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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Contemporary_revisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_revisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Contemporary revisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_revisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nutpicking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutpicking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Nutpicking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutpicking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Steelmanning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Steelmanning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span><span>Steelmanning</span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Steelmanning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Etymology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Related_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Related usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Straw man</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strooiman" title="Strooiman – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Strooiman" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B4" title="مغالطة رجل القش – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مغالطة رجل القش" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saman_adam" title="Saman adam – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Saman adam" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B7" title="খড়মানব যুক্তিদোষ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="খড়মানব যুক্তিদোষ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_de_palla" title="Home de palla – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Home de palla" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Str%C3%A5mand" title="Stråmand – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Stråmand" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strohmann-Argument" title="Strohmann-Argument – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Strohmann-Argument" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%95lgmees" title="Õlgmees – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Õlgmees" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%B1%CF%87%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B8%CF%81%CF%8E%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Πλάνη του αχυρανθρώπου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πλάνη του αχυρανθρώπου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falacia_del_hombre_de_paja" title="Falacia del hombre de paja – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Falacia del hombre de paja" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pajlohomo" title="Pajlohomo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pajlohomo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lastozko_gizonaren_falazia" title="Lastozko gizonaren falazia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lastozko gizonaren falazia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%87_%D9%BE%D9%87%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%87" title="مغالطه پهلوان‌پنبه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مغالطه پهلوان‌پنبه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89pouvantail_(rh%C3%A9torique)" title="Épouvantail (rhétorique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Épouvantail (rhétorique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%97%88%EC%88%98%EC%95%84%EB%B9%84_%EB%95%8C%EB%A6%AC%EA%B8%B0_%EC%98%A4%EB%A5%98" title="허수아비 때리기 오류 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="허수아비 때리기 오류" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slamnati" title="Slamnati – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Slamnati" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manusia_jerami" title="Manusia jerami – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Manusia jerami" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argomento_fantoccio" title="Argomento fantoccio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Argomento fantoccio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A9_%D7%A7%D7%A9_(%D7%9B%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99)" title="איש קש (כשל לוגי) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איש קש (כשל לוגי)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0iaudin%C4%97_baidykl%C4%97" title="Šiaudinė baidyklė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šiaudinė baidyklė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szalmab%C3%A1b%C3%A9rvel%C3%A9s" title="Szalmabábérvelés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szalmabábérvelés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stropopredenering" title="Stropopredenering – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Stropopredenering" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3" title="ストローマン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ストローマン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Str%C3%A5mann" title="Stråmann – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Stråmann" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strohmann-Argument" title="Strohmann-Argument – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Strohmann-Argument" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofizmat_rozszerzenia" title="Sofizmat rozszerzenia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sofizmat rozszerzenia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fal%C3%A1cia_do_espantalho" title="Falácia do espantalho – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Falácia do espantalho" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om_de_paie" title="Om de paie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Om de paie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straw_man" title="Straw man – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Straw man" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Сламнати аргумент – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сламнати аргумент" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slamnati_argument" title="Slamnati argument – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Slamnati argument" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olkinukke" title="Olkinukke – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Olkinukke" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halmdocka" title="Halmdocka – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Halmdocka" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straw_man" title="Straw man – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Straw man" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87" title="หุ่นฟาง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หุ่นฟาง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korkuluk_mant%C4%B1k_hatas%C4%B1" title="Korkuluk mantık hatası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Korkuluk mantık hatası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE_(%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Опудало (логіка) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Опудало (логіка)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%E1%BB%A5y_bi%E1%BB%87n_ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_r%C6%A1m" title="Ngụy biện người rơm – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngụy biện người rơm" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%97%81%E4%BA%BA%E4%B9%8B%E8%AC%AC" title="藁人之謬 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="藁人之謬" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8D%89%E4%BA%BA%E8%AC%AC%E8%AB%96" title="草人謬論 – Cantonese" lang="yue" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Form of incorrect argument and informal fallacy</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Straw_man_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Straw man (disambiguation)">Straw man (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:McKinley_Destroys_Imperialism_Straw_Man.