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class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">Machine learning</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Data_mining" title="Data mining">data mining</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed machine-learning-list-title"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Paradigms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supervised_learning" title="Supervised learning">Supervised learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsupervised_learning" title="Unsupervised learning">Unsupervised learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-supervised_learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-supervised learning">Semi-supervised learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-supervised_learning" title="Self-supervised learning">Self-supervised learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_learning" title="Reinforcement learning">Reinforcement learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-learning_(computer_science)" title="Meta-learning (computer science)">Meta-learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_machine_learning" title="Online machine learning">Online learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batch_learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Batch learning">Batch learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curriculum_learning" title="Curriculum learning">Curriculum learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule-based_machine_learning" title="Rule-based machine learning">Rule-based learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuro-symbolic_AI" title="Neuro-symbolic AI">Neuro-symbolic AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromorphic_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuromorphic engineering">Neuromorphic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_machine_learning" title="Quantum machine learning">Quantum machine learning</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed machine-learning-list-title"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Problems</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_classification" title="Statistical classification">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_model" title="Generative model">Generative modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regression_analysis" title="Regression analysis">Regression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_analysis" title="Cluster analysis">Clustering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimensionality_reduction" title="Dimensionality reduction">Dimensionality reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Density_estimation" title="Density estimation">Density estimation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anomaly_detection" title="Anomaly detection">Anomaly detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_cleaning" class="mw-redirect" title="Data cleaning">Data cleaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_machine_learning" title="Automated machine learning">AutoML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_rule_learning" title="Association rule learning">Association rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_analysis_(machine_learning)" title="Semantic analysis (machine learning)">Semantic analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structured_prediction" title="Structured prediction">Structured prediction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature_engineering" title="Feature engineering">Feature engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature_learning" title="Feature learning">Feature learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learning_to_rank" title="Learning to rank">Learning to rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammar_induction" title="Grammar induction">Grammar induction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology_learning" title="Ontology learning">Ontology learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimodal_learning" title="Multimodal learning">Multimodal learning</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed machine-learning-list-title"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Supervised_learning" title="Supervised learning">Supervised learning</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(<b><a href="/wiki/Statistical_classification" title="Statistical classification">classification</a></b> • <b><a href="/wiki/Regression_analysis" title="Regression analysis">regression</a></b>)</span></span> </div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apprenticeship_learning" title="Apprenticeship learning">Apprenticeship learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decision_tree_learning" title="Decision tree learning">Decision trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ensemble_learning" title="Ensemble learning">Ensembles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bootstrap_aggregating" title="Bootstrap aggregating">Bagging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boosting_(machine_learning)" title="Boosting (machine learning)">Boosting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Random_forest" title="Random forest">Random forest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-nearest_neighbors_algorithm" title="K-nearest neighbors algorithm"><i>k</i>-NN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_regression" title="Linear regression">Linear regression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naive_Bayes_classifier" title="Naive Bayes classifier">Naive Bayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_neural_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial neural network">Artificial neural networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logistic_regression" title="Logistic regression">Logistic regression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perceptron" title="Perceptron">Perceptron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relevance_vector_machine" title="Relevance vector machine">Relevance vector machine (RVM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Support_vector_machine" title="Support vector machine">Support vector machine (SVM)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed machine-learning-list-title"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Cluster_analysis" title="Cluster analysis">Clustering</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BIRCH" title="BIRCH">BIRCH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CURE_algorithm" title="CURE algorithm">CURE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_clustering" title="Hierarchical clustering">Hierarchical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-means_clustering" title="K-means clustering"><i>k</i>-means</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzzy_clustering" title="Fuzzy clustering">Fuzzy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expectation%E2%80%93maximization_algorithm" title="Expectation–maximization