CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Communications Decency Act - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"c82593d0-0754-4d83-ae61-e3cd411d9e81","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Communications_Decency_Act","wgTitle":"Communications Decency Act","wgCurRevisionId":1273873181,"wgRevisionId":1273873181,"wgArticleId":39296,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles needing additional references from January 2012","All articles needing additional references","Communications Decency Act","Acts of the 104th United States Congress","Internet censorship in the United States","United States federal computing legislation","Obscenity law"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext", "wgRelevantPageName":"Communications_Decency_Act","wgRelevantArticleId":39296,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q366701","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform", "platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar", "ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.15"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Communications Decency Act - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_Decency_Act"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Communications_Decency_Act&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_Decency_Act"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Communications_Decency_Act rootpage-Communications_Decency_Act skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Communications+Decency+Act" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Communications+Decency+Act" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Communications+Decency+Act" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Communications+Decency+Act" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-indecency_and_anti-obscenity_provisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-indecency_and_anti-obscenity_provisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Anti-indecency and anti-obscenity provisions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Anti-indecency_and_anti-obscenity_provisions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Anti-indecency and anti-obscenity provisions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Anti-indecency_and_anti-obscenity_provisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legal_challenges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_challenges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Legal challenges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_challenges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Section_230" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Section_230"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Section 230</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Section_230-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Section 230 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Section_230-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-FOSTA-SESTA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#FOSTA-SESTA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>FOSTA-SESTA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-FOSTA-SESTA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Failure-to-warn_lawsuits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Failure-to-warn_lawsuits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Failure-to-warn lawsuits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Failure-to-warn_lawsuits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Communications Decency Act</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 9 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-9" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">9 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_Decency_Act" title="Communications Decency Act – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Communications Decency Act" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_Decency_Act" title="Communications Decency Act – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Communications Decency Act" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_Decency_Act" title="Communications Decency Act – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Communications Decency Act" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_Decency_Act" title="Communications Decency Act – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Communications Decency Act" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_Decency_Act" title="Communications Decency Act – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Communications Decency Act" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A7_%D7%94%D7%94%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA" title="חוק ההגינות בתקשורת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חוק ההגינות בתקשורת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E5%93%81%E4%BD%8D%E6%B3%95" title="通信品位法 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="通信品位法" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_Decency_Act" title="Communications Decency Act – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Communications Decency Act" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E6%B3%95" title="通信规范法 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="通信规范法" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q366701#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Communications_Decency_Act" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Communications_Decency_Act" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Communications_Decency_Act"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communications_Decency_Act&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communications_Decency_Act&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Communications_Decency_Act"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communications_Decency_Act&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communications_Decency_Act&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Communications_Decency_Act" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Communications_Decency_Act" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communications_Decency_Act&oldid=1273873181" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communications_Decency_Act&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Communications_Decency_Act&id=1273873181&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCommunications_Decency_Act"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCommunications_Decency_Act"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Communications_Decency_Act&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communications_Decency_Act&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q366701" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1996 attempt by the United States Congress to regulate Internet pornography</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Communications_Decency_Act" title="Special:EditPage/Communications Decency Act">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Communications+Decency+Act%22">"Communications Decency Act"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Communications+Decency+Act%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Communications+Decency+Act%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Communications+Decency+Act%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Communications+Decency+Act%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Communications+Decency+Act%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Communications Decency Act of 1996</b> (<b>CDA</b>) was the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>'s first notable attempt to regulate <a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">pornographic</a> material on the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>. In the 1997 landmark case <i><a href="/wiki/Reno_v._ACLU" class="mw-redirect" title="Reno v. ACLU">Reno v. ACLU</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a> unanimously struck the act's anti-indecency provisions. </p><p>The Act is the short name of Title V of the <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_Act_of_1996" title="Telecommunications Act of 1996">Telecommunications Act of 1996</a>, as specified in Section 501 of the 1996 Act. Senators <a href="/wiki/J._James_Exon" title="J. James Exon">James Exon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slade_Gorton" title="Slade Gorton">Slade Gorton</a> introduced it to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Commerce,_Science_and_Transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation">Senate Committee of Commerce, Science, and Transportation</a> in 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The amendment that became the CDA was added to the Telecommunications Act in the Senate by an 81–18 vote on June 15, 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As eventually passed by Congress, Title V affected the Internet (and online communications) in two significant ways. First, it attempted to regulate both <a href="/wiki/Indecency" class="mw-redirect" title="Indecency">indecency</a> (when available to children) and <a href="/wiki/Obscenity" title="Obscenity">obscenity</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cyberspace" title="Cyberspace">cyberspace</a>. Second, <a href="/wiki/Section_230" title="Section 230">Section 230</a> of title 47 of the U.S. Code, part of a codification of the <a href="/wiki/Communications_Act_of_1934" title="Communications Act of 1934">Communications Act of 1934</a> (Section 9 of the Communications Decency Act / Section 509 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has been interpreted to mean that operators of Internet services are not <a href="/wiki/Publisher" class="mw-redirect" title="Publisher">publishers</a> (and thus not <a href="/wiki/Legal_liability" title="Legal liability">legally liable</a> for the words of third parties who use their services). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anti-indecency_and_anti-obscenity_provisions">Anti-indecency and anti-obscenity provisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communications_Decency_Act&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Anti-indecency and anti-obscenity provisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The act's most controversial portions were those relating to indecency on the Internet. The relevant sections were introduced in response to fears that Internet pornography was on the rise. Indecency in TV and radio broadcasting had already been regulated by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a>: broadcasting of offensive speech was restricted to hours of the day when minors were supposedly least likely to be exposed, and violators could be fined and lose their licenses. But the Internet had only recently been opened to commercial interests by the 1992 amendment to the <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation Act</a> and thus had not been taken into consideration by previous laws. The CDA, which affected both the Internet and <a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">cable television</a>, marked the first attempt to expand regulation to these <a href="/wiki/New_media" title="New media">new media</a>. </p><p>Passed by Congress on February 1, 1996,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and signed by President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> on February 8, 1996,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the CDA imposed criminal sanctions on anyone who </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>knowingly (A) uses an interactive computer service to send to a specific person or persons under 18 years of age, or (B) uses any interactive computer service to display in a manner available to a person under 18 years of age, any comment, request, suggestion, proposal, image, or other communication that, in context, depicts or describes, in terms patently offensive as measured by contemporary community standards, sexual or excretory activities or organs.</p></blockquote> <p>It further criminalized the transmission of "obscene or indecent" materials to persons known to be under 18. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Free_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Free speech">Free speech</a> advocates worked diligently and successfully to overturn the portion relating to indecent, but not obscene, speech. They argued that speech protected under the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment</a>, such as printed novels or the use of the "<a href="/wiki/Seven_dirty_words" title="Seven dirty words">seven dirty words</a>", would suddenly become unlawful when posted online. Critics also claimed the bill would have a <a href="/wiki/Chilling_effect" title="Chilling effect">chilling effect</a> on the availability of medical information. Online <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a> organizations arranged protests against the bill, such as the <a href="/wiki/Black_World_Wide_Web_protest" title="Black World Wide Web protest">Black World Wide Web protest</a>, which encouraged webmasters to make their sites' backgrounds black for 48 hours after its passage, and the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Blue_Ribbon_Online_Free_Speech_Campaign" title="Blue Ribbon Online Free Speech Campaign">Blue Ribbon Online Free Speech Campaign</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_challenges">Legal challenges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communications_Decency_Act&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Legal challenges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On June 12, 1996, a panel of <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Pennsylvania" title="United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania">federal judges</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia, Pennsylvania">Philadelphia</a> blocked part of the CDA, saying it would infringe upon adults' free speech rights. The next month, another federal court in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a> struck down the portion of the CDA intended to protect children from indecent speech as too broad. On June 26, 1997, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> upheld the Philadelphia court's decision in <i><a href="/wiki/Reno_v._American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union">Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union</a>,</i> stating that the indecency provisions were an unconstitutional abridgement of the First Amendment because they did not permit parents to decide for themselves what material was acceptable for their children, extended to non-commercial speech, and did not carefully define the words "indecent" and "offensive". (The Court affirmed the New York case, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Shea" title="Joe Shea"><i>Reno v. Shea</i></a>, the next day, without a published opinion.) </p><p>In 2003, Congress amended the CDA to remove the indecency provisions struck down in <i>Reno v. ACLU</i>. A separate challenge to the provisions governing obscenity, known as <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Nitke#Nitke_v._Gonzales" title="Barbara Nitke"><i>Nitke v. Gonzales</i></a>, was rejected by a federal court in New York in 2005. The Supreme Court summarily affirmed that decision in 2006. </p><p>Congress has made two narrower attempts to regulate children's exposure to Internet indecency since the Supreme Court overturned the CDA. Court injunction blocked enforcement of the first, the <a href="/wiki/Child_Online_Protection_Act" title="Child Online Protection Act">Child Online Protection Act</a> (COPA), almost immediately after its passage in 1998; the law was later overturned. While legal challenges also dogged COPA's successor, the <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Internet_Protection_Act" title="Children's Internet Protection Act">Children's Internet Protection Act</a> (CIPA) of 2000, the Supreme Court upheld it as constitutional in 2004. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Section_230">Section 230</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communications_Decency_Act&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Section 230"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Section_230" title="Section 230">Section 230</a></div> <p>Section 230 of title 47 of the U.S. Code, a codification of the Communications Act of 1934 (added by Section 9 of the Communications Decency Act / Section 509 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996) was not part of the original Senate legislation, but was added in conference with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House</a>, where it had been separately introduced by <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">Representatives</a> <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Cox" title="Christopher Cox">Christopher Cox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ron_Wyden" title="Ron Wyden">Ron Wyden</a> as the Internet Freedom and Family Empowerment Act and passed by a near-unanimous vote on the floor. It added protection for online service providers and users from actions against them based on third-party content, stating in part, "No provider or user of an interactive computer service shall be treated as the publisher or speaker of any information provided by another information content provider." Effectively, this section immunizes both ISPs and Internet users from liability for torts others commit on their websites or online forums, even if the provider fails to take action after receiving notice of the harmful or offensive content.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Through the so-called Good Samaritan provision, this section also protects ISPs from liability for restricting access to certain material or giving others the technical means to restrict access to that material. </p><p>On July 23, 2013, the attorneys general of 47 states sent Congress a letter requesting that the criminal and civil immunity in section 230 be removed. The ACLU wrote of the proposal, "If Section 230 is stripped of its protections, it wouldn't take long for the vibrant culture of free speech to disappear from the web."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="FOSTA-SESTA">FOSTA-SESTA</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communications_Decency_Act&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: FOSTA-SESTA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ann_Wagner" title="Ann Wagner">Ann Wagner</a> introduced the <a href="/wiki/Stop_Enabling_Sex_Traffickers_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop Enabling Sex Traffickers Act">Allow States and Victims to Fight Online Sex Trafficking Act</a> (FOSTA) in the U.S. House of Representatives in April 2017. <a href="/wiki/Rob_Portman" title="Rob Portman">Rob Portman</a> introduced the similar <a href="/wiki/Stop_Enabling_Sex_Traffickers_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop Enabling Sex Traffickers Act">Stop Enabling Sex Traffickers Act</a> (SESTA) in the U.S. Senate in August 2017. The combined FOSTA-SESTA package passed the House on February 27, 2018, with a vote of 388–25<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Senate on March 21, 2018, with a vote of 97–2.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> signed the package into law on April 11, 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The bill makes it illegal to knowingly assist, facilitate, or support sex trafficking, and amends the Communications Decency Act's section 230 safe harbors (which make online services immune from civil liability for their users' actions) to exclude enforcement of federal or state sex trafficking laws from immunity. The intent is to provide serious legal consequences for websites that profit from sex trafficking and give prosecutors tools to protect their communities and give victims a pathway to justice.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The bills were criticized by pro-free speech and pro-Internet groups as a "disguised internet censorship bill" that weakens the section 230 safe harbors, places unnecessary burdens on internet companies and intermediaries that handle user-generated content or communications, with service providers required to proactively take action against sex trafficking activities, and requires lawyers to evaluate all possible scenarios under state and federal law (which may be financially unfeasible for smaller companies).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-verge-proxyfight_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-verge-proxyfight-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Online sex workers argued that the bill would harm their safety, as the platforms they use to offer and discuss their services (as an alternative to <a href="/wiki/Street_prostitution" title="Street prostitution">street prostitution</a>) had begun to reduce their services or shut down entirely because of the bill's threat of liability.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since FOSTA-SESTA passed, sex workers have reported economic instability and increases in violence, as had been predicted.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Failure-to-warn_lawsuits">Failure-to-warn lawsuits</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communications_Decency_Act&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Failure-to-warn lawsuits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Jane_Doe_No._14_v._Internet_Brands,_Inc." title="Jane Doe No. 14 v. Internet Brands, Inc.">Jane Doe No. 14 v. Internet Brands, Inc.</a></i>, the plaintiff filed an action alleging that Internet Brands, Inc.'s failure to warn users of its modelmayhem.com networking website caused her to be a victim of a rape scheme. On May 31, 2016, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit">Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit</a> ruled that the Communications Decency Act does not bar the plaintiff's <a href="/wiki/Duty_to_warn" title="Duty to warn">failure to warn</a> claim.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communications_Decency_Act&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/28px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/42px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/56px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="407" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Internet" title="Portal:Internet">Internet portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/30px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/46px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/61px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pornproject_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Pornproject_logo.svg/32px-Pornproject_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Pornproject_logo.svg/48px-Pornproject_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Pornproject_logo.svg/64px-Pornproject_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="79" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Erotica_and_pornography" title="Portal:Erotica and pornography">Erotica and pornography portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Online_Copyright_Infringement_Liability_Limitation_Act" title="Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act">Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act</a> portion of the <a href="/wiki/Digital_Millennium_Copyright_Act" title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act">Digital Millennium Copyright Act</a>, which contingently protects online service providers from liability for copyright infringement</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stanley_v._Georgia" title="Stanley v. Georgia">Stanley v. Georgia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Playboy_Entertainment_Group,_Inc." title="United States v. Playboy Entertainment Group, Inc.">United States v. Playboy Entertainment Group, Inc.</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communications_Decency_Act&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJ.1995" class="citation web cs1">J., Exon (1995-02-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/104th-congress/senate-bill/314/cosponsors">"Cosponsors - S.314 - 104th Congress (1995-1996): Communications Decency Act of 1995"</a>. <i>www.congress.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211030052243/https://www.congress.gov/bill/104th-congress/senate-bill/314/cosponsors">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-10-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.congress.gov&rft.atitle=Cosponsors+-+S.314+-+104th+Congress+%281995-1996%29%3A+Communications+Decency+Act+of+1995&rft.date=1995-02-01&rft.aulast=J.&rft.aufirst=Exon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.congress.gov%2Fbill%2F104th-congress%2Fsenate-bill%2F314%2Fcosponsors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunications+Decency+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=104&session=1&vote=00268">"U.S. Senate: U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 104th Congress - 1st Session"</a>. <i>www.senate.