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/McKinley_Destroys_Imperialism_Straw_Man.jpg/220px-McKinley_Destroys_Imperialism_Straw_Man.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/McKinley_Destroys_Imperialism_Straw_Man.jpg/330px-McKinley_Destroys_Imperialism_Straw_Man.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/McKinley_Destroys_Imperialism_Straw_Man.jpg/440px-McKinley_Destroys_Imperialism_Straw_Man.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="969" /></a><figcaption>U.S. president <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> has shot a cannon (labeled McKinley's Letter) that has involved a "straw man" and its constructors (<a href="/wiki/Carl_Schurz" title="Carl Schurz">Carl Schurz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Garrison_Villard" title="Oswald Garrison Villard">Oswald Garrison Villard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Olney" title="Richard Olney">Richard Olney</a>) in a great explosion. Caption: "SMASHED!", <i><a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Weekly" title="Harper's Weekly">Harper's Weekly</a></i>, 22 September 1900</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>straw man</b> fallacy (sometimes written as <b>strawman</b>) is the <a href="/wiki/Informal_fallacy" title="Informal fallacy">informal fallacy</a> of refuting an argument different from the one actually under discussion, while not recognizing or acknowledging the distinction.<sup id="cite_ref-Stephen_Downes_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stephen_Downes-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One who engages in this fallacy is said to be "attacking a straw man". </p><p>The typical straw man argument creates the illusion of having refuted or defeated an opponent's proposition through the covert replacement of it with a different proposition (i.e., "stand up a straw man") and the subsequent refutation of that false argument ("knock down a straw man"), instead of the opponent's proposition.<sup id="cite_ref-book_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-book-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-files_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-files-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Straw man arguments have been used throughout history in <a href="/wiki/Polemic" title="Polemic">polemical debate</a>, particularly regarding highly charged emotional subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Straw man tactics in the United Kingdom may also be known as an <a href="/wiki/Aunt_Sally#Language" title="Aunt Sally">Aunt Sally</a>, after a pub game of the same name, where patrons throw sticks or battens at a post to knock off a <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_cue_sports_terms#skittle" title="Glossary of cue sports terms">skittle</a> balanced on top.<sup id="cite_ref-Lindley2006_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lindley2006-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sparkes1991_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sparkes1991-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Straw_man&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The straw man <a href="/wiki/Fallacy" title="Fallacy">fallacy</a> occurs in the following pattern of argument: </p> <ol><li><i>Person 1</i> asserts proposition <i>X</i>.</li> <li><i>Person 2</i> argues against a superficially similar proposition <i>Y</i>, falsely, as if an argument against <i>Y</i> were an argument against <i>X</i>.</li></ol> <p>This reasoning is a <a href="/wiki/Fallacy_of_relevance" class="mw-redirect" title="Fallacy of relevance">fallacy of relevance</a>: it fails to address the proposition in question by misrepresenting the opposing position. </p><p>For example: </p> <ul><li>Quoting an opponent's words out of context—i.e., choosing quotations that misrepresent the opponent's intentions (see <a href="/wiki/Fallacy_of_quoting_out_of_context" class="mw-redirect" title="Fallacy of quoting out of context">fallacy of quoting out of context</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-files_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-files-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Presenting someone who defends a position poorly as <i>the</i> defender, then denying that person's arguments—thus giving the appearance that <i>every</i> upholder of that position (and thus the position itself) has been defeated.<sup id="cite_ref-book_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-book-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Oversimplifying an opponent's argument, then attacking this oversimplified version.</li> <li>Exaggerating (sometimes grossly) an opponent's argument, then attacking this exaggerated version.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_revisions">Contemporary revisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Straw_man&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Contemporary revisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2006, Robert Talisse and Scott Aikin expanded the application and use of the straw man fallacy beyond that of previous rhetorical scholars, arguing that the straw man fallacy can take two forms: the original form that misrepresents the opponent's position, which they call the <i>representative form</i>; and a new form they call the <i>selection form</i>. </p><p>The selection form focuses on a partial and weaker (and easier to refute) representation of the opponent's position. Then the easier refutation of this weaker position is claimed to refute the opponent's complete position. They point out the similarity of the selection form to the fallacy of <a href="/wiki/Hasty_generalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasty generalization">hasty generalization</a>, in which the refutation of an opposing position that is weaker than the opponent's is claimed as a refutation of all opposing arguments. Because they have found significantly increased use of the selection form in modern political argumentation, they view its identification as an important new tool for the improvement of public discourse.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aikin and Casey expanded on this model in 2010, introducing a third form. Referring to the "representative form" as the classic <i>straw man</i>, and the "selection form" as the <i>weak man</i>, the third form is called the <i>hollow man</i>. A hollow man argument is one that is a complete fabrication, where both the viewpoint and the opponent expressing it do not in fact exist, or at the very least the arguer has never encountered them. Such arguments frequently take the form of vague phrasing such as "some say," "someone out there thinks" or similar <a href="/wiki/Weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Weasel words">weasel words</a>, or it might attribute a non-existent argument to a broad movement in general, rather than an individual or organization.