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</head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Mga_Hudyo rootpage-Mga_Hudyo skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Pumunta sa nilalaman</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sayt"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Pangunahing pagpipilian" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Pangunahing pagpipilian" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Pangunahing pagpipilian</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Pangunahing pagpipilian</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">ilipat sa gilid</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">itago</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Maglibot </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Unang_Pahina" title="Puntahan ang unang pahina [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Unang pahina</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tingnan_ang_buod" title="Mga gabay sa pagbabasa ng laktaw-laktaw sa Wikipedia"><span>Mga nilalaman</span></a></li><li id="n-Napiling-nilalaman" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Mga_napiling_artikulo"><span>Napiling nilalaman</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Alin_man" title="Magpalabas ng kahit-anong artikulo [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Alinmang artikulo</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Patungkol"><span>Patungkol sa Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kasalukuyang_pangyayari" title="Hanapin ang mga impormasyon tungkol sa mga kamakailang kaganapan"><span>Mga kaganapan</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Natatanging_mga_pahina"><span>Natatanging pahina</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Pakikihalubilo" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Pakikihalubilo" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pakikihalubilo </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Puntahan_ng_pamayanan" title="Tungkol sa proyekto, ano ang maari mong gawin, at kung saan maari maghanap ng mga bagay"><span>Pamayanan</span></a></li><li id="n-Kapihan" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kapihan"><span>Kapihan</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_huling_binago" title="Tala ng mga huling pagbabago sa wiki. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Mga huling binago</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Makipag-ugnayan_sa_amin" title="Paano makokontak ang Wikipedia"><span>Makipag-ugnayan</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tulong" title="Ang lugar para maghanap ng tulong sa Wikipedia."><span>Tulong</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Unang_Pahina" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Ang Malayang Ensiklopedya" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-tl.svg" width="119" height="13" style="width: 7.4375em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Maghanap" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Maghanap sa Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Hanapin</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Maghanap sa Wikipedia" aria-label="Maghanap sa Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Maghanap sa Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Natatangi:Maghanap"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Hanapin</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Mga pansariling kagamitan"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Itsura"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Itsura" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Itsura</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=tl.wikipedia.org&uselang=tl" class=""><span>Donasyon</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Natatangi:Likhain_ang_kuwenta&returnto=Mga+Hudyo" title="Mas maganda kung gagawa ka ng account at magla-login; gayunpaman, hindi ka pinipilit gawin ito" class=""><span>Gumawa ng account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Natatangi:Paglagda_ng_tagagamit&returnto=Mga+Hudyo" title="Mas maganda kung magla-login ka; gayunpaman, hindi ka pinipilit gawin ito [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Mag-login</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Marami pang pagpipilian" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mga pansariling kagamitan" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mga pansariling kagamitan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=tl.wikipedia.org&uselang=tl"><span>Donasyon</span></a></li><li id="pt-contribute" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Contribute"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span>Mag-ambag</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natatangi:Likhain_ang_kuwenta&returnto=Mga+Hudyo" title="Mas maganda kung gagawa ka ng account at magla-login; gayunpaman, hindi ka pinipilit gawin ito"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Gumawa ng account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natatangi:Paglagda_ng_tagagamit&returnto=Mga+Hudyo" title="Mas maganda kung magla-login ka; gayunpaman, hindi ka pinipilit gawin ito [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Mag-login</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Mga pahina para sa naka-logout na mga patnugot o editor <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Maligayang_pagdating!" aria-label="Alamin pa ang tungkol sa pagpapatnugot"><span>alamin pa</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Usapan_ko" title="Usapang tungkol sa mga pagbabagong ginawa sa ip address na ito [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Usapan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sayt"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Mga nilalaman" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Mga nilalaman</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">ilipat sa gilid</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">itago</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Simula</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Mga_ninuno" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mga_ninuno"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Mga ninuno</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mga_ninuno-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kasaysayan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kasaysayan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Kasaysayan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kasaysayan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tingnan_din" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tingnan_din"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Tingnan din</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tingnan_din-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mga_sanggunian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mga_sanggunian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Mga sanggunian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mga_sanggunian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Mga nilalaman" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Talaan ng mga Nilalaman" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Itago/Ipakita ang talaan ng mga nilalaman" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Itago/Ipakita ang talaan ng mga nilalaman</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mga Hudyo</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pumunta sa isang artikulo na nakasulat sa ibang wika. Mayroon ito sa 152 (na) wika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-152" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">152 wika</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jode" title="Jode – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Jode" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chodigos" title="Chodigos – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Chodigos" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebi_Ju" title="Ebi Ju – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Ebi Ju" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF" title="يهود – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يهود" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9D%DC%97%DC%98%DC%95%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܝܗܘܕܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܝܗܘܕܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF" title="يهود – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="يهود" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF" title="يهود – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="يهود" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblu_xud%C3%ADu" title="Pueblu xudíu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pueblu xudíu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%8C%D1%83%D1%82%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="ЖугьутӀал – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ЖугьутӀал" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C9%99hudil%C9%99r" title="Yəhudilər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yəhudilər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B1" title="یهودیلر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یهودیلر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D3%99%D2%BB%D2%AF%D0%B4%D1%82%D3%99%D1%80" title="Йәһүдтәр – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Йәһүдтәр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judn" title="Judn – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Judn" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BD%C4%ABd%C4%81" title="Žīdā – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Žīdā" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%9E%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%96" title="Яўрэі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Яўрэі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%96" title="Габрэі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Габрэі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B8" title="Евреи – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Евреи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF" title="ইহুদি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইহুদি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuzevien" title="Yuzevien – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yuzevien" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jevreji" title="Jevreji – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Jevreji" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D2%AF%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8D%D2%BB%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Еврей үндэһэтэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Еврей үндэһэтэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jueus" title="Jueus – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jueus" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B9-t%C3%A1i-n%C3%A8%CC%A4ng" title="Iù-tái-nè̤ng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Iù-tái-nè̤ng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D1%8C%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Жуьгтий – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Жуьгтий" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudiyo" title="Hudiyo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Hudiyo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%88" title="جوو – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جوو" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebreu" title="Ebreu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Ebreu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeudiler" title="Yeudiler – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Yeudiler" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDid%C3%A9" title="Židé – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Židé" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Еврейсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Еврейсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iddewon" title="Iddewon – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Iddewon" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B8der" title="Jøder – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jøder" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahuda" title="Yahuda – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Yahuda" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juden" title="Juden – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Juden" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%B1hudi" title="Cıhudi – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Cıhudi" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%B2%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Εβραίοι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εβραίοι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews" title="Jews – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Jews" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judoj" title="Judoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Judoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_jud%C3%ADo" title="Pueblo judío – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pueblo judío" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juudid" title="Juudid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Juudid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judu" title="Judu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Judu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="یهودیان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یهودیان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahuudinko%27en" title="Yahuudinko'en – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Yahuudinko'en" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juutalaiset" title="Juutalaiset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Juutalaiset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B8dar" title="Jødar – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Jødar" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juifs" title="Juifs – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Juifs" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaden" title="Joaden – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Joaden" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C4%B1f%C4%B1tlar" title="Çıfıtlar – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Çıfıtlar" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobo_xudeu" title="Pobo xudeu – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobo xudeu" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8A%D9%87%DB%8A%D8%AF" title="جۊهۊد – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="جۊهۊد" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudioku%C3%A9ra" title="Hudiokuéra – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Hudiokuéra" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%83" title="𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌴𐌹𐍃 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌴𐌹𐍃" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewnyn" title="Ewnyn – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Ewnyn" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahudawa" title="Yahudawa – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Yahudawa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%B9-thai-ng%C3%ACn" title="Yù-thai-ngìn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Yù-thai-ngìn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D" title="יהודים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יהודים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="यहूदी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="यहूदी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDidovi" title="Židovi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Židovi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jwif" title="Jwif – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Jwif" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zsid%C3%B3k" title="Zsidók – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Zsidók" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Հրեաներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հրեաներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judeo" title="Judeo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Judeo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Judah" title="Orang Judah – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Orang Judah" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Yahudi" title="Orang