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id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chair" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chair"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Chair</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chair-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Panel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Panel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Panel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Panel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Funding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_all_reports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_all_reports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>List of all reports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_all_reports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Activities_other_than_report_preparation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activities_other_than_report_preparation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Activities other than report preparation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Activities_other_than_report_preparation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Communications_and_dissemination_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communications_and_dissemination_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.1</span> <span>Communications and dissemination activities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communications_and_dissemination_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archiving" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archiving"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.2</span> <span>Archiving</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archiving-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assessment_reports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assessment_reports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Assessment reports</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Assessment_reports-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Assessment reports subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Assessment_reports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Review_process_of_scientific_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Review_process_of_scientific_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Review process of scientific literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Review_process_of_scientific_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selection_and_role_of_authors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selection_and_role_of_authors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Selection and role of authors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selection_and_role_of_authors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Review_process_for_assessment_reports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Review_process_for_assessment_reports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Review process for assessment reports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Review_process_for_assessment_reports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Key_findings_and_impacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Key_findings_and_impacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Key findings and impacts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Key_findings_and_impacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Assessment_reports_one_to_five_(1990_to_2014)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assessment_reports_one_to_five_(1990_to_2014)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Assessment reports one to five (1990 to 2014)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assessment_reports_one_to_five_(1990_to_2014)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sixth_assessment_report_(2021/2022)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sixth_assessment_report_(2021/2022)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>Sixth assessment report (2021/2022)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sixth_assessment_report_(2021/2022)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_reports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_reports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Other reports</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_reports-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other reports subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_reports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Special_reports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_reports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Special reports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Special_reports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Special_reports_in_2011" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_reports_in_2011"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Special reports in 2011</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Special_reports_in_2011-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Special_reports_2018–2019" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_reports_2018–2019"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Special reports 2018–2019</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Special_reports_2018–2019-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methodology_Reports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methodology_Reports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Methodology Reports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methodology_Reports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Revised_1996_IPCC_Guidelines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revised_1996_IPCC_Guidelines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revised_1996_IPCC_Guidelines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2006_IPCC_Guidelines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2006_IPCC_Guidelines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>2006 IPCC Guidelines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2006_IPCC_Guidelines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Challenges_and_controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Challenges_and_controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Challenges and controversies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Challenges_and_controversies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Challenges and controversies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Challenges_and_controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conservative_nature_of_IPCC_reports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservative_nature_of_IPCC_reports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Conservative nature of IPCC reports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservative_nature_of_IPCC_reports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Potential_industry_and_political_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Potential_industry_and_political_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Potential industry and political influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Potential_industry_and_political_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversy_and_review_after_Fourth_Assessment_Report_in_2007" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversy_and_review_after_Fourth_Assessment_Report_in_2007"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Controversy and review after Fourth Assessment Report in 2007</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversy_and_review_after_Fourth_Assessment_Report_in_2007-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-InterAcademy_Council_review_in_2010" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#InterAcademy_Council_review_in_2010"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>InterAcademy Council review in 2010</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-InterAcademy_Council_review_in_2010-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issues_with_consensual_approach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issues_with_consensual_approach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Issues with consensual approach</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Issues_with_consensual_approach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_by_experts_involved_with_the_IPCC_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_by_experts_involved_with_the_IPCC_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Criticism by experts involved with the IPCC process</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_by_experts_involved_with_the_IPCC_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Endorsements_and_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Endorsements_and_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Endorsements and awards</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Endorsements_and_awards-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Endorsements and awards subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Endorsements_and_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Endorsements_from_scientific_bodies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Endorsements_from_scientific_bodies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Endorsements from scientific bodies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Endorsements_from_scientific_bodies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nobel_Peace_Prize_in_2007" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nobel_Peace_Prize_in_2007"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Nobel Peace Prize in 2007</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nobel_Peace_Prize_in_2007-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gulbenkian_Prize_for_Humanity_in_2022" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gulbenkian_Prize_for_Humanity_in_2022"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Gulbenkian Prize for Humanity in 2022</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gulbenkian_Prize_for_Humanity_in_2022-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " 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Available in 76 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-76" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">76 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interregeringspaneel_oor_klimaatverandering" title="Interregeringspaneel oor klimaatverandering – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Interregeringspaneel oor klimaatverandering" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AE" title="الهيئة الحكومية الدولية المعنية بتغير المناخ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الهيئة الحكومية الدولية المعنية بتغير المناخ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0qlim_D%C9%99yi%C5%9Fikliyi_%C3%BCzr%C9%99_H%C3%B6kum%C9%99tl%C9%99raras%C4%B1_Panel" title="İqlim Dəyişikliyi üzrə Hökumətlərarası Panel – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İqlim Dəyişikliyi üzrə Hökumətlərarası Panel" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A8ng-h%C3%BA-kan_Kh%C3%AC-h%C4%81u_Pi%C3%A0n-ho%C3%A0_Choan-ka_%C3%9Ai-o%C3%A2n-ho%C4%93" title="Chèng-hú-kan Khì-hāu Piàn-hoà Choan-ka Úi-oân-hoē – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chèng-hú-kan Khì-hāu Piàn-hoà Choan-ka Úi-oân-hoē" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%9E_%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83" title="Міжурадавая група экспертаў па змяненні клімату – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Міжурадавая група экспертаў па змяненні клімату" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%9E_%D1%83_%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83" title="Міжурадавая група экспэртаў у зьменах клімату – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Міжурадавая група экспэртаў у зьменах клімату" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Междуправителствен панел за климатични промени – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Междуправителствен панел за климатични промени" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C4%91uvladin_panel_za_klimatske_promjene" title="Međuvladin panel za klimatske promjene – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Međuvladin panel za klimatske promjene" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%B9_%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Уларил амисхалай хубилалгын талаар засагай газар хоорондын мэргэжэлтэнэй хороон – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Уларил амисхалай хубилалгын талаар засагай газар хоорондын мэргэжэлтэнэй хороон" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grup_Intergovernamental_sobre_el_Canvi_Clim%C3%A0tic" title="Grup Intergovernamental sobre el Canvi Climàtic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Grup Intergovernamental sobre el Canvi Climàtic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezivl%C3%A1dn%C3%AD_panel_pro_zm%C4%9Bnu_klimatu" title="Mezivládní panel pro změnu klimatu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mezivládní panel pro změnu klimatu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panel_Rhynglywodraethol_ar_Newid_Hinsawdd" title="Panel Rhynglywodraethol ar Newid Hinsawdd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Panel Rhynglywodraethol ar Newid Hinsawdd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/FN%27s_klimapanel" title="FN's klimapanel – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="FN's klimapanel" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valitsustevaheline_Kliimamuutuste_N%C3%B5ukogu" title="Valitsustevaheline Kliimamuutuste Nõukogu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Valitsustevaheline Kliimamuutuste Nõukogu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%85%CE%B2%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%95%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD_%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%AE_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9A%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Διακυβερνητική Επιτροπή για την Αλλαγή του Κλίματος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διακυβερνητική Επιτροπή για την Αλλαγή του Κλίματος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo_Intergubernamental_de_Expertos_sobre_el_Cambio_Clim%C3%A1tico" title="Grupo Intergubernamental de Expertos sobre el Cambio Climático – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Grupo Intergubernamental de Expertos sobre el Cambio Climático" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interregistara_Spertularo_pri_Klimata_%C5%9Can%C4%9Di%C4%9Do" title="Interregistara Spertularo pri Klimata Ŝanĝiĝo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Interregistara Spertularo pri Klimata Ŝanĝiĝo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klima-aldaketari_buruzko_Gobernuarteko_Adituen_Taldea" title="Klima-aldaketari buruzko Gobernuarteko Adituen Taldea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Klima-aldaketari buruzko Gobernuarteko Adituen Taldea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%A6%D8%AA_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%BA%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85" title="هیئت بین‌دولتی تغییر اقلیم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هیئت بین‌دولتی تغییر اقلیم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve%C3%B0urlagsr%C3%A1%C3%B0i%C3%B0_hj%C3%A1_ST" title="Veðurlagsráðið hjá ST – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Veðurlagsráðið hjá ST" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupe_d%27experts_intergouvernemental_sur_l%27%C3%A9volution_du_climat" title="Groupe d'experts intergouvernemental sur l'évolution du climat – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Groupe d'experts intergouvernemental sur l'évolution du climat" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain%C3%A9al_Idir-Rialtasach_ar_an_Athr%C3%BA_Aer%C3%A1ide" title="Painéal Idir-Rialtasach ar an Athrú Aeráide – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Painéal Idir-Rialtasach ar an Athrú Aeráide" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo_intergobernamental_sobre_o_cambio_clim%C3%A1tico" title="Grupo intergobernamental sobre o cambio climático – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Grupo intergobernamental sobre o cambio climático" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%ED%9B%84%EB%B3%80%ED%99%94%EC%97%90_%EA%B4%80%ED%95%9C_%EC%A0%95%EB%B6%80%EA%B0%84_%ED%98%91%EC%9D%98%EC%B2%B4" title="기후변화에 관한 정부간 협의체 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="기후변화에 관한 정부간 협의체" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungiyar_gwamnatoci_a_kan_Canjin_Yanayi" title="Kungiyar gwamnatoci a kan Canjin Yanayi – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kungiyar gwamnatoci a kan Canjin Yanayi" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2" title="जलवायु परिवर्तन पर अंतर-सरकारी पैनल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जलवायु परिवर्तन पर अंतर-सरकारी पैनल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C4%91uvladin_panel_o_klimatskim_promjenama" title="Međuvladin panel o klimatskim promjenama – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Međuvladin panel o klimatskim promjenama" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngalaba_G%E1%BB%8D%E1%BB%8Dment%E1%BB%8B_Na-ah%E1%BB%A5_Maka_Mgbanwe_Ihu_igwe" title="Ngalaba Gọọmentị Na-ahụ Maka Mgbanwe Ihu igwe – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ngalaba Gọọmentị Na-ahụ Maka Mgbanwe Ihu igwe" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panel_Antarpemerintah_tentang_Perubahan_Iklim" title="Panel Antarpemerintah tentang Perubahan Iklim – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Panel Antarpemerintah tentang Perubahan Iklim" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millir%C3%ADkjanefnd_um_loftslagsbreytingar" title="Milliríkjanefnd um loftslagsbreytingar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Milliríkjanefnd um loftslagsbreytingar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruppo_intergovernativo_sul_cambiamento_climatico" title="Gruppo intergovernativo sul cambiamento climatico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gruppo intergovernativo sul cambiamento climatico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9F-%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%AA%D7%99_%D7%9C%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D" title="הפאנל הבין-ממשלתי לשינוי האקלים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הפאנל הבין-ממשלתי לשינוי האקלים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC" title="IPCC – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="IPCC" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A3_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8_%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%97" title="ವಾಯುಗುಣ ಬದಲಾವಣೆಯ ಮೇಲಿನ ಅಂತರಸರ್ಕಾರಿ ನಿಯೋಗ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಾಯುಗುಣ ಬದಲಾವಣೆಯ ಮೇಲಿನ ಅಂತರಸರ್ಕಾರಿ ನಿಯೋಗ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%AA%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%97%E1%83%90_%E1%83%AF%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="კლიმატის ცვლილების სამთავრობათშორისო ექსპერტთა ჯგუფი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კლიმატის ცვლილების სამთავრობათშორისო ექსპერტთა ჯგუფი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panela_guhertina_kl%C3%AEmay%C3%AA_ya_navhik%C3%BBmet%C3%AE" title="Panela guhertina klîmayê ya navhikûmetî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Panela guhertina klîmayê ya navhikûmetî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consilium_climaticum_Nationum_Unitarum" title="Consilium climaticum Nationum Unitarum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Consilium climaticum Nationum Unitarum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimata_p%C4%81rmai%C5%86u_starpvald%C4%ABbu_padome" title="Klimata pārmaiņu starpvaldību padome – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Klimata pārmaiņu starpvaldību