<sup id="cite_ref-Aiken_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aiken-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Walton2013_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walton2013-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nutpicking">Nutpicking</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Straw_man&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Nutpicking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Nutpicking"></span> A variation on the selection form, or "weak man" argument, that combines with an <a href="/wiki/Ad_hominem" title="Ad hominem">ad hominem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fallacy_of_composition" title="Fallacy of composition">fallacy of composition</a> is <i>nutpicking</i> (or <i>nut picking</i>), a neologism coined by <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Drum" title="Kevin Drum">Kevin Drum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Drum_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drum-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A combination of "nut" (i.e., insane person) and "<a href="/wiki/Cherry_picking_(fallacy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherry picking (fallacy)">cherry picking</a>", as well as a play on the word "nitpicking," nut picking refers to intentionally seeking out extremely fringe, non-representative statements from or members of an opposing group and parading these as evidence of that entire group's incompetence or irrationality.<sup id="cite_ref-Aiken_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aiken-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Steelmanning"><span class="anchor" id="Steelmanning">Steelmanning</span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Straw_man&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Steelmanning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sanewashing" title="Sanewashing">sanewashing</a></div> <p>A <i>steel man argument</i> (or <i>steelmanning</i>) is the opposite of a straw man argument. Steelmanning is the practice of applying the rhetorical <a href="/wiki/Principle_of_charity" title="Principle of charity">principle of charity</a> through addressing the strongest form of the other person's argument, even if it is not the one they explicitly presented. Creating the strongest form of the opponent's argument may involve removing flawed assumptions that could be easily refuted or developing the strongest points which counter one's own position. Developing counters to steel man arguments may produce a stronger argument for one's own position.<sup id="cite_ref-Friedersdorf_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedersdorf-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Straw_man&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a 1977 appeal of a U.S. bank robbery conviction, a prosecuting attorney said in his oral argument:<sup id="cite_ref-Bosanac_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bosanac-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I submit to you that if you can't take this evidence and find these defendants guilty on this evidence then we might as well open all the banks and say, "Come on and get the money, boys," because we'll never be able to convict them.</p></blockquote> <p>This was a straw man designed to alarm the appellate judges; the chance that the precedent set by one case would literally make it impossible to convict <i>any</i> bank robbers is remote. </p><p>Another example of a strawman argument is U.S. president <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>'s 1952 "<a href="/wiki/Checkers_speech" title="Checkers speech">Checkers speech</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Waicukauski_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waicukauski-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rottenberg_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rottenberg-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When campaigning for vice president in 1952, Nixon was accused of having illegally appropriated $18,000 in campaign funds for his personal use. In a televised response, based on Franklin D. Roosevelt's <a href="/wiki/Fala_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Fala speech">Fala speech</a>, he spoke about another gift, a dog he had been given by a supporter:<sup id="cite_ref-Waicukauski_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waicukauski-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rottenberg_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rottenberg-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It was a little cocker spaniel dog, in a crate he had sent all the way from Texas, black and white, spotted, and our little girl <a href="/wiki/Tricia_Nixon" class="mw-redirect" title="Tricia Nixon">Tricia</a>, six years old, named it Checkers. And, you know, the kids, like all kids, loved the dog, and I just want to say this right now, that, regardless of what they say about it, we are going to keep it.</p></blockquote> <p>This was a straw man response; his critics had never criticized the dog as a gift or suggested he return it. This argument was successful at distracting many people from the funds and portraying his critics as nitpicking and heartless. Nixon received an outpouring of public support and remained on the ticket. He and Eisenhower were later elected. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Tindale" title="Christopher Tindale">Christopher Tindale</a> presents, as an example, the following passage from a draft of a bill (HCR 74) considered by the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_State_Legislature" title="Louisiana State Legislature">Louisiana State Legislature</a> in 2001:<sup id="cite_ref-Tindale2007_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tindale2007-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Whereas, the writings of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>, the father of evolution, promoted the justification of racism, and his books <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="On the Origin of Species">On the Origin of Species</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Descent_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="The Descent of Man">The Descent of Man</a></i> postulate a hierarchy of superior and inferior races. . . .<br /> Therefore, be it resolved that the legislature of Louisiana does hereby deplore all instances and all ideologies of <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a>, does hereby reject the core concepts of Darwinist ideology that certain races and classes of humans are inherently superior to others, and does hereby condemn the extent to which these philosophies have been used to justify and approve racist practices.</p></blockquote> <p>Tindale comments that "the portrait painted of Darwinian ideology is a caricature, one not borne out by any objective survey of the works cited." The fact that similar misrepresentations of Darwinian thinking have been used to justify and approve racist practices is beside the point: the position that the legislation is attacking and dismissing is a straw man. In subsequent debate, this error was recognized, and the eventual bill omitted all mention of Darwin and Darwinist ideology.