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<!DOCTYPE HTML><html lang="en"> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://www.giss.nasa.gov/css/css2104.css" media="all" /> <title>Data.GISS: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP v4) </title> <style> p.update { text-indent:-1.5em; padding-left:1.5em; margin-bottom:0.5em; } p.more { text-indent:0.0em; padding-left:1.5em; padding-top:0em; margin-top:0em; } </style> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/gfx/apple-touch-icon-180x180.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href="/gfx/apple-touch-icon-180x180.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="192x192" href="/gfx/apple-touch-icon-192x192.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/gfx/apple-touch-icon-180x180.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="/gfx/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="128x128" href="/gfx/apple-touch-icon-128x128.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="/gfx/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png" /> <meta name="orgcode" content="611" /> <meta name="rno" content="Gavin.A.Schmidt.1" /> <meta name="content-owner" content="Robert.B.Schmunk.1" /> <meta name="webmaster" content="Robert.B.Schmunk.1" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=956, initial-scale=1" /><script id="_fed_an_ua_tag" src="https://dap.digitalgov.gov/Universal-Federated-Analytics-Min.js?agency=NASA&subagency=GISS&yt=true&dclink=true" async="async"></script> </head> <body> <div id="bkg1"><div id="bkg2"></div></div> <div id="page"> <div class="hidden"> <a href="#content" title="Go to Main Content" accesskey="2">Go to Main Content (Accesskey 2)</a><br /><a href="#nav" title="Go to Site Menu" accesskey="3">Go to Site Menu (Accesskey 3)</a></div> <div id="header"> <div id="headerlogo"> <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/"><img src="https://www.giss.nasa.gov/gfx/2013/nasa_x2.png" alt="NASA Logo, National Aeronautics and Space Administration" style="width:140px;height:98px" /></a></div> <div id="centername"> <h1><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a></h1> <h2><a href="https://www.giss.nasa.gov/">Goddard Institute for Space Studies</a></h2></div> <div id="hierarchy"> <h2><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard/">Goddard Space Flight Center</a><br /><a href="https://science.gsfc.nasa.gov/sci">Sciences and Exploration Directorate</a><br /><a href="https://science.gsfc.nasa.gov/earth">Earth Sciences Division</a></h2></div></div> <div id="paper"> <div id="content"> <div class="col2a"> <div class="col2bx"> <h3 class="bhed wbx">GISTEMP v4 Figures</h3> <p><a href="graphs_v4/"><b>Graphs</b><br/> <img src="link_graphs_v4.png" style="width:248px;height:140px;border:solid 1px #6a80b1" alt="Go to Graphs page"/></a> </p> <p><a href="maps/"><b>Global Maps</b><br/> <img src="link_maps_v4.png" style="width:248px;height:140px;border:solid 1px #6a80b1;background:#fff" alt="Go to Maps page"/></a> </p> <p><a href="station_data_v4_globe/"><b>Station Data</b><br/> <img src="link_stations_v4.png" style="width:248px;height:140px;border:solid 1px #6a80b1" alt="Go to Station Data page"/></a> </p> <p><a href="zonal_means/"><b>Zonal Means: Series or Seasonal Cycle</b><br/> <img src="link_ZM.jpg" style="width:248px;height:140px;border:solid 1px #6a80b1" alt="Go to Zonal Means page"/></a> </p> <p><a href="animations/"><b>Animations</b><br/> <img src="link_animations.png" style="width:248px;height:140px;border:solid 1px #6a80b1" alt="Go to Animations page"/></a> </p> </div> </div> <div class="col1a"> <div class="col1b"> <h3 class="bhed">GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP v4)</h3> <p> The GISS Surface Temperature Analysis version 4 (GISTEMP v4) is an estimate of global surface temperature change. Graphs and tables are updated about the 10th of every month using current data files from <b>NOAA GHCN v4</b> (meteorological stations) and <b>ERSST v5</b> (ocean areas), combined as described in our publications <a href="https://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/abs/ha00510u.html">Hansen et al. (2010)</a> and <a href="https://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/abs/le07900t.html">Lenssen et al. (2024)</a>. These updated files incorporate reports for the previous month and also late reports and corrections for earlier months. </P> <h3>News and Updates</h3> <p class="update"> <b>February 11, 2025:</b> Dr. Makiko Sato has retired. We