Yahudi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang Yahudi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jew" title="Jew – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Jew" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Жугтий – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Жугтий" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judi" title="Judi – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Judi" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gy%C3%B0ingar" title="Gyðingar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gyðingar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebrei" title="Ebrei – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ebrei" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A6%E3%83%80%E3%83%A4%E4%BA%BA" title="ユダヤ人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ユダヤ人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahudi" title="Yahudi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Yahudi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ებრაელები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ებრაელები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1yahuda" title="A̱yahuda – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱yahuda" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayuda" title="Bayuda – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Bayuda" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jolma_Yahudi" title="Jolma Yahudi – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Jolma Yahudi" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Еврейлер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Еврейлер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%87%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9C" title="ជនជាតិជ្វីហ្វ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ជនជាតិជ្វីហ្វ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF" title="ಯೆಹೂದ್ಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಯೆಹೂದ್ಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EB%8C%80%EC%9D%B8" title="유대인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유대인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D1%83%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Чууутлула – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Чууутлула" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cih%C3%BB" title="Cihû – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Cihû" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D3%A9%D3%A9%D1%82%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80" title="Жөөттөр – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жөөттөр" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iudaei" title="Iudaei – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iudaei" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_djudio" title="Pueblo djudio – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Pueblo djudio" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Чувудар – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Чувудар" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDydai" title="Žydai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žydai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebreji" title="Ebreji – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ebreji" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiosy" title="Jiosy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Jiosy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urang_Yahudi" title="Urang Yahudi – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Urang Yahudi" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B8" title="Евреи – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Евреи" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%BB" title="ജൂതൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജൂതൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Еврей – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Еврей" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B0" title="ဂျူ – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ဂျူ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95" title="ज्यू लोक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ज्यू लोक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Yahudi" title="Orang Yahudi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Orang Yahudi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lhud" title="Lhud – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Lhud" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF" title="جهود – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="جهود" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joden" title="Joden – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Joden" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeuden" title="Jeuden – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Jeuden" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahudi" title="Yahudi – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Yahudi" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joden" title="Joden – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Joden" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B8dar" title="Jødar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Jødar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B8der" title="Jøder – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jøder" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juis" title="Juis – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Juis" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jusieus" title="Jusieus – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Jusieus" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%B0%D0%B4%C3%A6%D0%BC" title="Дзуттаг адæм – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Дзуттаг адæм" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AF%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80" title="ਯਹੂਦੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਯਹੂਦੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jua" title="Jua – Pitcairn-Norfolk" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Jua" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Pitcairn-Norfolk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBydzi" title="Żydzi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Żydzi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%DB%81%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="یہودی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="یہودی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF" title="یهود – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="یهود" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judeus" title="Judeus – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Judeus" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evrei" title="Evrei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Evrei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B8" title="Евреи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Евреи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B8" title="Евреи – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Евреи" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8C%D1%8D%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Дьэбириэйдэр – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Дьэбириэйдэр" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebreos" title="Ebreos – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Ebreos" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebbreu" title="Ebbreu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ebbreu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews" title="Jews – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Jews" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jevreji" title="Jevreji – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Jevreji" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%99%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9D" title="යුදෙවුවෝ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="යුදෙවුවෝ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jew" title="Jew – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Jew" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDidia" title="Židia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Židia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judje" title="Judje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Judje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajudha" title="Vajudha – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Vajudha" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judejt%C3%AB" title="Judejtë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Judejtë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B8" title="Јевреји – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јевреји" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahudi" title="Yahudi – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Yahudi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judar" title="Judar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Judar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayahudi" title="Wayahudi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Wayahudi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBydy" title="Żydy – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Żydy" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="யூதர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="யூதர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="యూదులు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="యూదులు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7" title="ชาวยิว – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชาวยิว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C9%99hudijon" title="Jəhudijon – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Jəhudijon" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahudiler" title="Yahudiler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yahudiler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D2%BB%D2%AF%D0%B4%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80" title="Яһүдләр – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Яһүдләр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%DB%95%DA%BE%DB%87%D8%AF%D9%89%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="يەھۇدىلار – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="يەھۇدىلار" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%97" title="Євреї – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Євреї" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%DB%81%D9%88%D8%AF" title="یہود – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یہود" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahudiylar" title="Yahudiylar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yahudiylar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evrejalai%C5%BEed" title="Evrejalaižed – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Evrejalaižed" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Do_Th%C3%A1i" title="Người Do Thái – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Do Thái" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudeyo" title="Hudeyo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hudeyo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA%E4%BA%BA" title="犹太人 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="犹太人" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ურიეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ურიეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%99%D7%93" title="ייד – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ייד" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%B4d%27n" title="Joôd'n – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Joôd'n" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%93%E2%B4%B7%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%8F" title="ⵓⴷⴰⵢⵏ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵓⴷⴰⵢⵏ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA%E4%BA%BA" title="犹太人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="犹太人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%BB-th%C3%A0i-l%C3%A2ng" title="Iû-thài-lâng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Iû-thài-lâng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8C%B6%E5%A4%AA%E4%BA%BA" title="猶太人 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="猶太人" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7325#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Baguhin ang link sa ibang wika" class="wbc-editpage">baguhin ang mga link</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespace"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mga_Hudyo" title="Tingnan ang nilalaman [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikulo</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="tl" dir="ltr"><dl><dd><i>Para sa katawan ng mga tradisyon ng mga Hudyo, tingnan ang <a href="/wiki/Hudaismo" title="Hudaismo">Hudaismo</a>.</i></dd></dl> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Star_of_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/160px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/240px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/320px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></a><figcaption>Ang <a href="/wiki/Bituin_ni_David" title="Bituin ni David">Bituin ni David</a> ay isang karaniwang simbolo ng mga Hudyo.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ang <b>mga Hudyo</b> (<a href="/wiki/Wikang_Ebreo" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikang Ebreo">Ebreo</a>: יהודי, <i>yehudi</i>) ay tumutukoy sa pangkat etno-relihiyosong nagmula sa mga sinaunang <a href="/wiki/Israelita" class="mw-redirect" title="Israelita">Israelita</a> at sa mga taong naniniwala sa paniniwalang <a href="/wiki/Hudaismo" title="Hudaismo">Hudaismo</a>, sa loob ng iba’t ibang punto ng kasaysayan at panahon. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mga_ninuno">Mga ninuno</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mga_Hudyo&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Mga ninuno" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mga_Hudyo&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Mga ninuno"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2151589">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{.mw-parser-output .ns-0 .hatnote{display:none}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Pangunahing artikulo: <a href="/wiki/Mga_Ebreo" class="mw-redirect" title="Mga Ebreo">Mga Ebreo</a></div> <p>Ang mga Hudyo, ayon sa <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a>, ay nagmula sa mga tribu ng <a href="/wiki/Juda" title="Juda">Juda</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Simeon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simeon (hindi pa naisusulat)">Simeon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin" title="Benjamin">Benjamin</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Levi" title="Levi">Levi</a> ng <a href="/wiki/Mga_Ebreo" class="mw-redirect" title="Mga Ebreo">mga Ebreo</a>, tinatawag ding mga Israelita bilang mga anak ni <a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a> o Israel, na pinaniniwalaang nagmula sa lahi ni Abraham, isang pastor ng tupa mula sa Ur (isang lungsod sa <a href="/wiki/Sumerya" title="Sumerya">Sumerya</a>), na nagmula sa lahi ni Noe (<i>Noah</i> sa Ingles). <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Noong una, isa lamang itong pangalan para sa isang taong nagmula sa tribo ng <a href="/wiki/Juda" title="Juda">Juda</a> (o Judah). Sa paglaon, ginamit na rin ito para sa sinumang nagbuhat mula sa apat sa mga anak ni <a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a>; kilala rin si Jacob bilang <i>Israel</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Biblia6_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biblia6-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kasaysayan">Kasaysayan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mga_Hudyo&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Kasaysayan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mga_Hudyo&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Kasaysayan"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sa pagitan ng 2.6 at 0.9 milyong taong nakakalipas, may hindi bababa sa apat na mga episodyo ng pagkalat ng <a href="/wiki/Hominine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominine">hominine</a> mula sa <a href="/wiki/Aprika" title="Aprika">Aprika</a> tungo sa Levant (modernong Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine at Jordan).