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210630042752/https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=104&session=1&vote=00268">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.senate.gov&rft.atitle=U.S.+Senate%3A+U.S.+Senate+Roll+Call+Votes+104th+Congress+-+1st+Session&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Flegislative%2FLIS%2Froll_call_lists%2Froll_call_vote_cfm.cfm%3Fcongress%3D104%26session%3D1%26vote%3D00268&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunications+Decency+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blakereid.org/section-230-of-what/">"Section 230 of… what? – blake.e.reid"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211225050437/https://blakereid.org/section-230-of-what/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Section+230+of%E2%80%A6+what%3F+%E2%80%93+blake.e.reid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblakereid.org%2Fsection-230-of-what%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunications+Decency+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=104&session=2&vote=00008">"U.S. Senate: U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 104th Congress - 2nd Session"</a>. <i>www.senate.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180724093145/https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=104&session=2&vote=00008">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-07-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.senate.gov&rft.atitle=U.S.+Senate%3A+U.S.+Senate+Roll+Call+Votes+104th+Congress+-+2nd+Session&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Flegislative%2FLIS%2Froll_call_lists%2Froll_call_vote_cfm.cfm%3Fcongress%3D104%26session%3D2%26vote%3D00008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunications+Decency+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarry1996" class="citation web cs1">Larry, Pressler (1996-02-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/104th-congress/senate-bill/652/actions">"Actions - S.652 - 104th Congress (1995-1996): Telecommunications Act of 1996"</a>. <i>www.congress.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180515184232/https://www.congress.gov/bill/104th-congress/senate-bill/652/actions">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-05-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.congress.gov&rft.atitle=Actions+-+S.652+-+104th+Congress+%281995-1996%29%3A+Telecommunications+Act+of+1996&rft.date=1996-02-08&rft.aulast=Larry&rft.aufirst=Pressler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.congress.gov%2Fbill%2F104th-congress%2Fsenate-bill%2F652%2Factions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunications+Decency+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"Communications Decency Act Ruled Unconstitutional". <i><a href="/wiki/GamePro" title="GamePro">GamePro</a></i>. No. 96. <a href="/wiki/International_Data_Group" title="International Data Group">IDG</a>. September 1996. p. 21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GamePro&rft.atitle=Communications+Decency+Act+Ruled+Unconstitutional&rft.issue=96&rft.pages=21&rft.date=1996-09&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunications+Decency+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyers2006" class="citation cs2">Myers, Ken S. (Fall 2006), "Wikimmunity: Fitting the Communications Decency Act to Wikipedia", <i><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Journal_of_Law_%26_Technology" title="Harvard Journal of Law & Technology">Harvard Journal of Law & Technology</a></i>, vol. 20, p. 163, <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=916529">916529</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Journal+of+Law+%26+Technology&rft.atitle=Wikimmunity%3A+Fitting+the+Communications+Decency+Act+to+Wikipedia&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=20&rft.pages=163&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D916529%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Myers&rft.aufirst=Ken+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunications+Decency+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aclu.org/blog/free-speech-national-security-technology-and-liberty/new-proposal-could-singlehandedly-cripple">"New Proposal Could Singlehandedly Cripple Free Speech Online"</a>. American Civil Liberties Union. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150401120427/https://www.aclu.org/blog/free-speech-national-security-technology-and-liberty/new-proposal-could-singlehandedly-cripple">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-04-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-12-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Proposal+Could+Singlehandedly+Cripple+Free+Speech+Online&rft.pub=American+Civil+Liberties+Union&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aclu.org%2Fblog%2Ffree-speech-national-security-technology-and-liberty%2Fnew-proposal-could-singlehandedly-cripple&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunications+Decency+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackman2018" class="citation news cs1">Jackman, Tom (February 27, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/true-crime/wp/2018/02/27/house-passes-anti-online-sex-trafficking-bill-allows-targeting-of-websites-like-backpage-com/">"House passes anti-online sex trafficking bill, allows targeting of websites like Backpage.com"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180407182535/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/true-crime/wp/2018/02/27/house-passes-anti-online-sex-trafficking-bill-allows-targeting-of-websites-like-backpage-com/">Archived</a> from the original on April 7, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 9,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=House+passes+anti-online+sex+trafficking+bill%2C+allows+targeting+of+websites+like+Backpage.com&rft.date=2018-02-27&rft.aulast=Jackman&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Ftrue-crime%2Fwp%2F2018%2F02%2F27%2Fhouse-passes-anti-online-sex-trafficking-bill-allows-targeting-of-websites-like-backpage-com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunications+Decency+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=115&session=2&vote=00060">"U.S. Senate: U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 115th Congress - 2nd Session"</a>. <i>www.senate.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180413151009/https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=115&session=2&vote=00060">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-04-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.senate.gov&rft.atitle=U.S.+Senate%3A+U.S.+Senate+Roll+Call+Votes+115th+Congress+-+2nd+Session&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Flegislative%2FLIS%2Froll_call_lists%2Froll_call_vote_cfm.cfm%3Fcongress%3D115%26session%3D2%26vote%3D00060&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunications+Decency+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElizabeth_Dias2018" class="citation news cs1">Elizabeth Dias (2018-04-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/11/us/backpage-sex-trafficking.html?&moduleDetail=section-news-3&action=click&contentCollection=Politics&region=Footer&module=MoreInSection&version=WhatsNext&contentID=WhatsNext&pgtype=article">"Trump Signs Bill Amid Momentum to Crack Down on Trafficking"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180412003103/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/11/us/backpage-sex-trafficking.html?&moduleDetail=section-news-3&action=click&contentCollection=Politics&region=Footer&module=MoreInSection&version=WhatsNext&contentID=WhatsNext&pgtype=article">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-04-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Trump+Signs+Bill+Amid+Momentum+to+Crack+Down+on+Trafficking&rft.date=2018-04-11&rft.au=Elizabeth+Dias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F04%2F11%2Fus%2Fbackpage-sex-trafficking.html%3F%26moduleDetail%3Dsection-news-3%26action%3Dclick%26contentCollection%3DPolitics%26region%3DFooter%26module%3DMoreInSection%26version%3DWhatsNext%26contentID%3DWhatsNext%26pgtype%3Darticle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunications+Decency+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarry_Magid2018" class="citation news cs1">Larry Magid (2018-04-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/larrymagid/2018/04/06/doj-seizes-backpage-com-weeks-after-congress-passes-sex-trafficking-law/#6e55a89750ba">"DOJ Seizes Backpage.com Weeks After Congress Passes Sex Trafficking Law"</a>. <i>Forbes</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180408051549/https://www.forbes.com/sites/larrymagid/2018/04/06/doj-seizes-backpage-com-weeks-after-congress-passes-sex-trafficking-law/#6e55a89750ba">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-04-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=DOJ+Seizes+Backpage.com+Weeks+After+Congress+Passes+Sex+Trafficking+Law&rft.date=2018-04-06&rft.au=Larry+Magid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Flarrymagid%2F2018%2F04%2F06%2Fdoj-seizes-backpage-com-weeks-after-congress-passes-sex-trafficking-law%2F%236e55a89750ba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunications+Decency+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnn2018" class="citation web cs1">Ann, Wagner (March 21, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/1865">"H.R.1865 - 115th Congress (2017-2018): Allow States and Victims to Fight Online Sex Trafficking Act of 2017"</a>. <i>www.congress.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180408082712/https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/1865">Archived</a> from the original on April 8, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 9,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.congress.gov&rft.atitle=H.R.1865+-+115th+Congress+%282017-2018%29%3A+Allow+States+and+Victims+to+Fight+Online+Sex+Trafficking+Act+of+2017&rft.date=2018-03-21&rft.aulast=Ann&rft.aufirst=Wagner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.congress.gov%2Fbill%2F115th-congress%2Fhouse-bill%2F1865&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunications+Decency+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aclu.org/letter/aclu-letter-opposing-sesta">"ACLU letter opposing SESTA"</a>. <i>American Civil Liberties Union</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180324175718/https://www.aclu.org/letter/aclu-letter-opposing-sesta">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-03-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Civil+Liberties+Union&rft.atitle=ACLU+letter+opposing+SESTA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aclu.org%2Fletter%2Faclu-letter-opposing-sesta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunications+Decency+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171024095814/http://www.new.swopusa.org/2017/08/11/call-to-actionpress-release-swop-usa-stands-in-direct-opposition-of-disguised-internet-censorship-bill-sesta-s-1963-call-your-state-representatives-and-tell-them-to-fight/">"SWOP-USA stands in opposition of disguised internet censorship bill SESTA, S. 1963"</a>. Sex Workers Outreach Project. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.new.swopusa.org/2017/08/11/call-to-actionpress-release-swop-usa-stands-in-direct-opposition-of-disguised-internet-censorship-bill-sesta-s-1963-call-your-state-representatives-and-tell-them-to-fight/">the original</a> on 2017-10-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-10-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=SWOP-USA+stands+in+opposition+of+disguised+internet+censorship+bill+SESTA%2C+S.