padome" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarpvyriausybin%C4%97_klimato_kaitos_komisija" title="Tarpvyriausybinė klimato kaitos komisija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tarpvyriausybinė klimato kaitos komisija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ghajlatv%C3%A1ltoz%C3%A1si_Korm%C3%A1nyk%C3%B6zi_Test%C3%BClet" title="Éghajlatváltozási Kormányközi Testület – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Éghajlatváltozási Kormányközi Testület" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%93%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Меѓувладин панел за климатски промени – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Меѓувладин панел за климатски промени" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BA%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%93%E0%B5%BA_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D" title="ഇന്റർഗവൺമെന്റൽ പാനൽ ഓൺ ക്ലൈമറ്റ് ചേഞ്ച് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇന്റർഗവൺമെന്റൽ പാനൽ ഓൺ ക്ലൈമറ്റ് ചേഞ്ച്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="हवामान बदलावर आंतरसरकारी पॅनेल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हवामान बदलावर आंतरसरकारी पॅनेल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panel_Antara_Kerajaan_tentang_Perubahan_Iklim" title="Panel Antara Kerajaan tentang Perubahan Iklim – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Panel Antara Kerajaan tentang Perubahan Iklim" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%97%E5%80%99%E5%A4%89%E5%8B%95%E3%81%AB%E9%96%A2%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E9%96%93%E3%83%91%E3%83%8D%E3%83%AB" title="気候変動に関する政府間パネル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="気候変動に関する政府間パネル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/FNs_klimapanel" title="FNs klimapanel – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="FNs klimapanel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/SN_sitt_klimapanel" title="SN sitt klimapanel – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="SN sitt klimapanel" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grop_Intergovernamental_sul_Cambiament_Climatic" title="Grop Intergovernamental sul Cambiament Climatic – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Grop Intergovernamental sul Cambiament Climatic" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%85%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0-%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B2" title="ਮੌਸਮੀ ਤਬਦੀਲੀ ਬਾਰੇ ਅੰਤਰ-ਸਰਕਾਰੀ ਪੈਨਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੌਸਮੀ ਤਬਦੀਲੀ ਬਾਰੇ ਅੰਤਰ-ਸਰਕਾਰੀ ਪੈਨਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%BE%D9%87_%D8%A7%DA%93%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%8A_%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C" title="د اقليم بدلون په اړوند بين الدولتي پلاوی – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د اقليم بدلون په اړوند بين الدولتي پلاوی" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C4%99dzyrz%C4%85dowy_Zesp%C3%B3%C5%82_ds._Zmian_Klimatu" title="Międzyrządowy Zespół ds. Zmian Klimatu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Międzyrządowy Zespół ds. Zmian Klimatu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painel_Intergovernamental_sobre_Mudan%C3%A7as_Clim%C3%A1ticas" title="Painel Intergovernamental sobre Mudanças Climáticas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Painel Intergovernamental sobre Mudanças Climáticas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC" title="IPCC – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="IPCC" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8E_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Межправительственная группа экспертов по изменению климата – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Межправительственная группа экспертов по изменению климата" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medzivl%C3%A1dny_panel_o_zmene_kl%C3%ADmy" title="Medzivládny panel o zmene klímy – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Medzivládny panel o zmene klímy" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medvladni_forum_za_podnebne_spremembe" title="Medvladni forum za podnebne spremembe – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Medvladni forum za podnebne spremembe" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskuxidhka_Dowladaha_Isbadalka_Cimilada" title="Iskuxidhka Dowladaha Isbadalka Cimilada – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Iskuxidhka Dowladaha Isbadalka Cimilada" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%95%DB%8C_%D9%86%DB%8E%D9%88%D8%AD%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%88%D9%85%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%8C_%DA%AF%DB%86%DA%95%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%88%DA%BE%DB%95%D9%88%D8%A7" title="دەستەی نێوحکوومەتیی گۆڕانی ئاووھەوا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دەستەی نێوحکوومەتیی گۆڕانی ئاووھەوا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C4%91uvladin_panel_o_klimatskim_promenama" title="Međuvladin panel o klimatskim promenama – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Međuvladin panel o klimatskim promenama" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C4%91uvladin_panel_o_klimatskim_promjenama" title="Međuvladin panel o klimatskim promjenama – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Međuvladin panel o klimatskim promjenama" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC" title="IPCC – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="IPCC" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6renta_nationernas_klimatpanel" title="Förenta nationernas klimatpanel – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Förenta nationernas klimatpanel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" 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href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8" title="คณะกรรมการระหว่างรัฐบาลว่าด้วยการเปลี่ยนแปลงสภาพภูมิอากาศ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คณะกรรมการระหว่างรัฐบาลว่าด้วยการเปลี่ยนแปลงสภาพภูมิอากาศ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a 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id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=IPCC&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="IPCC">IPCC</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Scientific intergovernmental body</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"IPCC" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/IPCC_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="IPCC (disambiguation)">IPCC (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change_Logo.svg/220px-Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change_Logo.svg/330px-Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change_Logo.svg/440px-Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="280" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">IPCC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">1988<span class="noprint">; 37 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1988</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Panel</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, Switzerland</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Chair</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Skea" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Skea">Jim Skea</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Vice-Chair</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Youba_Sokona" title="Youba Sokona">Youba Sokona</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Parent organization</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">World Meteorological Organization</a><br /><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Environment Program">United Nations Environment Program</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/">www<wbr />.ipcc<wbr />.ch</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171183#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Intergovernmental Panel on<br />Climate Change</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change_Logo.svg/250px-Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change_Logo.svg/375px-Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change_Logo.svg/500px-Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="280" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">IPCC Assessment Reports</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPCC_First_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC First Assessment Report">First (1990)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPCC_supplementary_report,_1992" title="IPCC supplementary report, 1992">1992 supplementary report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPCC_Second_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Second Assessment Report">Second (1995)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Third Assessment Report">Third (2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPCC_Fourth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Fourth Assessment Report">Fourth (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPCC_Fifth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Fifth Assessment Report">Fifth (2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPCC_Sixth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Sixth Assessment Report">Sixth (2022)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">IPCC Special Reports</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_Report_on_Emissions_Scenarios" title="Special Report on Emissions Scenarios">Emissions Scenarios (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_report_on_renewable_energy_sources_and_climate_change_mitigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Special report on renewable energy sources and climate change mitigation">Renewable energy sources (2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Report_on_managing_the_risks_of_extreme_events_and_disasters_to_advance_climate_change_adaptation_(SREX)" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Report on managing the risks of extreme events and disasters to advance climate change adaptation (SREX)">Extreme events and disasters (2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Report_on_Global_Warming_of_1.5_%C2%B0C" title="Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C">Global Warming of 1.5 °C (2018)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Report_on_Climate_Change_and_Land" title="Special Report on Climate Change and Land">Climate Change & Land (2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Report_on_the_Ocean_and_Cryosphere_in_a_Changing_Climate" title="Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate">Ocean & Cryosphere (2019)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">UNFCCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">WMO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">UNEP</a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</b> (<b>IPCC</b>) is an <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_body" class="mw-redirect" title="Intergovernmental body">intergovernmental body</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. Its job is to advance scientific knowledge about <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> caused by human activities.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">World Meteorological Organization</a> (WMO) and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">United Nations Environment Programme</a> (UNEP) set up the IPCC in 1988. The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations</a> endorsed the creation of the IPCC later that year.<sup id="cite_ref-UNGA_resolution_endorsing_IPCC_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNGA_resolution_endorsing_IPCC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has a secretariat in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, Switzerland, hosted by the WMO. It has 195 <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations" title="Member states of the United Nations">member states</a> who govern the IPCC.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The member states elect a bureau of scientists to serve through an assessment cycle. A cycle is usually six to seven years. The bureau selects experts in their fields to prepare IPCC reports.<sup id="cite_ref-Structure_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Structure-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a formal nomination process by governments and observer organizations to find these experts. The IPCC has three working groups and a task force, which carry out its scientific work.<sup id="cite_ref-Structure_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Structure-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The IPCC informs governments about the state of knowledge of climate change. It does this by examining all the relevant scientific literature on the subject. This includes the natural, <a href="/wiki/Economic_impacts_of_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic impacts of climate change">economic</a> and social impacts and <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of global warming">risks</a>. It also covers possible <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">response</a> <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">options</a>. The IPCC does not conduct its own original research. It aims to be objective and comprehensive. Thousands of scientists and other experts volunteer to <a href="/wiki/Systematic_review" title="Systematic review">review</a> the publications.<sup id="cite_ref-Appendix_A_to_the_Principles_Governing_IPCC_Work_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Appendix_A_to_the_Principles_Governing_IPCC_Work-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They compile key findings into "Assessment Reports" for policymakers and the general public;<sup id="cite_ref-Structure_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Structure-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Experts have described this work as the biggest <a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">peer review</a> process in the scientific community.<sup id="cite_ref-AFP_unrivalled_authority_2021_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFP_unrivalled_authority_2021-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leading climate scientists and all member governments endorse the IPCC's findings.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AFP_unrivalled_authority_2021_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFP_unrivalled_authority_2021-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This underscores that the IPCC is a well-respected authority on climate change. Governments, civil society organizations, and the media regularly quote from the panel's reports. IPCC reports play a key role in the annual climate negotiations held by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change</a> (UNFCCC).<sup id="cite_ref-UNFCCC_intro_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNFCCC_intro-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Principles_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Principles-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The IPCC <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Assessment_Report" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth Assessment Report">Fifth Assessment Report</a> was an important influence on the landmark <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a> in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-Nature_Schleussner_20160725_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nature_Schleussner_20160725-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The IPCC shared the <a href="/wiki/2007_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2007 Nobel Peace Prize">2007 Nobel Peace Prize</a> with <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> for contributions to the understanding of climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The seventh assessment cycle of the IPCC began in 2023. In August 2021, the IPCC published its Working Group I contribution to the <a href="/wiki/IPCC_Sixth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Sixth Assessment Report">Sixth Assessment Report</a> on the physical science basis of climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> described this report as the "starkest warning yet" of "major inevitable and irreversible climate changes".<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian_9Aug21_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian_9Aug21-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many newspapers around the world echoed this theme.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian_10Aug21_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian_10Aug21-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 2022, the IPCC released its Working Group II report on impacts and adaptation.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It published Working Group III's "mitigation of climate change" contribution to the Sixth Assessment in April 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sixth Assessment Report concluded with a Synthesis Report in March 2023. </p><p>During the period of the Sixth Assessment Report, the IPCC released three special reports. The first and most influential was the <a href="/wiki/Special_Report_on_Global_Warming_of_1.5_%C2%B0C" title="Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C">Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C</a> in 2018. In 2019 the <a href="/wiki/Special_Report_on_Climate_Change_and_Land" title="Special Report on Climate Change and Land">Special Report on Climate Change and Land</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Special_Report_on_the_Ocean_and_Cryosphere_in_a_Changing_Climate" title="Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate">Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate</a> came out. The IPCC also updated its methodologies in 2019. So the sixth assessment cycle was the most ambitious in the IPCC's history.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The predecessor of the IPCC was the <a href="/wiki/Advisory_Group_on_Greenhouse_Gases" title="Advisory Group on Greenhouse Gases">Advisory Group on Greenhouse Gases</a> (AGGG).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three organizations set up the AGGG in 1986. These were the <a href="/wiki/International_Council_for_Science" title="International Council for Science">International Council of Scientific Unions</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">United Nations Environment Programme</a> (UNEP), and the <a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">World Meteorological Organization</a> (WMO). The AGGG reviewed scientific research on greenhouse gases. It also studied increases in greenhouse gases. <a href="/wiki/Climate_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate Science">Climate science</a> was becoming more complicated and covering more disciplines. This small group of scientists lacked the resources to cover climate science. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a> sought an international convention to restrict <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">Reagan Administration</a> worried that independent scientists would have too much influence. The WMO and UNEP therefore created the IPCC as an intergovernmental body in 1988. Scientists take part in the IPCC as both experts and government representatives. The IPCC produces reports backed by all leading relevant scientists. Member governments must also endorse the reports by consensus agreement. So the IPCC is both a scientific body and an organization of governments.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its job is to tell governments what scientists know about climate change. It also examines the <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">impacts of climate change</a> and options for dealing with it. The IPCC does this by assessing peer-reviewed scientific literature.