algorithm">Expectation–maximization (EM)</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/DBSCAN" title="DBSCAN">DBSCAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPTICS_algorithm" title="OPTICS algorithm">OPTICS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mean_shift" title="Mean shift">Mean shift</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed machine-learning-list-title"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Dimensionality_reduction" title="Dimensionality reduction">Dimensionality reduction</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Factor_analysis" title="Factor analysis">Factor analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canonical_correlation" title="Canonical correlation">CCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_component_analysis" title="Independent component analysis">ICA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_discriminant_analysis" title="Linear discriminant analysis">LDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-negative_matrix_factorization" title="Non-negative matrix factorization">NMF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principal_component_analysis" title="Principal component analysis">PCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_generalized_decomposition" title="Proper generalized decomposition">PGD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-distributed_stochastic_neighbor_embedding" title="T-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding">t-SNE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparse_dictionary_learning" title="Sparse dictionary learning">SDL</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed machine-learning-list-title"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Structured_prediction" title="Structured prediction">Structured prediction</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_model" title="Graphical model">Graphical models</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayesian_network" title="Bayesian network">Bayes net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_random_field" title="Conditional random field">Conditional random field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_Markov_model" title="Hidden Markov model">Hidden Markov</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed machine-learning-list-title"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Anomaly_detection" title="Anomaly detection">Anomaly detection</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Random_sample_consensus" title="Random sample consensus">RANSAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-nearest_neighbors_algorithm" title="K-nearest neighbors algorithm"><i>k</i>-NN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_outlier_factor" title="Local outlier factor">Local outlier factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolation_forest" title="Isolation forest">Isolation forest</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed machine-learning-list-title"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Artificial_neural_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial neural network">Artificial neural network</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autoencoder" title="Autoencoder">Autoencoder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_learning" title="Deep learning">Deep learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feedforward_neural_network" title="Feedforward neural network">Feedforward neural network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recurrent_neural_network" title="Recurrent neural network">Recurrent neural network</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long_short-term_memory" title="Long short-term memory">LSTM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gated_recurrent_unit" title="Gated recurrent unit">GRU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echo_state_network" title="Echo state network">ESN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservoir_computing" title="Reservoir computing">reservoir computing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boltzmann_machine" title="Boltzmann machine">Boltzmann machine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Restricted_Boltzmann_machine" title="Restricted Boltzmann machine">Restricted</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_adversarial_network" title="Generative adversarial network">GAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffusion_model" title="Diffusion model">Diffusion model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-organizing_map" title="Self-organizing map">SOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convolutional_neural_network" title="Convolutional neural network">Convolutional neural network</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U-Net" title="U-Net">U-Net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LeNet" title="LeNet">LeNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AlexNet" title="AlexNet">AlexNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeepDream" title="DeepDream">DeepDream</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_radiance_field" title="Neural radiance field">Neural radiance field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformer_(machine_learning_model)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transformer (machine learning model)">Transformer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vision_transformer" title="Vision transformer">Vision</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamba_(deep_learning_architecture)" title="Mamba (deep learning architecture)">Mamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiking_neural_network" title="Spiking neural network">Spiking neural network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memtransistor" title="Memtransistor">Memtransistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrochemical_RAM" title="Electrochemical RAM">Electrochemical RAM</a> (ECRAM)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed machine-learning-list-title"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_learning" title="Reinforcement learning">Reinforcement learning</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Q-learning" title="Q-learning">Q-learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State%E2%80%93action%E2%80%93reward%E2%80%93state%E2%80%93action" title="State–action–reward–state–action">SARSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_difference_learning" title="Temporal difference learning">Temporal difference (TD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-agent_reinforcement_learning" title="Multi-agent reinforcement learning">Multi-agent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-play_(reinforcement_learning_technique)" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-play (reinforcement learning technique)">Self-play</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed machine-learning-list-title"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Learning with humans</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_learning_(machine_learning)" title="Active learning (machine learning)">Active learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowdsourcing" title="Crowdsourcing">Crowdsourcing</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Human-in-the-loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_learning_from_human_feedback" title="Reinforcement learning from human feedback">RLHF</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed machine-learning-list-title"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Model diagnostics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_determination" title="Coefficient of determination">Coefficient of determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confusion_matrix" title="Confusion matrix">Confusion matrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learning_curve_(machine_learning)" title="Learning curve (machine learning)">Learning curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Receiver_operating_characteristic" title="Receiver operating characteristic">ROC curve</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed machine-learning-list-title"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Mathematical foundations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kernel_machines" class="mw-redirect" title="Kernel machines">Kernel machines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias%E2%80%93variance_tradeoff" title="Bias–variance tradeoff">Bias–variance tradeoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_learning_theory" title="Computational learning theory">Computational learning theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empirical_risk_minimization" title="Empirical risk minimization">Empirical risk minimization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occam_learning" title="Occam learning">Occam learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probably_approximately_correct_learning" title="Probably approximately correct learning">PAC learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_learning_theory" title="Statistical learning theory">Statistical learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapnik%E2%80%93Chervonenkis_theory" title="Vapnik–Chervonenkis theory">VC theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topological_deep_learning" title="Topological deep learning">Topological deep learning</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed machine-learning-list-title"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Journals and conferences</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ECML_PKDD" title="ECML PKDD">ECML PKDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conference_on_Neural_Information_Processing_Systems" title="Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems">NeurIPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_Machine_Learning" title="International Conference on Machine Learning">ICML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_Learning_Representations" title="International Conference on Learning Representations">ICLR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Joint_Conference_on_Artificial_Intelligence" title="International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence">IJCAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_Learning_(journal)" title="Machine Learning (journal)">ML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Machine_Learning_Research" title="Journal of Machine Learning Research">JMLR</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed machine-learning-list-title"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Glossary of artificial intelligence">Glossary of artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_datasets_for_machine-learning_research" title="List of datasets for machine-learning research">List of datasets for machine-learning research</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_datasets_in_computer_vision_and_image_processing" title="List of datasets in computer vision and image processing">List of datasets in computer vision and image processing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_machine_learning" title="Outline of machine learning">Outline of machine learning</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Machine_learning" title="Template:Machine learning"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Machine_learning" title="Template talk:Machine learning"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Machine_learning" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Machine learning"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Human-in-the-loop</b> (<b>HITL</b>) is used in multiple contexts. It can be defined as a model requiring human interaction.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> HITL is associated with <a href="/wiki/Modeling_and_simulation" title="Modeling and simulation">modeling and simulation</a> (M&S) in the <a href="/wiki/Live,_virtual,_and_constructive" title="Live, virtual, and constructive">live, virtual, and constructive</a> <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxonomy (general)">taxonomy</a>. HITL along with the related human-<b>on</b>-the-loop are also used in relation to <a href="/wiki/Lethal_autonomous_weapon" title="Lethal autonomous weapon">lethal autonomous weapons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-army_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-army-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, HITL is used in the context of <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-medium_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medium-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Machine_learning">Machine learning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human-in-the-loop&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Machine learning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In machine learning, HITL is used in the sense of humans aiding the computer in making the correct decisions in building a model.<sup id="cite_ref-medium_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medium-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> HITL improves machine learning over random sampling by selecting the most critical data needed to refine the model.