gratefully acknowledge that she was instrumental in creating and updating this and other GISS websites for many years. This site contained links to some of her university research webpages. Since those pages are no longer updated, we will remove those links. </p> <p class="update"> <b>January 10, 2025:</b> The 2024 annual surface temperature anomaly data were released on Friday, January 10. NASA posted a <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/temperatures-rising-nasa-confirms-2024-warmest-year-on-record/">news release about the analysis</a>. </p>  <p>See the <a href="release_dates.html"><b>Release Dates Schedule</b></a> for a schedule of the anticipated dates through the end of 2025 on which the monthly analysis should be posted.</p> <p>See the <a href="news/"><b>GISTEMP News page</b></a> for a list of NASA releases and other articles and features related to the GISTEMP analysis. Announcements when our monthly updates are released are posted to the <a href="https://twitter.com/NASAGISS">NASA/GISS Twitter feed</a>.</p> <p>See the <a href="updates_v4/"><b>Updates to Analysis</b></a> page for detailed update information about GISTEMP v4.</p> <hr style="width:50%;margin-top:16px;margin-bottom:16px" /> <h3>Contacts/Personnel</h3> <p> Before contacting us, please check if your question about the GISTEMP analysis is already answered in <a href="faq/"><b>the FAQ</b></a>. </p> <p> If the FAQ does not answer your question, please address your inquiry to <a href="https://www.giss.nasa.gov/staff/rruedy.html">Dr. Reto Ruedy</a>.</p> <p> Other researchers currently participating in the GISTEMP analysis include <a href="https://www.giss.nasa.gov/staff/mhendrickson.html">Michael Hendrickson</a>, <a href="https://www.giss.nasa.gov/staff/aherron.html">Alexander Herron</a>, and Dr. Nathan Lenssen. </p> <p> The GISTEMP analysis was initiated by Dr. James E. Hansen, now retired. It is currently led by <a href="https://www.giss.nasa.gov/staff/gschmidt.html">Dr. Gavin Schmidt</a>.</p> <p> Past members on the GISTEMP team have included Dr. Sergej Lebedeff, Dr. Helene Wilson, Jay Glascoe, Avraham Persin, Dr. Ken Lo, Maxwell Elling, Dr. Makiko Sato, and others. We also thank Nick Barnes et al. at the Clear Climate Code project for their contributions. </p> <h3>Citation and Image Credits</h3> <p> When referencing the GISTEMP v4 data provided here, please cite both this webpage and also our most recent scholarly publication about the data. In citing the webpage, be sure to include the date of access.</p> <ul style="padding-left:16px"> <li>GISTEMP Team, 2025: <cite>GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4</cite>. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 20YY-MM-DD at <a href="https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/">https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/</a>.</li> <li>Lenssen, N., G.A. Schmidt, M. Hendrickson, P. Jacobs, M. Menne, and R. Ruedy, 2024: <a href="https://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/abs/le07900t.html"> A GISTEMPv4 observational uncertainty ensemble</a>. <cite>J. Geophys. Res. Atmos.</cite>, <b>129</b>, no. 17, e2023JD040179, doi:10.1029/2023JD040179.</li> </ul> <p>An extensive <b><a href="references.html">Reference List</a></b> is available for those wanting to explore past publications about the GISTEMP analysis and some of the input resources.</p> <p>Graphics from these GISTEMP pages are subject to NASA <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/">Image and Media guidance</a>. Per those guidelines, graphics you may create using the website tools here do not require permission for you to use elsewhere, but acknowledgment of their source should be given. Please credit "NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies" or, if space is limited, "NASA GISS/GISTEMP".</p> <h3>Background, History and Updates</h3> <p> The basic GISS temperature analysis scheme was defined in the late 1970s by James Hansen when a method of estimating global temperature change was needed for comparison with one-dimensional global climate models. The analysis method was fully documented in <a href="https://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/abs/ha00700d.html">Hansen and Lebedeff (1987)</a>. Several papers describing updates to the analysis followed over the following decades, most recently that of <a href="https://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/abs/ha00510u.html">Hansen et al. (2010)</a>, as well as the uncertainty quantification of <a href="https://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/abs/le05800h.html">Lenssen et al. (2019)</a> and <a href="https://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/abs/le07900t.html">Lenssen et al. (2024)</a>.