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sa kabundukang Carmel sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabun,_Israel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tabun, Israel (hindi pa naisusulat)">el-Tabun</a>, at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Es_Skhul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Es Skhul (hindi pa naisusulat)">Es Skhul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ang mga labi ng <a href="/wiki/Neanderthal" class="mw-redirect" title="Neanderthal">Neanderthal</a> at mga sinaunang tao ay natagpuan kabilang ang isang kalansay ng isang Neanderthal na babae.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ang paghuhukay sa el-Tabun ay nagprodyus ng pinakamahabang rekord na stratigrapiko sa rehiyon na sumasaklaw sa 600,000 o higit pang taon ng mga gawain na pantao <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mula sa Mababang Paleolitiko hanggang sa kasalukuyang panahon na tinatayang milyong taon ng <a href="/wiki/Ebolusyon_ng_tao" title="Ebolusyon ng tao">ebolusyon ng tao</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ang unang rekord ng pangalang Israel (bilang ysrỉꜣr) ay umiiral sa Merneptah stele na itinayo para sa Paraon na Ehiptong si Merneptah c. 1209 BCE. Nakita ng mga arkeologo ang "Israel" na ito sa mga sentral na matataas na lupain bilang isang kultura at malamang ay pampolitika na entidad ngunit isa lamang pangkat etniko sa halip na isang organisadong estado. Ang mga ninuno ng mga Israelita ay maaaring kinabibilangan ng mga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Semita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semita (hindi pa naisusulat)">Semita</a> na tumira sa Canaan at ang <a href="/wiki/Mga_Taong_Dagat" title="Mga Taong Dagat">mga Taong Dagat</a>. Ayon kay McNutt, "Malamang na ligtas na ipagpalagay na sa isang panahon noong <a href="/wiki/Panahon_ng_Bakal" class="mw-redirect" title="Panahon ng Bakal">Panahon ng Bakal</a> (sa may 1200 BCE), ang isang populasyon ay nagsimulang kumilala sa kanilang mga sarili bilang Israelita na nagtatangi ng sarili nito mula sa mga Cananeo gaya ng mga marka na pagbabawal ng pagpapakasal sa ibang lahi, isang pagbibigay diin sa kasaysayan at heneolohiya at <a href="/wiki/Relihiyon" title="Relihiyon">relihiyon</a>. Noong mga 1920, ang ideya ng pananakop ng mga Israelita sa Canaan ayon sa <a href="/wiki/Aklat_ni_Josue" title="Aklat ni Josue">Aklat ni Josue</a> ay hindi sinusuportahan ng rekord na arkeolohikal. Wala ring ebidensiya na ang mga Israelita ay nagmula sa Ehipto ayon sa <a href="/wiki/Aklat_ng_Exodo" title="Aklat ng Exodo">Aklat ng Exodo</a>. Ang mga Israelita ayon sa mga arkeologo ay mga katutubong Cananeo. Ayon sa mga eskolar at arkeologo, ang mga ebidensiyang arkeolohikal ay nagpapakita na ang mga Israelita ay hindi mga monoteista (gaya ng isinasaad sa <a href="/wiki/Bibliya" title="Bibliya">Bibliya</a>) mula pa sa simula ng pagkakatatag nito kundi mga politeista.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ang politeismo ng mga Sinaunang Israelita ay nag-uugat mula mga politeistikong relihiyon ng <a href="/wiki/Sinaunang_Malapit_na_Silangan" title="Sinaunang Malapit na Silangan">Sinaunang Malapit na Silangan</a> at narereplekta sa mga ilang aklat ng Tanakh gaya ng paggamit ng salitang Hebreo na 'elohîm na anyong plural ng Eloah na anyo ng El na isang pangkalahatang salita para sa <a href="/wiki/Diyos" title="Diyos">diyos</a> sa mga relihiyong Semitiko.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ang ebidensiyang arkeolohikal ay nagpapakita sa panahong ito ng isang lipunan ng mga tulad ng baranggay na sentro ngunit may mas limitadong mga mapagkukunan at isang maliit na populasyon. Ang pagpepetsa ng mga labi sa mga kasaysayan ng Israel ayon sa <a href="/wiki/Bibliya" title="Bibliya">Bibliya</a> ay ginawang mahirap sa kawalan ng bibliya ng mga mapepetsang pangyayari at sa hindi maasahan at magkaayon na panloob na kronolohiya. Walang mga labing materyal na natuklasan na maasahang naghihiwalay ng mga lugar ng Israelita mula sa mga hindi Israelita (Cananeo) sa mga pinakaamaagang panahon.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ang unang <a href="/wiki/Kaharian_ng_Israel_(Pinag-isang_Monarkiya)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaharian ng Israel (Pinag-isang Monarkiya)">Kaharian ng Israel</a> ay itinatag noong mga taong 1000 BCE. Ayon sa <a href="/wiki/Bibliya" title="Bibliya">Bibliya</a>, ang imperyo ni Solomon ay sumaklaw mula sa <a href="/wiki/Eufrates" title="Eufrates">Eufrates</a> sa hilaga hanggang sa <a href="/wiki/Dagat_Pula" title="Dagat Pula">Dagat Pula</a> sa timog. Gayunpaman, ito ay hindi sinsuportahan ng mga ebidensiyang arkeolohikal.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ayon sa Bibliya, kasunod ng kamatayan ni Solomon noong ca. 900 BCE, nagkaroon ng alitan sa pagitan ng hilagang bahagi ng Israel na binubuo ng 10 mga lipi ng Israel at ang katimugang na pinamumunuan ng Herusalem. Ito ay humantong sa pagkakahati ng Israel sa dalawang mga kaharian: ang hilagang Kaharian ng Israel at ang timog na <a href="/wiki/Kaharian_ng_Judah" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaharian ng Judah">Kaharian ng Judah</a>. Ayon sa mga arkeologo, ang aktuwal na Kaharian ng Judah ay hindi katulad ng inilalarawan sa Bibliya bilang isang makapangyarihang kaharian dahil ang kaharian ng Judah ayon sa mga ebidensiyang arkeolohikal ay hindi higit sa isang maliit na tribo. Sa panahong ito, ang mga ebidensiyang arkeolohiyal ay nagpapakita ng mga tensiyon sa pagitan ng pangkat na komportable sa pagsamba kay <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a> kasama ng mga lokal na <a href="/wiki/Diyos" title="Diyos">diyos</a> gaya nina <a href="/wiki/Asherah" title="Asherah">Asherah</a> at <a href="/wiki/Baal" class="mw-redirect" title="Baal">Baal</a> at sa mga sumasamba "lamang" kay Yahweh.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ang pinakamatandang mga aklat ng <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a> na isinulat noong ika-8 siglo BCE ay nagrereplekta ng alitang ito gaya ng Aklat ni Hosea at Aklat ni Nahum. Ang paksiyong monoteista ay tila nagkamit ng malaking impluwensiya noong ika-8 siglo BCE at noong ika-7 siglo BCE, batay sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinagkunang_Deuteronomistiko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pinagkunang Deuteronomistiko (hindi pa naisusulat)">pinagkunang Deuteronomistiko</a>, ang pagsambang monoteistiko kay Yahweh ay tila naging opisyal na narereplekta sa pagtatanggal ng larawan ni <a href="/wiki/Asherah" title="Asherah">Asherah</a> mula sa templo sa ilalim ni Hezekias. Ayon sa mga eskolar at historyador, sa panahong ito nang ang pagsambang monoteistiko ay nagmula.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Binaligtad ng kahalili ni Hezekias na si Manaseh ang mga pagbabagong ito at ibinalik ang pagsambang politeistiko at ayon sa <a href="/wiki/Ikalawang_Aklat_ng_mga_Hari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ikalawang Aklat ng mga Hari">2 Mga Hari</a> 21:16 ay inusig ang paksiyong monoteistiko. Si haring Josias ay muling bumalik sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Monolatriya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monolatriya (hindi pa naisusulat)">monolatriya</a> (pagsamba lamang sa isang diyos ngunit pagkilala sa pag-iral ng ibang mga diyos). Ang <a href="/wiki/Aklat_ng_Deuteronomio" class="mw-redirect" title="Aklat ng Deuteronomio">Aklat ng Deuteronomio</a> gayundin ang ibang mga aklat ng Tanakh ay isinulat sa panahon ng pamumuno ni Josias. Kaya, ang mga huling dalawang dekada ng panahon ng kaharian ng Israel hanggang sa pagsalakay sa Herusalem ng noong 597 BCE ay nagmamarka sa opisyal na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Monolatriya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monolatriya (hindi pa naisusulat)">monolatriya</a> ng diyos ng Israel. Ito ay may mahalagang mga konsekwensiya sa pagsamba kay Yahweh gaya ng sinasanay sa pagkakatapon sa <a href="/wiki/Babilonya" title="Babilonya">Babilonya</a> at sa teolohiya ng Ikalawang Templo ng Hudaismo. Ayon sa Bibliya, ang <a href="/wiki/Kaharian_ng_Israel" title="Kaharian ng Israel">Kaharian ng Israel</a> (hilaga) ay umiral bilang isang malaya estado hanggang 722 BCE nang ito ay sakupin ng imperyong Assyrian samantalang ang <a href="/wiki/Kaharian_ng_Judah" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaharian ng Judah">Kaharian ng Judah</a> (timog) ay umiral bilang independiyenteng estado hanggang 586 BCE nang ito ay sakupin ng imperyo ng Babilonya. Nang talunin ng imperyong Persa <i> (Persian)</i> ang Babilonya, ang Israel ay sumailalim sa pamumuno ng imperyong Persa <i> (Persian)</i> at pinayagan na makabalik ng Persiya ang mga Israelita sa Judea. Ang modernong analysis na makapanitikan na Tanakh ay nagmumungkahi na sa panahong ito nang binago ang pinagkunan na pambibig at isinulat upang ipaliwanag ang pagkakatapon ng mga Israelita bilang parusa ng diyos dahil sa pagsamba sa ibang mga diyos.