+1963&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.new.swopusa.org%2F2017%2F08%2F11%2Fcall-to-actionpress-release-swop-usa-stands-in-direct-opposition-of-disguised-internet-censorship-bill-sesta-s-1963-call-your-state-representatives-and-tell-them-to-fight%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunications+Decency+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2017/11/11/16637774/wikipedia-sesta-serious-concerns-section-230-internet">"Wikipedia warns that SESTA will strip away protections vital to its existence"</a>. <i>The Verge</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180309054413/https://www.theverge.com/2017/11/11/16637774/wikipedia-sesta-serious-concerns-section-230-internet">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-03-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Verge&rft.atitle=Wikipedia+warns+that+SESTA+will+strip+away+protections+vital+to+its+existence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2017%2F11%2F11%2F16637774%2Fwikipedia-sesta-serious-concerns-section-230-internet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunications+Decency+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-verge-proxyfight-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-verge-proxyfight_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2017/9/14/16308066/sex-trafficking-bill-sesta-google-cda-230">"Sex trafficking bill is turning into a proxy war over Google"</a>. <i>The Verge</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170921045757/https://www.theverge.com/2017/9/14/16308066/sex-trafficking-bill-sesta-google-cda-230">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-09-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-09-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Verge&rft.atitle=Sex+trafficking+bill+is+turning+into+a+proxy+war+over+Google&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2017%2F9%2F14%2F16308066%2Fsex-trafficking-bill-sesta-google-cda-230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunications+Decency+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuinn" class="citation news cs1">Quinn, Melissa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/tech-community-fighting-online-sex-trafficking-bill-over-fears-it-will-stifle-innovation/article/2634402">"Tech community fighting online sex trafficking bill over fears it will stifle innovation"</a>. <i>Washington Examiner</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170919142831/http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/tech-community-fighting-online-sex-trafficking-bill-over-fears-it-will-stifle-innovation/article/2634402">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-09-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-09-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Examiner&rft.atitle=Tech+community+fighting+online+sex+trafficking+bill+over+fears+it+will+stifle+innovation&rft.aulast=Quinn&rft.aufirst=Melissa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonexaminer.com%2Ftech-community-fighting-online-sex-trafficking-bill-over-fears-it-will-stifle-innovation%2Farticle%2F2634402&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunications+Decency+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/features/controversial-anti-sex-trafficking-bill-screw-over-sex-workers-w518323">"How a New Senate Bill Will Screw Over Sex Workers"</a>. <i>Rolling Stone</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180324180235/https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/features/controversial-anti-sex-trafficking-bill-screw-over-sex-workers-w518323">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-03-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=How+a+New+Senate+Bill+Will+Screw+Over+Sex+Workers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fpolitics%2Ffeatures%2Fcontroversial-anti-sex-trafficking-bill-screw-over-sex-workers-w518323&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunications+Decency+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmerman2018" class="citation news cs1">Zimmerman, Amy (2018-04-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailybeast.com/sex-workers-fear-for-their-future-how-sesta-is-putting-many-prostitutes-in-peril">"Sex Workers Fear for Their Future: How SESTA Is Putting Many Prostitutes in Peril"</a>. <i>The Daily Beast</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180407080216/https://www.thedailybeast.com/sex-workers-fear-for-their-future-how-sesta-is-putting-many-prostitutes-in-peril">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-04-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Beast&rft.atitle=Sex+Workers+Fear+for+Their+Future%3A+How+SESTA+Is+Putting+Many+Prostitutes+in+Peril&rft.date=2018-04-04&rft.aulast=Zimmerman&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Fsex-workers-fear-for-their-future-how-sesta-is-putting-many-prostitutes-in-peril&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunications+Decency+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlunt" class="citation web cs1">Blunt, Danielle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hackinghustling.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Erased_Updated.pdf">"Erased: The Impact of FOSTA/SESTA and the Removal of Backpage"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Hacking-Hustling. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200308114239/https://hackinghustling.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Erased_Updated.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2020-03-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 5,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Erased%3A+The+Impact+of+FOSTA%2FSESTA+and+the+Removal+of+Backpage&rft.pub=Hacking-Hustling&rft.aulast=Blunt&rft.aufirst=Danielle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhackinghustling.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F02%2FErased_Updated.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunications+Decency+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdn.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/opinions/2016/05/31/12-56638.pdf">"Jane Doe No. 14 v Internet Brands"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. United States Court of Appeals for the 9th Circuit. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://cdn.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/opinions/2016/05/31/12-56638.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2022-10-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jane+Doe+No.+14+v+Internet+Brands&rft.pub=United+States+Court+of+Appeals+for+the+9th+Circuit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.ca9.uscourts.gov%2Fdatastore%2Fopinions%2F2016%2F05%2F31%2F12-56638.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunications+Decency+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communications_Decency_Act&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Communications_Decency_Act" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Special:Search/Communications Decency Act">Communications Decency Act</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727003223/http://pdfcast.org/pdf/the-communications-decency-act-a-legislative-history">Legislative history of the Communications Decency Act before amendment</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://transition.fcc.gov/Reports/tcom1996.txt">FCC text of the full act</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/47/230.html">Section 230</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/1865/text">Text of FOSTA-SESTA bill that was Presidentially signed into law as Pub.L. 115-164</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/115/bills/hr1865/BILLS-115hr1865enr.pdf">PDF</a> (authoritative))</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internetlibrary.com/topics/comm_decency_act.cfm">Internet Library of Law and Court Decisions</a> Court decisions applying section 230 of the Communications Decency Act</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cdt.org/speech/cda/">Center for Democracy and Technology Overview of CDA</a>. This refers only to the portion of the act which was struck down.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cybertelecom.org/cda/cda-up.htm">Cybertelecom :: The Communications Decency Act</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cybertelecom.org/cda/samaritan.htm">Sec. 230 Good Samaritan Defense</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eff.org/issues/bloggers/legal/liability/230">EFF.org</a>, bloggers on section 230</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Federal_Communications_Commission504" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Template:Federal Communications Commission"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Federal_Communications_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Federal Communications Commission (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Federal Communications Commission"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Federal_Communications_Commission504" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_Carr_(lawyer)" title="Brendan Carr (lawyer)">Brendan Carr</a> (2017–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Starks" title="Geoffrey Starks">Geoffrey Starks</a> (2019–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Simington" title="Nathan Simington">Nathan Simington</a> (2020–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_M._Gomez" title="Anna M. Gomez">Anna M. Gomez</a> (2023–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_chairs_of_the_Federal_Communications_Commission" title="List of chairs of the Federal Communications Commission">Chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_O._Sykes" title="Eugene O. Sykes">Eugene O. Sykes</a> (1934–1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anning_Smith_Prall" title="Anning Smith Prall">Anning Smith Prall</a> (1935–1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_R._McNinch" title="Frank R. McNinch">Frank R. McNinch</a> (1937–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawrence_Fly" title="James Lawrence Fly">James Lawrence Fly</a> (1939–1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._K._Jett" title="E. K. Jett">E. K. Jett</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_A._Porter" title="Paul A. Porter">Paul A. Porter</a> (1944–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Denny" title="Charles R. Denny">Charles R. Denny</a> (1946–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_A._Walker_(FCC_chairman)" title="Paul A. Walker (FCC chairman)">Paul A. Walker</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Coy" title="Wayne Coy">Wayne Coy</a> (1947–1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_A._Walker_(FCC_chairman)" title="Paul A. Walker (FCC chairman)">Paul A. Walker</a> (1952–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosel_H._Hyde" title="Rosel H. Hyde">Rosel H. Hyde</a> (1953–1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McConnaughey" title="George McConnaughey">George McConnaughey</a> (1954–1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Doerfer" title="John C. Doerfer">John C. Doerfer</a> (1957–1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_W._Ford" title="Frederick W. Ford">Frederick W. Ford</a> (1960–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_N._Minow" title="Newton N. Minow">Newton N. Minow</a> (1961–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._William_Henry" title="E. William Henry">E. William Henry</a> (1963–1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosel_H._Hyde" title="Rosel H. Hyde">Rosel H. Hyde</a> (1966–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Burch" title="Dean Burch">Dean Burch</a> (1969–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Wiley" title="Richard E. Wiley">Richard E. Wiley</a> (1974–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_D._Ferris" title="Charles D. Ferris">Charles D. Ferris</a> (1977–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee_(FCC)" title="Robert E. Lee (FCC)">Robert Lee</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_S._Fowler" title="Mark S. Fowler">Mark S. Fowler</a> (1981–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_R._Patrick" title="Dennis R. Patrick">Dennis R. Patrick</a> (1987–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_C._Sikes" title="Alfred C. Sikes">Alfred C. Sikes</a> (1989–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Henry_Quello" title="James Henry Quello">James Henry Quello</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_Hundt" title="Reed Hundt">Reed Hundt</a> (1993–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kennard" title="William Kennard">William Kennard</a> (1997–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Powell_(lobbyist)" title="Michael Powell (lobbyist)">Michael Powell</a> (2001–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Martin_(FCC)" title="Kevin Martin (FCC)">Kevin Martin</a> (2005–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Copps" title="Michael Copps">Michael Copps</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Genachowski" title="Julius Genachowski">Julius Genachowski</a> (2009–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mignon_Clyburn" title="Mignon Clyburn">Mignon Clyburn</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Wheeler" title="Tom Wheeler">Tom Wheeler</a> (2013–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajit_Pai" title="Ajit Pai">Ajit Pai</a> (2017–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Rosenworcel" title="Jessica Rosenworcel">Jessica Rosenworcel</a> (2021–2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_Carr_(lawyer)" title="Brendan Carr (lawyer)">Brendan Carr</a> (2025–)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Seal_of_the_Federal_Communications_Commission.