Jetpack Compose for Android Developers - Accessibility, testing, and performance

<!doctype html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta name="google-signin-client-id" content="721724668570-nbkv1cfusk7kk4eni4pjvepaus73b13t.apps.googleusercontent.com"> <meta name="google-signin-scope" content="profile email https://www.googleapis.com/auth/developerprofiles https://www.googleapis.com/auth/developerprofiles.award"> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Android Developers"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"><meta name="theme-color" content="#34a853"><meta charset="utf-8"> <meta content="IE=Edge" http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <link rel="manifest" href="/_pwa/android/manifest.json" crossorigin="use-credentials"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//www.gstatic.com" crossorigin> <link rel="preconnect" href="//fonts.gstatic.com" crossorigin> <link rel="preconnect" href="//fonts.googleapis.com" crossorigin> <link rel="preconnect" href="//apis.google.com" crossorigin> <link rel="preconnect" href="//www.google-analytics.com" crossorigin><link rel="stylesheet" href="//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Google+Sans:400,500,600,700|Google+Sans+Text:400,400italic,500,500italic,600,600italic,700,700italic|Roboto+Mono:400,500,700&display=swap"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="//fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Material+Icons&family=Material+Symbols+Outlined&display=block"><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/v38a693baeb774512feb42f10aac8f755d8791ed41119b5be7a531f8e16f8279f/android/css/app.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/v38a693baeb774512feb42f10aac8f755d8791ed41119b5be7a531f8e16f8279f/android/css/dark-theme.css" disabled> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/v38a693baeb774512feb42f10aac8f755d8791ed41119b5be7a531f8e16f8279f/android/images/favicon.svg"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/v38a693baeb774512feb42f10aac8f755d8791ed41119b5be7a531f8e16f8279f/android/images/touchicon-180.png"><link rel="canonical" href="https://developer.android.com/courses/pathways/jetpack-compose-for-android-developers-4"><link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="Android Developers" href="https://developer.android.com/s/opensearch.xml"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://developer.android.com/courses/pathways/jetpack-compose-for-android-developers-4" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://developer.android.com/courses/pathways/jetpack-compose-for-android-developers-4" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans" href="https://developer.android.com/courses/pathways/jetpack-compose-for-android-developers-4?hl=zh-cn" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant" href="https://developer.android.com/courses/pathways/jetpack-compose-for-android-developers-4?hl=zh-tw" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="fr" href="https://developer.android.com/courses/pathways/jetpack-compose-for-android-developers-4?hl=fr" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="id" href="https://developer.android.com/courses/pathways/jetpack-compose-for-android-developers-4?hl=id" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="ja" href="https://developer.android.com/courses/pathways/jetpack-compose-for-android-developers-4?hl=ja" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="ko" href="https://developer.android.com/courses/pathways/jetpack-compose-for-android-developers-4?hl=ko" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="pt-BR" href="https://developer.android.com/courses/pathways/jetpack-compose-for-android-developers-4?hl=pt-br" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="es-419" href="https://developer.android.com/courses/pathways/jetpack-compose-for-android-developers-4?hl=es-419" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="vi" href="https://developer.android.com/courses/pathways/jetpack-compose-for-android-developers-4?hl=vi" /><title>Jetpack Compose for Android Developers - Accessibility, testing, and performance</title> <meta property="og:title" content="Jetpack Compose for Android Developers - Accessibility, testing, and performance"><meta name="description" content="Improve your app’s performance, make it accessible for all users, and write automated tests to keep this behavior."> <meta property="og:description" content="Improve your app’s performance, make it accessible for all users, and write automated tests to keep this behavior."><meta property="og:url" content="https://developer.android.com/courses/pathways/jetpack-compose-for-android-developers-4"><meta property="og:image" content="https://developers.google.com/profile/badges/playlists/android/jetpack-compose-for-android-developers-4/badge.svg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="675"><meta property="og:locale" content="en"><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"><script type="application/ld+json"> { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "BreadcrumbList", "itemListElement": [{ "@type": "ListItem", "position": 1, "name": "Training", "item": "https://developer.android.com/courses" },{ "@type": "ListItem", "position": 2, "name": "Jetpack Compose for Android Developers", "item": "https://developer.android.com/courses/jetpack-compose/course" },{ "@type": "ListItem", "position": 3, "name": "Accessibility, testing, and performance", "item": "https://developer.android.com/courses/pathways/jetpack-compose-for-android-developers-4" }] } </script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/extras.css"></head> <body class="" template="playlist" theme="android-theme" type="playlist" appearance layout="full" pending> <devsite-progress type="indeterminate" id="app-progress"></devsite-progress> <a href="#main-content" class="skip-link button"> Skip to main content </a> <section class="devsite-wrapper"> <devsite-cookie-notification-bar></devsite-cookie-notification-bar><devsite-header role="banner"> <div class="devsite-header--inner nocontent"> <div class="devsite-top-logo-row-wrapper-wrapper"> <div class="devsite-top-logo-row-wrapper"> <div class="devsite-top-logo-row"> <button type="button" id="devsite-hamburger-menu" class="devsite-header-icon-button button-flat material-icons gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Navigation menu button" visually-hidden aria-label="Open menu"> </button> <div class="devsite-product-name-wrapper"> <a href="/" class="devsite-site-logo-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Site logo" track-type="globalNav" track-name="androidDevelopers" track-metadata-position="nav" track-metadata-eventDetail="nav"> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/v38a693baeb774512feb42f10aac8f755d8791ed41119b5be7a531f8e16f8279f/android/images/lockup-dark-theme.svg" media="(prefers-color-scheme: dark)" class="devsite-dark-theme" alt="Android Developers"> <img src="https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/v38a693baeb774512feb42f10aac8f755d8791ed41119b5be7a531f8e16f8279f/android/images/lockup.svg" class="devsite-site-logo" alt="Android Developers"> </picture> </a> <span class="devsite-product-name"> <ul class="devsite-breadcrumb-list" > <li class="devsite-breadcrumb-item "> </li> </ul> </span> </div> <div class="devsite-top-logo-row-middle"> <div class="devsite-header-upper-tabs"> <devsite-tabs class="upper-tabs"> <nav class="devsite-tabs-wrapper" aria-label="Upper tabs"> <tab class="devsite-dropdown devsite-dropdown-full "> <a href="https://developer.android.com/get-started" class="devsite-tabs-content gc-analytics-event android-dropdown-tab" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/get-started" track-type="nav" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="primary nav" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Essentials" track-name="essentials" > Essentials </a> <button aria-haspopup="menu" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Dropdown menu for Essentials" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/get-started" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="primary nav" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Essentials" track-name="essentials" class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-toggle devsite-icon devsite-icon-arrow-drop-down"></button> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown" role="menu" aria-label="submenu" hidden> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-content"> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-column android-dropdown android-dropdown-primary android-dropdown-studio"> <ul class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-section "> <li class="devsite-nav-title" role="heading" tooltip>Gemini in Android Studio</li> <li class="devsite-nav-description">Your AI development companion for Android development. </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/gemini-in-android" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/gemini-in-android" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="gemini in android studio" tooltip class="button button-primary" > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Learn more </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/studio" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/studio" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="gemini in android studio" tooltip class="button button-white" > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Get Android Studio </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-column android-dropdown"> <ul class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-section android-dropdown-section-icon android-dropdown-section-icon-launch"> <li class="devsite-nav-title" role="heading" tooltip>Get started</li> <li class="devsite-nav-description">Start by creating your first app. Go deeper with our training courses or explore app development on your own. </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/get-started/overview" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/get-started/overview" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="get started" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Hello world </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/courses" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/courses" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="get started" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Training courses </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/get-started/codelabs" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/get-started/codelabs" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="get started" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Tutorials </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/develop/ui/compose/adopt" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/develop/ui/compose/adopt" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="get started" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Compose for teams </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/kotlin" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/kotlin" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="get started" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Kotlin for Android </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://play.google.com/console/about/guides/monetize/" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://play.google.com/console/about/guides/monetize/" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="get started" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Monetization with Play ↗️ </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-column android-dropdown"> <ul class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-section android-dropdown-section-icon android-dropdown-section-icon-multiple-screens"> <li class="devsite-nav-title" role="heading" tooltip>Extend by device</li> <li class="devsite-nav-description">Build apps that give your users seamless experiences from phones to tablets, watches, headsets, and more. </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/adaptive-apps" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/adaptive-apps" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="extend by device" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Adaptive apps </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/xr" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/xr" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="extend by device" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Android XR </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/wear" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/wear" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="extend by device" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Wear OS </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/cars" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/cars" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="extend by device" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Android for Cars </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/tv" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/tv" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="extend by device" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Android TV </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/chrome-os" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/chrome-os" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="extend by device" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> ChromeOS </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-column android-dropdown"> <ul class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-section android-dropdown-section-icon android-dropdown-section-icon-platform"> <li class="devsite-nav-title" role="heading" tooltip>Build by category</li> <li class="devsite-nav-description">Learn to build for your use case by following Google's prescriptive and opinionated guidance. </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/games" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/games" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="build by category" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Games </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/media" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/media" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="build by category" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Camera & media </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/social-and-messaging" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/social-and-messaging" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="build by category" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Social & messaging </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/health-and-fitness" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/health-and-fitness" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="build by category" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Health & fitness </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/productivity" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/productivity" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="build by category" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Productivity </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/work/overview" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/work/overview" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="build by category" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Enterprise apps </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-column android-dropdown"> <ul class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-section android-dropdown-section-icon android-dropdown-section-icon-stars"> <li class="devsite-nav-title" role="heading" tooltip>Get the latest</li> <li class="devsite-nav-description">Stay in touch with the latest releases throughout the year, join our preview programs, and give us your feedback. </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/latest-updates" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/latest-updates" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="get the latest" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Latest updates </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/latest-updates/experimental" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/latest-updates/experimental" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="get the latest" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Experimental updates </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/studio/preview" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/studio/preview" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="get the latest" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Android Studio preview </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/jetpack/androidx/versions" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/jetpack/androidx/versions" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="get the latest" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Jetpack & Compose libraries </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/training/wearables/versions/4" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/training/wearables/versions/4" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="get the latest" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Wear OS preview </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/design-for-safety/privacy-sandbox" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/design-for-safety/privacy-sandbox" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="get the latest" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Privacy Sandbox </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </tab> <tab class="devsite-dropdown devsite-dropdown-full "> <a href="https://developer.android.com/design" class="devsite-tabs-content gc-analytics-event android-dropdown-tab" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/design" track-type="nav" track-metadata-position="nav - design & plan" track-metadata-module="primary nav" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Design & Plan" track-name="design & plan" > Design & Plan </a> <button aria-haspopup="menu" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Dropdown menu for Design & Plan" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/design" track-metadata-position="nav - design & plan" track-metadata-module="primary nav" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Design & Plan" track-name="design & plan" class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-toggle devsite-icon devsite-icon-arrow-drop-down"></button> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown" role="menu" aria-label="submenu" hidden> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-content"> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-column android-dropdown"> <ul class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-section android-dropdown-section-icon android-dropdown-section-icon-layout"> <li class="devsite-nav-title" role="heading" tooltip>UI Design</li> <li class="devsite-nav-description">Design a beautiful user interface using Android best practices.</li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/design/ui" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/design/ui" track-metadata-position="nav - design & plan" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="ui design" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Design for Android </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/design/ui/mobile" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/design/ui/mobile" track-metadata-position="nav - design & plan" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="ui design" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Mobile </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/design/ui/large-screens" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/design/ui/large-screens" track-metadata-position="nav - design & plan" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="ui design" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Adaptive UI </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/design/ui/xr" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/design/ui/xr" track-metadata-position="nav - design & plan" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="ui design" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Android XR </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/design/ui/widget" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/design/ui/widget" track-metadata-position="nav - design & plan" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="ui design" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Widgets </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/design/ui/wear" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/design/ui/wear" track-metadata-position="nav - design & plan" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="ui design" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Wear OS </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/design/ui/tv" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/design/ui/tv" track-metadata-position="nav - design & plan" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="ui design" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Android TV </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-column android-dropdown"> <ul class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-section android-dropdown-section-icon android-dropdown-section-icon-design"> <li class="devsite-nav-title" role="heading" tooltip>Architecture</li> <li class="devsite-nav-description">Design robust, testable, and maintainable app logic and services.</li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/topic/architecture/intro" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/topic/architecture/intro" track-metadata-position="nav - design & plan" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="architecture" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Introduction </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/topic/libraries/view-binding" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/topic/libraries/view-binding" track-metadata-position="nav - design & plan" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="architecture" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Libraries </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/guide/navigation/navigation-principles" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/guide/navigation/navigation-principles" track-metadata-position="nav - design & plan" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="architecture" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Navigation </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/topic/modularization" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/topic/modularization" track-metadata-position="nav - design & plan" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="architecture" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Modularization </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/training/testing/fundamentals" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/training/testing/fundamentals" track-metadata-position="nav - design & plan" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="architecture" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Testing </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-column android-dropdown"> <ul class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-section android-dropdown-section-icon android-dropdown-section-icon-vitals"> <li class="devsite-nav-title" role="heading" tooltip>Quality</li> <li class="devsite-nav-description">Plan for app quality and align with Play store guidelines.</li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/quality" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/quality" track-metadata-position="nav - design & plan" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="quality" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Overview </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/quality/core-value" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/quality/core-value" track-metadata-position="nav - design & plan" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="quality" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Core value </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/quality/user-experience" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/quality/user-experience" track-metadata-position="nav - design & plan" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="quality" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> User experience </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/ui/accessibility" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/ui/accessibility" track-metadata-position="nav - design & plan" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="quality" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Accessibility </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/quality/technical" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/quality/technical" track-metadata-position="nav - design & plan" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="quality" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Technical quality </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/quality/privacy-and-security" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/quality/privacy-and-security" track-metadata-position="nav - design & plan" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="quality" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Security </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-column android-dropdown"> <ul class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-section android-dropdown-section-icon android-dropdown-section-icon-security-2"> <li class="devsite-nav-title" role="heading" tooltip>Security</li> <li class="devsite-nav-description">Safeguard users against threats and ensure a secure Android experience.