<sup id="cite_ref-Tindale2007_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tindale2007-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Darwin passionately opposed slavery and worked to intellectually confront the notions of "<a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">scientific racism</a>" that were used to justify it.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Straw_man&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a fallacy, the identification and name of straw man arguments are of relatively recent date, although <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> makes remarks that suggest a similar concern;<sup id="cite_ref-Walton_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walton-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Douglas_N._Walton" title="Douglas N. Walton">Douglas N. Walton</a> identified "the first inclusion of it we can find in a textbook as an informal fallacy" in <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Chase" title="Stuart Chase">Stuart Chase</a>'s <i>Guides to Straight Thinking</i> from 1956 (p. 40).<sup id="cite_ref-Walton_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walton-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tindale2007_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tindale2007-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By contrast, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Leonard_Hamblin" title="Charles Leonard Hamblin">Hamblin</a>'s classic text <i>Fallacies</i> (1970) neither mentions it as a distinct type, nor even as a historical term.<sup id="cite_ref-Walton_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walton-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tindale2007_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tindale2007-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term's origins are a matter of debate, though the usage of the term in rhetoric suggests a human figure made of <a href="/wiki/Straw" title="Straw">straw</a> that is easy to knock down or destroy—such as a <a href="/wiki/Straw_man_(dummy)" title="Straw man (dummy)">military training dummy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scarecrow" title="Scarecrow">scarecrow</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Effigy" title="Effigy">effigy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A common but <a href="/wiki/False_etymology" title="False etymology">false etymology</a> is that it refers to men who stood outside courthouses with a straw in their shoe to signal their willingness to be a false witness.<sup id="cite_ref-brewer_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brewer-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i> states that the term "man of straw" can be traced back to 1620 as "an easily refuted imaginary opponent in an argument."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_usage">Related usage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Straw_man&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Related usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Reverend <a href="/wiki/William_Harrison_(priest)" title="William Harrison (priest)">William Harrison</a>, in <i>A Description of England</i> (1577), complained that when men lived in houses of willow they were men of oak, but now they lived in houses of oak and had become men of willow and <i>"a great manie altogither of straw, which is a sore alteration</i> [i.e. a sad change]<i>.</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The phrase men of straw appears to refer to pampered softness and a lack of character, rather than the modern meaning. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> blames his opponents for misrepresenting his arguments in his work <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Babylonian_Captivity_of_the_Church" title="On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church">On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church</a></i> (1520): </p> <blockquote><p>Respondeo, id genus disputandi omnibus familiare esse, qui contra Lutherum scribunt, ut hoc asserant quod impugnant, aut fingant quod impugnent.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><br /><i>(I answer that this kind of discussion is familiar to all who write against Luther, so they can assert</i> (or: <i>plant</i>, literally: <i>sow</i>) <i>what they attack, or pretend what they attack.)</i></p></blockquote> <p>Luther's Latin text does not use the phrase "man of straw". This is used in a widespread early 20th century English translation of his work, the Philadelphia Edition<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p><i>My answer is, that this sort of argument is common to all those who write against Luther. They assert the very things they assail, or they set up a man of straw whom they may attack.</i><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In the quote, he responds to arguments of the Roman Catholic Church and clergy attempting to delegitimize his criticisms, specifically on the correct way to serve the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a>. The church claimed Martin Luther is arguing against serving the Eucharist according to one type of serving practice; Martin Luther states he never asserted that in his criticisms towards them and in fact they themselves are making this argument. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Straw_man&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/18px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/27px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/36px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ad_hominem" title="Ad hominem">Ad hominem</a> – Attacking the person rather than the argument</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begging_the_question" title="Begging the question">Begging the question</a> – Logic founded on unproven premises</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_advocate" title="Devil's advocate">Devil's advocate</a> – Figure of speech and former official position within the Catholic Church</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherry_picking" title="Cherry picking">Cherry picking</a> – Fallacy of incomplete evidence</li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_attribution" title="False attribution">False attribution</a> – Credit for a work given to the wrong person</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misquotation" class="mw-redirect" title="Misquotation">Misquotation</a> – Repetition of one expression as part of another one<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_bias" title="Cognitive bias">Cognitive bias</a> – Systematic pattern of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_troll#Concern_troll" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet troll">Concern troll</a> – Person who sows discord online<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cratylism" title="Cratylism">Cratylism</a> – Philosophical theory</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quoting_out_of_context" title="Quoting out of context">Fallacy of quoting out of context</a> – Informal