it in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other">Other</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westerwald&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The standard German term for a Westerwald dweller is <i>Westerwälder</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈvɛstɐvɛldɐ]</a></span>; plural: same), but they are also popularly known as <i>Basaltköpp</i> (“Basalt Heads”), as they are said to be thickheaded, and they live in a basalt-rich region. <i>Wäller</i> is another vernacular name for them. </p><p>One of the 12 best-rated hiking trails in Germany is the Westerwaldsteig. The Westerwaldsteig crosses the Westerwald from east (<a href="/wiki/Herborn_(Hesse)" class="mw-redirect" title="Herborn (Hesse)">Herborn</a>) to west (<a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westerwald&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Hermann Josef Roth: <i>Naturkundliche Bibliographie des rechtsrheinischen Schiefergebirges zwischen Lahn und Sieg</i> (= Planaria, 3). Overath 1989, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0931-3737">0931-3737</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westerwald&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.skiresort.de/skigebiete/westerwald/">"Skigebiete Westerwald - Skifahren im Westerwald"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Skigebiete+Westerwald+-+Skifahren+im+Westerwald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.skiresort.de%2Fskigebiete%2Fwesterwald%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesterwald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bernstein.naturkundemuseum-bw.de/odonata/paleodat.htm">"Synoptic Time Table of Earth History"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Synoptic+Time+Table+of+Earth+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bernstein.naturkundemuseum-bw.de%2Fodonata%2Fpaleodat.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesterwald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Der Westerwald" by Hermann-Josef Roth (DuMont)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Das Westerwaldbuch", p. 33 ff. from the Westerwaldverein</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL.L.C." class="citation web cs1">L.L.C., Up A Tree Advertizing. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ulrikremy.com/">"ulrik remy - willkommen - welcome"</a>. <i>www.ulrikremy.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ulrikremy.com&rft.atitle=ulrik+remy+-+willkommen+-+welcome&rft.aulast=L.L.C.&rft.aufirst=Up+A+Tree+Advertizing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ulrikremy.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesterwald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Archived at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/qlMRAyRS8jI">Ghostarchive</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307063455/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qlMRAyRS8jI">Wayback Machine</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernando_Rojas2010" class="citation web cs1">Fernando Rojas (10 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qlMRAyRS8jI">"himno de la seccion (Ejercito de Chile)"</a> – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=himno+de+la+seccion+%28Ejercito+de+Chile%29&rft.date=2010-02-10&rft.au=Fernando+Rojas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DqlMRAyRS8jI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesterwald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Archived at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/hCiyAYDmhjw">Ghostarchive</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200427065653/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hCiyAYDmhjw&gl=US&hl=en">Wayback Machine</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhee2017" class="citation web cs1">Rhee (26 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hCiyAYDmhjw&vl=ko">"South Korean Military March - "My Nation Forever" (겨레여 영원하여라)"</a> – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Korean+Military+March+-+%22My+Nation+Forever%22+%28%EA%B2%A8%EB%A0%88%EC%97%AC+%EC%98%81%EC%9B%90%ED%95%98%EC%97%AC%EB%9D%BC%29&rft.date=2017-06-26&rft.au=Rhee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DhCiyAYDmhjw%26vl%3Dko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesterwald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Archived at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/DniLu1nIdmA">Ghostarchive</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200414024311/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DniLu1nIdmA&gl=US&hl=en">Wayback Machine</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW시호2014" class="citation web cs1">W시호 (21 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DniLu1nIdmA">"한국군가 - 겨레여 영원하여라 [Our Nation Forever]"</a> – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD%EA%B5%B0%EA%B0%80+-+%EA%B2%A8%EB%A0%88%EC%97%AC+%EC%98%81%EC%9B%90%ED%95%98%EC%97%AC%EB%9D%BC+%5BOur+Nation+Forever%5D&rft.date=2014-07-21&rft.au=W%EC%8B%9C%ED%98%B8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DDniLu1nIdmA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesterwald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeutsche_Welle_(www.dw.com)" class="citation web cs1">Deutsche Welle (www.dw.com). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/german-cdu-youth-wing-filmed-singing-nazi-era-military-song/a-46297480">"German CDU youth wing filmed singing Nazi-era military song - DW - 14.11.2018"</a>. <i>DW.COM</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DW.COM&rft.atitle=German+CDU+youth+wing+filmed+singing+Nazi-era+military+song+-+DW+-+14.11.2018&rft.au=Deutsche+Welle+%28www.dw.com%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fgerman-cdu-youth-wing-filmed-singing-nazi-era-military-song%2Fa-46297480&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesterwald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ww-kurier.de/artikel/57942-westerwaldlied-ist-in-der-diskussion">"Westerwaldlied ist in der Diskussion"</a>. <i>www.ww-kurier.de</i>. 17 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ww-kurier.de&rft.atitle=Westerwaldlied+ist+in+der+Diskussion&rft.date=2017-05-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ww-kurier.de%2Fartikel%2F57942-westerwaldlied-ist-in-der-diskussion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesterwald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüller2017" class="citation web cs1">Müller, Michael (12 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.berlinjournal.biz/liederbuch-der-bundeswehr-nicht-mehr-singen/">"Diese Lieder sollen Soldaten nicht mehr singen"</a>. <i>Berlin Journal</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Berlin+Journal&rft.atitle=Diese+Lieder+sollen+Soldaten+nicht+mehr+singen&rft.date=2017-05-12&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.berlinjournal.biz%2Fliederbuch-der-bundeswehr-nicht-mehr-singen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesterwald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTriebel2017" class="citation web cs1">Triebel, Katja (13 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://katjatriebel.com/2017/05/13/ministerium-stoppt-bundeswehr-liederbuch/">"Ministerium stoppt Bundeswehr-Liederbuch"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ministerium+stoppt+Bundeswehr-Liederbuch&rft.date=2017-05-13&rft.aulast=Triebel&rft.aufirst=Katja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkatjatriebel.com%2F2017%2F05%2F13%2Fministerium-stoppt-bundeswehr-liederbuch%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesterwald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ich-geh-wandern.de/westerwaldsteig">"Westerwaldsteig"</a>. <i>GPS-Wanderatlas</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GPS-Wanderatlas&rft.atitle=Westerwaldsteig&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ich-geh-wandern.de%2Fwesterwaldsteig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesterwald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westerwald&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Westerwald" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Westerwald">Westerwald</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Westerwald#Q640966" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Westerwald">Westerwald</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Westerwald" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Westerwald">Westerwald</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gfh-westerwald.de/">History and local lore in the Westerwald</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li> <li>Heiner Feldhoff: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kritische-ausgabe.de/hefte/provinz/profeldhoff.pdf">„Hui Wäller? – Allemol! Ein literarhistorischer Gruß aus dem Westerwald“</a> (PDF), in: <i>Kritische Ausgabe</i>, Heft 2/2001 <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.westerwaldforum.de/">Information about the Westerwald, initiatives and many pictures</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.genealogy.net/vereine/ArGeWe/karten-wewa.htm">Historic Westerwald maps</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Feldberg_(Black_Forest)" title="Feldberg (Black Forest)">Feldberg</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Forest" title="Bohemian Forest">Bohemian Forest</a></b> <i><a href="/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fer_Arber" title="Großer Arber">Großer Arber</a></i> (<b><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Forest" title="Bavarian Forest">Bavarian Forest</a></b> <i><a href="/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fer_Arber" title="Großer Arber">Großer Arber</a></i>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Deister" title="Deister">Deister</a></b> <i><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%B6hn" title="Bröhn">Bröhn</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ebbe_Mountains" title="Ebbe