<sup id="cite_ref-jvl_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jvl-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iminungkahi na ang mahigpit na monoteismo ay umunlad sa pagkakatapong ito ng mga Israelita sa Babilonya at marahil ay bilang reaksiyon sa <a href="/wiki/Dualismo" title="Dualismo">dualismo</a> o quasi-monoteismo ng Zoroastrianismo ng mga Persa <i> (Persian)</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-je_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-je-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ang mga skolar ay naniniwala na ang Hudaismo ay naimpluwensiyahan ng relihiyong <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianismo" title="Zoroastrianismo">Zoroastrianismo</a><sup id="cite_ref-jvl_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jvl-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-je_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-je-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ng Persia sa mga pananaw ng <a href="/wiki/Anghel" title="Anghel">anghel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demonyo" title="Demonyo">demonyo</a>, malamang ay sa doktrina ng muling pagkabuhay gayundin sa mga ideyang <a href="/wiki/Eskatolohiya" title="Eskatolohiya">eskatolohikal</a> at sa ideya ng <a href="/wiki/Mesiyas" title="Mesiyas">mesiyas</a> o tagapagligtas ng mesiyanismong Zoroastriano. Inilarawan ni <a href="/wiki/Zarathushtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Zarathushtra">Zarathushtra</a> sa kanyang Gathas ang isang saoshyant (tagapagligtas) na benepaktor ng mga tao. </p><p>Nang talunin ni imperyong Gresya ang Persiya, ang Israel ay sumailalim sa imperyong Ptolemaiko at kalaunan ay ng imperyong Seleucid. Ang katimugang <a href="/wiki/Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Levant">Levant</a> ay naging <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helenisasyon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helenisasyon (hindi pa naisusulat)">helenisado</a> na humantong sa mga tensiyon sa pagitan ng mga relihiyoso at mga Helenisadong Hudyo. Ang alitan ay sumiklab noong 167 BCE sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paghihimagsik_ng_mga_Macabeo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paghihimagsik ng mga Macabeo (hindi pa naisusulat)">paghihimagsik ng mga Macabeo</a> laban sa mga Seleucid. Ito ay nagtagumpay sa pagtatag ng isang independiyenteng <a href="/wiki/Kahariang_Hasmonean" class="mw-redirect" title="Kahariang Hasmonean">Kahariang Hasmonean</a> sa Judah. Sinakop ng <a href="/wiki/Imperyo_Romano" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperyo Romano">imperyo Romano</a> ang rehiyong ito noong 63 BCE. Ang alitan sa pagitan ng mga paksiyong pro-Romano at pro-Parthian sa Judea ay kalaunang tumungo sa paglalagay kay <a href="/wiki/Herodes_ang_Dakila" title="Herodes ang Dakila">Herodes ang Dakila</a> at konsolidasyon ng <a href="/wiki/Kahariang_Herodian" class="mw-redirect" title="Kahariang Herodian">Kahariang Herodian</a> bilang basalyong estado ng Roma. Ang Judea ay ginawang lalawigan ng Roma noong 6 KP kasuod ng paglipat ng tetrarkiyang Judean sa sakop ng Roma. Sa mga sumunod na dekad, nagkaroon ng papapalaking mga tensiyon sa pagitan ng mga populasyong Greko-Romano at Judean. </p><p>Noong 66 KP, ang mga Hudyo sa Judea ay naghimagsik laban sa Roma at pinangalanan ang kanilang estado bilang "Israel". Pagkatapos ng digmaan, ang mga Hudyo ay patuloy na binuwisan sa Fiscus Judaicus na ginamit upang pondohan ang templo ng diyos na si <a href="/wiki/Hupiter" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Hupiter">Hupiter</a>. Noong 131 CE, muling pinangalanan ni Emperador <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> ang Herusalem na "Aelia Capitolina" at nagtayo ng templo sa lugar ng dating templong Hudyo. Ang mga Hudyo ay pinagbawalang tumira sa Herusalem (na nagpatuloy hanggang sa pananakop na Arabo) at sa lalawigang Romano na sa panahong ito ay kilala bilang Lalawigang Iudaea at muling pinangalanang "Palaestina". Mula 132 hanggang 136, ang pinunong Hudyo na si <a href="/w/index.php?title=Simon_Bar_Kokhba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simon Bar Kokhba (hindi pa naisusulat)">Simon Bar Kokhba</a> ay nanguna sa isang paghihimagsik laban sa mga Romano at muling pinangalanan ang bansa na "Israel". Ang <a href="/wiki/Kristiyano" class="mw-redirect" title="Kristiyano">Kristiyano</a> na nakaraang isang sekta ng Hudaismo ay tumangging lumahok sa paghihimagsik at naging isang hiwalay na relihiyon. Ang paghihimagsik ay sinupil ni Emperador Hadrian, at sa panahon ng himagsikan ng Bar Kokhba, ang asembleang Rabinikal ay nagpasya kung aling mga aklat ang magiging bahagi ng Tanakh (bibliyang Hebreo) at nagpasya sa pagtatanggal sa mga <a href="/wiki/Apokripa" title="Apokripa">apokripang</a> Hudyo. </p><p>Sa simula ng ika-4 siglo CE, ang <a href="/wiki/Konstantinopla" class="mw-redirect" title="Konstantinopla">Konstantinopla</a> ay naging kabisera ng <a href="/wiki/Silangang_Imperyo_Romano" class="mw-redirect" title="Silangang Imperyo Romano">Silangang Imperyo Romano</a> at ang <a href="/wiki/Kristiyanismo" title="Kristiyanismo">Kristiyanismo</a> ay ginawang opisyal na relihiyon. Ang Herusalem ay ibinalik sa Aelia Capitolina at naging isang siyudad na Kristiyano. Ang mga Hudyo ay bawal pa rin na tumira sa Herusalem ngunit pinayagang bumisita. Ang Imperyong Romano ay nahati noong 390 KP at ang rehiyon ng Israel ay naging bahagi ng <a href="/wiki/Silangang_Imperyong_Romano" title="Silangang Imperyong Romano">Silangang Imperyong Romano</a>, o ang Imperyong Bisantino. Sa ilalim ng mga Bisantino, ang Kristiyanismo ay pinanaigan ng Griyegong <a href="/wiki/Simbahang_Ortodokso" class="mw-redirect" title="Simbahang Ortodokso">Simbahang Ortodokso</a>. Noong ika-5 siglo, ang Kanlurang Imperyong Romano ay gumuho na tumungo sa migrasyon ng mga Kristiyano sa Palestina. Ang ilang mga paghihimagsik ng mga Samaritano ay sumiklab sa panahong ito na nagresulta sa populasyon nito na halos maubos. Noong 611, sinakop ng Persiyang Sassanid ang imperyong Bisantino at pagkatapos ng isang matagal na pagsalakay, nabihag ni Chosroes II ang Herusalem noong 614 CE sa tulong ng mga Hudyo. Ang mga Hudyo ay pinayagan ng mga Persa <i> (Persian)</i> na mamahala sa Herusalem at tumagal hanggang noong 617 KP nang ang mga Persa <i> (Persian)</i> ay sumuko. Ang emperador Bisantino na si <a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a> ay nangako na ibabalik ang mga karapatan ng Hudyo at nakatanggap ng tulong sa pagtalo sa mga Persa <i> (Persian)</i>. Gayunpaman, kanya itong hindi tinupad pagkatapos ng muling pananakop sa Palestina at nagiisyu ng pagbabawal ng Hudaismo sa imperyong Bisantino. </p><p>Noong 634–636 CE, sinakop ng mga Arabe ang Palestina na nagwawakas sa pagbabawal sa mga Hudyo na tumira sa Herusalem. Sa sumunod na ilang mga siglo, ang <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> ay pumalit sa <a href="/wiki/Kristiyanismo" title="Kristiyanismo">Kristiyanismo</a> bilang nananaig na relihiyon sa rehiyon. Mula 636 hanggang sa pagsisimula ng mga <a href="/wiki/Krusada" class="mw-redirect" title="Krusada">krusada</a>, ang Palestina ay unang pinamahalaan ng nakabase sa <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a> na mga kalipang <a href="/wiki/Rashidun" title="Rashidun">Rashidun</a> at pagkatapos ay ng nakabase sa Damascus na kalipatang Umayyad at pagkatapos ay ng nakabase sa Baghdad, Iraq na mga Kalipang Abbasid. Noong 691, itinayo ni Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Malik (685–705) ang Dome of the Rock shrine sa Temple Mount. Ang moskeng Al-Aqsa ay itinayo sa Temple Mount noong 705. Sa pagitan ng ika-7 at ika-11 siglo CE, ang mga eskribang Hudyo na tinatawag na mga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Masorete&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Masorete (hindi pa naisusulat)">Masorete</a> at matatagpuan sa Galilea at Herusalem ay bumuo ng Tekstong <a href="/wiki/Masoretiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Masoretiko">Masoretiko</a> na huling teksto ng <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a>. </p><p>Sa panahon ng mga <a href="/wiki/Krusada" class="mw-redirect" title="Krusada">krusada</a> ay parehong mga Muslim at Hudyo ay minasaker o ibinente sa <a href="/wiki/Pang-aalipin" title="Pang-aalipin">pang-aalipin</a>. Noong 1187, natalo ng Ayyubid Sultan na si <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a> ang mga nagkrusada na kinuha ang Herusalem at ang karamihan ng Palestina. Mula 1260 hanggang 1291, ang area na ito ay naging hangganan sa pagitan ng mga mananakop na Mongol at mga Mamluk ng Ehipto. Kalaunan ay natalo ng Sultan Qutuz ng Ehipto ang mga Mongol at ang kanyang kahaliling si Baibars ay nagalis ng huling Kaharian ng nagkrusada noong 1291 na nagwakas sa mga krusada. Ang pagguho ng mga krusada ay sinundan ng papalaking pag-uusig at pagpapatalsik sa mga Hudyo sa Europa. Ito ay nagsimula sa Inglatera noong 1290 at sinundan ng Pransiya noong 1306. Sa Espanya, ang pag-uusig ng mga Hudyo ay nagsimula kabilang ang mga masaker at sapilitang pang-aakay. Ang pagiging kumpleto ng muling pananakop ng mga Kristiyano sa Espanya ay tumungo sa pagpapatalsik ng mga Hudyo sa Espanya noong 1492 at Portugal noong 1497. </p><p>Mula ng pagkakalat ng mga Hudyo sa iba't ibang mga bansa, ang mga ito ay naghangad na makabalik sa "Zion" at sa lupain ng Israel bagaman ang halaga ng pagsisikap na ginuguol tungo sa layuning ito ay pinagtatalunan. Ang mga paghahangad na ito ay mahalagang tema sa paniniwalang Hudyo. Ang <a href="/wiki/Zionismong_Kristiyano" title="Zionismong Kristiyano">papel ng ilang mga Kristiyano</a> sa muling pagtatayo ng Israel ay alam at ang mga Kristiyanong ito ay naniniwala na ito ay umaayon at kailangan upang matupad ang mga <a href="/wiki/Propesiya_ng_Bibliya" title="Propesiya ng Bibliya">propesiya ng Bibliya</a> batay sa kanilang mga partikular na interpretasyon ng <a href="/wiki/Bibliya" title="Bibliya">bibliya</a>. Ito ay itinuturing ng mga kritiko na isang uri ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Propesiya_na_tumutupad_sa_sarili&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propesiya na tumutupad sa sarili (hindi pa naisusulat)">propesiya na tumutupad sa sarili</a> na isang hula na direkta o hindi direktang nagsasanhi sa sarili nito na magkatotoo. Ang unang mga modernong migrasyon ng Hudyo (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aliyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aliyah (hindi pa naisusulat)">Aliyah</a>) sa pinamahalaan ng Ottoman na Palestina ay nagsimula noong 1881 habang tumatakas ang mga Hudyo sa mga <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pogrom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pogrom (hindi pa naisusulat)">pogrom</a></i> sa <a href="/wiki/Silangang_Europa" title="Silangang Europa">Silangang Europa</a>. Ito ay sinundan ng ikalawang migrasyon nang ang mga 40,000 Hudyo ay tumira sa Palestina bagaman ang halos kalahati ng mga ito ay lumisan sa kalaunang panahon. Ang mga una at ikalawang migrante ay pangunahing mga Ortodoksong Hudyo bagaman ang ikalawa ay kinabibilangan ng mga sosyalista na nagtatag ng kilusang kibuttz. Ang Jewish Legion na pangkat na pangunahing binubuo ng mga bolunterong Zionista ay tumulong sa pananakop ng Britanya sa Palestina noong 1917. Ang pagtutol na Arabo sa pamamahala ng Britanya at imigrasyon ng mga Hudyo ay humantong sa mga riot sa Palestina noong 1920 at pagkakabuo ng militia na Hudyong Haganah kung saan ang mga pangkat paramilitar ay kalaunang humiwalay. </p><p>Noong 1922, ipinagkaloob ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liga_ng_mga_Bansa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liga ng mga Bansa (hindi pa naisusulat)">Liga ng mga Bansa</a> ang Britanya ng isang mandato sa Palestina sa ilalim ng mga terminong katulad ng Deklarasyong Balfour. Ang populasyon sa Palestina sa panahong ito ay pangunahing binubuo ng mga Arabo at Muslim at ang mga Hudyo ay bumubuo ng 11% ng populasyon. Ang ikatlo at ikaapat na migrasyon ay nagdagdag ng karagdagang mga 100,000 Hudyo sa Palestina. Ang pag-akyat ng <a href="/wiki/Partidong_Nazi" title="Partidong Nazi">partidong Nazi</a> sa kapangyarihan at papalaking pag-uusig sa mga Hudyo noong mga 1930 ay humantong sa ikalimang migrasyon ng mga Hudyo. Ito ang sanhi ng paghihimagsik ng mga Arabo noong 1936–1939 na nagtulak sa mga Briton na magpakilala ng mga restriksiyon sa imigrasyon ng mga Hudyo sa Palestina. Sa pagtanggi ng daigdig sa mga refugee na Hudyo noong <a href="/wiki/Holokausto" title="Holokausto">Holokausto</a>, ang isang sikretong kilusan na kilala bilang Aliyah Bet ay pinangasiwaan upang dalhin ang mga Hudyo sa Palestina. </p><p>Pagkatapos ng <a href="/wiki/Ikalawang_Digmaang_Pandaigdig" title="Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig">Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig</a>, natagpuan ng Britanya ang sarili nito sa isang mabangis na alitan sa pamayanang Hudyo dahil ang Haganah ay sinalihan ng Irgun at lehi sa isang armadong pakikibaka laban sa pamamahala ng Britanya. Noong 1947, inanunsiyo ng Britanya ang pag-urong sa Mandato ng Palestina na naghahayag na hindi nito magawang dumating sa isang solusyon na katanggap-tanggap sa parehong mga Arabo at Hudyo. Noong Nobyembre 1947, tinanggap ng Pangkalahatang Kapulungan ng <a href="/wiki/Mga_Nagkakaisang_Bansa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa">mga Nagkakaisang Bansa</a> ang isang resolusyon na nagrerekomiyenda sa pagtanggap at pagpapatupad ng isang Plano ng Paghahati sa Unyong Ekonomiko. Ang Jewish Agency na kinikilalang kinatawan ng pamayanang Hudyo ay tumanggap sa plano ngunit ito ay itinakwil ng Ligang Arabo at Arab Higher Committee of Palestine. Noong 1 Disyembre 1947, ang Arab Higher Committee ay nagproklama ng tatlong araw na strike at ang mga bandang Arabo ay nagsimulang umatake sa mga Hudyo. Ang mga Hudyo sa simula ay depensibo habang ang digmaang sibil ay sumisiklab ngunit unti unting naging opensibo. Ang ekonomiya ng Arabong Palestina ay gumuho at ang mga 250,000 Arabong Palestino ay lumikas o pinatalsik. Noong 14 Mayo 1948, bago ang pagtatapos ng Mandato ng Britanya, inihayag ni David Ben-Gurion, na pinuno ng Jewish Agency ang "pagkakatag ng isang estadong Hudyo sa Eretz Israel na kikilalanin bilang Estado ng Israel". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tingnan_din">Tingnan din</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mga_Hudyo&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Tingnan din" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mga_Hudyo&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Tingnan din"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kasaysayan_ng_mga_Hudyo_sa_Pilipinas" title="Kasaysayan ng mga Hudyo sa Pilipinas">Kasaysayan ng mga Hudyo sa Pilipinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mga_sanggunian">Mga sanggunian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mga_Hudyo&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Mga sanggunian" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mga_Hudyo&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Mga sanggunian"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2121818">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2132731">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFMercado2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_M._Mercado&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael M. Mercado (hindi pa naisusulat)">Mercado, Michael</a> (2007). <i>Sulyap sa Kasaysayan ng Asya</i>. Araling Panlipunan Serye Aklat II. St. Bernadette Publishing Corporation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/978-971-621-448-2" title="Natatangi:Mga pinagmulang aklat/978-971-621-448-2"><bdi>978-971-621-448-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sulyap+sa+Kasaysayan+ng+Asya&rft.series=Araling+Panlipunan+Serye+Aklat+II&rft.pub=St.