fallacy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fallacies" title="List of fallacies">List of fallacies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_manipulation" title="Media manipulation">Media manipulation</a> – Techniques in which partisans create an image that favours their interests</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_tiger" title="Paper tiger">Paper tiger</a> – Chinese phrase for an ineffectual threat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pooh-pooh" title="Pooh-pooh">Pooh-pooh</a> – Fallacy in informal logic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_herring" title="Red herring">Red herring</a> – Fallacious approach to mislead an audience</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Quixote#Tilting_at_windmills" title="Don Quixote">Tilting at windmills</a> – Idiom meaning "attacking imaginary enemies"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trivial_objections" title="Trivial objections">Trivial objections</a> – Fallacy in informal logic</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Straw_man&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Stephen_Downes-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stephen_Downes_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDownes,_Stephen" class="citation web cs1">Downes, Stephen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181716/http://web.uvic.ca/psyc/skelton/Teaching/General%20Readings/Logical%20Falllacies.htm#_Toc495459590">"The Logical Fallacies"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.uvic.ca/psyc/skelton/Teaching/General%20Readings/Logical%20Falllacies.htm#_Toc495459590">the original</a> on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Logical+Fallacies&rft.au=Downes%2C+Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.uvic.ca%2Fpsyc%2Fskelton%2FTeaching%2FGeneral%2520Readings%2FLogical%2520Falllacies.htm%23_Toc495459590&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStraw+man" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-book-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-book_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-book_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPirie2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Madsen_Pirie" title="Madsen Pirie">Pirie, Madsen</a> (2007). <i>How to Win Every Argument: The Use and Abuse of Logic</i>. UK: <a href="/wiki/Continuum_International_Publishing_Group" title="Continuum International Publishing Group">Continuum International Publishing Group</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">155–</span>157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-9894-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-9894-6"><bdi>978-0-8264-9894-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+to+Win+Every+Argument%3A+The+Use+and+Abuse+of+Logic&rft.place=UK&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E155-%3C%2Fspan%3E157&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-9894-6&rft.aulast=Pirie&rft.aufirst=Madsen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStraw+man" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-files-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-files_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-files_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fallacyfiles.org/strawman.html">"The Straw Man Fallacy"</a>. <i>fallacyfiles.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fallacyfiles.org&rft.atitle=The+Straw+Man+Fallacy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fallacyfiles.org%2Fstrawman.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStraw+man" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemir2018" class="citation journal cs1">Demir, Yeliz (2018). "Derailment of strategic maneuvering in a multi-participant TV debate: The fallacy of ignoratio elenchi". <i>Dil ve Edebiyat Dergisi</i>. <b>15</b> (1): 25-58.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dil+ve+Edebiyat+Dergisi&rft.atitle=Derailment+of+strategic+maneuvering+in+a+multi-participant+TV+debate%3A+The+fallacy+of+ignoratio+elenchi&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=25-58&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Demir&rft.aufirst=Yeliz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStraw+man" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lindley2006-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lindley2006_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindley2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dennis_V._Lindley" class="mw-redirect" title="Dennis V. Lindley">Lindley, Dennis V.</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z0ArJ_CDnssC&pg=PA80"><i>Understanding Uncertainty</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-04383-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-04383-7"><bdi>978-0-470-04383-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Springer Netherlands: <span class="nowrap">87–</span>105. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10503-010-9199-y">10.1007/s10503-010-9199-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1572-8374">1572-8374</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143594966">143594966</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Argumentation&rft.atitle=Straw+Men%2C+Weak+Men%2C+and+Hollow+Men&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E87-%3C%2Fspan%3E105&rft.date=2011-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143594966%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1572-8374&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10503-010-9199-y&rft.aulast=Aikin&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft.au=Casey%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F2609857&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStraw+man" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walton2013-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Walton2013_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas_Walton2013" class="citation book cs1">Douglas Walton (2013). <i>Methods of Argumentation</i>. 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Wadsworth. pp. <span class="nowrap">157–</span>159.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Attacking+Faulty+Reasoning%3A+A+Practical+Guide+to+Fallacy-Free+Arguments&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E157-%3C%2Fspan%3E159&rft.pub=Wadsworth&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Damer&rft.aufirst=T.+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStraw+man" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brewer-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-brewer_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrewer,_E._Cobham1898" class="citation web cs1">Brewer, E. Cobham (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/81/10919.html">"Man of Straw (A)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Phrase_and_Fable" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictionary of Phrase and Fable">Dictionary of Phrase and Fable</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary+of+Phrase+and+Fable&rft.atitle=Man+of+Straw+%28A%29.&rft.date=1898&rft.au=Brewer%2C+E.+Cobham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartleby.com%2F81%2F10919.