</p> <p>For further details, please see the GISTEMP <b><a href="history/background.html">Background</a></b>, <b><a href="history/">History</a></b>, and <b><a href="references.html">References</a></b> pages. We also maintain a running record of modifications made to the analysis on our <a href="updates_v4/"><b>Updates to Analysis</b></a> page. </p> <p>The GISTEMP analysis is updated regularly. Graphs and tables are posted around the middle of every month using the latest GHCN and ERSST data. The update incorporates reports for the previous month as well as late reports and corrections for earlier months.</p> <hr style="width:50%;margin-top:16px;margin-bottom:16px" /> <h3>Source Code including re-formatting Ocean data</h3> <p>Programs used in the GISTEMP analysis and documentation on their use are <a href="sources_v4/">available for download</a>. The programs assume a Unix-like operating system and require familiarity with Python for installation and use.</p> <h3>Uncertainty Analyses</h3> <p>Datasets and R source code, as well as documentation on their use, may be downloaded for the 2024 <a href="uncertainty/">uncertainty ensemble</a> and 2019 <a href="uncertainty/quantification.html">uncertainty quantification</a> analyses by Lenssen et al.</p> <hr style="width:50%;margin-top:16px;margin-bottom:16px" /> <h3 id="tabledata">Tables of Global and Hemispheric Monthly Means and Zonal Annual Means</h3> <h4>Combined Land-Surface Air and Sea-Surface Water Temperature Anomalies (Land-Ocean Temperature Index, L-OTI)</h4> <p><i>The following are plain-text files in tabular format of temperature anomalies, i.e. deviations from the corresponding 1951-1980 means.</i></p> <ul style="padding-left:16px"> <li><b>Global-mean monthly, seasonal, and annual means</b>, 1880-present, updated through most recent month: <i><a href="tabledata_v4/GLB.Ts+dSST.txt">TXT</a>, <a href="tabledata_v4/GLB.Ts+dSST.csv">CSV</a></i></li> <li><b>Northern Hemisphere-mean monthly, seasonal, and annual means</b>, 1880-present, updated through most recent month: <i><a href="tabledata_v4/NH.Ts+dSST.txt">TXT</a>, <a href="tabledata_v4/NH.Ts+dSST.csv">CSV</a></i> </li> <li><b>Southern Hemisphere-mean monthly, seasonal, and annual means</b>, 1880-present, updated through most recent month: <i><a href="tabledata_v4/SH.Ts+dSST.txt">TXT</a>, <a href="tabledata_v4/SH.Ts+dSST.csv">CSV</a></i> </li> <li><b>Zonal annual means</b>, 1880-present, updated through most recent complete year: <i><a href="tabledata_v4/ZonAnn.Ts+dSST.txt">TXT</a>, <a href="tabledata_v4/ZonAnn.Ts+dSST.csv">CSV</a></i></li> </ul> <h4>AIRS v6 and AIRS v7 Temperature Anomalies</h4> <p><i>The following tables show anomalies based on AIRS data vs. 2007-2016. Corresponding L-OTI anomaly data are also provided.</i></p> <ul style="padding-left:16px"> <li><b>Global-mean monthly, seasonal, and annual means</b>, 2002-present, updated through most recent month: <i><a href="tabledata_v4/T_AIRS/GLB.Ts+dSST.txt">TXT</a>, <a href="tabledata_v4/T_AIRS/GLB.Ts+dSST.csv">CSV</a></i> </li> <li><b>Northern Hemisphere-mean monthly, seasonal, and annual means</b>, 2002-present, updated through most recent month: <i><a href="tabledata_v4/T_AIRS/NH.Ts+dSST.txt">TXT</a>, <a href="tabledata_v4/T_AIRS/NH.Ts+dSST.csv">CSV</a></i> </li> <li><b>Southern Hemisphere-mean monthly, seasonal, and annual means</b>, 2002-present, updated through most recent month: <i><a href="tabledata_v4/T_AIRS/SH.Ts+dSST.txt">TXT</a>, <a href="tabledata_v4/T_AIRS/SH.Ts+dSST.csv">CSV</a></i> </li> <li><b>Zonal annual means</b>, 2002-present, updated through most recent complete year: <i><a href="tabledata_v4/T_AIRS/ZonAnn.Ts+dSST.txt">TXT</a>, <a href="tabledata_v4/T_AIRS/ZonAnn.Ts+dSST.csv">CSV</a></i></li> </ul> <hr style="width:50%;margin-top:16px;margin-bottom:16px" /> <h3>Gridded Monthly Temperature Anomaly Data</h3> <p> Users interested in the entire gridded surface air temperature anomaly data may download netCDF files containing selected series on a regular 2°×2° grid or the basic SBBX binary files.