<sup id="cite_ref-schizophrenia_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schizophrenia-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Simulation">Simulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human-in-the-loop&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Simulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In simulation, HITL models may conform to <a href="/wiki/Human_factors" class="mw-redirect" title="Human factors">human factors</a> requirements as in the case of a <a href="/wiki/Mockup" title="Mockup">mockup</a>. In this type of simulation a human is always part of the simulation and consequently influences the outcome in such a way that is difficult if not impossible to reproduce exactly. HITL also readily allows for the identification of problems and requirements that may not be easily identified by other means of simulation. </p><p>HITL is often referred to as interactive simulation, which is a special kind of physical simulation in which physical simulations include human operators, such as in a <a href="/wiki/Flight_simulator" title="Flight simulator">flight</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Driving_simulator" title="Driving simulator">driving simulator</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Benefits">Benefits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human-in-the-loop&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Benefits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Human-in-the-loop allows the user to change the outcome of an event or process. The immersion effectively contributes to a positive transfer of acquired skills into the real world. This can be demonstrated by trainees utilizing flight simulators in preparation to become pilots. </p><p>HITL also allows for the acquisition of knowledge regarding how a new process may affect a particular event. Utilizing HITL allows participants to interact with realistic models and attempt to perform as they would in an actual scenario. HITL simulations bring to the surface issues that would not otherwise be apparent until after a new process has been deployed. A real-world example of HITL simulation as an evaluation tool is its usage by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a> (FAA) to allow air traffic controllers to test new automation procedures by directing the activities of simulated air traffic while monitoring the effect of the newly implemented procedures.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As with most processes, there is always the possibility of <a href="/wiki/Human_error" title="Human error">human error</a>, which can only be reproduced using HITL simulation. Although much can be done to automate systems, humans typically still need to take the information provided by a system to determine the next course of action based on their judgment and experience. Intelligent systems can only go so far in certain circumstances to automate a process; only humans in the simulation can accurately judge the final design. Tabletop simulation may be useful in the very early stages of project development for the purpose of collecting data to set broad parameters, but the important decisions require human-in-the-loop simulation.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Within_virtual_simulation_taxonomy">Within virtual simulation taxonomy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human-in-the-loop&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Within virtual simulation taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Virtual simulations inject HITL in a central role by exercising <a href="/wiki/Motor_control" title="Motor control">motor control</a> skills (e.g. flying an airplane), <a href="/wiki/Decision_making" class="mw-redirect" title="Decision making">decision making</a> skills (e.g. committing fire control resources to action), or <a href="/wiki/Communication_skills" class="mw-redirect" title="Communication skills">communication skills</a> (e.g. as members of a <a href="/wiki/C4I" class="mw-redirect" title="C4I">C4I</a> team). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples">Examples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human-in-the-loop&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flight_simulators" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight simulators">Flight simulators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_simulators" class="mw-redirect" title="Driving simulators">Driving simulators</a></li> <li>Marine simulators</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Video games">Video games</a></li> <li>Supply chain management simulators<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_puppetry" title="Digital puppetry">Digital puppetry</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Misconceptions">Misconceptions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human-in-the-loop&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Misconceptions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although human-in-the-loop simulation can include a computer simulation in the form of a synthetic environment, computer simulation is not necessarily a form of human-in-the-loop simulation, and is often considered as human-out-of-the loop simulation. In this particular case, a computer model’s behavior is modified according to a set of initial parameters. The results of the model differ from the results stemming from a true human-in-the-loop simulation because the results can easily be replicated time and time again, by simply providing identical parameters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weapons">Weapons</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human-in-the-loop&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Weapons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Three classifications of the degree of human control of autonomous weapon systems were laid out by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bonnie_Docherty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bonnie Docherty (page does not exist)">Bonnie Docherty</a> in a 2012 <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> report.<sup id="cite_ref-army_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-army-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>human-in-the-loop</b>: a human must instigate the action of the weapon (in other words not fully autonomous)</li> <li><b>human-on-the-loop</b>: a human may abort an action</li> <li><b>human-out-of-the-loop</b>: no human action is involved</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human-in-the-loop&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/in_the_loop" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:in the loop">in the loop</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_intelligence" title="Humanistic intelligence">Humanistic intelligence</a>, which is intelligence that arises by having the human in the feedback loop of the computational process<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_learning_from_human_feedback" title="Reinforcement learning from human feedback">Reinforcement learning from human feedback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIM-104_Patriot#US-led_invasion_of_Iraq_(2003)" title="MIM-104 Patriot">MIM-104 Patriot</a> - Examples of a human-on-the-loop lethal autonomous weapon system posing a threat to friendly forces.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human-in-the-loop&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"DoD Modeling and Simulation (M&S) Glossary", DoD 5000.59-M, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">DoD</a>, January 1998 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070710104756/http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf/500059m.pdf">"Directives Division"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf/500059m.