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStraw+man" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://etymonline.com/word/straw%20man">"Origin of the term 'straw man'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Origin+of+the+term+%27straw+man%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fetymonline.com%2Fword%2Fstraw%2520man&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStraw+man" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison1994" class="citation book cs1">Harrison, William (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4qwDICPz6OoC&dq=oaken&pg=PA276"><i>The Description of England : The Classic Contemporary Account of Tudor Social Life, ed. George Edelen</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(scanned book)</span>. Washington D.C, New York: Folger Shakespeare Library, Dover Publications. p. 276. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-28275-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-28275-6"><bdi>978-0-486-28275-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Description+of+England+%3A+The+Classic+Contemporary+Account+of+Tudor+Social+Life%2C+ed.+George+Edelen&rft.place=Washington+D.C%2C+New+York&rft.pages=276&rft.pub=Folger+Shakespeare+Library%2C+Dover+Publications&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-486-28275-6&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4qwDICPz6OoC%26dq%3Doaken%26pg%3DPA276&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStraw+man" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuther1520" class="citation web cs1">Luther, Martin (1520). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.martinluther.dk/CAPT.htm">"De captivitate ecclesiae babylonica"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(online text based on Weimar Edition, vol. 6, p. 497)</span>. <i>martinluther.dk</i>. Ricardt Riis. p. section 15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=martinluther.dk&rft.atitle=De+captivitate+ecclesiae+babylonica&rft.pages=section+15&rft.date=1520&rft.aulast=Luther&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.martinluther.dk%2FCAPT.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStraw+man" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Luther, M. et al. (1915-1943) <i>Works of martin luther : with introduction and notes.</i> The Philadelphia edn. Philadelphia: Muhlenberg P.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuther1915" class="citation book cs1">Luther, Martin (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q3xIAAAAMAAJ&q=straw&pg=PA170"><i>Works of Martin Luther : With Introductions and Notes, Volume 2</i></a>. A.J. Holman Company. p. 173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7222-2123-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7222-2123-5"><bdi>978-0-7222-2123-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Works+of+Martin+Luther+%3A+With+Introductions+and+Notes%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=A.J.+Holman+Company&rft.date=1915&rft.isbn=978-0-7222-2123-5&rft.aulast=Luther&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ3xIAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dstraw%26pg%3DPA170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStraw+man" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuther" class="citation web cs1">Luther, Martin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lutherdansk.dk/web-babylonian%20captivitate/martin%20luther.htm">"The Babylonian Captivity of the Church [from the Philadelphia Edition of Luther's works]"</a>. <i>lutherdansk.dk</i>. Robert E. Smith, Project Wittenberg, Wesley R. Smith, Lucas C. Smith<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lutherdansk.dk&rft.atitle=The+Babylonian+Captivity+of+the+Church+%5Bfrom+the+Philadelphia+Edition+of+Luther%27s+works%5D&rft.aulast=Luther&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lutherdansk.dk%2Fweb-babylonian%2520captivitate%2Fmartin%2520luther.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStraw+man" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Straw_man&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fallacycheck.com/fallacy/straw%20man">Straw Man</a> at Fallacy Check, with <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fallacycheck.com/analyses/straw%20man">examples</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fallacyfiles.org/strawman.html">The Straw Man Fallacy</a> at the Fallacy Files</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131122130810/http://www.drury.edu/ess/Logic/Informal/Strawman.html">Straw Man</a>, more examples of straw man arguments</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fallacycheck.com/fallacy/nut%20picking">Nut picking</a> at Fallacy Check, with <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fallacycheck.com/analyses/nut%20picking">examples</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Fallacies" title="Template:Fallacies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fallacies" title="Template talk:Fallacies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fallacies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fallacies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Common_fallacies_(list)222" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Common <a href="/wiki/Fallacy" title="Fallacy">fallacies</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_fallacies" title="List of fallacies">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Formal_fallacy" title="Formal fallacy">Formal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In <a href="/wiki/Propositional_calculus" title="Propositional calculus">propositional logic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirming_a_disjunct" title="Affirming a disjunct">Affirming a disjunct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affirming_the_consequent" title="Affirming the consequent">Affirming the consequent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denying_the_antecedent" title="Denying the antecedent">Denying the antecedent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_fallacy" title="Argument from fallacy">Argument from fallacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masked-man_fallacy" title="Masked-man fallacy">Masked man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_fallacy" title="Mathematical fallacy">Mathematical fallacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In <a href="/wiki/Quantifier_(logic)" title="Quantifier (logic)">quantificational logic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Existential_fallacy" title="Existential fallacy">Existential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affirming_the_consequent" title="Affirming the consequent">Illicit conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proof_by_example" title="Proof by example">Proof by example</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantifier_shift" title="Quantifier shift">Quantifier shift</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Syllogistic_fallacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllogistic fallacy">Syllogistic fallacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_conclusion_from_a_negative_premise" title="Affirmative conclusion from a negative premise">Affirmative conclusion from a negative premise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_conclusion_from_affirmative_premises" title="Negative conclusion from affirmative premises">Negative conclusion from affirmative