Mountains">Ebbe Mountains</a></b> <i><a href="/wiki/Nordhelle_(Ebbe_Mountains)" title="Nordhelle (Ebbe Mountains)">Nordhelle</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Egge_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Egge Hills">Egge Mountains</a></b> <i><a href="/wiki/Velmerstot" title="Velmerstot">(Prussian) Velmerstot</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Eifel" title="Eifel">Eifel</a></b> <i><a href="/wiki/Hohe_Acht" title="Hohe Acht">Hohe Acht</a></i> (<b><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_Eifel" title="Volcanic Eifel">Volcanic Eifel</a></b> <i><a href="/wiki/Ernstberg" title="Ernstberg">Ernstberg</a></i>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Elbe_Sandstone_Mountains" title="Elbe Sandstone Mountains">Elbe Sandstone Mountains</a></b> <i><a href="/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fer_Zschirnstein" title="Großer Zschirnstein">Großer Zschirnstein</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Elm_(hills)" title="Elm (hills)">Elm</a></b> <i><a href="/wiki/Eilumer_Horn" title="Eilumer Horn">Eilumer Horn</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Elster_Mountains" title="Elster Mountains">Elster Mountains</a></b> <i><a href="/wiki/Kapellenberg_(Vogtland)" title="Kapellenberg (Vogtland)">Kapellenberg</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Fichtel_Mountains" title="Fichtel Mountains">Fichtel Mountains</a></b> <i><a href="/wiki/Schneeberg_(Fichtel_Mountains)" title="Schneeberg (Fichtel Mountains)">Schneeberg</a></i> (<b><a href="/wiki/Steinwald" title="Steinwald">Steinwald</a></b> <i><a href="/wiki/Platte_(Steinwald)" title="Platte (Steinwald)">Platte</a></i>, <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kohlwald&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kohlwald (page does not exist)">Kohlwald</a></b> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sieben-Linden-Berg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sieben-Linden-Berg (page does not exist)">Sieben-Linden-Berg</a></i>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Franconian_Forest" title="Franconian Forest">Franconian Forest</a></b> <i><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6braberg" title="Döbraberg">Döbraberg</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Franconian_Jura" title="Franconian Jura">Franconian Jura</a></b> <i><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCrrenberg" title="Dürrenberg">Dürrenberg</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gladenbach_Uplands" title="Gladenbach Uplands">Gladenbach Uplands</a></b> <i><a href="/wiki/Angelburg_(hill)" title="Angelburg (hill)">Angelburg</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Habichtswald" title="Habichtswald">Goshawk Forest</a></b> <i><a href="/wiki/Hohes_Gras" title="Hohes Gras">Hohes Gras</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Harz" title="Harz">Harz</a></b> <i><a href="/wiki/Brocken" title="Brocken">Brocken (Blocksberg)</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hildesheim_Forest" title="Hildesheim Forest">Hildesheim Forest</a></b> <i><a href="/wiki/Griesberg" title="Griesberg">Griesberg</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hils" title="Hils">Hils</a></b> <i><a href="/wiki/Blo%C3%9Fe_Zelle" title="Bloße Zelle">Bloße Zelle</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hoher_Mei%C3%9Fner" title="Hoher Meißner">Hoher Meißner</a></b> <i><a href="/wiki/Kasseler_Kuppe" title="Kasseler Kuppe">Kasseler Kuppe</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hunsr%C3%BCck" title="Hunsrück">Hunsrück</a></b> <i><a href="/wiki/Erbeskopf" title="Erbeskopf">Erbeskopf</a></i> (<b><a href="/wiki/Soonwald" title="Soonwald">Soonwald</a></b> <i><a href="/wiki/Ellerspring" title="Ellerspring">Ellerspring</a></i>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ith" title="Ith">Ith</a></b> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lauensteiner_Kopf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lauensteiner Kopf (page does not exist)">Lauensteiner Kopf</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kaiserstuhl_(Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg)" title="Kaiserstuhl (Baden-Württemberg)">Kaiserstuhl</a></b> <i><a href="/wiki/Totenkopf_(hill)" title="Totenkopf (hill)">Totenkopf</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kaufungen_Forest" title="Kaufungen Forest">Kaufungen Forest</a></b> <i><a href="/wiki/Hirschberg_(Kaufungen_Forest)" title="Hirschberg (Kaufungen Forest)">Hirschberg</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kellerwald" title="Kellerwald">Kellerwald</a></b> <i><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCstegarten" title="Wüstegarten">Wüstegarten</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kn%C3%BCll" title="Knüll">Knüll</a></b> <i><a href="/wiki/Eisenberg_(Kn%C3%BCll)" title="Eisenberg (Knüll)">Eisenberg</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kyffh%C3%A4user" title="Kyffhäuser">Kyffhäuser</a></b> <i><a