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_Federal_Communications_Commission.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Seal_of_the_Federal_Communications_Commission.svg/180px-Seal_of_the_Federal_Communications_Commission.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Seal_of_the_Federal_Communications_Commission.svg/240px-Seal_of_the_Federal_Communications_Commission.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statutory<br />authority<br />(<a href="/wiki/Title_47_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 47 of the United States Code">Title 47 USC</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communications_Act_of_1934" title="Communications Act of 1934">Communications Act of 1934</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brinkley_Act" title="Brinkley Act">Brinkley Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-Channel_Receiver_Act" title="All-Channel Receiver Act">All-Channel Receiver Act</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_Satellite_Act_of_1962" title="Communications Satellite Act of 1962">Communications Satellite Act of 1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Act_of_1967" title="Public Broadcasting Act of 1967">Public Broadcasting Act of 1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_Communications_Policy_Act_of_1984" title="Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984">Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Home_Viewer_Act_(US)" title="Satellite Home Viewer Act (US)">Satellite Home Viewer Act</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulations_on_children%27s_television_programming_in_the_United_States" title="Regulations on children's television programming in the United States">Children's Television Act</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_Consumer_Protection_Act_of_1991" title="Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991">Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_Television_Consumer_Protection_and_Competition_Act_of_1992" title="Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992">Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_Assistance_for_Law_Enforcement_Act" title="Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act">Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_Act_of_1996" title="Telecommunications Act of 1996">Telecommunications Act of 1996</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Communications Decency Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_230" title="Section 230">Section 230</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_Online_Protection_Act" title="Child Online Protection Act">Child Online Protection Act</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_Communications_and_Public_Safety_Act" title="Wireless Communications and Public Safety Act">Wireless Communications and Public Safety Act</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_Decency_Enforcement_Act_of_2005" title="Broadcast Decency Enforcement Act of 2005">Broadcast Decency Enforcement Act of 2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Transition_and_Public_Safety_Act_of_2005" title="Digital Transition and Public Safety Act of 2005">Digital Transition and Public Safety Act of 2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_Fax_Prevention_Act_of_2005" title="Junk Fax Prevention Act of 2005">Junk Fax Prevention Act of 2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_Records_and_Privacy_Protection_Act_of_2006" title="Telephone Records and Privacy Protection Act of 2006">Telephone Records and Privacy Protection Act of 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short-term_Analog_Flash_and_Emergency_Readiness_Act" title="Short-term Analog Flash and Emergency Readiness Act">Short-term Analog Flash and Emergency Readiness Act</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth_in_Caller_ID_Act_of_2009" title="Truth in Caller ID Act of 2009">Truth in Caller ID Act of 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Advertisement_Loudness_Mitigation_Act" title="Commercial Advertisement Loudness Mitigation Act">Commercial Advertisement Loudness Mitigation Act</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_Community_Radio_Act" title="Local Community Radio Act">Local Community Radio Act</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Television_Extension_and_Localism_Act_of_2010" title="Satellite Television Extension and Localism Act of 2010">Satellite Television Extension and Localism Act of 2010</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulations<br />and policies<br />(<a href="/wiki/Title_47_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Title 47 of the Code of Federal Regulations">Title 47 CFR</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Title_47_CFR_Part_15" title="Title 47 CFR Part 15">Title 47 CFR Part 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_47_CFR_Part_68" title="Title 47 CFR Part 68">Title 47 CFR Part 68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_47_CFR_Part_97" title="Title 47 CFR Part 97">Title 47 CFR Part 97</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Broadcast<br />licensing<br />and facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1978_Broadcast_Policy_Statement_on_minority_ownership" title="1978 Broadcast Policy Statement on minority ownership">1978 Broadcast Policy Statement on minority ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_wireless_spectrum_auction" title="2008 United States wireless spectrum auction">2008 United States wireless spectrum auction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancillary_Terrestrial_Component" title="Ancillary Terrestrial Component">Ancillary Terrestrial Component</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antenna_structure_registration_in_the_United_States" title="Antenna structure registration in the United States">Antenna structure registration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AWS-3_auction" title="AWS-3 auction">AWS-3 auction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_signs_in_the_United_States" title="Call signs in the United States">Broadcast call signs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_flag" title="Broadcast flag">Broadcast flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_license" title="Broadcast license">Broadcast license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_range" title="Broadcast range">Broadcast range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duopoly_(broadcasting)" title="Duopoly (broadcasting)">Broadcasting duopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carriage_dispute" title="Carriage dispute">Carriage dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_license" title="City of license">City of license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_A_television_service" title="Class A television service">Class A television service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear-channel_station" title="Clear-channel station">Clear-channel station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_hearing" title="Comparative hearing">Comparative hearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_(broadcasting)" title="Dark (broadcasting)">Dark and silent stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispersal_of_ownership" title="Dispersal of ownership">Dispersal of ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facility_ID" title="Facility ID">Facility ID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FM_Non-Duplication_Rule" title="FM Non-Duplication Rule">FM Non-Duplication Rule</a> (1964–1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency_coordinator" title="Frequency coordinator">Frequency coordinator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_marketing_agreement" title="Local marketing agreement">Local marketing agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MVDDS" title="MVDDS">MVDDS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MVDDS_dispute" title="MVDDS dispute">dispute</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Program_test_authority" title="Program test authority">Program test authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_file" title="Public file">Public file</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Amateur_Civil_Emergency_Service" title="Radio Amateur Civil Emergency Service">Radio Amateur Civil Emergency Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reference_distance" title="Reference distance">Reference distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimshot_(broadcasting)" title="Rimshot (broadcasting)">Rimshot broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Significantly_viewed_out-of-market_television_stations_in_the_United_States" title="Significantly viewed out-of-market television stations in the United States">Significantly viewed signals permitted to be carried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_temporary_authority" title="Special temporary authority">Special temporary authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Radio_Quiet_Zone" title="United States National Radio Quiet Zone">United States National Radio Quiet Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_spaces_(radio)" title="White spaces (radio)">White spaces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Broadcasting<br />content and<br />programming</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actionable_indecency" title="Actionable indecency">Actionable indecency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watershed_(broadcasting)" title="Watershed (broadcasting)">Broadcasting watershed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Alert_System" title="Emergency Alert System">Emergency Alert System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal-time_rule" title="Equal-time rule">Equal-time rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Viewing_Hour" title="Family Viewing Hour">Family Viewing Hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairness_doctrine" title="Fairness doctrine">Fairness doctrine</a> (1949–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Interest_and_Syndication_Rules" title="Financial Interest and Syndication Rules">Financial Interest and Syndication Rules</a> (1970–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleeting_expletive" title="Fleeting expletive">Fleeting expletive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government-access_television" title="Government-access television">Government-access television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayflower_doctrine" title="Mayflower doctrine">Mayflower doctrine</a> (1941–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Must-carry" title="Must-carry">Must-carry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-commercial_educational_station" title="Non-commercial educational station">Non-commercial educational station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_attack_rule" title="Personal attack rule">Personal attack rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pervasiveness_doctrine" title="Pervasiveness doctrine">Pervasiveness doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Time_Access_Rule" title="Prime Time Access Rule">Prime Time Access Rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public-access_television" title="Public-access television">Public-access television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retransmission_consent" title="Retransmission consent">Retransmission consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_dirty_words" title="Seven dirty words">Seven dirty words</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndication_exclusivity" title="Syndication exclusivity">Syndication exclusivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapple_doctrine" title="Zapple doctrine">Zapple doctrine</a> (1970–2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Telephone and<br />the Internet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carterfone" title="Carterfone">Carterfone decision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_carrier" title="Common carrier">Common carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparably_efficient_interconnection" title="Comparably efficient interconnection">Comparably efficient