premises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallacy_of_exclusive_premises" title="Fallacy of exclusive premises">Exclusive premises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_fallacy" title="Existential fallacy">Existential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modal_scope_fallacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Modal scope fallacy">Necessity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallacy_of_four_terms" title="Fallacy of four terms">Four terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illicit_major" title="Illicit major">Illicit major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illicit_minor" title="Illicit minor">Illicit minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallacy_of_the_undistributed_middle" title="Fallacy of the undistributed middle">Undistributed middle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Informal_fallacy" title="Informal fallacy">Informal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equivocation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equivocation" title="Equivocation">Equivocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_equivalence" title="False equivalence">False equivalence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_attribution" title="False attribution">False attribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quoting_out_of_context" title="Quoting out of context">Quoting out of context</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loki%27s_Wager" class="mw-redirect" title="Loki's Wager">Loki's Wager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_true_Scotsman" title="No true Scotsman">No true Scotsman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reification_(fallacy)" title="Reification (fallacy)">Reification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Question-begging</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circular_reasoning" title="Circular reasoning">Circular reasoning</a> / <a href="/wiki/Begging_the_question" title="Begging the question">Begging the question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loaded_language" title="Loaded language">Loaded language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leading_question" title="Leading question">Leading question</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-barreled_question" title="Double-barreled question">Compound question</a> / <a href="/wiki/Loaded_question" title="Loaded question">Loaded question</a> / <a href="/wiki/Complex_question" title="Complex question">Complex question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_true_Scotsman" title="No true Scotsman">No true Scotsman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Correlative-based_fallacies" title="Correlative-based fallacies">Correlative-based</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/False_dilemma" title="False dilemma">False dilemma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana_fallacy" title="Nirvana fallacy">Perfect solution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denying_the_correlative" title="Denying the correlative">Denying the correlative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppressed_correlative" title="Suppressed correlative">Suppressed correlative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fallacies_of_illicit_transference" title="Fallacies of illicit transference">Illicit transference</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fallacy_of_composition" title="Fallacy of composition">Composition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallacy_of_division" title="Fallacy of division">Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_fallacy" title="Ecological fallacy">Ecological</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Secundum_quid" title="Secundum quid">Secundum quid</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accident_(fallacy)" title="Accident (fallacy)">Accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Converse_accident" title="Converse accident">Converse accident</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Faulty_generalization" title="Faulty generalization">Faulty generalization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anecdotal_evidence" title="Anecdotal evidence">Anecdotal evidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampling_bias" title="Sampling bias">Sampling bias</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherry_picking" title="Cherry picking">Cherry picking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McNamara_fallacy" title="McNamara fallacy">McNamara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Base_rate_fallacy" title="Base rate fallacy">Base rate</a> / <a href="/wiki/Conjunction_fallacy" title="Conjunction fallacy">Conjunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_counting_(fallacy)" title="Double counting (fallacy)">Double counting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_analogy" title="Argument from analogy">False analogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slothful_induction" title="Slothful induction">Slothful induction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overwhelming_exception" title="Overwhelming exception">Overwhelming exception</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ambiguity" title="Ambiguity">Ambiguity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fallacy_of_accent" title="Fallacy of accent">Accent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_precision" title="False precision">False precision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moving_the_goalposts" title="Moving the goalposts">Moving the goalposts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quoting_out_of_context" title="Quoting out of context">Quoting out of context</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slippery_slope" title="Slippery slope">Slippery slope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorites_paradox" title="Sorites paradox">Sorites paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syntactic_ambiguity" title="Syntactic ambiguity">Syntactic ambiguity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Questionable_cause" title="Questionable cause">Questionable cause</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animistic_fallacy" title="Animistic fallacy">Animistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Furtive_fallacy" title="Furtive fallacy">Furtive</a></li></ul></li> <li>Correlation implies causation <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Correlation_does_not_imply_causation" title="Correlation does not imply causation">Cum hoc</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Post_hoc_ergo_propter_hoc" title="Post hoc ergo propter hoc">Post hoc</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambler%27s_fallacy" title="Gambler's fallacy">Gambler's</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inverse_gambler%27s_fallacy" title="Inverse gambler's fallacy">Inverse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regression_fallacy" title="Regression fallacy">Regression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallacy_of_the_single_cause" title="Fallacy of the single cause">Single cause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slippery_slope" title="Slippery slope">Slippery slope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_sharpshooter_fallacy" title="Texas