href="/wiki/Kulpenberg" title="Kulpenberg">Kulpenberg</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lenne_Mountains" title="Lenne Mountains">Lenne Mountains</a></b> <i><a href="/wiki/Homert_(Lenne_Mountains)" title="Homert (Lenne Mountains)">Homert</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lippe_Uplands" title="Lippe Uplands">Lippe Uplands</a></b> <i><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6terberg" title="Köterberg">Köterberg</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Palatine_Uplands" title="North Palatine Uplands">North Palatine Uplands</a></b> <i><a href="/wiki/Donnersberg" title="Donnersberg">Donnersberg</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Odenwald" title="Odenwald">Odenwald</a></b> <i><a href="/wiki/Katzenbuckel" title="Katzenbuckel">Katzenbuckel</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ore_Mountains" title="Ore Mountains">Ore Mountains</a></b> <i><a href="/wiki/Fichtelberg" title="Fichtelberg">Fichtelberg</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Palatine_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatine Forest">Palatine Forest</a></b> <i><a href="/wiki/Kalmit" title="Kalmit">Kalmit</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B6n" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhön">Rhön</a></b> <i><a href="/wiki/Wasserkuppe" title="Wasserkuppe">Wasserkuppe</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rothaar_Mountains" title="Rothaar Mountains">Rothaar Mountains</a></b> <i><a href="/wiki/Langenberg_(Rothaar)" title="Langenberg (Rothaar)">Langenberg</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Saalhausen_Hills" title="Saalhausen Hills">Saalhausen Hills</a></b> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Himberg_(Saalhausen_Hills)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Himberg (Saalhausen Hills) (page does not exist)">Himberg</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Siebengebirge" title="Siebengebirge">Siebengebirge</a></b> <i><a href="/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fer_%C3%96lberg" title="Großer Ölberg">Großer Ölberg</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Solling" title="Solling">Solling</a></b> <i><a href="/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fe_Bl%C3%B6%C3%9Fe" title="Große Blöße">Große Blöße</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Spessart" title="Spessart">Spessart</a></b> <i><a href="/wiki/Geiersberg_(Spessart)" title="Geiersberg (Spessart)">Geiersberg (Breitsol)</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sudetes" title="Sudetes">Sudetes</a></b> <i><a href="/wiki/Lausche" title="Lausche">Lausche (Luž)</a></i> (<b><a href="/wiki/Lusatian_Mountains" title="Lusatian Mountains">Lusatian Mountains</a></b> <i><a href="/wiki/Lausche" title="Lausche">Lausche (Luž)</a></i> (<b><a href="/wiki/Zittau_Mountains" title="Zittau Mountains">Zittau Mountains</a></b> <i><a href="/wiki/Lausche" title="Lausche">Lausche (Luž)</a></i>))</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCntel" title="Süntel">Süntel</a></b> <i><a href="/wiki/Hohe_Egge_(S%C3%BCntel)" title="Hohe Egge (Süntel)">Hohe Egge</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Swabian_Jura" title="Swabian Jura">Swabian Jura</a></b> <i><a href="/wiki/Lemberg_(Swabian_Jura)" title="Lemberg (Swabian Jura)">Lemberg</a></i> (<b><a href="/wiki/Randen_(mountain_range)" title="Randen (mountain range)">Randen</a></b> <i><a href="/wiki/Hoher_Randen" title="Hoher Randen">Hoher Randen</a></i>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Taunus" title="Taunus">Taunus</a></b> <i><a href="/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fer_Feldberg" title="Großer Feldberg">Großer Feldberg</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Teutoburg_Forest" title="Teutoburg Forest">Teutoburg Forest (Osning)</a></b> <i><a href="/wiki/Barnacken" title="Barnacken">Barnacken</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Thuringian_Forest" title="Thuringian Forest">Thuringian Forest</a></b> <i><a href="/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fer_Beerberg" title="Großer Beerberg">Großer Beerberg</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Thuringian_Slate_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Thuringian Slate Mountains">Thuringian Slate Mountains</a></b> <i><a href="/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fer_Farmdenkopf" title="Großer Farmdenkopf">Großer Farmdenkopf</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Upper_Palatine_Forest" title="Upper Palatine Forest">Upper Palatine Forest</a></b> <i><a href="/wiki/Kreuzfelsen_(Upper_Palatine_Forest)" title="Kreuzfelsen (Upper Palatine Forest)">Kreuzfelsen</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vogelsberg" title="Vogelsberg">Vogelsberg</a></b> <i><a href="/wiki/Taufstein_(Vogelsberg)" title="Taufstein (Vogelsberg)">Taufstein</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Weser_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Weser Hills">Weser Hills</a></b> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paschenburg_Mountain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paschenburg Mountain (page does not exist)">Paschenburg Mountain</a></i></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Westerwald</a></b> <i><a href="/wiki/Fuchskaute" title="Fuchskaute">Fuchskaute</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wiehen_Hills" title="Wiehen Hills">Wiehen Hills</a></b> <i><a href="/wiki/Heidbrink" title="Heidbrink">Heidbrink</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wasserkuppe_wiki_mgk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Wasserkuppe_wiki_mgk.jpg/105px-Wasserkuppe_wiki_mgk.