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> endorsed the creation of the IPCC in 1988. The <a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_resolution" class="mw-redirect" title="General Assembly resolution">General Assembly resolution</a> noted that human activity could change the climate. This could lead to severe economic and social consequences. It said increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases could <a href="/wiki/Instrumental_temperature_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrumental temperature record">warm the planet</a>. This would cause the <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level to rise</a>. The effects on humanity would be disastrous if timely steps were not taken.<sup id="cite_ref-UNGA_resolution_endorsing_IPCC_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNGA_resolution_endorsing_IPCC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IPCC_adoption_of_the_Summary_for_Policymakers_of_the_Special_Report_on_Global_Warming_of_1.5%C2%B0C.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/IPCC_adoption_of_the_Summary_for_Policymakers_of_the_Special_Report_on_Global_Warming_of_1.5%C2%B0C.jpg/260px-IPCC_adoption_of_the_Summary_for_Policymakers_of_the_Special_Report_on_Global_Warming_of_1.5%C2%B0C.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/IPCC_adoption_of_the_Summary_for_Policymakers_of_the_Special_Report_on_Global_Warming_of_1.5%C2%B0C.jpg/390px-IPCC_adoption_of_the_Summary_for_Policymakers_of_the_Special_Report_on_Global_Warming_of_1.5%C2%B0C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/IPCC_adoption_of_the_Summary_for_Policymakers_of_the_Special_Report_on_Global_Warming_of_1.5%C2%B0C.jpg/520px-IPCC_adoption_of_the_Summary_for_Policymakers_of_the_Special_Report_on_Global_Warming_of_1.5%C2%B0C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>Adoption of the Summary for Policymakers of the IPCC <a href="/wiki/Special_Report_on_Global_Warming_of_1.5_%C2%B0C" title="Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C">Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C</a> in 2018</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Way_of_working">Way of working</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Way of working"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The IPCC does not conduct original research.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It produces comprehensive assessments on the state of knowledge of climate change. It prepares reports on special topics relevant to climate change. It also produces methodologies. These methodologies help countries estimate their greenhouse gas emissions and removals through sinks. Its assessments build on previous reports and scientific publications. Throughout six assessments the reports reflect the growing evidence for a changing climate. And they show how this is due to human activity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rules_and_governing_principles">Rules and governing principles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Rules and governing principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The IPCC has adopted its rules of procedure in the "Principles Governing IPCC Work". These state that the IPCC will assess:<sup id="cite_ref-Principles_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Principles-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>the risk of <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">climate change</a> caused by human activities,</li> <li>its <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of global warming">potential impacts</a>, and</li> <li>possible <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">options for prevention</a>.</li></ul> <p>Under IPCC rules its assessments are comprehensive, objective, open, and transparent. They cover all the information relevant to the scientific understanding of climate change. This draws on scientific, technical, and socioeconomic information. IPCC reports must be neutral regarding policy recommendations. However, they may address the objective factors relevant to enacting policies.<sup id="cite_ref-Principles_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Principles-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure">Structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The IPCC has the following structure: </p> <ul><li>IPCC Panel: Meets in <a href="/wiki/Plenary_session" title="Plenary session">plenary session</a> about twice a year. It may meet more often for the approval of reports.<sup id="cite_ref-Structure_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Structure-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It controls the IPCC's structure, procedures, work programme, and budget. It accepts and approves IPCC reports. The Panel is the IPCC corporate entity.<sup id="cite_ref-Structure_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Structure-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Chair: Elected by the Panel. Chairs the Bureau and other bodies. Represents the organization.</li> <li>Bureau: Elected by the Panel. It currently has 34 members from different geographic regions. Besides the Chair and three IPCC Vice-Chairs, they provide the leadership for the IPCC's three Working Groups and Task Force.<sup id="cite_ref-IPCC_Bureau_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPCC_Bureau-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It provides guidance to the Panel on the scientific and technical aspects of its work.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Working Groups: Each has two Co-Chairs, one from a developed and one from a developing country. A technical support unit supports each Working Group. Working Group sessions approve the Summary for Policymakers of assessment and special reports. Each Working Group has a Bureau. This consists of its Co-Chairs and Vice-Chairs, who are also members of the IPCC Bureau. <ul><li>Working Group I: Assesses scientific aspects of the climate system and climate change. Co-Chairs: Robert Vautard (France) and Xiaoye Zhang (China)<sup id="cite_ref-:9_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Working Group II: Assesses the impacts of climate change on human and natural systems. Assesses adaptation options. Co-Chairs: Bart van den Hurk (Netherlands) and Winston Chow (Singapore)<sup id="cite_ref-:9_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Working Group III: Assesses how to stop climate change by limiting greenhouse gas emissions. (Known as "mitigation".) Co-Chairs: <a href="/wiki/Katherine_Calvin" title="Katherine Calvin">Katherine Calvin</a> (United States) and Joy Jacqueline Pereira (Malaysia)<sup id="cite_ref-:9_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Task Force on National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Develops methodologies for estimating greenhouse gas emissions. Co-Chairs: Takeshi Enoki (Japan) and Mazhar Hayat (Pakistan)<sup id="cite_ref-:9_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Task Force Bureau: Consists of two Co-Chairs, who are also members of the IPCC Bureau, and 12 members.</li></ul></li> <li>Executive Committee: Consists of the Chair, IPCC Vice-Chairs and the Co-Chairs of the Working Groups and Task Force. It addresses urgent issues that arise between sessions of the Panel.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Secretariat: Administers activities, supports the Chair and Bureau, point of contact for governments. Supported by UNEP and the WMO.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chair">Chair</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Chair"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The chair of the IPCC is British energy scientist <a href="/wiki/James_Skea" title="James Skea">Jim Skea</a>, who is hosted by the <a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Environment_and_Development" title="International Institute for Environment and Development">International Institute for Environment and Development</a>. Skea has served since 28 July 2023 with the election of the new IPCC Bureau.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His predecessor was Korean economist <a href="/wiki/Hoesung_Lee" title="Hoesung Lee">Hoesung Lee</a>, elected in 2015. The previous chairs were <a href="/wiki/Rajendra_K._Pachauri" title="Rajendra K. Pachauri">Rajendra K. Pachauri</a>, elected in 2002, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Watson_(scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Watson (scientist)">Robert Watson</a>, elected in 1997, and <a href="/wiki/Bert_Bolin" title="Bert Bolin">Bert Bolin</a>, elected in 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Panel">Panel</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Panel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Panel consists of representatives appointed by governments. They take part in plenary sessions of the IPCC and its Working Groups. Non-governmental and intergovernmental organizations may attend as observers.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meetings of IPCC bodies are by invitation only.<sup id="cite_ref-Principles_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Principles-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 500 people from 130 countries attended the 48th Session of the Panel in Incheon, Republic of Korea. This took place in October 2018. They included 290 government officials and 60 representatives of observer organizations. The opening ceremonies of sessions of the Panel and of Lead Author Meetings are open to media. Otherwise, IPCC meetings are closed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Funding">Funding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Funding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The IPCC receives funding through a dedicated <a href="/wiki/Trust_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust law">trust fund</a>. UNEP and the WMO established the fund in 1989. The trust fund receives annual financial contributions from member governments. The WMO, UNEP, and other organizations also contribute. Payments are voluntary and there is no set amount required. The WMO covers the operating costs of the secretariat. It also sets the IPCC's financial regulations and rules.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Panel sets the annual budget. </p><p>In 2021, the IPCC's annual budget amounts to approximately six million euros, financed by the 195 UN Member states, who contribute "independently and voluntarily".<sup id="cite_ref-:8_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, the countries giving the most money include the United States, Japan, France, Germany and Norway.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other countries, often developing ones, give an "in-kind contribution, by hosting IPCC meetings".<sup id="cite_ref-:8_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, this budget was a little less than eight million euros.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_all_reports">List of all reports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: List of all reports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Name of report </th> <th>Type of report </th></tr> <tr> <td>2023 </td> <td>AR6 Synthesis Report: <i>Climate Change 2023</i> (March 2023) </td> <td>Synthesis Report </td></tr> <tr> <td>2021 and 2022 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/IPCC_Sixth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Sixth Assessment Report">Sixth Assessment Report</a> (AR6): <i>Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis</i> (Working Group I, August 2021), <i>Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability</i> (Working Group II, February 2022), <i>Mitigation of Climate Change</i> (Working Group III, April 2022) </td> <td>Assessment Report (Working Group contributions) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Special_Report_on_the_Ocean_and_Cryosphere_in_a_Changing_Climate" title="Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate">Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate</a> </td> <td>Special Report </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Special_Report_on_Climate_Change_and_Land" title="Special Report on Climate Change and Land">Special Report on Climate Change and Land</a> </td> <td>Special Report </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019 </td> <td>2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Methodology Report </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Special_Report_on_Global_Warming_of_1.5_%C2%B0C" title="Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C">Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C</a> (SR15) </td> <td>Special Report </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014 </td> <td>AR5 Synthesis Report: <i>Climate Change 2014</i><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Synthesis Report </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013 and 2014 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Assessment_Report" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth Assessment Report">Fifth Assessment Report</a> (AR5) <i>Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis</i> (Working Group I, September 2013), <i>Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability</i> (Working Group II, March 2014), <i>Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change</i> (Working Group III, April 2014) </td> <td>Assessment (Working Group contributions) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013 </td> <td>2013 Supplement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Wetlands<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Methodology Report </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013 </td> <td>2013 Revised Supplementary Methods and Good Practice Guidance Arising from the Kyoto Protocol<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Methodology Report </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011 </td> <td>Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Special Report </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011 </td> <td>Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Special Report </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007 </td> <td>AR4 Synthesis Report: <i>Climate Change 2007</i> </td> <td>Synthesis Report </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/IPCC_Fourth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Fourth Assessment Report">Fourth Assessment Report</a> (AR4) <i>Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis</i> (Working Group I, February 2007), <i>Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability</i> (Working Group II, April 2007), <i>Climate Change 2007: Mitigation of Climate Change</i> (Working Group III, May 2007) </td> <td>Assessment Report (Working Group contributions) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2006 </td> <td>2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories </td> <td>Methodology Report </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005 </td> <td>Safeguarding the Ozone Layer and the Global Climate System </td> <td>Special Report </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005 </td> <td>Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage<sup id="cite_ref-:02_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Special Report </td></tr> <tr> <td>2003 </td> <td>Good Practice Guidance for Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry </td> <td>Methodology Report </td></tr> <tr> <td>2003 </td> <td>Definitions and Methodological Options to Inventory Emissions from Direct Human-induced Degradation of Forests and Devegatation of Other Vegetation Types </td> <td>Methodology Report </td></tr> <tr> <td>2001 </td> <td>TAR Synthesis Report: <i>Climate Change 2001</i> </td> <td>Synthesis Report </td></tr> <tr> <td>2001 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Third_Assessment_Report" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Assessment Report">Third Assessment Report</a> (TAR) <i>Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis</i> (Working Group I), <i>Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability</i> (Working Group II), <i>Climate Change 2001: Mitigation</i> (Working Group III) </td> <td>Assessment Report (Working Group contributions) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000 </td> <td>Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories </td> <td>Methodology Report </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000 </td> <td>Methodological and Technological Issues in Technology Transfer </td> <td>Special Report </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000 </td> <td>Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry </td> <td>Special Report </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Special_Report_on_Emissions_Scenarios" title="Special Report on Emissions Scenarios">Special Report on Emissions Scenarios</a> </td> <td>Special Report </td></tr> <tr> <td>1999 </td> <td>Aviation and the Global Atmosphere </td> <td>Special Report </td></tr> <tr> <td>1997 </td> <td>The Regional Impacts of Climate Change: An Assessment of Vulnerability </td> <td>Special Report </td></tr> <tr> <td>1996 </td> <td>Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories </td> <td>Methodology Report </td></tr> <tr> <td>1996 </td> <td>SAR Synthesis Report: <i>Climate Change 1995</i> </td> <td>Synthesis Report </td></tr> <tr> <td>1995 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/IPCC_Second_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Second Assessment Report">Second Assessment Report</a> (SAR) <i>Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change</i> (Working Group I), <i>Climate Change 1995: Impacts, Adaptations and Mitigation of Climate Change: Scientific-Technical Analyses</i> (Working Group II), <i>Climate Change 1995: Economic and Social Dimensions of Climate Change</i> (Working Group III) </td> <td>Assessment Report (Working Group contributions) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1994 </td> <td>IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories </td> <td>Methodology Report </td></tr> <tr> <td>1994 </td> <td>Climate Change 1994: Radiative Forcing of Climate Change and An Evaluation of the IPCC IS92 Emission Scenarios </td> <td>Special Report </td></tr> <tr> <td>1994 </td> <td>IPCC Technical Guidelines for Assessing Climate Change Impacts and Adaptations </td> <td>Special Report </td></tr> <tr> <td>1992 </td> <td>FAR <i>Climate Change: The IPCC 1990 and 1992 Assessments</i> (June 1992) (includes an Overview of the whole report) </td> <td>Assessment Report (Working Group contributions)/Synthesis Report </td></tr> <tr> <td>1992 </td> <td>FAR <i>Climate Change 1992: The Supplementary Report to the IPCC Scientific Assessment</i> (Working Group I, February 2022), <i>Climate Change 1992: The Supplementary Report to the IPCC Impacts Assessment</i> (Working Group II, February 2022) </td> <td>Assessment Report (Working Group contributions) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/IPCC_First_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC First Assessment Report">First Assessment Report</a> (FAR) <i>Climate Change: The IPCC Scientific Assessment</i> (Working Group I), <i>Climate Change: The IPCC Impacts Assessment</i> (Working Group II), <i>Climate Change: The IPCC Response Strategies</i> (Working Group III) </td> <td>Assessment Report (Working Group contributions) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Activities_other_than_report_preparation">Activities other than report preparation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Activities other than report preparation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The IPCC bases its work on the decisions of the WMO and UNEP, which established the IPCC. It also supports the work of the UNFCCC.<sup id="cite_ref-Principles_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Principles-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main work of the IPCC is to prepare assessments and other reports. It also supports other activities such as the Data Distribution Centre.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This helps manage data related to IPCC reports. </p><p>The IPCC has a "Gender Policy and Implementation Plan" to pay attention to gender in its work. It aims to carry out its work inclusively and respectfully. The IPCC aims for balance in participation in IPCC work. This should offer all participants equal opportunity.