</li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/security" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/security" track-metadata-position="nav - design & plan" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="security" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Overview </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/privacy-and-security/about" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/privacy-and-security/about" track-metadata-position="nav - design & plan" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="security" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Privacy </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/permissions/overview" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/permissions/overview" track-metadata-position="nav - design & plan" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="security" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Permissions </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/identity" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/identity" track-metadata-position="nav - design & plan" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="security" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Identity </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/security/fraud-prevention" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/security/fraud-prevention" track-metadata-position="nav - design & plan" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="security" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Fraud prevention </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-column android-dropdown"> <ul class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-section android-dropdown-section-icon android-dropdown-section-icon-earth"> <li class="devsite-nav-title" role="heading" tooltip>Build for Billions</li> <li class="devsite-nav-description">Create the best experience for entry-level devices</li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/build-for-billions" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/build-for-billions" track-metadata-position="nav - design & plan" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="build for billions" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Overview </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/docs/quality-guidelines/build-for-billions" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/docs/quality-guidelines/build-for-billions" track-metadata-position="nav - design & plan" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="build for billions" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> About new markets </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/androidgo" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/androidgo" track-metadata-position="nav - design & plan" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="build for billions" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Android (Go edition) </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </tab> <tab class="devsite-dropdown devsite-dropdown-full "> <a href="https://developer.android.com/develop" class="devsite-tabs-content gc-analytics-event android-dropdown-tab" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/develop" track-type="nav" track-metadata-position="nav - develop" track-metadata-module="primary nav" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Develop" track-name="develop" > Develop </a> <button aria-haspopup="menu" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Dropdown menu for Develop" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/develop" track-metadata-position="nav - develop" track-metadata-module="primary nav" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Develop" track-name="develop" class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-toggle devsite-icon devsite-icon-arrow-drop-down"></button> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown" role="menu" aria-label="submenu" hidden> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-content"> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-column android-dropdown android-dropdown-primary android-dropdown-ai"> <ul class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-section "> <li class="devsite-nav-title" role="heading" tooltip>Build AI experiences</li> <li class="devsite-nav-description">Build AI-powered Android apps with Gemini APIs and more. </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/ai" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/ai" track-metadata-position="nav - develop" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="build ai experiences" tooltip class="button button-primary" > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Get started </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-column android-dropdown"> <ul class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-section android-dropdown-section-icon android-dropdown-section-icon-flag"> <li class="devsite-nav-title" role="heading" tooltip>Core areas</li> <li class="devsite-nav-description">Get the samples and docs for the features you need.</li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/samples" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/samples" track-metadata-position="nav - develop" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="core areas" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Samples </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/develop/ui" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/develop/ui" track-metadata-position="nav - develop" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="core areas" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> User interfaces </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/develop/background-work" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/develop/background-work" track-metadata-position="nav - develop" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="core areas" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Background work </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/data" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/data" track-metadata-position="nav - develop" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="core areas" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Data and files </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/develop/connectivity" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/develop/connectivity" track-metadata-position="nav - develop" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="core areas" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Connectivity </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/develop#core-areas" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/develop#core-areas" track-metadata-position="nav - develop" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="core areas" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> All core areas ⤵️ </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-column android-dropdown"> <ul class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-section android-dropdown-section-icon android-dropdown-section-icon-tools-2"> <li class="devsite-nav-title" role="heading" tooltip>Tools and workflow</li> <li class="devsite-nav-description">Use the IDE to write and build your app, or create your own pipeline.</li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/studio/write" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/studio/write" track-metadata-position="nav - develop" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="tools and workflow" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Write and debug code </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/build/gradle-build-overview" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/build/gradle-build-overview" track-metadata-position="nav - develop" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="tools and workflow" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Build projects </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/training/testing" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/training/testing" track-metadata-position="nav - develop" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="tools and workflow" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Test your app </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/topic/performance/overview" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/topic/performance/overview" track-metadata-position="nav - develop" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="tools and workflow" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Performance </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/tools" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/tools" track-metadata-position="nav - develop" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="tools and workflow" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Command-line tools </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/reference/tools/gradle-api" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/reference/tools/gradle-api" track-metadata-position="nav - develop" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="tools and workflow" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Gradle plugin API </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-column android-dropdown"> <ul class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-section android-dropdown-section-icon android-dropdown-section-icon-multiple-screens"> <li class="devsite-nav-title" role="heading" tooltip>Device tech</li> <li class="devsite-nav-description">Write code for form factors. Connect devices and share data.</li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/large-screens/get-started-with-large-screens" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/large-screens/get-started-with-large-screens" track-metadata-position="nav - develop" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="device tech" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Adaptive UI </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/training/wearables" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/training/wearables" track-metadata-position="nav - develop" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="device tech" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Wear OS </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/develop/xr" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/develop/xr" track-metadata-position="nav - develop" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="device tech" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Android XR </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/health-and-fitness/guides" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/health-and-fitness/guides" track-metadata-position="nav - develop" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="device tech" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Android Health </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/training/cars" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/training/cars" track-metadata-position="nav - develop" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="device tech" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Android for Cars </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/training/tv" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/training/tv" track-metadata-position="nav - develop" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="device tech" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Android TV </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/develop#devices" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/develop#devices" track-metadata-position="nav - develop" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="device tech" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> All devices ⤵️ </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-column android-dropdown"> <ul class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-section android-dropdown-section-icon android-dropdown-section-icon-core-library"> <li class="devsite-nav-title" role="heading" tooltip>Libraries</li> <li class="devsite-nav-description">Browse API reference documentation with all the details.