+Bernadette+Publishing+Corporation&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-971-621-448-2&rft.aulast=Mercado&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AMga+Hudyo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Biblia6-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Biblia6_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite id="CITEREFThe_Committee_on_Bible_Translation1984" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">The Committee on Bible Translation (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.IBSDirect.com">"<i>Jew</i>"</a>. <i>The New Testament, God's Word, The Holy Bible, New International Version (NIV)</i>. International Bible Society, Colorado, USA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jew&rft.btitle=The+New+Testament%2C+God%27s+Word%2C+The+Holy+Bible%2C+New+International+Version+%28NIV%29&rft.pub=International+Bible+Society%2C+Colorado%2C+USA&rft.date=1984&rft.au=The+Committee+on+Bible+Translation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.IBSDirect.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AMga+Hudyo" class="Z3988"></span>, <i>Dictionary/Concordance</i>, pahina B6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=17870089">"The oldest human groups in the Levant"</a>. Cat.inist.fr. 2004-09-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">2012-08-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+oldest+human+groups+in+the+Levant&rft.pub=Cat.inist.fr&rft.date=2004-09-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcat.inist.fr%2F%3FaModele%3DafficheN%26cpsidt%3D17870089&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AMga+Hudyo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927231557/http://www.athenapub.com/8timelin.htm">"Timeline in the Understanding of Neanderthals"</a>. Inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.athenapub.com/8timelin.htm">orihinal</a> noong 2007-09-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">2007-07-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Timeline+in+the+Understanding+of+Neanderthals&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.athenapub.com%2F8timelin.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AMga+Hudyo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopher Stringer, custodian of Tabun I, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_History_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Natural History Museum (hindi pa naisusulat)">Natural History Museum</a>, quoted in an exhibition in honour of Garrod; <i>Callander and Smith</i>, 1998</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090228172528/http://www.arch.cam.ac.uk/~pjs1011/Pams.html">"From 'small, dark and alive' to 'cripplingly shy': Dorothy Garrod as the first woman Professor at Cambridge"</a>. Inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arch.cam.ac.uk/~pjs1011/Pams.html">orihinal</a> noong 2009-02-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">2007-07-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=From+%E2%80%98small%2C+dark+and+alive%E2%80%99+to+%E2%80%98cripplingly+shy%E2%80%99%3A+Dorothy+Garrod+as+the+first+woman+Professor+at+Cambridge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arch.cam.ac.uk%2F~pjs1011%2FPams.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AMga+Hudyo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130313142646/http://arch.haifa.ac.il/excav.php">"Excavations and Surveys (University of Haifa)"</a>. Inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arch.haifa.ac.il/excav.php">orihinal</a> noong 2013-03-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">2007-07-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Excavations+and+Surveys+%28University+of+Haifa%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farch.haifa.ac.il%2Fexcav.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AMga+Hudyo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rendsberg, pp.3-5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.class.uidaho.edu/ngier/henotheism.htm">http://www.class.uidaho.edu/ngier/henotheism.htm</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bloch-Smith, pp.27,29,30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2000/07/29/arts/bible-history-flunks-new-archaeological-tests-hotly-debated-studies-cast-doubt.html">http://www.nytimes.com/2000/07/29/arts/bible-history-flunks-new-archaeological-tests-hotly-debated-studies-cast-doubt.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">1 Kings 18, Jeremiah 2; Othmar Keel, Christoph Uehlinger, Gods, Goddesses, and Images of God in Ancient Israel, Fortress Press (1998); Mark S. Smith, The Origins of Biblical Monotheism: Israel’s Polytheistic Background and the Ugaritic Texts, Oxford University Press (2001)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Othmar Keel, Christoph Uehlinger, Gods, Goddesses, and Images of God in Ancient Israel, Fortress Press (1998); Mark S. Smith, The Origins of Biblical Monotheism: Israel’s Polytheistic Background and the Ugaritic Texts, Oxford University Press (2001)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven L. McKenzie, Deuteronomistic History, The Anchor Bible Dictionary Vol. 2, Doubleday (1992), pp. 160-168; Mark S. Smith, The Origins of Biblical Monotheism: Israel’s Polytheistic Background and the Ugaritic Texts, Oxford University Press (2001) pp. 151-154</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jvl-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-jvl_15-0">15.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-jvl_15-1">15.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121015092426/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/Exilic.html">"Archive copy"</a>. Inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/Exilic.html">orihinal</a> noong 2012-10-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">2012-11-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archive+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2FJudaism%2FExilic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AMga+Hudyo" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_web" title="Padron:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ephraim Urbach <i>The Sages</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-je-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-je_17-0">17.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-je_17-1">17.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=147&letter=Z">http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=147&letter=Z</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><br /> </p><p><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Usbong"><img alt="Usbong" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/35px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/53px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/70px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span> <i>Ang lathalaing ito ay isang <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Usbong" title="Wikipedia:Usbong">usbong</a>. Makatutulong ka sa <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> sa <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mga_Hudyo&action=edit">pagpapalawig</a></span> nito.</i> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Kinuha sa "<a dir="ltr" href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mga_Hudyo&oldid=2105660">https://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mga_Hudyo&oldid=2105660</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_kategorya" title="Natatangi:Mga kategorya">Kategorya</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorya:Mga_Hudyo" title="Kategorya:Mga Hudyo">Mga Hudyo</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Mga nakatagong kategorya: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorya:Pages_using_the_JsonConfig_extension" title="Kategorya:Pages using the JsonConfig extension">Pages using the JsonConfig extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">CS1 maint: archived copy as title</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorya:Stub" title="Kategorya:Stub">Stub</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorya:Mga_lathalaing_dapat_palawigin" title="Kategorya:Mga lathalaing dapat palawigin">Mga lathalaing dapat palawigin</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Huling pagbabago: 04:23, 5 Abril 2024.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Magagamit ang teksto sa ilalim ng <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Lisensyang Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike</a>; maaaring mailapat ang karagdagang termino. 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