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Communications_and_dissemination_activities">Communications and dissemination activities</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Communications and dissemination activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The IPCC enhanced its communications activities for the Fifth Assessment Report. For instance, it made the approved report and press release available to registered media under embargo before the release.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And it expanded its outreach activities with an outreach calendar.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The IPCC held an Expert Meeting on Communication in February 2016, at the start of the Sixth Assessment Report cycle. Members of the old and new Bureaus worked with communications experts and practitioners at this meeting. This meeting produced a series of recommendations.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The IPCC adopted many of them. One was to bring people with communications expertise into the Working Group Technical Support Units. Another was to consider communication questions early on in the preparation of reports. </p><p>Following these steps in communications, the IPCC saw a significant increase in media coverage of its reports. This was particularly the case with the <i><a href="/wiki/Special_Report_on_Global_Warming_of_1.5_%C2%B0C" title="Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C">Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C</a></i> in 2018 and <i>Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis</i>, the Working Group I contribution to the <a href="/wiki/IPCC_Sixth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Sixth Assessment Report">Sixth Assessment Report</a>, in 2021. There was also much greater public interest, reflected in the youth and other movements that emerged in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>IPCC reports are important for <a href="/wiki/Public_awareness_of_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Public awareness of climate change">public awareness of climate change</a> and related policymaking. This has led to several academic studies of IPCC communications, for example in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Archiving">Archiving</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Archiving"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The IPCC archives its reports and electronic files on its website. They include the review comments on drafts of reports. The Environmental Science and Public Policy Archives in the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Library" title="Harvard Library">Harvard Library</a> also archives them.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assessment_reports">Assessment reports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Assessment reports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/IPCC_First_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC First Assessment Report">IPCC First Assessment Report</a>, <a href="/wiki/IPCC_Second_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Second Assessment Report">IPCC Second Assessment Report</a>, <a href="/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Third Assessment Report">IPCC Third Assessment Report</a>, <a href="/wiki/IPCC_Fourth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Fourth Assessment Report">IPCC Fourth Assessment Report</a>, <a href="/wiki/IPCC_Fifth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Fifth Assessment Report">IPCC Fifth Assessment Report</a>, and <a href="/wiki/IPCC_Sixth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Sixth Assessment Report">IPCC Sixth Assessment Report</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ipcc_assessments_pages.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Ipcc_assessments_pages.png/220px-Ipcc_assessments_pages.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Ipcc_assessments_pages.png/330px-Ipcc_assessments_pages.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Ipcc_assessments_pages.png/440px-Ipcc_assessments_pages.png 2x" data-file-width="976" data-file-height="749" /></a><figcaption>Page counts of the six IPCC Assessment Reports (1990 to 2021)</figcaption></figure> <p>Between 1990 and 2023, the IPCC published six comprehensive assessment reports reviewing the latest climate science. The IPCC has also produced 14 special reports on particular topics.<sup id="cite_ref-UCS_IPCC_Who_are_they?_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCS_IPCC_Who_are_they?-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each assessment report has four parts. These are a contribution from each of the three working groups, plus a synthesis report. The synthesis report integrates the working group contributions. It also integrates any special reports produced in that assessment cycle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Review_process_of_scientific_literature">Review process of scientific literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Review process of scientific literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The IPCC does not carry out research. It does not monitor climate-related data. The reports by IPCC assess scientific papers and independent results from other scientific bodies. The IPCC sets a deadline for publication of scientific papers that a report will cover. That report will not include new information that emerges after this deadline. However, there is a steady evolution of key findings and levels of <a href="/wiki/Confidence_interval" title="Confidence interval">scientific confidence</a> from one assessment report to the next.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each IPCC report notes areas where the science has improved since the previous report. It also notes areas that would benefit from further research. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/IPCC_First_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC First Assessment Report">First Assessment Report</a> was published in 1990 and received an update in 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In intervals of about six years, new editions of IPCC Assessment Report followed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selection_and_role_of_authors">Selection and role of authors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Selection and role of authors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The focal points of the Member states — the individual appointed by each state to liaise with the IPCC — and the observer organizations submit to the IPCC Bureau a list of personalities, which they have freely constituted. The Bureau (more precisely, the co-chairs of the relevant working group, with the help of its technical support unit) uses these lists as a basis for appointing authors while retaining the possibility of appointing people who are not on the list, primarily based on scientific excellence and diversity of viewpoints, and to a lesser extent by ensuring geographical diversity, experience within the IPCC and gender. Authors may include, in addition to researchers, personalities from the private sector and experts from NGOs.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The IPCC Bureau or Working Group Bureau selects the authors of the reports from government nominations. Lead authors of IPCC reports assess the available information about climate change based on published sources.<sup id="cite_ref-Appendix_A_to_the_Principles_Governing_IPCC_Work_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Appendix_A_to_the_Principles_Governing_IPCC_Work-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to IPCC guidelines, authors should give priority to <a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">peer-reviewed</a> sources.<sup id="cite_ref-Appendix_A_to_the_Principles_Governing_IPCC_Work_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Appendix_A_to_the_Principles_Governing_IPCC_Work-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Authors may refer to non-peer-reviewed sources ("grey literature"), if they are of sufficient quality.<sup id="cite_ref-Appendix_A_to_the_Principles_Governing_IPCC_Work_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Appendix_A_to_the_Principles_Governing_IPCC_Work-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These could include reports from government agencies and non-governmental organizations. Industry journals and <a href="/wiki/Climate_model" title="Climate model">model results</a> are other examples of non-peer-reviewed sources.<sup id="cite_ref-Appendix_A_to_the_Principles_Governing_IPCC_Work_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Appendix_A_to_the_Principles_Governing_IPCC_Work-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Authors prepare drafts of a full report divided into chapters. They also prepare a technical summary of the report, and a <a href="/wiki/IPCC_Summary_for_Policymakers" title="IPCC Summary for Policymakers">summary for policymakers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Appendix_A_to_the_Principles_Governing_IPCC_Work_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Appendix_A_to_the_Principles_Governing_IPCC_Work-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each chapter has many authors to write and edit the material. A typical chapter has two coordinating lead authors, ten to fifteen lead authors, and a larger number of contributing authors. The coordinating lead authors assemble the contributions of the other authors. They ensure that contributions meet stylistic and formatting requirements. They report to the Working Group co-chairs. Lead authors write sections of chapters. They invite contributing authors to prepare text, graphs, or data for inclusion.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Review editors must ensure that authors respond to comments received during the two stages of drafts review: the first is only open to external experts and researchers, while the second is also open to government representatives.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Bureau aims for a range of views, expertise, and geographical representation in its choice of authors. This ensures the author team includes experts from both developing and developed countries. The Bureau also seeks a balance between male and female authors. It aims for a balance between those who have worked previously on IPCC reports and those new to the process.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scientists who work as authors on IPCC reports do not receive any compensation for this work, and all work voluntarily.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They depend on the salaries they receive from their home institutions or other work. The work is labour-intensive with a big time commitment. It can disrupt participating scientists' research. This has led to concern that the IPCC process may discourage qualified scientists from participating.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 3,000 authors (coordinating lead authors, lead authors, review editors) have participated in the drafting of IPCC reports since its creation.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Review_process_for_assessment_reports">Review process for assessment reports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Review process for assessment reports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Expert reviewers comment at different stages on the drafts.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reviewers come from member governments and IPCC observers. Also, anyone may become an IPCC reviewer by stating they have the relevant expertise. </p><p>There are generally three stages in the review process.<sup id="cite_ref-Appendix_A_to_the_Principles_Governing_IPCC_Work_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Appendix_A_to_the_Principles_Governing_IPCC_Work-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> First comes an expert review of the first draft of the chapters. The next stage is a review by governments and experts of the revised draft of the chapters and the first draft of the Summary for Policymakers. The third stage is a government review of the revised Summary for Policymakers. Review comments and author responses remain in an open archive for at least five years. Finally, government representatives together with the authors review the Summary for Policymakers. They go through the Summary for Policymakers line by line to ensure it is a good summary of the underlying report. This final review of the Summary of Policymakers takes place at sessions of the responsible working group or of the Panel. </p><p>There are several types of endorsement that documents receive: </p> <ul><li>Approval - Material has been subject to detailed, line-by-line discussion and agreement. (The relevant Working Groups <i>approve</i> Working Group Summaries for Policymakers. The Panel <i>approves</i> the Synthesis Report Summary for Policymakers.)</li> <li>Adoption - Endorsed section by section (not line by line). (The Panel <i>adopts</i> the full IPCC Synthesis Report. It also <i>adopts</i> Overview Chapters of Methodology Reports.)</li> <li>Acceptance - Not been subject to line-by-line discussion and agreement. But it presents a comprehensive, objective, and balanced view of the subject matter. (Working Groups <i>accept</i> their reports. The Panel <i>accepts</i> Working Group Summaries for Policymakers after working group approval. The Panel <i>accepts</i> Methodology Reports.)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Key_findings_and_impacts">Key findings and impacts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Key findings and impacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Assessment_reports_one_to_five_(1990_to_2014)"><span id="Assessment_reports_one_to_five_.281990_to_2014.29"></span>Assessment reports one to five (1990 to 2014)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Assessment reports one to five (1990 to 2014)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Houghton_High_Wycombe_20050226.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/John_Houghton_High_Wycombe_20050226.jpg/220px-John_Houghton_High_Wycombe_20050226.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/John_Houghton_High_Wycombe_20050226.jpg/330px-John_Houghton_High_Wycombe_20050226.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/John_Houghton_High_Wycombe_20050226.jpg/440px-John_Houghton_High_Wycombe_20050226.jpg 2x" data-file-width="776" data-file-height="831" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Third Assessment Report">IPCC Third Assessment Report</a> Working Group I Co-chair Sir <a href="/wiki/John_T._Houghton" class="mw-redirect" title="John T. Houghton">John T. Houghton</a> showing a figure that was included in the "Summary for Policymakers" of that report ("<a href="/wiki/Hockey_stick_graph_(global_temperature)" title="Hockey stick graph (global temperature)">hockey stick graph</a>") at a climate conference in 2005</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The IPCC's <a href="/wiki/IPCC_First_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC First Assessment Report">First Assessment Report</a> (FAR) appeared in 1990. The report gave a broad overview of climate change science. It discussed uncertainties and provided evidence of warming. The authors said they are certain that greenhouse gases are increasing in the atmosphere because of human activity. This is resulting in more warming of the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s surface.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The report led to the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change</a> (UNFCCC).<sup id="cite_ref-UCS_IPCC_Who_are_they?_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCS_IPCC_Who_are_they?-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/IPCC_Second_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Second Assessment Report">Second Assessment Report</a> (SAR), was published in 1995. It strengthened the findings of the First Assessment Report. The evidence suggests that there is a discernible human influence on the global climate, it said.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Second Assessment Report provided important material for the negotiations leading to the UNFCCC's <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto Protocol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Third Assessment Report">Third Assessment Report</a> (TAR) was completed in 2001. It found more evidence that most of the global warming seen over the previous 50 years was due to human activity.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The report includes a graph reconstructing global temperature since the year 1000. The sharp rise in temperature in recent years gave it the name "<a href="/wiki/Hockey_stick_graph_(global_temperature)" title="Hockey stick graph (global temperature)">hockey stick</a>". This became a powerful image of how temperature is soaring with climate change. The report also shows how adaptation to the effects of climate change can reduce some of its ill effects.</li> <li>The IPCC's <a href="/wiki/IPCC_Fourth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Fourth Assessment Report">Fourth Assessment Report</a> (AR4) was published in 2007. It gives much greater certainty about climate change. It states: "Warming of the climate system is unequivocal..."<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The report helped make people around the world aware of climate change. The IPCC shared the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> in the year of the report's publication for this work (see below).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/IPCC_Fifth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Fifth Assessment Report">Fifth Assessment Report</a> (AR5) was published in 2013 and 2014. This report again stated the fact of climate change. It warned of the dangerous risks. And it emphasizes how the world can counter climate change. Three key findings were for example: Firstly, human influence on the <a href="/wiki/Climate_system" title="Climate system">climate system</a> is clear. Secondly, the more we disrupt our climate, the more we risk severe, pervasive, and irreversible <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">impacts</a>. And thirdly, we have the means to limit climate change and build a more prosperous, <a href="/wiki/Sustainable" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable">sustainable</a> future.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The report's findings were the scientific foundation of the UNFCCC's 2015 <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sixth_assessment_report_(2021/2022)"><span id="Sixth_assessment_report_.282021.2F2022.29"></span>Sixth assessment report (2021/2022)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sixth assessment report (2021/2022)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The IPCC's most recent report is the <a href="/wiki/IPCC_Sixth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Sixth Assessment Report">Sixth Assessment Report (AR6)</a>. The first three installments of AR6 appeared in 2021 and 2022. The final synthesis report was completed in March 2023. </p><p>The IPCC published the Working Group I report, <i>Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis</i>, in August 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It confirms that the climate is already changing in every region. Many of these changes have not been seen in thousands of years. Many of them such as <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea-level rise</a> are irreversible over hundreds of thousands of years. Strong reductions in greenhouse gas emissions would limit climate change. But it could take 20–30 years for the climate to stabilize.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This report attracted enormous media and public attention. U.N. Secretary-General <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Guterres" title="António Guterres">António Guterres</a> described it as "code red for humanity".<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The IPCC published the Working Group II report, <i>Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability</i>, in February 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Climate change due to human activities is already affecting the lives of billions of people, it said. It is disrupting nature. The world faces unavoidable hazards over the next two decades even with global warming of 1.5 °C, it said.