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Wasserkuppe_wiki_mgk.jpg/158px-Wasserkuppe_wiki_mgk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Wasserkuppe_wiki_mgk.jpg/210px-Wasserkuppe_wiki_mgk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="432" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Subdivisions_of_the_Rhenish_Massif38" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Regions_of_the_Rhenish_Massif" title="Template:Regions of the Rhenish Massif"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Regions_of_the_Rhenish_Massif" title="Template talk:Regions of the Rhenish Massif"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Regions_of_the_Rhenish_Massif" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Regions of the Rhenish Massif"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Subdivisions_of_the_Rhenish_Massif38" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Subdivisions of the <a href="/wiki/Rhenish_Massif" title="Rhenish Massif">Rhenish Massif</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ardennes" title="Ardennes">Ardennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eifel" title="Eifel">Eifel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heuvelland_(South_Limburg)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heuvelland (South Limburg) (page does not exist)">northern slopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Fens" title="High Fens">High Fens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunsr%C3%BCck" title="Hunsrück">Hunsrück</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kellerwald" title="Kellerwald">Kellerwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gie%C3%9Fen-Koblenz_Lahn_Valley" title="Gießen-Koblenz Lahn Valley">Lahn Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Rhine" title="Middle Rhine">Middle Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moselle_Valley" title="Moselle Valley">Moselle Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCder_Uplands" title="Süder Uplands">Süder Uplands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taunus" title="Taunus">Taunus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Westerwald</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gro%C3%9Fer_Feldberg_Hintertaunus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Gro%C3%9Fer_Feldberg_Hintertaunus.jpg/65px-Gro%C3%9Fer_Feldberg_Hintertaunus.jpg" decoding="async" width="65" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Gro%C3%9Fer_Feldberg_Hintertaunus.jpg/98px-Gro%C3%9Fer_Feldberg_Hintertaunus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Gro%C3%9Fer_Feldberg_Hintertaunus.jpg/130px-Gro%C3%9Fer_Feldberg_Hintertaunus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1959" data-file-height="1763" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/21px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/42px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Germany</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/The_Matterhorn_as_seen_from_Zermatt.png/19px-The_Matterhorn_as_seen_from_Zermatt.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/The_Matterhorn_as_seen_from_Zermatt.png/29px-The_Matterhorn_as_seen_from_Zermatt.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/The_Matterhorn_as_seen_from_Zermatt.png/38px-The_Matterhorn_as_seen_from_Zermatt.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="994" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mountains" title="Portal:Mountains">Mountains</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q640966#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata956" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q640966#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata956" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q640966#identifiers" title="Edit this at 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4065773-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85146296">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Westerwald (Německo)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge327523&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007555893605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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