interconnection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competitive_local_exchange_carrier" title="Competitive local exchange carrier">Competitive local exchange carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/911_(emergency_telephone_number)" title="911 (emergency telephone number)">Emergency telephone number</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_911" title="Enhanced 911">Enhanced 911</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FCC_Computer_Inquiries" title="FCC Computer Inquiries">FCC Computer Inquiries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Computer_Inquiry" title="Second Computer Inquiry">Second Computer Inquiry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FCC_mark" title="FCC mark">FCC mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FCC_registration_program" title="FCC registration program">FCC registration program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature_group" title="Feature group">Feature group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission_Open_Internet_Order_(2010)" title="Federal Communications Commission Open Internet Order (2010)">FCC Open Internet Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incumbent_local_exchange_carrier" title="Incumbent local exchange carrier">Incumbent local exchange carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifeline_(FCC_program)" title="Lifeline (FCC program)">Lifeline program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Broadband_Plan_(United_States)" title="National Broadband Plan (United States)">National Broadband Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Do_Not_Call_Registry" title="National Do Not Call Registry">National Do Not Call Registry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_Communications_Service" title="Personal Communications Service">Personal Communications Service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Basic_Trading_Areas" title="List of Basic Trading Areas">Basic Trading Areas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_Service_Priority" title="Telecommunications Service Priority">Telecommunications Service Priority</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Priority_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Priority level">Priority level</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_element_long_run_incremental_cost" title="Total element long run incremental cost">Total element long run incremental cost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_pumping" title="Traffic pumping">Traffic pumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Licensing_System" title="Universal Licensing System">Universal Licensing System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Service_Fund" title="Universal Service Fund">Universal Service Fund</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/E-Rate" title="E-Rate">E-Rate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Litigation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Supreme Court</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/FCC_v._Sanders_Brothers_Radio_Station" title="FCC v. Sanders Brothers Radio Station">FCC v. Sanders Brothers Radio Station</a></i> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Broadcasting_Co._v._United_States" title="National Broadcasting Co. v. United States">National Broadcasting Co. v. United States</a></i> (1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Southwestern_Cable_Co." title="United States v. Southwestern Cable Co.">United States v. Southwestern Cable Co.</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Red_Lion_Broadcasting_Co._v._FCC" title="Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC">Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FCC_v._Pacifica_Foundation" title="FCC v. Pacifica Foundation">FCC v. Pacifica Foundation</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CBS,_Inc._v._FCC" title="CBS, Inc. v. FCC">CBS, Inc. v. FCC</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sable_Communications_of_California_v._FCC" title="Sable Communications of California v. FCC">Sable Communications of California v. FCC</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metro_Broadcasting,_Inc._v._FCC" title="Metro Broadcasting, Inc. v. FCC">Metro Broadcasting, Inc. v. FCC</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turner_Broadcasting_System,_Inc._v._FCC" title="Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. v. FCC">Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. v. FCC</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Verizon_Communications_Inc._v._FCC_(2002)" title="Verizon Communications Inc. v. FCC (2002)">Verizon Communications Inc. v. FCC</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nixon_v._Missouri_Municipal_League" title="Nixon v. Missouri Municipal League">Nixon v. Missouri Municipal League</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Cable_%26_Telecommunications_Ass%27n_v._Brand_X_Internet_Services" title="National Cable & Telecommunications Ass'n v. Brand X Internet Services">National Cable & Telecommunications Ass'n v. Brand X Internet Services</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FCC_v._Fox_Television_Stations,_Inc._(2009)" title="FCC v. Fox Television Stations, Inc. (2009)">FCC v. Fox Television Stations, Inc.</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FCC_v._AT%26T_Inc." title="FCC v. AT&T Inc.">FCC v. AT&T Inc.</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FCC_v._Fox_Television_Stations,_Inc._(2012)" title="FCC v. Fox Television Stations, Inc. (2012)">FCC v. Fox Television Stations, Inc.</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FCC_v._Prometheus_Radio_Project" title="FCC v. Prometheus Radio Project">FCC v. Prometheus Radio Project</a></i> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />federal cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hush-A-Phone_Corp._v._United_States" title="Hush-A-Phone Corp. v. United States">Hush-A-Phone Corp. v. United States</a></i> (1956)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Radio_Relay_League,_Inc._v._FCC_(1980)" title="American Radio Relay League, Inc. v. FCC (1980)">American Radio Relay League, Inc. v. FCC</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schurz_Communications,_Inc._v._FCC" title="Schurz Communications, Inc. v. FCC">Schurz Communications, Inc. v. FCC</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church%E2%80%93Missouri_Synod_v._FCC" title="Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod v. FCC">Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod v. FCC</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SBC_Communications,_Inc._v._FCC" title="SBC Communications, Inc. v. FCC">SBC Communications, Inc. v. FCC</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Broadcasting_%26_Communications_Ass%27n_v._FCC" title="Satellite Broadcasting & Communications Ass'n v. FCC">Satellite Broadcasting & Communications Ass'n v. FCC</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Telecom_Association_v._FCC_(2004)" title="United States Telecom Association v. FCC (2004)">United States Telecom Association v. FCC</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comcast_Corp._v._FCC" title="Comcast Corp. v. FCC">Comcast Corp. v. FCC</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Verizon_Communications_Inc._v._FCC_(2014)" title="Verizon Communications Inc. v. FCC (2014)"> Verizon Communications Inc. v. FCC</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_v._FCC" title="Tennessee v. FCC">Tennessee v. FCC</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Corp._v._FCC" title="Mozilla Corp. v. FCC">Mozilla Corp. v. FCC</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Radio_Project_v._FCC" title="Prometheus Radio Project v. FCC">Prometheus Radio Project v. FCC</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Consumers%27_Research_v._Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Consumers' Research v. Federal Communications Commission">Consumers' Research v. FCC</a></i> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agency<br />publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Report_on_Chain_Broadcasting" title="Report on Chain Broadcasting">Report on Chain Broadcasting</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Book_(FCC)" title="Blue Book (FCC)">Blue Book</a> (1946)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FCC_Record" title="FCC Record">FCC Record</a></i> (1986–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advisory<br />committees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FCC_Network_Study_Committee" title="FCC Network Study Committee">FCC Network Study Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal-State_Joint_Conference_on_Advanced_Telecommunications_Services" title="Federal-State Joint Conference on Advanced Telecommunications Services">Federal-State Joint Conference on Advanced Telecommunications Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Numbering_Council" title="North American Numbering Council">North American Numbering Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectrum_Task_Force" title="Spectrum Task Force">Spectrum Task Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_Advisory_Council" title="Technical Advisory Council">Technical Advisory Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Predecessor<br />agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_Commerce_Commission" title="Interstate Commerce Commission">Interstate Commerce Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mann%E2%80%93Elkins_Act" title="Mann–Elkins Act">Mann–Elkins Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Act_of_1912" title="Radio Act of 1912">Radio Act of 1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingsbury_Commitment" title="Kingsbury Commitment">Kingsbury Commitment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willis_Graham_Act" title="Willis Graham Act">Willis Graham Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Radio_Commission" title="Federal Radio Commission">Federal Radio Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Act_of_1927" title="Radio Act of 1927">Radio Act of 1927</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davis_Amendment" title="Davis Amendment">Davis Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Order_32" title="General Order 32">General Order 32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Order_40" title="General Order 40">General Order 40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Island_FCC_Monitoring_Station" title="Grand Island FCC Monitoring Station">Grand Island FCC Monitoring Station</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AllVid" title="AllVid">AllVid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadband.gov" title="Broadband.gov">Broadband.gov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_in_the_United_States" title="Broadcasting in the United States">Broadcasting in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_United_States" title="Radio in the United States">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FM_broadcasting_in_the_United_States" title="FM broadcasting in the United States">FM broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_United_States" title="Television in the United States">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television_in_the_United_States" title="Cable television in the United States">Cable television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television_in_the_United_States" title="Digital television in the United States">Digital television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television_transition_in_the_United_States" title="Digital television transition in the United States">Digital television transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-definition_television_in_the_United_States" title="High-definition television in the United States">High-definition television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_television_in_the_United_States" title="Satellite television in the United States">Satellite television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_the_United_States" title="Communications in the United States">Communications in the United States</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/FCC_Song" title="FCC Song">FCC Song</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Bar_Association" title="Federal Communications Bar Association">Federal Communications Bar Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone_in_the_United_States" title="History of the telephone in the United States">History of the telephone