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The IPCC published the Working Group III report, <i>Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change</i>, in April 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It will be impossible to limit warming to 1.5 °C without immediate and deep cuts in greenhouse gas emissions. It is still possible to halve emissions by 2050, it said.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_reports">Other reports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Other reports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Special_reports">Special reports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Special reports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The IPCC also publishes other types of reports. It produces Special Reports on topics proposed by governments or observer organizations. Between 1994 and 2019 the IPCC published 14 special reports. Now usually more than one working group cooperates to produce a special report. The preparation and approval process is the same as for assessment reports.<sup id="cite_ref-Appendix_A_to_the_Principles_Governing_IPCC_Work_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Appendix_A_to_the_Principles_Governing_IPCC_Work-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Special_reports_in_2011">Special reports in 2011</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Special reports in 2011"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the fifth assessment cycle, the IPCC produced two special reports. It completed the Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation in 2011. Working Group III prepared this report. The report examined options to use different types of renewable energy to replace fossil fuels. The report noted that the cost of most renewable technologies had fallen. It was likely to fall even more with further advances in technology. It said renewables could increase access to energy. The report reviewed 164 scenarios that examine how renewables could help stop climate change. In more than half of these scenarios, renewables would contribute more than 27% of the primary energy supply in the mid-century. This would be more than double the 13% share in 2008. In the scenarios with the highest shares for renewable energy, it will contribute 77% by 2050.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later in 2011, the IPCC released the Special Report on Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation. This was a collaboration between Working Groups I and II. It was the first time two IPCC working groups worked together on a special report. The report shows how climate change has contributed to changes in extreme weather. And it shows how policies to avoid and prepare for extreme weather events can reduce their impact. In the same way, policies to respond to events and recover from them can make societies more resilient.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Special_reports_2018–2019"><span id="Special_reports_2018.E2.80.932019"></span>Special reports 2018–2019</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Special reports 2018–2019"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the sixth assessment cycle, the IPCC produced three special reports. This made it the most ambitious cycle in IPCC history. The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">UNFCCC</a> set a goal of keeping global warming well below 2 °C (36 °F) while trying to hold it at 1.5 °C (34.7 °F), when it reached the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a> at <a href="/wiki/2015_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference" title="2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference">COP21</a> in 2015. But at the time there was little understanding of what warming of 1.5 °C meant. There was little scientific research explaining how the impacts of 1.5 °C would differ from 2 °C. And there was little understanding about how to keep warming to 1.5 °C. So the UNFCCC invited the IPCC to prepare a report on global warming of 1.5 °C. The IPCC subsequently released the <a href="/wiki/Special_Report_on_Global_Warming_of_1.5_%C2%B0C" title="Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C">Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C</a> (SR15) in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The report showed that it was possible to keep warming below 1.5 °C during the 21st century. But this would mean deep cuts in emissions. It would also mean rapid, far-reaching changes in all aspects of society.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The report showed warming of 2 °C would have much more severe impacts than 1.5 °C. In other words: every bit of warming matters. SR15 had an unprecedented impact on an IPCC report in the media and with the public.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It put the 1.5 °C target at the centre of <a href="/wiki/Climate_activism" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate activism">climate activism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019 the IPCC released two more special reports that examine different parts of the climate system. The <a href="/wiki/Special_Report_on_Climate_Change_and_Land" title="Special Report on Climate Change and Land">Special Report on Climate Change and Land</a> examined how the way we use land affects the climate. It looked at emissions from activities such as farming and forestry rather than from energy and transport. It also looked at how climate change is affecting land. All three IPCC working groups and its Task Force on National Greenhouse Gas Inventories collaborated on the report. The report found that climate change is adding to the pressures we are putting on the land we use to live on and grow our food.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It will only be possible to keep warming well below 2 °C if we reduce emissions from all sectors including land and food, it said.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Special_Report_on_the_Ocean_and_Cryosphere_in_a_Changing_Climate" title="Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate">Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate</a> examined how the ocean and frozen parts of the planet interact with climate change. (The <a href="/wiki/Cryosphere" title="Cryosphere">cryosphere</a> includes frozen systems such as ice sheets, glaciers, and permafrost.) IPCC Working Groups I and II prepared the report. The report highlighted the need to tackle unprecedented changes in the ocean and cryosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also showed how <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">adaptation</a> could help <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">sustainable development</a>. </p><p>The IPCC will prepare a special report on climate change and cities during the seventh assessment cycle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Methodology_Reports">Methodology Reports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Methodology Reports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The IPCC has a National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme. It develops methodologies and software for countries to report their <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gas</a> emissions. The IPCC's Task Force on National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (TFI) has managed the program since 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japan's Institute for Global Environmental Strategies<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hosts the TFI's Technical Support Unit. </p><p>The IPCC approves its methodology reports at sessions of the Panel. The Panel adopts the Methodology Report's Overview Chapter by endorsing it section by section. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Revised_1996_IPCC_Guidelines">Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The IPCC released its first Methodology Report, the IPCC <i>Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories</i>, in 1994. The <i>Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories</i> updated this report.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two "good practice reports" complete these guidelines. These are the <i>Good Practice Guidance</i> <i>and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories</i> and <i>Good Practice Guidance for Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry</i>. Parties to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">UNFCCC</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto Protocol</a> use the 1996 guidelines and two good practice reports for their annual submissions of inventories. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2006_IPCC_Guidelines">2006 IPCC Guidelines</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: 2006 IPCC Guidelines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories</i> further update these methodologies.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They include a large number of "default emission factors". These are factors to estimate the amount of emissions for an activity. The IPCC prepared this new version of the guidelines at the request of the UNFCCC.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The UNFCCC accepted them for use at its <a href="/wiki/2013_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference" title="2013 United Nations Climate Change Conference">2013 Climate Change Conference</a>, COP19, in Warsaw. The IPCC added further material in its <i>2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The TFI has started preparations for a methodology report on short-lived climate forcers (SLCFs).<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It will complete this report in the next assessment cycle, the seventh. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Challenges_and_controversies">Challenges and controversies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Challenges and controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>IPCC reports also attract criticism. Criticisms come from both people who say the reports exaggerate the risks and people who say they understate them.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The IPCC consensus approach has faced internal and external challenges.<sup id="cite_ref-ess_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ess-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MO_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MO-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conservative_nature_of_IPCC_reports">Conservative nature of IPCC reports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Conservative nature of IPCC reports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some critics have argued that IPCC reports tend to be too conservative in their assessments of climate risk. In 2012, it was reported that the IPCC has been criticized by some scientists, who argue that the reports consistently underestimate the pace and impacts of global warming.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, they believe this leads to findings that are the "lowest common denominator".<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The use of the phrase "lowest common denominator" is somewhat ambiguous (April 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Similar claims have also been made by scientists who found that for the last several assessment reports, the focus of the IPCC reports skewed more and more towards lower temperatures, especially 1.5°C.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Temperatures above 2°C however, have seen much less attention, even though they seem more likely given current emission trajectories.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>David Biello, writing in the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a>, argues that, because of the need to secure consensus among governmental representatives, the IPCC reports give conservative estimates of the likely extent and effects of global warming.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i> editor Brooks Hanson states in a 2010 editorial: "The IPCC reports have underestimated the pace of climate change while overestimating societies' abilities to curb greenhouse gas emissions."<sup id="cite_ref-AAAS_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAAS-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Climate scientist <a href="/wiki/James_E._Hansen" class="mw-redirect" title="James E. Hansen">James E. Hansen</a> argues that the IPCC's conservativeness seriously underestimates the risk of <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea-level rise</a> on the order of meters—enough to inundate many low-lying areas, such as the southern third of Florida.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2024, he told the Guardian, "We are now in the process of moving into the 1.5C world." He added that "passing through the 1.5C world is a significant milestone because it shows that the story being told by the United Nations, with the acquiescence of its scientific advisory body, the IPCC, is a load of bullshit."<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Roger_A._Pielke" title="Roger A. Pielke">Roger A. Pielke Sr.</a> has also stated "Humans are significantly altering the global climate, but in a variety of diverse ways beyond the radiative effect of carbon dioxide. The IPCC assessments have been too conservative in recognizing the importance of these human climate forcings as they alter regional and global climate."<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Rahmstorf" title="Stefan Rahmstorf">Stefan Rahmstorf</a>, a professor of physics and oceanography at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Potsdam" title="University of Potsdam">University of Potsdam</a>, argued in 2007 that the IPCC's tendency to make conservative risk assessments had benefits. Rahmstorf argued that "In a way, it is one of the strengths of the IPCC to be very conservative and cautious and not overstate any climate change risk".<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IPCC reports aim to inform policymakers about the state of knowledge on climate change. They do this by assessing the findings of the thousands of scientific papers available on the subject at a given time. Individual publications may have different conclusions from IPCC reports. This includes those appearing just after the release of an IPCC report. This can lead to criticism that the IPCC is either alarmist or conservative. New findings must wait for the next assessment for consideration.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Potential_industry_and_political_influence">Potential industry and political influence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Potential industry and political influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A memo by <a href="/wiki/ExxonMobil" title="ExxonMobil">ExxonMobil</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">Bush administration</a> in the United States in 2002 was an example of possible political influence on the IPCC. The memo led to strong Bush administration lobbying to oust <a href="/wiki/Robert_Watson_(scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Watson (scientist)">Robert Watson</a>, a climate scientist, as IPCC chair. They sought to replace him with <a href="/wiki/Rajendra_K._Pachauri" title="Rajendra K. Pachauri">Rajendra Pachauri</a>. Many considered Pachauri at the time as more mild-mannered and industry-friendly.<sup id="cite_ref-Common_Dreams_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Common_Dreams-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Governments form the membership of the IPCC. They are the prime audience for IPCC reports. IPCC rules give them a formal role in the scoping, preparation, and approval of reports.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance governments take part in the review process and work with authors to approve the Summary for Policymakers of reports. But some activists have argued that governments abuse this role to influence the outcome of reports.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2023, it was reported that pressure from <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, two countries with large beef industries, caused the IPCC to abandon text recommending the adoption of plant-based diets. An earlier draft of the report, which noted "plant-based diets can reduce GHG emissions by up to 50% compared to the average emission-intensive Western diet", was leaked online in March 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controversy_and_review_after_Fourth_Assessment_Report_in_2007">Controversy and review after Fourth Assessment Report in 2007</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Controversy and review after Fourth Assessment Report in 2007"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The IPCC came under unprecedented media scrutiny in 2009 in the run-up to the <a href="/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference">Copenhagen climate conference</a>. This "<a href="/wiki/Climatic_Research_Unit_email_controversy" title="Climatic Research Unit email controversy">Climatic Research Unit email controversy</a>" involved the leak of emails from climate scientists. Many of these scientists were authors of the <a href="/wiki/IPCC_Fourth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Fourth Assessment Report">Fourth Assessment Report</a> which came out in 2007. The discovery of an error in this report that the Himalayan glaciers would melt by 2035 put the IPCC under further pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scientific bodies upheld the general findings of the Fourth Assessment Report and the IPCC's approach.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But many people thought the IPCC should review the way it works.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="InterAcademy_Council_review_in_2010">InterAcademy Council review in 2010</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: InterAcademy Council review in 2010"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Public debate after the publication of AR4 in 2009 put the IPCC under scrutiny, with controversies over alleged bias and inaccuracy in its reports. In 2010, this prompted U.N. Secretary-General <a href="/wiki/Ban_Ki-moon" title="Ban Ki-moon">Ban Ki-moon</a> and IPCC chair <a href="/wiki/Rajendra_K._Pachauri" title="Rajendra K. Pachauri">Rajendra K. Pachauri</a> to request that the <a href="/wiki/InterAcademy_Panel" class="mw-redirect" title="InterAcademy Panel">InterAcademy Council</a> (IAC) review the IPCC and recommend ways to strengthen its processes and procedures for the preparation of AR5. The IAC report made recommendations to fortify IPCC's management structure, to further develop its conflict-of-interest policy, to strengthen the review process, to clarify the guidelines on the use of so-called <a href="/wiki/Grey_literature" title="Grey literature">gray literature</a>, to ensure consistency in the use of probabilities for the likelihood of outcomes, and to improve its communications strategy, especially regarding transparency and rapidity of response.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The United Nations Secretary-General and the Chair of the IPCC asked the InterAcademy Council (IAC) in March 2010 to review the IPCC's processes for preparing its reports.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IAC_report_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAC_report-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The IAC panel, chaired by <a href="/wiki/Harold_Tafler_Shapiro" title="Harold Tafler Shapiro">Harold Tafler Shapiro</a>, released its report on 1 September 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The IAC panel made seven formal recommendations for improving the IPCC's assessment process. The IPCC implemented most of the review's recommendations by 2012. One of these was the introduction of a protocol to handle errors in reports.<sup id="cite_ref-Appendix_A_to_the_Principles_Governing_IPCC_Work_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Appendix_A_to_the_Principles_Governing_IPCC_Work-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other recommendations included strengthening the science-review process and improving communications. However, the IPCC did not adopt the proposal to appoint a full-time executive secretary.