sharpshooter fallacy">Texas sharpshooter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Appeals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_the_law" title="Appeal to the law">Law/Legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_the_stone" title="Appeal to the stone">Stone</a> / <a href="/wiki/Proof_by_assertion" title="Proof by assertion">Proof by assertion</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_consequences" title="Appeal to consequences">Consequences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Argumentum_ad_baculum" title="Argumentum ad baculum">Argumentum ad baculum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wishful_thinking" title="Wishful thinking">Wishful thinking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_emotion" title="Appeal to emotion">Emotion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Think_of_the_children" title="Think of the children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_fear" title="Appeal to fear">Fear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_flattery" title="Appeal to flattery">Flattery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_novelty" title="Appeal to novelty">Novelty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_pity" title="Appeal to pity">Pity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_ridicule" title="Appeal to ridicule">Ridicule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-group_favoritism" title="In-group favoritism">In-group favoritism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invented_here" title="Invented here">Invented here</a> / <a href="/wiki/Not_invented_here" title="Not invented here">Not invented here</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_mentality" title="Island mentality">Island mentality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_loyalty" title="Appeal to loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parade_of_horribles" title="Parade of horribles">Parade of horribles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_spite" class="mw-redirect" title="Appeal to spite">Spite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag-waving" title="Flag-waving">Stirring symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_of_repugnance" title="Wisdom of repugnance">Wisdom of repugnance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genetic_fallacy" title="Genetic fallacy">Genetic fallacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ad_hominem18" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ad_hominem" title="Ad hominem">Ad hominem</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_motive" title="Appeal to motive">Appeal to motive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_fallacy" title="Association fallacy">Association</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Reductio_ad_Hitlerum" title="Reductio ad Hitlerum">Reductio ad Hitlerum</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Godwin%27s_law" title="Godwin's law">Godwin's law</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Red-baiting" title="Red-baiting">Reductio ad Stalinum</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulverism" title="Bulverism">Bulverism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poisoning_the_well" title="Poisoning the well">Poisoning the well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tone_policing" title="Tone policing">Tone</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tu_quoque" title="Tu quoque">Tu quoque</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whataboutism" title="Whataboutism">Whataboutism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_authority" title="Argument from authority">Authority</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_accomplishment" title="Appeal to accomplishment">Accomplishment</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ipse_dixit" title="Ipse dixit">Ipse dixit</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argumentum_ad_lazarum" title="Argumentum ad lazarum">Poverty</a> / <a href="/wiki/Argumentum_ad_crumenam" title="Argumentum ad crumenam">Wealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etymological_fallacy" title="Etymological fallacy">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_nature" title="Appeal to nature">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_tradition" title="Appeal to tradition">Tradition</a> / <a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_novelty" title="Appeal to novelty">Novelty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronological_snobbery" title="Chronological snobbery">Chronological snobbery</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Fallacy_of_relevance" class="mw-redirect" title="Fallacy of relevance">fallacies<br /> of relevance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Arguments13" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Argument" title="Argument">Arguments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ad_nauseam" title="Ad nauseam">Ad nauseam</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sealioning" title="Sealioning">Sealioning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_anecdote" title="Argument from anecdote">Argument from anecdote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_silence" title="Argument from silence">Argument from silence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_to_moderation" title="Argument to moderation">Argument to moderation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Argumentum_ad_populum" title="Argumentum ad populum">Argumentum ad populum</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clich%C3%A9" title="Cliché">Cliché</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Four_Great_Errors" title="The Four Great Errors">The Four Great Errors</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%27m_entitled_to_my_opinion" title="I'm entitled to my opinion">I'm entitled to my opinion</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Irrelevant_conclusion" title="Irrelevant conclusion">Ignoratio elenchi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invincible_ignorance_fallacy" title="Invincible ignorance fallacy">Invincible ignorance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moralistic_fallacy" title="Moralistic fallacy">Moralistic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Naturalistic_fallacy" title="Naturalistic fallacy">Naturalistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motte-and-bailey_fallacy" title="Motte-and-bailey fallacy">Motte-and-bailey fallacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychologist%27s_fallacy" title="Psychologist's fallacy">Psychologist's fallacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalization_(psychology)" title="Rationalization (psychology)">Rationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_herring" title="Red herring">Red herring</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Two_wrongs_make_a_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Two wrongs make a right">Two wrongs make a right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_pleading" title="Special pleading">Special pleading</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Straw man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" 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