</p> <h4>Compressed NetCDF Files (regular 2°×2° grid)</h4> <ul style="padding-left:16px"> <li><a href="/pub/gistemp/gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz">Land-Ocean Temperature Index, ERSSTv5, 1200km smoothing</a> (23 MB)</li> <li><a href="/pub/gistemp/gistemp250_GHCNv4.nc.gz">Surface air temperature (no ocean data), 250km smoothing</a> (9 MB)</li> <li><a href="/pub/gistemp/landmask.2degx2deg.txt">Land Mask on a 2°×2° grid</a></li> </ul> <h4 id="zarr">Compressed Zarr Directories (regular 2°×2° grid)</h4> <ul style="padding-left:16px"> <li><a href="/pub/gistemp/gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.zarr.tar.gz">Land-Ocean Temperature Index, ERSSTv5, 1200km smoothing</a> (53 MB)</li> <li><a href="/pub/gistemp/gistemp250_GHCNv4.zarr.tar.gz">Surface air temperature (no ocean data), 250km smoothing</a> (27 MB)</li> </ul> <h4>Compressed Basic Subbox Grid Series (equal-area grid)</h4> <ul style="padding-left:16px"> <li><a href="/pub/gistemp/SBBX1880.Ts.GHCNv4.1200.gz">Surface air temperature, 1200km smoothing - GISTEMP v4</a> (27 MB)</li> <li><a href="/pub/gistemp/SBBX1880.Ts.GHCNv4.250.gz">Surface air temperature, 250km smoothing - GISTEMP v4</a> (9 MB)</li> <li><a href="/pub/gistemp/SBBX.ERSSTv5.gz">Sea surface air temperature (ERSSTv5)</a>, currently used (30 MB)</li> <li><a href="/pub/gistemp/SBBX.ERSSTv4.gz">Sea surface air temperature (ERSSTv4)</a>, used until July 2017 (30 MB)</li> <li><a href="/pub/gistemp/SBBX.ERSST.gz">Sea surface air temperature (ERSSTv3b)</a>, used until June 2015 (30 MB)</li> <li><a href="/pub/gistemp/SBBX.HadR2.gz">Sea surface air temperature (HadR2)</a>, used until Nov. 2012 (30 MB)</li> </ul> <p> Also available are various FORTRAN programs and instructions to create (time series of) regular gridded anomaly maps from the basic files. Be sure to read the README file for discussion of the files' binary format. </p> <ul style="padding-left:16px"> <li><a href="/pub/gistemp/README.txt">README.txt</a></li> <li><a href="/pub/gistemp/mkTsMap.f">mkTsMap.f</a></li> <li><a href="/pub/gistemp/SBBX_to_nc.f">SBBX_to_nc.f</a></li> <li><a href="/pub/gistemp/SBBX_to_1x1.f">SBBX_to_1x1.f</a></li> <li><a href="/pub/gistemp/SBBX_to_txt.f">SBBX_to_txt.f</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="col2a"> <div class="col2b"> <h3 class="bhed">References</h3> <p>Please see the <a href="references.html">GISTEMP references page</a> for citations to publications related to this research. Copies of many of our papers are available in the <a href="https://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/">GISS publications database</a>.</p> </div> </div> <div class="col2a"> <div class="col2b"> <h3 class="bhed" id="quick_links">Related Links</h3> <div class="quicklinks"> <p>+ <a href="release_dates.html">Update Release Schedule</a></p> <p>+ <a href="faq/">Frequently Asked Questions</a><p> <p>+ <a href="history">GISTEMP History</a><p> <p>+ <a href="uncertainty/">GISTEMP Uncertainty Analysis</a><p> <p>+ <a href="https://www.fao.org/food-agriculture-statistics/data-release/data-release-detail/en/c/1679824/">UN FAOSTAT Temperature Data</a><p> <p>+ <a href="https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/">NOAA/NCEI State of the Climate</a></p> <h4 style="margin-top:8px">Data Sources:</h4> <p>+ <a href="https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/land-based-station/global-historical-climatology-network-monthly">Land data: GHCN v4</a></p> <p>+ <a href="https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/extended-reconstructed-sst">Ocean data: ERSST v5</a></p> <p>+ <a href="https://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/data/indices/ersst5.nino.mth.81-10.ascii">El Niño data</a></p> <p>+ <a href="https://disc.gsfc.nasa.gov/datasets/AIRS3STM_006/summary?keywords=AIRS%20L3">AIRS Data v6</a></p> <p>+ <a href="https://disc.gsfc.nasa.gov/datasets/AIRS3STM_7.0/summary?keywords=AIRS%20L3">AIRS Data v7</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="nav"><h3>Site Menu</h3> <ul id="mnav"> <li><a href="https://www.giss.nasa.gov/">GISS Home</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/">News & Features</a> <ul class="mnav2"> <li><a href="https://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/">News & Features Overview</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://www.giss.nasa.gov/projects/">Projects & Groups</a> <ul class="mnav2"> <li><a href="https://www.giss.nasa.gov/projects/">Projects Overview</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.giss.nasa.gov/projects/astrobio/">Astrobiology & ROCKE-3D</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.giss.nasa.gov/projects/casi/">CASI</a></li> <li><a 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