</li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/reference/packages" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/reference/packages" track-metadata-position="nav - develop" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="libraries" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Android platform </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/jetpack/androidx/explorer" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/jetpack/androidx/explorer" track-metadata-position="nav - develop" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="libraries" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Jetpack libraries </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/jetpack/androidx/releases/compose" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/jetpack/androidx/releases/compose" track-metadata-position="nav - develop" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="libraries" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Compose libraries </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developers.google.com/android/reference/packages" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developers.google.com/android/reference/packages" track-metadata-position="nav - develop" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="libraries" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Google Play services ↗️ </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://play.google.com/sdks" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://play.google.com/sdks" track-metadata-position="nav - develop" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="libraries" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Google Play SDK index ↗️ </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </tab> <tab > <a href="https://developer.android.com/distribute" class="devsite-tabs-content gc-analytics-event " track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/distribute" track-type="nav" track-metadata-position="nav - google play" track-metadata-module="primary nav" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Google Play" track-name="google play" > Google Play </a> </tab> <tab > <a href="https://developer.android.com/community" class="devsite-tabs-content gc-analytics-event " track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/community" track-type="nav" track-metadata-position="nav - community" track-metadata-module="primary nav" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Community" track-name="community" > Community </a> </tab> </nav> </devsite-tabs> </div> <devsite-search enable-signin enable-search enable-suggestions enable-query-completion project-name="Jetpack Compose for Android Developers - Accessibility, testing, and performance" tenant-name="Android Developers" > <form class="devsite-search-form" action="https://developer.android.com/s/results" method="GET"> <div class="devsite-search-container"> <button type="button" search-open class="devsite-search-button devsite-header-icon-button button-flat material-icons" aria-label="Open search"></button> <div class="devsite-searchbox"> <input aria-activedescendant="" aria-autocomplete="list" aria-label="Search" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="listbox" autocomplete="off" class="devsite-search-field devsite-search-query" name="q" placeholder="Search" role="combobox" type="text" value="" > <div class="devsite-search-image material-icons" aria-hidden="true"> </div> <div class="devsite-search-shortcut-icon-container" aria-hidden="true"> <kbd class="devsite-search-shortcut-icon">/</kbd> </div> </div> </div> </form> <button type="button" search-close class="devsite-search-button devsite-header-icon-button button-flat material-icons" aria-label="Close search"></button> </devsite-search> </div> <devsite-appearance-selector></devsite-appearance-selector> <devsite-language-selector> <ul role="presentation"> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="en" >English</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="de" >Deutsch</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="es_419" >Español – América Latina</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="fr" >Français</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="id" >Indonesia</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="pl" >Polski</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="pt_br" >Português – Brasil</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="vi" >Tiếng Việt</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="zh_cn" >中文 – 简体</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="zh_tw" >中文 – 繁體</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="ja" >日本語</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="ko" >한국어</a> </li> </ul> </devsite-language-selector> <a class="devsite-header-link devsite-top-button button gc-analytics-event" href="https://developer.android.com/studio" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Site header link" > Android Studio </a> <devsite-user enable-profiles id="devsite-user"> <span class="button devsite-top-button" aria-hidden="true" visually-hidden>Sign in</span> </devsite-user> </div> </div> </div> <div class="devsite-collapsible-section devsite-header-no-lower-tabs "> <div class="devsite-header-background"> <div class="devsite-product-id-row" > <div class="devsite-product-description-row"> <ul class="devsite-breadcrumb-list" aria-label="Lower header breadcrumb"> <li class="devsite-breadcrumb-item "> <a href="https://developer.android.com/courses" class="devsite-breadcrumb-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Lower Header" data-value="1" track-type="globalNav" track-name="breadcrumb" track-metadata-position="1" track-metadata-eventdetail="Training Courses" > Training </a> </li> <li class="devsite-breadcrumb-item "> <div class="devsite-breadcrumb-guillemet material-icons" aria-hidden="true"></div> <a href="https://developer.android.com/courses/jetpack-compose/course" class="devsite-breadcrumb-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Lower Header" data-value="2" track-type="globalNav" track-name="breadcrumb" track-metadata-position="2" track-metadata-eventdetail="Jetpack Compose for Android Developers" > Jetpack Compose for Android Developers </a> </li> <li class="devsite-breadcrumb-item "> <div class="devsite-breadcrumb-guillemet material-icons" aria-hidden="true"></div> <a href="https://developer.android.com/courses/pathways/jetpack-compose-for-android-developers-4" class="devsite-breadcrumb-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Lower Header" data-value="3" track-type="globalNav" track-name="breadcrumb" track-metadata-position="3" track-metadata-eventdetail="Jetpack Compose for Android Developers - Accessibility, testing, and performance" > Accessibility, testing, and performance </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </devsite-header> <devsite-book-nav scrollbars hidden> <div class="devsite-book-nav-filter" hidden> <span class="filter-list-icon material-icons" aria-hidden="true"></span> <input type="text" placeholder="Filter" aria-label="Type to filter" role="searchbox"> <span class="filter-clear-button hidden" data-title="Clear filter" aria-label="Clear filter" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <nav class="devsite-book-nav devsite-nav nocontent" aria-label="Side menu"> <div class="devsite-mobile-header"> <button type="button" id="devsite-close-nav" class="devsite-header-icon-button button-flat material-icons gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Close navigation" aria-label="Close navigation"> </button> <div class="devsite-product-name-wrapper"> <a href="/" class="devsite-site-logo-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Site logo" track-type="globalNav" track-name="androidDevelopers" track-metadata-position="nav" track-metadata-eventDetail="nav"> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/v38a693baeb774512feb42f10aac8f755d8791ed41119b5be7a531f8e16f8279f/android/images/lockup-dark-theme.svg" media="(prefers-color-scheme: dark)" class="devsite-dark-theme" alt="Android Developers"> <img src="https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/v38a693baeb774512feb42f10aac8f755d8791ed41119b5be7a531f8e16f8279f/android/images/lockup.svg" class="devsite-site-logo" alt="Android Developers"> </picture> </a> <span class="devsite-product-name"> <ul class="devsite-breadcrumb-list" > <li class="devsite-breadcrumb-item "> </li> </ul> </span> </div> </div> <div class="devsite-book-nav-wrapper"> <div class="devsite-mobile-nav-top"> <ul class="devsite-nav-list"> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/get-started" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Essentials" track-name="essentials" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Essentials" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Essentials </span> </a> <ul class="devsite-nav-responsive-tabs devsite-nav-has-menu "> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Essentials" track-name="essentials" > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip menu="Essentials"> More </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" menu="Essentials"> </span> </span> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/design" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Design & Plan" track-name="design & plan" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Design & Plan" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Design & Plan </span> </a> <ul class="devsite-nav-responsive-tabs devsite-nav-has-menu "> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Design & Plan" track-name="design & plan" > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip menu="Design & Plan"> More </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" menu="Design & Plan"> </span> </span> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/develop" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Develop" track-name="develop" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Develop" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Develop </span> </a> <ul class="devsite-nav-responsive-tabs devsite-nav-has-menu "> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Develop" track-name="develop" > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip menu="Develop"> More </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" menu="Develop"> </span> </span> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/distribute" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Google Play" track-name="google play" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Google Play" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Google Play </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/community" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Community" track-name="community" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Community" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Community </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/studio" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Android Studio" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Android Studio </span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="devsite-mobile-nav-bottom"> <ul class="devsite-nav-list" menu="Essentials" aria-label="Side menu" hidden> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Gemini in Android Studio </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/gemini-in-android" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Learn more" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Learn more </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/studio" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Get Android Studio" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Get Android Studio </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Get started </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/get-started/overview" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Hello world" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Hello world </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/courses" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Training courses" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Training courses </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/get-started/codelabs" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Tutorials" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Tutorials </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/develop/ui/compose/adopt" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Compose for teams" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Compose for teams </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/kotlin" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Kotlin for Android" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Kotlin for Android </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://play.google.com/console/about/guides/monetize/" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Monetization with Play ↗️" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Monetization with Play ↗️ </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Extend by device </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/adaptive-apps" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Adaptive apps" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Adaptive apps </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/xr" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Android XR" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Android XR </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/wear" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Wear OS" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Wear OS </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/cars" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Android for Cars" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Android