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2007-07-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Directives+Division&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dtic.mil%2Fwhs%2Fdirectives%2Fcorres%2Fpdf%2F500059m.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman-in-the-loop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karwowski, Waldemar, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3hkbHSV81XMC&pg=PA2407">International encyclopedia of ergonomics and human factors</a></i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-30430-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-30430-X">0-415-30430-X</a>, 9780415304306, <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>, 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-army-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-army_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-army_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmitai_EtzioniOren_Etzioni2017" class="citation web cs1">Amitai Etzioni; Oren Etzioni (June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Journals/Military-Review/English-Edition-Archives/May-June-2017/Pros-and-Cons-of-Autonomous-Weapons-Systems/">"Pros and Cons of Autonomous Weapons Systems"</a>. <i>army.mil</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=army.mil&rft.atitle=Pros+and+Cons+of+Autonomous+Weapons+Systems&rft.date=2017-06&rft.au=Amitai+Etzioni&rft.au=Oren+Etzioni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.armyupress.army.mil%2FJournals%2FMilitary-Review%2FEnglish-Edition-Archives%2FMay-June-2017%2FPros-and-Cons-of-Autonomous-Weapons-Systems%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman-in-the-loop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-medium-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-medium_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-medium_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVikram_Singh_Bisen2020" class="citation news cs1">Vikram Singh Bisen (May 20, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/vsinghbisen/what-is-human-in-the-loop-machine-learning-why-how-used-in-ai-60c7b44eb2c0">"What is Human in the Loop Machine Learning: Why & How Used in AI?"</a>. <i>medium.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=medium.com&rft.atitle=What+is+Human+in+the+Loop+Machine+Learning%3A+Why+%26+How+Used+in+AI%3F&rft.date=2020-05-20&rft.au=Vikram+Singh+Bisen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Fvsinghbisen%2Fwhat-is-human-in-the-loop-machine-learning-why-how-used-in-ai-60c7b44eb2c0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman-in-the-loop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-schizophrenia-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-schizophrenia_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChelsea_ChandlerPeter_W_FoltzBrita_Elvevåg2022" class="citation journal cs1">Chelsea Chandler; Peter W Foltz; Brita Elvevåg (26 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9434423">"Improving the Applicability of AI for Psychiatric Applications through Human-in-the-loop Methodologies"</a>. <i>Schizophrenia Bulletin</i>. <b>48</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">949–</span>956. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fschbul%2Fsbac038">10.1093/schbul/sbac038</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9434423">9434423</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35639561">35639561</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Schizophrenia+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Improving+the+Applicability+of+AI+for+Psychiatric+Applications+through+Human-in-the-loop+Methodologies&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E949-%3C%2Fspan%3E956&rft.date=2022-05-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9434423%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35639561&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fschbul%2Fsbac038&rft.au=Chelsea+Chandler&rft.au=Peter+W+Foltz&rft.au=Brita+Elvev%C3%A5g&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9434423&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman-in-the-loop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sollenberger, R. (2005). Human-in-the-Loop Simulation Evaluating the Collocation of the User Request Evaluation Tool. U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Aviation Administration, 1. Retrieved July 19, 2010, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://hf.tc.faa.gov/technotes/dot-faa-ct-tn04-28.pdf">http://hf.tc.faa.gov/technotes/dot-faa-ct-tn04-28.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100609162019/http://hf.tc.faa.gov/technotes/dot-faa-ct-tn04-28.pdf">Archived</a> 2010-06-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Human-in-the-loop simulation: (2007, Spring). Port Technology International, 32, 1-2. Retrieved July 19, 2010, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.marinesafety.com/research/documents/HumanintheloopSimulationasPublishedinPortTechnologyInternationalIssue32.pdf">http://www.marinesafety.com/research/documents/HumanintheloopSimulationasPublishedinPortTechnologyInternationalIssue32.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110714034605/http://www.marinesafety.com/research/documents/HumanintheloopSimulationasPublishedinPortTechnologyInternationalIssue32.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-07-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pinto R, Mettler T, Taisch M (2013), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167923612002886">Managing supplier delivery reliability risk under limited information: Foundations for a human-in-the-loop DSS</a></i>, Decision Support Systems, 54:2, 1076–1084</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[Minsky, Kurzweil, Mann, IEEE ISTAS 2013].</span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human-in-the-loop&oldid=1254212430">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human-in-the-loop&oldid=1254212430</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethics_of_science_and_technology" title="Category:Ethics of science and technology">Ethics of science and technology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Machine_learning" title="Category:Machine learning">Machine learning</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_technology" title="Category:Military technology">Military technology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_terminology" title="Category:Military terminology">Military terminology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_robots" title="Category:Military robots">Military robots</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_simulation" title="Category:Military simulation">Military simulation</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 29 October 2024, at 22:55<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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