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Issues_with_consensual_approach">Issues with consensual approach</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Issues with consensual approach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oppenheimer" title="Michael Oppenheimer">Michael Oppenheimer</a>, a long-time participant in the IPCC, has said the IPCC consensus approach has some limitations. Oppenheimer, a coordinating lead author of the <a href="/wiki/IPCC_Fifth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Fifth Assessment Report">Fifth Assessment Report</a>, called for concurring, smaller assessments of special problems instead of the large-scale approach of previous IPCC assessments.<sup id="cite_ref-MO_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MO-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others see "mixed blessings" in the drive for consensus within the IPCC. They suggest including dissenting or minority positions.<sup id="cite_ref-hu_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hu-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others suggest improving statements about uncertainties.<sup id="cite_ref-nocon_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nocon-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism_by_experts_involved_with_the_IPCC_process">Criticism by experts involved with the IPCC process</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Criticism by experts involved with the IPCC process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some of the criticism has originated from experts invited by the IPCC to submit reports or serve on its panels. For example, <a href="/wiki/John_Christy" title="John Christy">John Christy</a>, a contributing author who works at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alabama_in_Huntsville" title="University of Alabama in Huntsville">University of Alabama in Huntsville</a>, explained in 2007 the difficulties of establishing scientific consensus on the precise extent of human action on climate change. "Contributing authors essentially are asked to contribute a little text at the beginning and to review the first two drafts. We have no control over editing decisions. Even less influence is granted to the 2,000 or so reviewers. Thus, to say that 800 contributing authors or 2,000 reviewers reached consensus on anything describes a situation that is not reality", he wrote.<sup id="cite_ref-Christy-2007_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christy-2007-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Landsea" title="Christopher Landsea">Christopher Landsea</a>, a hurricane researcher, said of "the part of the IPCC to which my expertise is relevant" that "I personally cannot in good faith continue to contribute to a process that I view as both being motivated by pre-conceived agendas and being scientifically unsound,"<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because of comments made at a press conference by <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Trenberth" title="Kevin Trenberth">Kevin Trenberth</a> of which Landsea disapproved. Trenberth said "Landsea's comments were not correct";<sup id="cite_ref-Colorodo.edu-Hurricanes-Prometheus_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colorodo.edu-Hurricanes-Prometheus-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the IPCC replied "individual scientists can do what they wish in their own rights, as long as they are not saying anything on behalf of the IPCC".<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Endorsements_and_awards">Endorsements and awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Endorsements and awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Endorsements_from_scientific_bodies">Endorsements from scientific bodies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Endorsements from scientific bodies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>IPCC reports are the benchmark for <a href="/wiki/Climate_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate Science">climate science</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is widespread support for the IPCC in the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_community" title="Scientific community">scientific community</a>. Publications by other scientific bodies and experts show this.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2001_science_academies_statement_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2001_science_academies_statement-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many scientific bodies have issued official statements that endorse the findings of the IPCC. For example: </p> <ul><li>For the <a href="/wiki/Third_Assessment_Report" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Assessment Report">Third Assessment Report</a> in 2001 endorsements came from the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Foundation_for_Climate_and_Atmospheric_Sciences" title="Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Sciences">Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Sciences</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-cfcas_tar_endorsement_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cfcas_tar_endorsement-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Research_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Research Council">United States National Research Council</a><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/European_Geosciences_Union" title="European Geosciences Union">European Geosciences Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>For the <a href="/wiki/IPCC_Fourth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Fourth Assessment Report">Fourth Assessment Report</a> in 2007 endorsements came from the <a href="/wiki/International_Council_for_Science" title="International Council for Science">International Council for Science</a> (ICSU),<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Network_of_African_Science_Academies" title="Network of African Science Academies">Network of African Science Academies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nobel_Peace_Prize_in_2007">Nobel Peace Prize in 2007</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Nobel Peace Prize in 2007"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2007_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2007 Nobel Peace Prize">2007 Nobel Peace Prize</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 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plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Al_Gore%27s_Nobel_Peace_Prize_acceptance_speech" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Al Gore's Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech">Al Gore's Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <p>In December 2007, the IPCC received the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> "for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change". It shared the award with former U.S. Vice-president <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> for his work on climate change and the documentary <i><a href="/wiki/An_Inconvenient_Truth" title="An Inconvenient Truth">An Inconvenient Truth</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-nobelpeaceprize_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobelpeaceprize-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gulbenkian_Prize_for_Humanity_in_2022">Gulbenkian Prize for Humanity in 2022</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Gulbenkian Prize for Humanity in 2022"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In October 2022, the IPCC and <a href="/wiki/IPBES" class="mw-redirect" title="IPBES">IPBES</a> shared the <a href="/wiki/Gulbenkian_Prize" title="Gulbenkian Prize">Gulbenkian Prize for Humanity</a>. The two intergovernmental bodies won the prize because they "produce scientific knowledge, alert society, and inform decision-makers to make better choices for combatting climate change and the loss of biodiversity".<sup id="cite_ref-GulbenkianPrize_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GulbenkianPrize-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/about/">"About the IPCC"</a>. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+IPCC&rft.pub=Intergovernmental+Panel+on+Climate+Change&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipcc.ch%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntergovernmental+Panel+on+Climate+Change" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNGA_resolution_endorsing_IPCC-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNGA_resolution_endorsing_IPCC_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNGA_resolution_endorsing_IPCC_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221208083351/https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/530/32/IMG/NR053032.pdf?OpenElement">"UN General Assembly Resolution 43/53 "Protection of global climate for present and future generations of mankind"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>UN General Assembly Resolutions 43rd Session 1988-1989</i>. United Nations. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/530/32/IMG/NR053032.pdf?OpenElement">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 8 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UN+General+Assembly+Resolutions+43rd+Session+1988-1989&rft.atitle=UN+General+Assembly+Resolution+43%2F53+%22Protection+of+global+climate+for+present+and+future+generations+of+mankind%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocuments-dds-ny.un.org%2Fdoc%2FRESOLUTION%2FGEN%2FNR0%2F530%2F32%2FIMG%2FNR053032.pdf%3FOpenElement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntergovernmental+Panel+on+Climate+Change" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/documentation/procedures/">"Annex C to Appendix C to the Principles Governing IPCC Work"</a>. <i>IPCC Procedures</i>. IPCC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IPCC+Procedures&rft.atitle=Annex+C+to+Appendix+C+to+the+Principles+Governing+IPCC+Work&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipcc.ch%2Fdocumentation%2Fprocedures%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntergovernmental+Panel+on+Climate+Change" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Structure-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Structure_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Structure_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Structure_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Structure_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Structure_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/about/structure/">"Structure of the IPCC"</a>. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Structure+of+the+IPCC&rft.pub=Intergovernmental+Panel+on+Climate+Change&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipcc.ch%2Fabout%2Fstructure%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntergovernmental+Panel+on+Climate+Change" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Appendix_A_to_the_Principles_Governing_IPCC_Work-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Appendix_A_to_the_Principles_Governing_IPCC_Work_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Appendix_A_to_the_Principles_Governing_IPCC_Work_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Appendix_A_to_the_Principles_Governing_IPCC_Work_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Appendix_A_to_the_Principles_Governing_IPCC_Work_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Appendix_A_to_the_Principles_Governing_IPCC_Work_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Appendix_A_to_the_Principles_Governing_IPCC_Work_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Appendix_A_to_the_Principles_Governing_IPCC_Work_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Appendix_A_to_the_Principles_Governing_IPCC_Work_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Appendix_A_to_the_Principles_Governing_IPCC_Work_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/documentation/procedures/">"Procedures"</a>. <i>IPCC</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Joint+statement+by+the+Network+of+African+Science+Academies+%28NASAC%29&rft.pub=Network+of+African+Science+Academies&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.interacademies.net%2FObject.File%2FMaster%2F4%2F825%2FNASAC%2520G8%2520statement%252007%2520-%2520low%2520res.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntergovernmental+Panel+on+Climate+Change" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobelpeaceprize-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nobelpeaceprize_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2007/">"2007 Nobel Peace Prize Laureates"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2007+Nobel+Peace+Prize+Laureates&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fpeace%2Flaureates%2F2007%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntergovernmental+Panel+on+Climate+Change" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GulbenkianPrize-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GulbenkianPrize_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gulbenkian.pt/en/news/2022-gulbenkian-prize-for-humanity-distinguishes-ipbes-and-ipcc/">"2022 Gulbenkian Prize for Humanity distinguishes IPBES and IPCC"</a>. 13 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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colspan="2"><div id="Causes567" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_climate_change" title="Causes of climate change">Causes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_system" title="Climate system">Climate system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_effect" title="Greenhouse effect">Greenhouse effect</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth%27s_atmosphere" title="Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere">Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_consensus_on_climate_change" title="Scientific consensus on climate change">Scientific consensus on climate change</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_and_climate_change" title="Deforestation and climate change">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">Fossil fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">Greenhouse gases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">Greenhouse gas emissions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_accounting" title="Carbon accounting">Carbon accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">Carbon footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_leakage" title="Carbon leakage">Carbon leakage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture" title="Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture">from agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_wetlands" title="Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands">from wetlands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_energy_supply_and_consumption" title="World energy supply and consumption">World energy supply and consumption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History567" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_climate_change_policy_and_politics" title="History of climate change policy and politics">History of climate change policy and politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_climate_change_science" title="History of climate change science">History of climate change science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius">Svante Arrhenius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hansen" title="James Hansen">James Hansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_David_Keeling" title="Charles David Keeling">Charles David Keeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Climate_Change_conference" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Climate Change conference">United Nations Climate Change conferences</a></li> <li>Years in climate change <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_in_climate_change" title="2019 in climate change">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_in_climate_change" title="2020 in climate change">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_in_climate_change" title="2021 in climate change">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_in_climate_change" title="2022 in climate change">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_in_climate_change" title="2023 in climate change">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_in_climate_change" title="2024 in climate change">2024</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Effects_and_issues567" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">Effects and issues</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Physical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrupt_climate_change" title="Abrupt climate change">Abrupt climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anoxic_event" title="Anoxic event">Anoxic event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_methane_emissions" title="Arctic methane emissions">Arctic methane emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_sea_ice_decline" title="Arctic sea ice decline">Arctic sea ice decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_meridional_overturning_circulation" title="Atlantic meridional overturning circulation">Atlantic meridional overturning circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">Drought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather" title="Extreme weather">Extreme weather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">Flood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_flooding" title="Coastal flooding">Coastal flooding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_wave" title="Heat wave">Heat wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_heatwave" title="Marine heatwave">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">Urban heat island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans" title="Effects of climate change on oceans">Oceans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_deoxygenation" title="Ocean deoxygenation">deoxygenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_heat_content" title="Ocean heat content">heat content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_temperature" title="Sea surface temperature">sea surface temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_stratification" title="Ocean stratification">stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_temperature" title="Ocean temperature">temperature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permafrost#Impacts_of_climate_change" title="Permafrost">Permafrost thaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_glaciers_since_1850" title="Retreat of glaciers since 1850">Retreat of glaciers since 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">Sea level rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Season_creep" title="Season creep">Season creep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system" title="Tipping points in the climate system">Tipping points in the climate system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclones_and_climate_change" title="Tropical cyclones and climate change">Tropical cyclones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_the_water_cycle" title="Effects of climate change on the water cycle">Water cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_wildfires" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change and wildfires">Wildfires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Flora and fauna</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_biomes" title="Effects of climate change on biomes">Biomes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_mortality_event" title="Mass mortality event">Mass mortality event</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_birds" title="Climate change and birds">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_risk_from_climate_change" title="Extinction risk from climate change">Extinction risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_dieback" title="Forest dieback">Forest dieback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_invasive_species" title="Climate