for Cars </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/tv" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Android TV" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Android TV </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/chrome-os" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: ChromeOS" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > ChromeOS </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Build by category </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/games" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Games" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Games </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/media" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Camera & media" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Camera & media </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/social-and-messaging" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Social & messaging" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Social & messaging </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/health-and-fitness" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Health & fitness" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Health & fitness </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/productivity" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Productivity" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Productivity </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/work/overview" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Enterprise apps" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Enterprise apps </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Get the latest </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/latest-updates" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Latest updates" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Latest updates </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/latest-updates/experimental" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Experimental updates" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Experimental updates </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/studio/preview" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Android Studio preview" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Android Studio preview </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/jetpack/androidx/versions" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Jetpack & Compose libraries" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Jetpack & Compose libraries </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/training/wearables/versions/4" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Wear OS preview" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Wear OS preview </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/design-for-safety/privacy-sandbox" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Privacy Sandbox" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Privacy Sandbox </span> </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="devsite-nav-list" menu="Design & Plan" aria-label="Side menu" hidden> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > UI Design </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/design/ui" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Design for Android" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Design for Android </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/design/ui/mobile" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Mobile" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Mobile </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/design/ui/large-screens" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Adaptive UI" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Adaptive UI </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/design/ui/xr" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Android XR" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Android XR </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/design/ui/widget" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Widgets" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Widgets </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/design/ui/wear" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Wear OS" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Wear OS </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/design/ui/tv" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Android TV" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Android TV </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Architecture </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/topic/architecture/intro" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Introduction" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Introduction </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/topic/libraries/view-binding" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Libraries" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Libraries </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/guide/navigation/navigation-principles" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Navigation" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Navigation </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/topic/modularization" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Modularization" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Modularization </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/training/testing/fundamentals" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Testing" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Testing </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Quality </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/quality" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Overview" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Overview </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/quality/core-value" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Core value" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Core value </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/quality/user-experience" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: User experience" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > User experience </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/guide/topics/ui/accessibility" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Accessibility" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Accessibility </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/quality/technical" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Technical quality" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Technical quality </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/quality/privacy-and-security" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Security" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Security </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Security </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/security" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Overview" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Overview </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/privacy-and-security/about" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Privacy" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Privacy </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/guide/topics/permissions/overview" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Permissions" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Permissions </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/identity" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Identity" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Identity </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/security/fraud-prevention" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Fraud prevention" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Fraud prevention </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Build for Billions </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/build-for-billions" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Overview" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Overview </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/docs/quality-guidelines/build-for-billions" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: About new markets" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > About new markets </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/guide/topics/androidgo" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Android (Go edition)" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Android (Go edition) </span> </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="devsite-nav-list" menu="Develop" aria-label="Side menu" hidden> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Build AI experiences </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/ai" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Get started" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Get started </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Core areas </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/samples" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Samples" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Samples </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/develop/ui" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: User interfaces" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > User interfaces </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/develop/background-work" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Background work" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Background work </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/guide/topics/data" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Data and files" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Data and files </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/develop/connectivity" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Connectivity" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Connectivity </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/develop#core-areas" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: All core areas ⤵️" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > All core areas ⤵️ </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Tools and workflow </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/studio/write" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Write and debug code" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Write and debug code </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/build/gradle-build-overview" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Build projects" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Build projects </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/training/testing" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Test your app" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Test your app </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/topic/performance/overview" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Performance" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Performance </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/tools" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Command-line tools" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Command-line tools </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/reference/tools/gradle-api" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Gradle plugin API" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Gradle plugin API </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Device tech </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/guide/topics/large-screens/get-started-with-large-screens" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Adaptive UI" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Adaptive UI </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/training/wearables" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Wear OS" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Wear OS </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/develop/xr" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Android XR" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Android XR </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/health-and-fitness/guides" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Android Health" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Android Health </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/training/cars" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Android for Cars" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Android for Cars </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/training/tv" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Android