in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission_fines_of_The_Howard_Stern_Show" title="Federal Communications Commission fines of The Howard Stern Show"><i>Howard Stern Show</i> fines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_United_States" title="Internet in the United States">Internet in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_cross-ownership_in_the_United_States" title="Media cross-ownership in the United States">Media cross-ownership in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modem_tax" title="Modem tax">Modem tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Exchange_Carrier_Association" title="National Exchange Carrier Association">National Exchange Carrier Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_neutrality_in_the_United_States" title="Net neutrality in the United States">Net neutrality in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_spectrum" title="Open spectrum">Open spectrum</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/PTV_(Family_Guy)" title="PTV (Family Guy)">PTV</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RM-2493" title="RM-2493">RM-2493</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Control_of_Air_Traffic_and_Air_Navigation_Aids" title="Security Control of Air Traffic and Air Navigation Aids">Security Control of Air Traffic and Air Navigation Aids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_XXXVIII_halftime_show_controversy" title="Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy">Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Telecommunications policy of the United States">Telecommunications policy of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraphy_in_the_United_States" title="Telegraphy in the United States">Telegraphy in the United States</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Television_and_the_Public_Interest" title="Television and the Public Interest">Television and the Public Interest</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_Ship_Act_of_1910" title="Wireless Ship Act of 1910">Wireless Ship Act of 1910</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bill_Clinton750" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bill_Clinton" title="Template:Bill Clinton"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bill_Clinton" title="Template talk:Bill Clinton"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bill_Clinton" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bill Clinton"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bill_Clinton750" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">42nd</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1993–2001)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Arkansas" title="List of governors of Arkansas">40th and 42nd Governor of Arkansas</a> (1979–1981, 1983–1992)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">Presidency</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidential transition of Bill Clinton">Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Bill_Clinton" title="First inauguration of Bill Clinton">1st inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Second inauguration of Bill Clinton">2nd inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency_(1993)" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency (1993)">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency_(1994)" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency (1994)">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency_(1995)" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency (1995)">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency_(1996)" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency (1996)">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency_(1997)" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency (1997)">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency_(1998)" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency (1998)">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency_(1999)" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency (1999)">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency_(2000%E2%80%932001)" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency (2000–2001)">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency_(2000%E2%80%932001)#January_2001" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency (2000–2001)">January 2001</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_Bill_Clinton_administration" title="Economic policy of the Bill Clinton administration">Economic policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AmeriCorps" title="AmeriCorps">AmeriCorps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_health_care_plan_of_1993" title="Clinton health care plan of 1993">Health care plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balanced_Budget_Act_of_1997" title="Balanced Budget Act of 1997">Balanced Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Bill_Clinton_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Bill Clinton administration">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Bill_Clinton" title="List of international presidential trips made by Bill Clinton">International trips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Doctrine" title="Clinton Doctrine">Clinton Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oslo_I_Accord" title="Oslo I Accord">Oslo I Accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Jordan_peace_treaty" title="Israel–Jordan peace treaty">Israel–Jordan peace treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayton_Agreement" title="Dayton Agreement">Dayton Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Camp_David_Summit" title="2000 Camp David Summit">2000 Camp David Summit</a></li> <li>Cruise missile strikes on Iraq <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1993_cruise_missile_strikes_on_Iraq" title="1993 cruise missile strikes on Iraq">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_cruise_missile_strikes_on_Iraq" title="1996 cruise missile strikes on Iraq">1996</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Infinite_Reach" title="Operation Infinite Reach">Operation Infinite Reach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia" title="NATO bombing of Yugoslavia">Bombing of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Iraq_(1998)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Iraq (1998)">Bombing of Iraq (1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Highway_System_(United_States)" title="National Highway System (United States)">National Highway System Designation Act of 1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_Equity_Act_for_the_21st_Century" title="Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century">Transportation Equity Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_America_Initiative" title="One America Initiative">One America Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riegle-Neal_Interstate_Banking_and_Branching_Efficiency_Act_of_1994" class="mw-redirect" title="Riegle-Neal Interstate Banking and Branching Efficiency Act of 1994">Riegle-Neal Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gramm%E2%80%93Leach%E2%80%93Bliley_Act" title="Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act">Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead-based_paint_in_the_United_States" title="Lead-based paint in the United States">Lead-Based Paint Disclosure Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_Drinking_Water_Act" title="Safe Drinking Water Act">Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_Act_of_1996" title="Telecommunications Act of 1996">Telecommunications Act of 1996</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Communications Decency Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_230" title="Section 230">Section 230</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nannygate" title="Nannygate">Nannygate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Bedroom_for_contributors_controversy" title="Lincoln Bedroom for contributors controversy">Lincoln Bedroom for contributors controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_Department_trade_mission_controversy" title="Commerce Department trade mission controversy">Commerce Department trade mission controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_campaign_finance_controversy" title="1996 United States campaign finance controversy">1996 United States campaign finance controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton%E2%80%93Lewinsky_scandal" title="Clinton–Lewinsky scandal">Clinton–Lewinsky scandal</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Starr_Report" title="Starr Report">Starr Report</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Impeachment of Bill Clinton">Impeachment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_Bill_Clinton" title="Efforts to impeach Bill Clinton">efforts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_inquiry_against_Bill_Clinton" class="mw-redirect" title="Impeachment inquiry against Bill Clinton">inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_trial_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Impeachment trial of Bill Clinton">trial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Millennium_Council" title="White House Millennium Council">White House Millennium Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton_pardon_controversy" title="Bill Clinton pardon controversy">Pardons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_pardoned_by_Bill_Clinton" title="List of people pardoned by Bill Clinton">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton#Administration" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Bill_Clinton" title="List of federal judges appointed by Bill Clinton">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Bill Clinton Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton_judicial_appointment_controversies" title="Bill Clinton judicial appointment controversies">controversies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:William_Jefferson_Clinton/Executive_orders" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:William Jefferson Clinton/Executive orders">Executive Orders</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:William_Jefferson_Clinton/Presidential_Proclamations" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:William Jefferson Clinton/Presidential Proclamations">Presidential Proclamations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidential transition of George W. Bush">Presidential transition of George W. Bush</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Bill_Clinton.jpg/100px-Bill_Clinton.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Bill_Clinton.jpg/150px-Bill_Clinton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Bill_Clinton.jpg/200px-Bill_Clinton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2299" data-file-height="3000" /></span></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and<br />legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_William_Jefferson_Clinton_Birthplace_Home_National_Historic_Site" title="President William Jefferson Clinton Birthplace Home National Historic Site">Childhood home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Bill_Clinton" class="mw-redirect" title="Early life and career of Bill Clinton">Early life and career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorships_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Governorships of Bill Clinton">Governorships of Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Presidential_Center" title="Clinton Presidential Center">Presidential Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Post-presidency of Bill Clinton">Post-presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Foundation" title="Clinton Foundation">Clinton Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_School_of_Public_Service" title="Clinton School of Public Service">Clinton School of Public Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Bush_Haiti_Fund" title="Clinton Bush Haiti Fund">Clinton Bush Haiti Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Constitution_Center#NCC_and_presidents" title="National Constitution Center">Chairman, National Constitution Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_honors_and_awards_received_by_Bill_Clinton" class="mw-redirect" title="List of honors and awards received by Bill Clinton">Honors and awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_image_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Public image of Bill Clinton">Public image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troopergate_(Bill_Clinton)" title="Troopergate (Bill Clinton)">Troopergate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton_sexual_assault_and_misconduct_allegations" title="Bill Clinton sexual assault and misconduct allegations">Sexual misconduct allegations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewater_controversy" title="Whitewater controversy">Whitewater controversy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_1993_Bill_Clinton_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress" title="February 1993 Bill Clinton speech to a joint session of Congress">Joint session of Congress</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_1993_Bill_Clinton_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress" title="September 1993 Bill Clinton speech to a joint session of Congress">Joint session of Congress (health care reform)</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union addresses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1994_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1994 State of the Union Address">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1995 State of the Union Address">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1996 State of the Union Address">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1997 State of the Union Address">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1998 State of the Union Address">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1999 State of the Union Address">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2000 State of the Union Address">2000</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Electoral history of Bill Clinton">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U.S. House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1974_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1974 United States House of Representatives elections">1974</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gubernatorial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1978_Arkansas_gubernatorial_election" title="1978 Arkansas gubernatorial election">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Arkansas_gubernatorial_election" title="1980 Arkansas gubernatorial election">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Arkansas_gubernatorial_election" title="1982 Arkansas gubernatorial election">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Arkansas_gubernatorial_election" title="1984 Arkansas gubernatorial election">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Arkansas_gubernatorial_election" title="1986 Arkansas gubernatorial election">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Arkansas_gubernatorial_election" title="1990 Arkansas gubernatorial election">1990</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton_1992_presidential_campaign" title="Bill Clinton 1992 presidential campaign">1992 campaign</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Make_America_Great_Again" title="Make America Great Again">Make America Great Again</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="1992 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection">running mate selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1992 Democratic National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_debates" title="1992 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="1992 United States presidential election">election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Don%27t_Stop_(Fleetwood_Mac_song)#Political_significance" title="Don't Stop (Fleetwood Mac song)">theme song</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton_1996_presidential_campaign" title="Bill Clinton 1996 presidential campaign">1996 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1996_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1996 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1996 Democratic National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_debates" title="1996 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election" title="1996 United States presidential election">election</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Bibliography of Bill Clinton">Books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Between_Hope_and_History" title="Between Hope and History"><i>Between Hope and History</i> (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Life_(Clinton_autobiography)" title="My Life (Clinton autobiography)"><i>My Life</i> (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giving:_How_Each_of_Us_Can_Change_the_World" title="Giving: How Each of Us Can Change the World"><i>Giving: How Each of Us Can Change the World</i> (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_to_Work_(book)" title="Back to Work (book)"><i>Back to Work</i> (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_President_Is_Missing_(novel)" title="The President Is Missing (novel)"><i>The President Is Missing</i> (2018)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_President%27s_Daughter_(novel)" title="The President's Daughter (novel)"><i>The President's Daughter</i> (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_(Bill_Clinton_book)" title="Citizen (Bill Clinton book)"><i>Citizen: My Life After the White House</i> (2024)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Namesakes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Jefferson_Clinton_Federal_Building" title="William Jefferson Clinton Federal Building">William Jefferson Clinton Federal Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton_Boulevard" title="Bill Clinton Boulevard">Bill Clinton Boulevard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_National_Airport" title="Clinton National Airport">Clinton National Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_William_J._Clinton" title="USS William J. Clinton">USS <i>William J. Clinton</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular<br />culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live_parodies_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Saturday Night Live parodies of Bill Clinton"><i>Saturday Night Live</i> parodies of Bill Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_War_Room" title="The War Room"><i>The War Room</i> (1993 documentary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Silence_of_the_Hams" title="The Silence of the Hams"><i>The Silence of the Hams</i> (1994 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_Colors_(film)" title="Primary Colors (film)"><i>Primary Colors</i> (1998 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Final_Days_(2000_film)" title="The Final Days (2000 film)"><i>The Final Days</i> (2000 short film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hunting_of_the_President" title="The Hunting of the President"><i>The Hunting of the President</i> (2004 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Special_Relationship_(film)" title="The Special Relationship (film)"><i>The Special Relationship</i> (2010 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_(film)" title="Clinton (film)"><i>Clinton</i> (2012 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_and_Clinton" title="Hillary and Clinton"><i>Hillary and Clinton</i> (2016 play)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment:_American_Crime_Story" title="Impeachment: American Crime Story"><i>Impeachment: American Crime Story</i> (2021 miniseries)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Presidency_with_Bill_Clinton_(TV_series)" title="The American Presidency with Bill Clinton (TV series)"><i>The American Presidency with Bill Clinton</i> (2022 documentary series)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clinton_family" title="Clinton family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Rodham Clinton</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelsea_Clinton" title="Chelsea Clinton">Chelsea Clinton</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jefferson_Blythe_Jr." title="William Jefferson Blythe Jr.">William Jefferson Blythe Jr.</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Clinton_Kelley" title="Virginia Clinton Kelley">Virginia Clinton Kelley</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Clinton_Sr." title="Roger Clinton Sr.">Roger Clinton Sr.</a> (first stepfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Clinton_Jr." title="Roger Clinton Jr.">Roger Clinton Jr.</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Dwire" title="Jeff Dwire">Jeff Dwire</a> (second stepfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socks_(cat)" title="Socks (cat)">Socks</a> (cat)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_(Bill_Clinton%27s_dog)" title="Buddy (Bill Clinton's dog)">Buddy</a> (dog)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitehaven_(house)" title="Whitehaven (house)">Whitehaven</a> (residence)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">← George H. W. Bush</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Bill_Clinton" title="Category:Bill Clinton">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q366701#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata575" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q366701#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata575" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q366701#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/186228623">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1387712/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr98017073">United States</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communications_Decency_Act&oldid=1273873181">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communications_Decency_Act&oldid=1273873181</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communications_Decency_Act" title="Category:Communications Decency Act">Communications Decency Act</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Acts_of_the_104th_United_States_Congress" title="Category:Acts of the 104th United States Congress">Acts of the 104th United States Congress</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Internet_censorship_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Internet censorship in the United States">Internet censorship in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_federal_computing_legislation" title="Category:United States federal computing legislation">United States federal computing legislation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Obscenity_law" title="Category:Obscenity law">Obscenity law</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_January_2012" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from January 2012">Articles needing additional references from January 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 4 February 2025, at 10:15<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communications_Decency_Act&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Communications Decency Act</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>9 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-56d8db5f6f-wqchg","wgBackendResponseTime":129,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.520","walltime":"0.672","ppvisitednodes":{"value":1860,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":159969,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":1808,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":9,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":7,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":107336,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 525.252 1 -total"," 36.64% 192.459 1 Template:Reflist"," 19.60% 102.943 10 Template:Cite_web"," 18.57% 97.563 5 Template:Navbox"," 15.31% 80.424 1 Template:Federal_Communications_Commission"," 12.28% 64.500 1 Template:Short_description"," 11.92% 62.618 1 Template:More_citations_needed"," 11.11% 58.361 1 Template:Ambox"," 6.93% 36.410 9 Template:Cite_news"," 6.39% 33.586 2 Template:Pagetype"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.313","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":6921970,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7878cd4448-zlmmh","timestamp":"20250211195939","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Communications Decency Act","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Communications_Decency_Act","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q366701","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q366701","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-02-25T15:51:15Z","dateModified":"2025-02-04T10:15:57Z","headline":"attempt by the United States Congress to regulate pornographic material on the Internet"}</script> </body> </html>