change and invasive species">Invasive species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life#Climate_change" title="Human impact on marine life">Marine life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_plant_biodiversity" title="Effects of climate change on plant biodiversity">Plant biodiversity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Social and economic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture" title="Effects of climate change on agriculture">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_livestock" title="Effects of climate change on livestock">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_breadbasket_failure" title="Multiple breadbasket failure">Multi-breadbasket failure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change and agriculture in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_children" title="Climate change and children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_cities" title="Climate change and cities">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_civilizational_collapse" title="Climate change and civilizational collapse">Civilizational collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_crime" title="Climate change and crime">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_depopulated_due_to_climate_change" title="List of areas depopulated due to climate change">Depopulation of settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_landmarks_destroyed_or_damaged_by_climate_change" title="List of landmarks destroyed or damaged by climate change">Destruction of cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_climate_change" title="Disability and climate change">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_analysis_of_climate_change" title="Economic analysis of climate change">Economic impacts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change and insurance in the United States">U.S. insurance industry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_fisheries" title="Climate change and fisheries">Fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_gender" title="Climate change and gender">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health" title="Effects of climate change on human health">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_mental_health" title="Effects of climate change on mental health">Mental health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_and_climate_change" title="Human rights and climate change">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_Indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change and Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_infectious_diseases" title="Climate change and infectious diseases">Infectious diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_migration" title="Climate migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_poverty" title="Climate change and poverty">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_impact_of_climate_change" title="Psychological impact of climate change">Psychological impacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_security" title="Climate security">Security and conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_flooding" title="Urban flooding">Urban flooding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Water security</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_change_regions" title="Template:Climate change regions">By country and region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Africa" title="Climate change in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Americas" title="Climate change in the Americas">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Antarctica" title="Climate change in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Arctic" title="Climate change in the Arctic">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Asia" title="Climate change in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia" title="Climate change in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Caribbean" title="Climate change in the Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Europe" title="Climate change in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Climate change in the Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_small_island_countries" title="Effects of climate change on small island countries">Small island countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Climate_change_by_country" title="Category:Climate change by country">by individual country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Mitigation567" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Mitigation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Economic_analysis_of_climate_change" title="Economic analysis of climate change">Economics and finance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_budget" title="Carbon budget">Carbon budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_emission_trading" title="Carbon emission trading">Carbon emission trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_offsets_and_credits" title="Carbon offsets and credits">Carbon offsets and credits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Standard_(carbon_offset_standard)" title="Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)">Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_price" title="Carbon price">Carbon price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_tax" title="Carbon tax">Carbon tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_debt" title="Climate debt">Climate debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_finance" title="Climate finance">Climate finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_risk_insurance" title="Climate risk insurance">Climate risk insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-benefits_of_climate_change_mitigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-benefits of climate change mitigation">Co-benefits of climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_climate_change_mitigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Economics of climate change mitigation">Economics of climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_divestment" title="Fossil fuel divestment">Fossil fuel divestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Climate_Fund" title="Green Climate Fund">Green Climate Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_economy" title="Low-carbon economy">Low-carbon economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_zero_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Net zero emissions">Net zero emissions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Energy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Carbon capture and storage">Carbon capture and storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_transition" title="Energy transition">Energy transition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">Fossil fuel phase-out</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Nuclear power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">Sustainable energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Preserving and enhancing<br /> <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">carbon sinks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_carbon" title="Blue carbon">Blue carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_removal" title="Carbon dioxide removal">Carbon dioxide removal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">Carbon sequestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_air_capture" title="Direct air capture">Direct air capture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_farming" title="Carbon farming">Carbon farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate-smart_agriculture" title="Climate-smart agriculture">Climate-smart agriculture</a></li> <li>Forest management <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afforestation" title="Afforestation">afforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration#Forestry" title="Carbon sequestration">forestry for carbon sequestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/REDD_and_REDD%2B" title="REDD and REDD+">REDD and REDD+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">reforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_use,_land-use_change,_and_forestry" title="Land use, land-use change, and forestry">Land use, land-use change, and forestry</a> (LULUCF and AFOLU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature-based_solutions" title="Nature-based solutions">Nature-based solutions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Personal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Individual_action_on_climate_change" title="Individual action on climate change">Individual action on climate change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diet" title="Plant-based diet">Plant-based diet</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society_and_adaptation567" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Society and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">adaptation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_action_on_climate_change" title="Business action on climate change">Business action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_action" title="Climate action">Climate action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_emergency_declaration" title="Climate emergency declaration">Climate emergency declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_movement" title="Climate movement">Climate movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_Strike_for_Climate" class="mw-redirect" title="School Strike for Climate">School Strike for Climate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_grief" title="Ecological grief">Ecological grief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_governance" title="Climate governance">Governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_justice" title="Climate justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_litigation" title="Climate change litigation">Litigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_climate_change" title="Politics of climate change">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_opinion_on_climate_change" title="Public opinion on climate change">Public opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_climate_change" title="Women in climate change">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">Adaptation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation_strategies_on_the_German_coast" title="Climate change adaptation strategies on the German coast">Adaptation strategies on the German coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_capacity" title="Adaptive capacity">Adaptive capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_risk_reduction" title="Disaster risk reduction">Disaster risk reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem-based_adaptation" title="Ecosystem-based adaptation">Ecosystem-based adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood control">Flood control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_and_damage_(climate_change)" title="Loss and damage (climate change)">Loss and damage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managed_retreat" title="Managed retreat">Managed retreat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature-based_solutions" title="Nature-based solutions">Nature-based solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_resilience" title="Climate resilience">Resilience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_risk" title="Climate risk">Risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_vulnerability" title="Climate change vulnerability">Vulnerability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Adaptation_Fund" title="The Adaptation Fund">The Adaptation Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Adaptation_Programme_of_Action" title="National Adaptation Programme of Action">National Adaptation Programme of Action</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_communication" title="Climate communication">Communication</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_Performance_Index" title="Climate Change Performance Index">Climate Change Performance Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_crisis" title="Climate crisis">Climate crisis (term)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_spiral" title="Climate spiral">Climate spiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_education" title="Climate change education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_climate_change" title="Media coverage of climate change">Media coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_popular_culture" title="Climate change in popular culture">Popular culture depictions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_art" title="Climate change art">art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_fiction" title="Climate fiction">fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_climate_change_video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="List of climate change video games">video games</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warming_stripes" title="Warming stripes">Warming stripes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">International agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Climate_Pact" title="Glasgow Climate Pact">Glasgow Climate Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_Mechanisms_under_Article_6_of_the_Paris_Agreement" title="Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement">Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationally_determined_contribution" title="Nationally determined contribution">Nationally determined contributions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_13" title="Sustainable Development Goal 13">Sustainable Development Goal 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Background_and_theory567" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Background and theory</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Measurements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_surface_temperature" title="Global surface temperature">Global surface temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_temperature_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrumental temperature record">Instrumental temperature record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_(climate)" title="Proxy (climate)">Proxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_temperature_measurement" title="Satellite temperature measurement">Satellite temperature measurement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">Albedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">Carbon cycle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_carbon_cycle" title="Atmospheric carbon cycle">atmospheric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_pump" title="Biological pump">biologic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_carbon_cycle" title="Oceanic carbon cycle">oceanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permafrost_carbon_cycle" title="Permafrost carbon cycle">permafrost</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">Carbon sink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_sensitivity" title="Climate sensitivity">Climate sensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">Climate variability and change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_feedback" title="Cloud feedback">Cloud feedback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_forcing" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloud forcing">Cloud forcing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fixed_anvil_temperature_hypothesis" title="Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis">Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryosphere" title="Cryosphere">Cryosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_energy_budget" title="Earth's energy budget">Earth's energy budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_event_attribution" title="Extreme event attribution">Extreme event attribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_feedbacks" title="Climate change feedbacks">Feedbacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_warming_potential" title="Global warming potential">Global warming potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illustrative_model_of_greenhouse_effect_on_climate_change" title="Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change">Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_forcing" title="Orbital forcing">Orbital forcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiative_forcing" title="Radiative forcing">Radiative forcing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Research and modelling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_scenario" title="Climate change scenario">Climate change scenario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_model" title="Climate model">Climate model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupled_Model_Intercomparison_Project" title="Coupled Model Intercomparison Project">Coupled Model Intercomparison Project</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPCC_Sixth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Sixth Assessment Report">IPCC Sixth Assessment Report</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoclimatology" title="Paleoclimatology">Paleoclimatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_Concentration_Pathway" title="Representative Concentration Pathway">Representative Concentration Pathway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_Socioeconomic_Pathways" title="Shared Socioeconomic Pathways">Shared Socioeconomic Pathways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/16px-Climate_change_icon.