TV" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Android TV </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/develop#devices" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: All devices ⤵️" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > All devices ⤵️ </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Libraries </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/reference/packages" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Android platform" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Android platform </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/jetpack/androidx/explorer" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Jetpack libraries" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Jetpack libraries </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/jetpack/androidx/releases/compose" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Compose libraries" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Compose libraries </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developers.google.com/android/reference/packages" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Google Play services ↗️" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Google Play services ↗️ </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://play.google.com/sdks" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Google Play SDK index ↗️" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Google Play SDK index ↗️ </span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </devsite-book-nav> <section id="gc-wrapper"> <main role="main" id="main-content" class="devsite-main-content" > <div class="devsite-sidebar"> <div class="devsite-sidebar-content"> <devsite-toc class="devsite-nav" role="navigation" aria-label="On this page" depth="2" scrollbars disabled></devsite-toc> <devsite-recommendations-sidebar class="nocontent devsite-nav"> </devsite-recommendations-sidebar> </div> </div> <devsite-content> <article class="devsite-article"> <div class="devsite-article-meta nocontent" role="navigation"> <ul class="devsite-breadcrumb-list" aria-label="Breadcrumb"> <li class="devsite-breadcrumb-item "> <a href="https://developer.android.com/" class="devsite-breadcrumb-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Breadcrumbs" data-value="1" track-type="globalNav" track-name="breadcrumb" track-metadata-position="1" track-metadata-eventdetail="Android Developers" > Android Developers </a> </li> <li class="devsite-breadcrumb-item "> <div class="devsite-breadcrumb-guillemet material-icons" aria-hidden="true"></div> <a href="https://developer.android.com/courses" class="devsite-breadcrumb-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Breadcrumbs" data-value="2" track-type="globalNav" track-name="breadcrumb" track-metadata-position="2" track-metadata-eventdetail="Training Courses" > Training </a> </li> <li class="devsite-breadcrumb-item "> <div class="devsite-breadcrumb-guillemet material-icons" aria-hidden="true"></div> <a href="https://developer.android.com/courses/jetpack-compose/course" class="devsite-breadcrumb-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Breadcrumbs" data-value="3" track-type="globalNav" track-name="breadcrumb" track-metadata-position="3" track-metadata-eventdetail="Jetpack Compose for Android Developers" > Jetpack Compose for Android Developers </a> </li> <li class="devsite-breadcrumb-item "> <div class="devsite-breadcrumb-guillemet material-icons" aria-hidden="true"></div> <a href="https://developer.android.com/courses/pathways/jetpack-compose-for-android-developers-4" class="devsite-breadcrumb-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Breadcrumbs" data-value="4" track-type="globalNav" track-name="breadcrumb" track-metadata-position="4" track-metadata-eventdetail="Jetpack Compose for Android Developers - Accessibility, testing, and performance" > Accessibility, testing, and performance </a> </li> </ul> </div> <devsite-feature-tooltip ack-key="AckCollectionsBookmarkTooltipDismiss" analytics-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" analytics-action-show="Callout Profile displayed" analytics-action-close="Callout Profile dismissed" analytics-label="Create Collection Callout" class="devsite-page-bookmark-tooltip nocontent" dismiss-button="true" id="devsite-collections-dropdown" dismiss-button-text="Dismiss" close-button-text="Got it"> <devsite-bookmark></devsite-bookmark> <span slot="popout-heading"> Stay organized with collections </span> <span slot="popout-contents"> Save and categorize content based on your preferences. </span> </devsite-feature-tooltip> <devsite-toc class="devsite-nav" depth="2" devsite-toc-embedded disabled> </devsite-toc> <div class="devsite-article-body clearfix "> <devsite-playlist> <div class="devsite-playlist--header"> <div class="devsite-playlist--inner"> <div class="devsite-playlist--header-details"> <div class="devsite-playlist--header-details-info"> <h1 class="devsite-playlist-title">Accessibility, testing, and performance</h1> <div class="devsite-playlist-details"></div> <p> Improve your app’s performance, make it accessible for all users, and write automated tests to keep this behavior.<br> <a class="button devsite-playlist-return-button gc-analytics-event" data-category="devsite-playlist: go back button" hidden> Go back </a> </p> <div class="devsite-playlist-summary"> <div> </div> <div class="devsite-playlist-summary-details">   </div> <div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="devsite-playlist--header-badge-info"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="devsite-playlist--sections"> <div class="devsite-playlist--section" type="video" id="video-JyUJZvJ-OV8" video-id="JyUJZvJ-OV8" path="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JyUJZvJ-OV8" > <div class="devsite-playlist--inner"> <div class="devsite-playlist--item-top"> <div class="devsite-playlist--item-top-index"> <span class="num"></span> <i class="material-icons" aria-hidden="true">check_circle</i> <devsite-spinner size="30" single-color="#aecbfa"></devsite-spinner> </div> <div class="devsite-playlist--item-top-title"> <h2> Write your first UI test </h2> </div> <div class="devsite-playlist--item-top-controls"> <button class="toggle gc-analytics-event" data-category="devsite-playlist: toggle button"> <i class="material-icons arrow--down" aria-label="Show more details.">keyboard_arrow_down</i> <i class="material-icons arrow--up" aria-label="Show fewer details.">keyboard_arrow_up</i> </button> </div> </div> <div class="devsite-playlist--item--meta"> <i class="material-icons" aria-hidden="true">ondemand_video</i> Video <em>Optional</em> </div> <div class="devsite-playlist--item--content"> <p> Write your very first Compose UI test </p> </div> <div class="devsite-playlist--item--actions"> <button class="playlist-skip gc-analytics-event" data-category="devsite-playlist: skip button"> Skip </button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="devsite-playlist--section" type="codelab" id="codelab-https://developer.android.com/codelabs/jetpack-compose-testing" path="https://developer.android.com/codelabs/jetpack-compose-testing" > <div class="devsite-playlist--inner"> <div class="devsite-playlist--item-top"> <div class="devsite-playlist--item-top-index"> <span class="num"></span> <i class="material-icons" aria-hidden="true">check_circle</i> <devsite-spinner size="30" single-color="#aecbfa"></devsite-spinner> </div> <div class="devsite-playlist--item-top-title"> <h2> Testing </h2> </div> <div class="devsite-playlist--item-top-controls"> <button class="toggle gc-analytics-event" data-category="devsite-playlist: toggle button"> <i class="material-icons arrow--down" aria-label="Show more details.">keyboard_arrow_down</i> <i class="material-icons arrow--up" aria-label="Show fewer details.">keyboard_arrow_up</i> </button> </div> </div> <div class="devsite-playlist--item--meta"> <i class="material-icons" aria-hidden="true">emoji_objects</i> Codelab </div> <div class="devsite-playlist--item--content"> <p> Learn about testing Jetpack Compose UIs. Write your first tests, and learn about testing in isolation, debugging tests, the semantics tree, and test synchronization. </p> </div> <div class="devsite-playlist--item--actions"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/codelabs/jetpack-compose-testing" class="button button-primary button-returnto gc-analytics-event" data-category="devsite-playlist: take codelab button" data-label="path: https://developer.android.com/codelabs/jetpack-compose-testing"> Take codelab </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="devsite-playlist--section" type="video" id="video-svYgbT2nQw8" video-id="svYgbT2nQw8" path="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=svYgbT2nQw8" > <div class="devsite-playlist--inner"> <div class="devsite-playlist--item-top"> <div class="devsite-playlist--item-top-index"> <span class="num"></span> <i class="material-icons" aria-hidden="true">check_circle</i> <devsite-spinner size="30" single-color="#aecbfa"></devsite-spinner> </div> <div class="devsite-playlist--item-top-title"> <h2> How Compose improves UI testing </h2> </div> <div class="devsite-playlist--item-top-controls"> <button class="toggle gc-analytics-event" data-category="devsite-playlist: toggle button"> <i class="material-icons arrow--down" aria-label="Show more details.">keyboard_arrow_down</i> <i class="material-icons arrow--up" aria-label="Show fewer details.">keyboard_arrow_up</i> </button> </div> </div> <div class="devsite-playlist--item--meta"> <i class="material-icons" aria-hidden="true">ondemand_video</i> Video <em>Optional</em> </div> <div class="devsite-playlist--item--content"> <p> Learn how Compose improves UI testing. </p> </div> <div class="devsite-playlist--item--actions"> <button class="playlist-skip gc-analytics-event" data-category="devsite-playlist: skip button"> Skip </button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="devsite-playlist--section" type="video" id="video-iV0h_6G3CYk" video-id="iV0h_6G3CYk" path="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iV0h_6G3CYk" > <div class="devsite-playlist--inner"> <div class="devsite-playlist--item-top"> <div class="devsite-playlist--item-top-index"> <span class="num"></span> <i class="material-icons" aria-hidden="true">check_circle</i> <devsite-spinner size="30" single-color="#aecbfa"></devsite-spinner> </div> <div class="devsite-playlist--item-top-title"> <h2> Add accessibility features to your app </h2> </div> <div class="devsite-playlist--item-top-controls"> <button class="toggle gc-analytics-event" data-category="devsite-playlist: toggle button"> <i class="material-icons arrow--down" aria-label="Show more details.">keyboard_arrow_down</i> <i class="material-icons arrow--up" aria-label="Show fewer details.">keyboard_arrow_up</i> </button> </div> </div> <div class="devsite-playlist--item--meta"> <i class="material-icons" aria-hidden="true">ondemand_video</i> Video <em>Optional</em> </div> <div class="devsite-playlist--item--content"> <p> Add accessibility features to your Jetpack Compose app. </p> </div> <div class="devsite-playlist--item--actions"> <button class="playlist-skip gc-analytics-event" data-category="devsite-playlist: skip button"> Skip </button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="devsite-playlist--section" type="codelab" id="codelab-https://developer.android.com/codelabs/jetpack-compose-accessibility" path="https://developer.android.com/codelabs/jetpack-compose-accessibility" > <div class="devsite-playlist--inner"> <div class="devsite-playlist--item-top"> <div class="devsite-playlist--item-top-index"> <span class="num"></span> <i class="material-icons" aria-hidden="true">check_circle</i> <devsite-spinner size="30" single-color="#aecbfa"></devsite-spinner> </div> <div class="devsite-playlist--item-top-title"> <h2> Accessibility </h2> </div> <div class="devsite-playlist--item-top-controls"> <button class="toggle gc-analytics-event" data-category="devsite-playlist: toggle button"> <i class="material-icons arrow--down" aria-label="Show more details.">keyboard_arrow_down</i> <i class="material-icons arrow--up" aria-label="Show fewer details.">keyboard_arrow_up</i> </button> </div> </div> <div class="devsite-playlist--item--meta"> <i class="material-icons" aria-hidden="true">emoji_objects</i> Codelab </div> <div class="devsite-playlist--item--content"> <p> Learn how you can improve your app's usability, particularly for users with disabilities. Increase touch target sizes, add content descriptions, create custom actions, and more. </p> </div> <div class="devsite-playlist--item--actions"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/codelabs/jetpack-compose-accessibility" class="button button-primary button-returnto gc-analytics-event" data-category="devsite-playlist: take codelab button" data-label="path: https://developer.android.com/codelabs/jetpack-compose-accessibility"> Take codelab </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="devsite-playlist--section" type="video" id="video-SWBN0y0lFNY" video-id="SWBN0y0lFNY" path="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SWBN0y0lFNY" > <div class="devsite-playlist--inner"> <div class="devsite-playlist--item-top"> <div class="devsite-playlist--item-top-index"> <span class="num"></span> <i class="material-icons" aria-hidden="true">check_circle</i> <devsite-spinner size="30" single-color="#aecbfa"></devsite-spinner> </div> <div class="devsite-playlist--item-top-title"> <h2> Debugging recomposition </h2> </div> <div class="devsite-playlist--item-top-controls"> <button class="toggle gc-analytics-event" data-category="devsite-playlist: toggle button"> <i class="material-icons arrow--down" aria-label="Show more details.">keyboard_arrow_down</i> <i class="material-icons arrow--up" aria-label="Show fewer details.">keyboard_arrow_up</i> </button> </div> </div> <div class="devsite-playlist--item--meta"> <i class="material-icons" aria-hidden="true">ondemand_video</i> Video <em>Optional</em> </div> <div class="devsite-playlist--item--content"> <p> A showcase of how we debugged and fixed a performance issue in one of the Compose sample apps. </p> </div> <div class="devsite-playlist--item--actions"> <button class="playlist-skip gc-analytics-event" data-category="devsite-playlist: skip button"> Skip </button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="devsite-playlist--section" type="video" id="video-EOQB8PTLkpY" video-id="EOQB8PTLkpY" path="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EOQB8PTLkpY" > <div class="devsite-playlist--inner"> <div class="devsite-playlist--item-top"> <div class="devsite-playlist--item-top-index"> <span class="num"></span> <i class="material-icons" aria-hidden="true">check_circle</i> <devsite-spinner size="30" single-color="#aecbfa"></devsite-spinner> </div> <div class="devsite-playlist--item-top-title"> <h2> Performance Gotchas </h2> </div> <div class="devsite-playlist--item-top-controls"> <button class="toggle gc-analytics-event" data-category="devsite-playlist: toggle button"> <i class="material-icons arrow--down" aria-label="Show more details.">keyboard_arrow_down</i> <i class="material-icons arrow--up" aria-label="Show fewer details.">keyboard_arrow_up</i> </button> </div> </div> <div class="devsite-playlist--item--meta"> <i class="material-icons" aria-hidden="true">ondemand_video</i> Video <em>Optional</em> </div> <div class="devsite-playlist--item--content"> <p> Jetpack Compose can feel like magic, but what do you do when the magic isn't as performant as you want? Discover best practices in Jetpack Compose with regards to performance, common mistakes, and how to avoid them. </p> </div> <div class="devsite-playlist--item--actions"> <button class="playlist-skip gc-analytics-event" data-category="devsite-playlist: skip button"> Skip </button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="devsite-playlist--section" type="video" id="video-ahXLwg2JYpc" video-id="ahXLwg2JYpc" path="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ahXLwg2JYpc" > <div class="devsite-playlist--inner"> <div class="devsite-playlist--item-top"> <div class="devsite-playlist--item-top-index"> <span class="num"></span> <i class="material-icons" aria-hidden="true">check_circle</i> <devsite-spinner size="30" single-color="#aecbfa"></devsite-spinner> </div> <div class="devsite-playlist--item-top-title"> <h2> More performance tips </h2> </div> <div class="devsite-playlist--item-top-controls"> <button class="toggle gc-analytics-event" data-category="devsite-playlist: toggle button"> <i class="material-icons arrow--down" aria-label="Show more details.">keyboard_arrow_down</i> <i class="material-icons arrow--up" aria-label="Show fewer details.">keyboard_arrow_up</i> </button> </div> </div> <div class="devsite-playlist--item--meta"> <i class="material-icons" aria-hidden="true">ondemand_video</i> Video <em>Optional</em> </div> <div class="devsite-playlist--item--content"> <p> Learn the details of why deferring reads of Compose state works, learn about stability and how Compose infers it, have a look at a new API for reportFullyDrawn, and more. </p> </div> <div class="devsite-playlist--item--actions"> <button class="playlist-skip gc-analytics-event" data-category="devsite-playlist: skip button"> Skip </button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="devsite-playlist--section" type="quiz" id="quiz-/courses/quizzes/jetpack-compose-for-android-developers-4/jetpack-compose-for-android-developers-4" path="/courses/quizzes/jetpack-compose-for-android-developers-4/jetpack-compose-for-android-developers-4" > <div class="devsite-playlist--inner"> <div class="devsite-playlist--section-quiz"> <h2>Quiz</h2> <p>Test what you’ve learned and earn your Compose design badge.</p> <div class="devsite-playlist--item--actions"> <a href="/courses/quizzes/jetpack-compose-for-android-developers-4/jetpack-compose-for-android-developers-4" class="button button-primary button-returnto gc-analytics-event" data-category="devsite-playlist: take the quiz button" data-label="path: /courses/quizzes/jetpack-compose-for-android-developers-4/jetpack-compose-for-android-developers-4"> Take the quiz </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="devsite-playlist--footer"> <devsite-thumb-rating position="main" disable-categories></devsite-thumb-rating> </div> </devsite-playlist> <devsite-hats-survey class="nocontent" hats-id="VxqvKSur40kxBYCLVTd0SSGykbno" listnr-id="5207477"></devsite-hats-survey> </div> <div class="devsite-floating-action-buttons"> </div> </article> <devsite-notification link="https://google.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_cRR9tonbkUQYb5Q?link=dac" link-text="Take survey" message="Please help us improve the Android Developer experience by taking a short survey." > </devsite-notification> <div class="devsite-content-data"> <template class="devsite-content-data-template"> [[["Easy to understand","easyToUnderstand","thumb-up"],["Solved my problem","solvedMyProblem","thumb-up"],["Other","otherUp","thumb-up"]],[["Missing the information I need","missingTheInformationINeed","thumb-down"],["Too complicated / too many steps","tooComplicatedTooManySteps","thumb-down"],["Out of date","outOfDate","thumb-down"],["Samples / code issue","samplesCodeIssue","thumb-down"],["Other","otherDown","thumb-down"]],[],[],[]] </template> </div> </devsite-content> </main> <devsite-footer-promos class="devsite-footer"> <nav class="devsite-footer-promos nocontent" aria-label="Promotions"> <ul class="devsite-footer-promos-list"> <li class="devsite-footer-promo"> <a href="//x.com/AndroidDev" class="devsite-footer-promo-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer X Promo" > <picture> <source class="devsite-dark-theme" srcset="https://developer.android.com/_static/android/images/logo-x_dt.svg" media="(prefers-color-scheme: dark)" loading="lazy" alt="X"> <img class="devsite-footer-promo-icon" src="/_static/android/images/logo-x.svg" loading="lazy" alt="X"> </picture> <span class="devsite-footer-promo-label"> X </span> </a> <div class="devsite-footer-promo-description">Follow @AndroidDev on X</div> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-promo"> <a href="//www.youtube.com/user/androiddevelopers" class="devsite-footer-promo-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer YouTube Promo" > <picture> <source class="devsite-dark-theme" srcset="https://developer.android.com/_static/android/images/logo-youtube_dt.svg" media="(prefers-color-scheme: dark)" loading="lazy" alt="YouTube"> <img class="devsite-footer-promo-icon" src="//www.gstatic.com/images/icons/material/product/2x/youtube_48dp.png" loading="lazy" alt="YouTube"> </picture> <span class="devsite-footer-promo-label"> YouTube </span> </a> <div class="devsite-footer-promo-description">Check out Android Developers on YouTube</div> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-promo"> <a href="//www.linkedin.com/showcase/androiddev" class="devsite-footer-promo-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer LinkedIn Promo" > <picture> <source class="devsite-dark-theme" srcset="https://developer.android.com/_static/android/images/logo-linkedin_dt.svg" media="(prefers-color-scheme: dark)" loading="lazy" alt="LinkedIn"> <img class="devsite-footer-promo-icon" src="/_static/android/images/logo-linkedin.svg" loading="lazy" alt="LinkedIn"> </picture> <span class="devsite-footer-promo-label"> LinkedIn </span> </a> <div class="devsite-footer-promo-description">Connect with the Android Developers community on LinkedIn</div> </li> </ul> </nav> </devsite-footer-promos> <devsite-footer-linkboxes class="devsite-footer"> <nav class="devsite-footer-linkboxes nocontent" aria-label="Footer links"> <ul class="devsite-footer-linkboxes-list"> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox "> <h3 class="devsite-footer-linkbox-heading no-link">More Android</h3> <ul class="devsite-footer-linkbox-list"> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="//www.android.com" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 1)" > Android </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="//www.android.com/enterprise/" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 2)" > Android for Enterprise </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="//www.android.com/security-center/" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 3)" > Security </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="//source.android.com" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 4)" > Source </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/news" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 5)" > News </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="//android-developers.googleblog.com/" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 6)" > Blog </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/podcasts" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 7)" > Podcasts </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox "> <h3 class="devsite-footer-linkbox-heading no-link">Discover</h3> <ul class="devsite-footer-linkbox-list"> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/games" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 1)" > Gaming </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/ml" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 2)" > Machine Learning </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/health-and-fitness" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 3)" > Health & Fitness </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/media" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 4)" > Camera & Media </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/privacy" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 5)" > Privacy </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/training/connectivity/5g" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 6)" > 5G </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox "> <h3 class="devsite-footer-linkbox-heading no-link">Android Devices</h3> <ul class="devsite-footer-linkbox-list"> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/large-screens" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 1)" > Large screens </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/wear" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 2)" > Wear OS </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/chrome-os" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 3)" > ChromeOS devices </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/cars" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 4)" > Android for cars </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/tv" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 5)" > Android TV </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox "> <h3 class="devsite-footer-linkbox-heading no-link">Releases</h3> <ul class="devsite-footer-linkbox-list"> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/about/versions/15" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 1)" > Android 15 </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/about/versions/14" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 2)" > Android 14 </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/about/versions/13" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 3)" > Android 13 </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/about/versions/12" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 4)" > Android 12 </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/about/versions/11" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 5)" > Android 11 </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/about/versions/10" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 6)" > Android 10 </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/about/versions/pie" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 7)" > Pie </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox "> <h3 class="devsite-footer-linkbox-heading no-link">Documentation and Downloads</h3> <ul class="devsite-footer-linkbox-list"> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/studio/intro" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 1)" > Android Studio guide </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/guide" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 2)" > Developers guides </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/reference" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 3)" > API reference </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/studio" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 4)" > Download Studio </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/ndk" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 5)" > Android NDK </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox "> <h3 class="devsite-footer-linkbox-heading no-link">Support</h3> <ul class="devsite-footer-linkbox-list"> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="//issuetracker.google.com/issues/new?component=190923&template=841312" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 1)" > Report platform bug </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="//issuetracker.google.com/issues/new?component=192697" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 2)" > Report documentation bug </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="//support.google.com/googleplay/android-developer" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 3)" > Google Play support </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="https://g.co/userresearch/androiddeveloperfooter" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 4)" > Join research studies </a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </nav> </devsite-footer-linkboxes> <devsite-footer-utility class="devsite-footer"> <div class="devsite-footer-utility nocontent"> <nav class="devsite-footer-sites" aria-label="Other Google Developers websites"> <a href="https://developers.google.com/" class="devsite-footer-sites-logo-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Google Developers Link"> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/v38a693baeb774512feb42f10aac8f755d8791ed41119b5be7a531f8e16f8279f/android/images/lockup-google-for-developers-dark-theme.svg" media="(prefers-color-scheme: none)" class="devsite-dark-theme" loading="lazy" alt="Google Developers"> <img class="devsite-footer-sites-logo" src="https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/v38a693baeb774512feb42f10aac8f755d8791ed41119b5be7a531f8e16f8279f/android/images/lockup-google-for-developers.svg" loading="lazy" alt="Google Developers"> </picture> </a> <ul class="devsite-footer-sites-list"> <li class="devsite-footer-sites-item"> <a href="//developer.android.com" class="devsite-footer-sites-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Android Link" > Android </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-sites-item"> <a href="//developer.chrome.com/home" class="devsite-footer-sites-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Chrome Link" > Chrome </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-sites-item"> <a href="//firebase.google.com" class="devsite-footer-sites-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Firebase Link" > Firebase </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-sites-item"> <a href="//cloud.google.com" class="devsite-footer-sites-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Google Cloud Platform Link" > Google Cloud Platform </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-sites-item"> <a href="//developers.google.com/products/" class="devsite-footer-sites-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer All products Link" > All products </a> </li> </ul> </nav> <nav class="devsite-footer-utility-links" aria-label="Utility links"> <ul class="devsite-footer-utility-list"> <li class="devsite-footer-utility-item "> <a class="devsite-footer-utility-link gc-analytics-event" href="//policies.google.com/privacy" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Privacy link" > Privacy </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-utility-item "> <a class="devsite-footer-utility-link gc-analytics-event" href="/license" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer License link" > License </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-utility-item "> <a class="devsite-footer-utility-link gc-analytics-event" href="/distribute/marketing-tools/brand-guidelines" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Brand guidelines link" > Brand guidelines </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-utility-item glue-cookie-notification-bar-control"> <a class="devsite-footer-utility-link gc-analytics-event" href="#" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Manage cookies link" aria-hidden="true" > Manage cookies </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-utility-item devsite-footer-utility-button"> <span class="devsite-footer-utility-description">Get news and tips by email</span> <a class="devsite-footer-utility-link gc-analytics-event" href="/updates" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Subscribe link" > Subscribe </a> </li> </ul> <devsite-language-selector> <ul role="presentation"> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="en" >English</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="de" >Deutsch</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="es_419" >Español – América Latina</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="fr" >Français</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="id" >Indonesia</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="pl" >Polski</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="pt_br" >Português – Brasil</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="vi" >Tiếng Việt</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="zh_cn" >中文 – 简体</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="zh_tw" >中文 – 繁體</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="ja" >日本語</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="ko" >한국어</a> </li> </ul> </devsite-language-selector> </nav> </div> </devsite-footer-utility> <devsite-panel></devsite-panel> </section></section> <devsite-sitemask></devsite-sitemask> <devsite-snackbar></devsite-snackbar> <devsite-tooltip ></devsite-tooltip> <devsite-heading-link></devsite-heading-link> <devsite-analytics> <script type="application/json" analytics>[]</script> <script type="application/json" tag-management>{"at": "True", "ga4": [{"id": "G-QFRN08RN6E", "purpose": 0}], "ga4p": [{"id": "G-QFRN08RN6E", "purpose": 0}], "gtm": [{"id": "GTM-KMSWPCJ", "purpose": 0}], "parameters": {"internalUser": "False", "language": {"machineTranslated": "False", "requested": "en", "served": "en"}, "pageType": "playlist", "projectName": "Jetpack Compose for Android Developers - Accessibility, testing, and performance", "signedIn": "False", "tenant": "android", "recommendations": {"sourcePage": "", "sourceType": 0, "sourceRank": 0, "sourceIdenticalDescriptions": 0, "sourceTitleWords": 0, "sourceDescriptionWords": 0, "experiment": ""}, "experiment": {"ids": ""}}}</script> </devsite-analytics> <devsite-badger></devsite-badger> <android-fully-clickable target=" .android-case-study .devsite-landing-row-item, .android-grouped-resources .devsite-landing-row-item, .android-grouped-resources-contained--primary .devsite-landing-row-item, .android-grouped-resources-contained--secondary .devsite-landing-row-item, .android-grouped-resources-contained--tertiary .devsite-landing-row-item, .android-grouped-resources-uncontained--primary .devsite-landing-row-item, .android-grouped-resources-uncontained--secondary .devsite-landing-row-item, .android-grouped-resources-uncontained--tertiary .devsite-landing-row-item, .android-guide-cards .devsite-landing-row-item, .android-illustrated-resources-index .devsite-landing-row-item, .android-illustrated-resources-primary .devsite-landing-row-item, .android-illustrated-resources-secondary .devsite-landing-row-item, .android-illustrated-resources-secondary-small .devsite-landing-row-item, .android-illustrated-resources-tertiary .devsite-landing-row-item, .android-illustrated-resources-tertiary-small .devsite-landing-row-item, .android-promo .devsite-landing-row-item, .android-quick-link, .android-samples .devsite-card-wrapper, .fully-clickable" watch=".android-samples, devsite-content"></android-fully-clickable> <script nonce="qVHiOBdRlST4/Ml1c+FuuQJ/V/btST"> (function(d,e,v,s,i,t,E){d['GoogleDevelopersObject']=i; t=e.createElement(v);t.async=1;t.src=s;E=e.getElementsByTagName(v)[0]; E.parentNode.insertBefore(t,E);})(window, document, 'script', 'https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/v38a693baeb774512feb42f10aac8f755d8791ed41119b5be7a531f8e16f8279f/android/js/app_loader.js', '[3,"en",null,"/js/devsite_app_module.js","https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/v38a693baeb774512feb42f10aac8f755d8791ed41119b5be7a531f8e16f8279f","https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/v38a693baeb774512feb42f10aac8f755d8791ed41119b5be7a531f8e16f8279f/android","https://android-dot-devsite-v2-prod.appspot.com",1,null,["/_pwa/android/manifest.json","https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/v38a693baeb774512feb42f10aac8f755d8791ed41119b5be7a531f8e16f8279f/images/video-placeholder.svg","https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/v38a693baeb774512feb42f10aac8f755d8791ed41119b5be7a531f8e16f8279f/android/images/favicon.svg","https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/v38a693baeb774512feb42f10aac8f755d8791ed41119b5be7a531f8e16f8279f/android/images/lockup.svg","https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Google+Sans:400,500,600,700|Google+Sans+Text:400,400italic,500,500italic,600,600italic,700,700italic|Roboto+Mono:400,500,700&display=swap"],1,null,[1,6,8,12,14,17,21,25,50,52,63,70,75,76,80,87,91,92,93,97,98,100,101,102,103,104,105,107,108,109,110,112,113,116,117,118,120,122,124,125,126,127,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,138,140,141,147,148,149,151,152,156,157,158,159,161,163,164,168,169,170,179,180,182,183,186,191,193,196],"AIzaSyAP-jjEJBzmIyKR4F-3XITp8yM9T1gEEI8","AIzaSyB6xiKGDR5O3Ak2okS4rLkauxGUG7XP0hg","developer.android.com","AIzaSyAQk0fBONSGUqCNznf6Krs82Ap1-NV6J4o","AIzaSyCCxcqdrZ_7QMeLCRY20bh_SXdAYqy70KY",null,null,null,["Concierge__enable_pushui","MiscFeatureFlags__enable_firebase_utm","Significatio__enable_by_tenant","MiscFeatureFlags__developers_footer_image","Profiles__enable_completequiz_endpoint","Cloud__enable_llm_concierge_chat","CloudShell__cloud_shell_button","CloudShell__cloud_code_overflow_menu","Cloud__enable_cloudx_experiment_ids","Search__enable_suggestions_from_borg","Profiles__enable_public_developer_profiles","Cloud__enable_cloud_shell","TpcFeatures__enable_unmirrored_page_left_nav","Cloud__enable_legacy_calculator_redirect","MiscFeatureFlags__emergency_css","Profiles__enable_join_program_group_endpoint","MiscFeatureFlags__enable_view_transitions","Search__enable_ai_eligibility_checks","Profiles__enable_awarding_url","Profiles__enable_developer_profiles_callout","Profiles__enable_release_notes_notifications","Search__enable_page_map","Profiles__enable_stripe_subscription_management","Experiments__reqs_query_experiments","MiscFeatureFlags__developers_footer_dark_image","Profiles__require_profile_eligibility_for_signin","BookNav__enable_tenant_cache_key","MiscFeatureFlags__enable_variable_operator","Profiles__enable_dashboard_curated_recommendations","Profiles__enable_page_saving","Analytics__enable_clearcut_logging","DevPro__enable_cloud_innovators_plus","TpcFeatures__enable_mirror_tenant_redirects","EngEduTelemetry__enable_engedu_telemetry","MiscFeatureFlags__enable_project_variables","Profiles__enable_profile_collections","Cloud__enable_cloud_facet_chat","Search__enable_ai_search_summaries","DevPro__enable_developer_subscriptions","Cloud__enable_cloudx_ping","Profiles__enable_recognition_badges","Profiles__enable_completecodelab_endpoint","MiscFeatureFlags__enable_explain_this_code","Cloud__enable_free_trial_server_call","MiscFeatureFlags__enable_dark_theme","Profiles__enable_complete_playlist_endpoint","Cloud__enable_cloud_dlp_service","Search__enable_dynamic_content_confidential_banner","Cloud__enable_cloud_shell_fte_user_flow"],null,null,"AIzaSyBLEMok-5suZ67qRPzx0qUtbnLmyT_kCVE","https://developerscontentserving-pa.googleapis.com","AIzaSyCM4QpTRSqP5qI4Dvjt4OAScIN8sOUlO-k","https://developerscontentsearch-pa.googleapis.com",2,4,null,"https://developerprofiles-pa.googleapis.com",[3,"android","Android Developers","developer.android.com",null,"android-dot-devsite-v2-prod.appspot.com",null,null,[null,1,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,null,null,null,null,[1],[1,null,null,[1,20],"/recommendations"],null,null,null,[1,null,1],[1,1,null,1,1]],null,[18,null,null,null,null,null,"/images/lockup.svg","/images/touchicon-180.png",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2,null,null,null,"/images/lockup-dark-theme.svg",[]],[],null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[6,1,14,15,20,22,23,28,29,37,43],null,[[null,null,1],[1,1]],[[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[["G-QFRN08RN6E"],null,null,[["G-QFRN08RN6E",1]]],null,null,null,null,1],null,[[1,1],[2,2]]],null,4,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"android.devsite.google"],null,"pk_live_5170syrHvgGVmSx9sBrnWtA5luvk9BwnVcvIi7HizpwauFG96WedXsuXh790rtij9AmGllqPtMLfhe2RSwD6Pn38V00uBCydV4m",1]') </script> <devsite-a11y-announce></devsite-a11y-announce> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Jetpack Compose for Android Developers - Accessibility, testing, and performance