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/24px-Climate_change_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/32px-Climate_change_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="1112" data-file-height="1056" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Climate_change" title="Portal:Climate change">Climate change portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Climate_change" title="Category:Climate change">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_climate_change" title="Glossary of climate change">Glossary</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Index_of_climate_change_articles" title="Index of climate change articles">Index</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_Nations642" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_Nations" title="Template:United Nations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_Nations" title="Template talk:United Nations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_Nations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United Nations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_Nations642" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">Secretary-General</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Guterres" title="António Guterres">António Guterres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Deputy Secretary-General of the United Nations">Deputy Secretary-General</a>: <a href="/wiki/Amina_J._Mohammed" title="Amina J. Mohammed">Amina J. Mohammed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="President of the United Nations General Assembly">General Assembly President</a>: <a href="/wiki/Philemon_Yang" class="mw-redirect" title="Philemon Yang">Philemon Yang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_System" title="United Nations System">UN System</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_United_Nations" title="Charter of the United Nations">Charter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preamble_to_the_United_Nations_Charter" title="Preamble to the United Nations Charter">Preamble</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principal organs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Secretariat" title="United Nations Secretariat">Secretariat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">Secretary-General</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_secretary-general_selection" title="United Nations secretary-general selection">selections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Deputy Secretary-General of the United Nations">Deputy Secretary-General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Under-Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations">Under-Secretary-General</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">General Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="President of the United Nations General Assembly">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_the_International_Court_of_Justice" title="Statute of the International Court of Justice">Statute</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">Security Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_elections" title="United Nations Security Council elections">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="List of members of the United Nations Security Council">Members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Presidency of the United Nations Security Council">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Reform of the United Nations Security Council">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_veto_power" title="United Nations Security Council veto power">Veto power</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Council" title="United Nations Economic and Social Council">Economic and Social Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Council" title="President of the United Nations Economic and Social Council">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Trusteeship_Council" title="United Nations Trusteeship Council">Trusteeship Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_System#Funds_and_programmes,_research_and_training_institutes,_and_other_bodies" title="United Nations System">Funds, programmes,<br />and other bodies</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Peace" title="Culture of Peace">Culture of Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">IAEA</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">IPCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Trade_Centre" title="International Trade Centre">ITC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_for_the_Referendum_in_Western_Sahara" title="United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara">MINURSO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights">OHCHR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Court_for_Sierra_Leone" title="Special Court for Sierra Leone">SCSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_United_Nations_Programme_on_HIV/AIDS" title="Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS">UNAIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Capital_Development_Fund" title="United Nations Capital Development Fund">UNCDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Commission_on_International_Trade_Law" title="United Nations Commission on International Trade Law">UNCITRAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_Trade_and_Development" title="UN Trade and Development">UNCTAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Global_Communications" title="United Nations Department of Global Communications">UNDGC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">UNDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Peace_Operations" title="United Nations Department of Peace Operations">UNDPO</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_peacekeeping" title="United Nations peacekeeping">peacekeeping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">UNEP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UNEP_OzonAction" title="UNEP OzonAction">OzonAction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRID-Arendal" title="GRID-Arendal">UNEP/GRID-Arendal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Conservation_Monitoring_Centre" title="World Conservation Monitoring Centre">UNEP-WCMC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Population_Fund" title="United Nations Population Fund">UNFPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Settlements_Programme" title="United Nations Human Settlements Programme">UN-HABITAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">UNHCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council" title="United Nations Human Rights Council">UNHRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interregional_Crime_and_Justice_Research_Institute" title="United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute">UNICRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Institute_for_Disarmament_Research" title="United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research">UNIDIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Institute_for_Training_and_Research" title="United Nations Institute for Training and Research">UNITAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations-Oceans" title="United Nations-Oceans">UN-Oceans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_on_Drugs_and_Crime" title="United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime">UNODC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_Project_Services" title="United Nations Office for Project Services">UNOPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNOSAT" title="UNOSAT">UNOSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Research_Institute_for_Social_Development" title="United Nations Research Institute for Social Development">UNRISD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNRWA" title="UNRWA">UNRWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Sustainable_Development_Group" title="United Nations Sustainable Development Group">UNSDG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_System_Staff_College" title="United Nations System Staff College">UNSSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_University" title="United Nations University">UNU</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UNU-CRIS" title="UNU-CRIS">UNU-CRIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNU-OP" title="UNU-OP">UNU-OP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Volunteers" title="United Nations Volunteers">UNV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_Women" title="UN Women">UN Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Food_Programme" title="World Food Programme">WFP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_specialized_agencies_of_the_United_Nations" title="List of specialized agencies of the United Nations">Specialized agencies</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">FAO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization" title="International Civil Aviation Organization">ICAO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Fund_for_Agricultural_Development" title="International Fund for Agricultural Development">IFAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">ILO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">IMF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Organization" title="International Maritime Organization">IMO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Migration" title="International Organization for Migration">IOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">ITU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_Tourism" title="UN Tourism">UN Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Industrial_Development_Organization" title="United Nations Industrial Development Organization">UNIDO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Postal_Union" title="Universal Postal Union">UPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Engineering_Organizations" title="World Federation of Engineering Organizations">WFEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">WHO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">WIPO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">WMO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Bank_Group" title="World Bank Group">World Bank Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development" title="International Bank for Reconstruction and Development">IBRD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Development_Association" title="International Development Association">IDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Finance_Corporation" title="International Finance Corporation">IFC</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Secretariat" title="United Nations Secretariat">Secretariat offices<br />and departments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Headquarters_of_the_United_Nations" title="Headquarters of the United Nations">Headquarters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_Building" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Conference Building">Conference Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Building" title="United Nations General Assembly Building">General Assembly Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Secretariat_Building" title="United Nations Secretariat Building">Secretariat Building</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs">Department of Economic and Social Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Peace_Operations" title="United Nations Department of Peace Operations">Department of Peace Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Political_and_Peacebuilding_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs">Department of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dag_Hammarskj%C3%B6ld_Library" title="Dag Hammarskjöld Library">Dag Hammarskjöld Library</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_for_Safety_and_Security" title="United Nations Department for Safety and Security">Department for Safety and Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Division_for_Palestinian_Rights" title="United Nations Division for Palestinian Rights">Division for Palestinian Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_at_Geneva" title="United Nations Office at Geneva">Office at Geneva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Nations" title="Palace of Nations">Palace of Nations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_at_Nairobi" title="United Nations Office at Nairobi">Office at Nairobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_at_Vienna" title="United Nations Office at Vienna">Office at Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_Disarmament_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs">Office for Disarmament Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_Outer_Space_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs">Office for Outer Space Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_Partnerships" title="United Nations Office for Partnerships">Office for Partnerships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs">Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_of_Internal_Oversight_Services" title="United Nations Office of Internal Oversight Services">Office of Internal Oversight Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_of_Legal_Affairs" title="United Nations Office of Legal Affairs">Office of Legal Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_of_the_High_Representative_for_the_Least_Developed_Countries,_Landlocked_Developing_Countries_and_Small_Island_Developing_States" title="United Nations Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States">Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_of_Counter-Terrorism" title="United Nations Office of Counter-Terrorism">Office of Counter-Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Secretary-General%27s_Envoy_on_Youth" title="Office of the Secretary-General's Envoy on Youth">Office of the Secretary-General's Envoy on Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Special_Representative_of_the_Secretary-General_on_Sexual_Violence_in_Conflict" title="Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict">Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Spokesperson_for_the_Secretary-General" title="Office of the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General">Office of the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_on_Sport_for_Development_and_Peace" title="United Nations Office on Sport for Development and Peace">Office on Sport for Development and Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_organizations_by_location" title="List of United Nations organizations by location">UN organizations by location</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations" title="Member states of the United Nations">Members<br />and observers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_United_Nations#1940s" title="Enlargement of the United Nations">Founding members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations#Current_members" title="Member states of the United Nations">Full members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council">Security Council Permanent members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_representative_to_the_United_Nations" title="Permanent representative to the United Nations">Permanent representatives to the UN</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_permanent_representatives_to_the_United_Nations" title="List of current permanent representatives to the United Nations">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_observers" title="United Nations General Assembly observers">General Assembly Observers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_and_the_United_Nations" title="European Union and the United Nations">European Union</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Nations" title="History of the United Nations">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Preceding years</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telegraph Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Postal_Union" title="Universal Postal Union">Universal Postal Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907" title="Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907">Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Court_of_Arbitration" title="Permanent Court of Arbitration">Permanent Court of Arbitration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Office_of_Public_Hygiene" title="International Office of Public Hygiene">International Office of Public Hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_archives" title="League of Nations archives">archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_of_the_League_of_Nations" title="Covenant of the League of Nations">covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_the_League_of_Nations" title="Organisation of the League of Nations">organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_League_of_Nations" title="Member states of the League of Nations">member states</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Preparatory years</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_St_James%27s_Palace" title="Declaration of St James's Palace">Declaration of St James's Palace</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Charter" title="Atlantic Charter">Atlantic Charter</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_by_United_Nations" title="Declaration by United Nations">Declaration by United Nations</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Conference_(1943)" title="Moscow Conference (1943)">Moscow Conference</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran_Conference" title="Tehran Conference">Tehran Conference</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods_Conference" title="Bretton Woods Conference">Bretton Woods Conference</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumbarton_Oaks_Conference" title="Dumbarton Oaks Conference">Dumbarton Oaks Conference</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_International_Organization" title="United Nations Conference on International Organization">Conference on International Organization</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_Convention" title="Genocide Convention">Genocide Convention</a> (1948)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_United_Nations" title="Enlargement of the United Nations">Enlargement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_United_Nations_peacekeeping" title="History of United Nations peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_peacekeeping_missions" title="List of United Nations peacekeeping missions">missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_Nations_peacekeeping_missions" title="Timeline of United Nations peacekeeping missions">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_territories_governed_by_the_United_Nations" title="List of territories governed by the United Nations">governed territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Police" title="United Nations Police">UNPOL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drafting_of_the_Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights">drafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Day" title="Human Rights Day">Human Rights Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Convention" title="World Heritage Convention">World Heritage Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" title="Convention on the Rights of the Child">Convention on the Rights of the Child</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" title="Committee on the Rights of the Child">committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Indigenous_Peoples" title="Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples">Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Permanent_Forum_on_Indigenous_Issues" title="United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues">Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Caucus" title="Indigenous Caucus">Indigenous Caucus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Peasants" title="United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Peasants">Declaration on the Rights of Peasants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_resolution" title="United Nations resolution">Resolutions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vetoed_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions" title="List of vetoed United Nations Security Council resolutions">Security Council vetoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_resolution" title="United Nations General Assembly resolution">General Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_resolutions_at_the_sixty-sixth_session_of_the_United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="List of resolutions at the sixty-sixth session of the United Nations General Assembly">66th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_resolutions_at_the_sixty-seventh_session_of_the_United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="List of resolutions at the sixty-seventh session of the United Nations General Assembly">67th</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_resolution" title="United Nations Security Council resolution">Security Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_concerning_Cyprus" title="List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_concerning_Iran" title="List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_concerning_Iraq" title="List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_resolutions_concerning_Israel" title="List of United Nations resolutions concerning Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_resolutions_relating_to_Lebanon" title="List of United Nations resolutions relating to Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_on_the_Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="List of United Nations Security Council resolutions on the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">Nagorno-Karabakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_concerning_North_Korea" title="List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_resolutions_concerning_Palestine" title="List of United Nations resolutions concerning Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_resolutions_concerning_Syria" title="List of United Nations resolutions concerning Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a 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class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171183#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2357" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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