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cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">List of Nobel laureates in Chemistry</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" > 47 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_der_Nobelpreistr%C3%A4ger_f%C3%BCr_Chemie" title="Liste der Nobelpreisträger für Chemie – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Liste der Nobelpreisträger für Chemie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listo_Nobel-kemiapalh%C3%A2%C5%A1ume_vyeittein" title="Listo Nobel-kemiapalhâšume vyeittein – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Listo Nobel-kemiapalhâšume vyeittein" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist mw-list-item" title="featured list badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B2%D8%A9_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="قائمة الحاصلين على جائزة نوبل في الكيمياء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قائمة الحاصلين على جائزة نوبل في الكيمياء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%27%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%80_(%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8)" title="ন'বেল বঁটা বিজয়ী (ৰসায়ন বিজ্ঞান) – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ন'বেল বঁটা বিজয়ী (ৰসায়ন বিজ্ঞান)" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist mw-list-item" title="featured list badge"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimya_%C3%BCzr%C9%99_Nobel_m%C3%BCkafat%C4%B1_laureatlar%C4%B1n%C4%B1n_siyah%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="Kimya üzrə Nobel mükafatı laureatlarının siyahısı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kimya üzrə Nobel mükafatı laureatlarının siyahısı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D8%A4%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88_%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="نوبل کیمیا اؤدولو صاحیبلری لیستی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نوبل کیمیا اؤدولو صاحیبلری لیستی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="রসায়নে নোবেল বিজয়ীদের তালিকা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রসায়নে নোবেল বিজয়ীদের তালিকা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist mw-list-item" title="featured list badge"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%81_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%9E_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%96_%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%96" title="Спіс лаўрэатаў Нобелеўскай прэміі па хіміі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Спіс лаўрэатаў Нобелеўскай прэміі па хіміі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spisak_dobitnika_Nobelove_nagrade_za_hemiju" title="Spisak dobitnika Nobelove nagrade za hemiju – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Spisak dobitnika Nobelove nagrade za hemiju" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llista_de_guardonats_amb_el_Premi_Nobel_de_Qu%C3%ADmica" title="Llista de guardonats amb el Premi Nobel de Química – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llista de guardonats amb el Premi Nobel de Química" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist mw-list-item" title="featured list badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_der_Nobelpreistr%C3%A4ger_f%C3%BCr_Chemie" title="Liste der Nobelpreisträger für Chemie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Liste der Nobelpreisträger für Chemie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%B2%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%B8%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%BC%CE%B5_%CE%9D%CF%8C%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%BB_%CE%A7%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Κατάλογος βραβευθέντων με Νόμπελ Χημείας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κατάλογος βραβευθέντων με Νόμπελ Χημείας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anexo:Ganadores_del_Premio_Nobel_de_Qu%C3%ADmica" title="Anexo:Ganadores del Premio Nobel de Química – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Anexo:Ganadores del Premio Nobel de Química" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist mw-list-item" title="featured list badge"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AC%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%87_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C" title="فهرست برندگان جایزه نوبل شیمی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فهرست برندگان جایزه نوبل شیمی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_des_laur%C3%A9ats_du_prix_Nobel_de_chimie" title="Liste des lauréats du prix Nobel de chimie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Liste des lauréats du prix Nobel de chimie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EB%B2%A8_%ED%99%94%ED%95%99%EC%83%81_%EC%88%98%EC%83%81%EC%9E%90_%EB%AA%A9%EB%A1%9D" title="노벨 화학상 수상자 목록 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="노벨 화학상 수상자 목록" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listo_di_Nobel-laureati_pri_kemio" title="Listo di Nobel-laureati pri kemio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Listo di Nobel-laureati pri kemio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist mw-list-item" title="featured list badge"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daftar_penerima_Nobel_Kimia" title="Daftar penerima Nobel Kimia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Daftar penerima Nobel Kimia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appendice:Lista_de_laureatos_del_Premio_Nobel_pro_Chimia" title="Appendice:Lista de laureatos del Premio Nobel pro Chimia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Appendice:Lista de laureatos del Premio Nobel pro Chimia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincitori_del_premio_Nobel_per_la_chimica" title="Vincitori del premio Nobel per la chimica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vincitori del premio Nobel per la chimica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98" title="ნობელის პრემიის ლაურეატები ქიმიაში – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნობელის პრემიის ლაურეატები ქიმიაში" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96" title="Химия саласында Нобель сыйлығы лауреаттарының тізімі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Химия саласында Нобель сыйлығы лауреаттарының тізімі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%AEsteya_Xelatgir%C3%AAn_Nobela_K%C3%AEmyay%C3%AA" title="Lîsteya Xelatgirên Nobela Kîmyayê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Lîsteya Xelatgirên Nobela Kîmyayê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobela_pr%C4%93mijas_laure%C4%81ti_%C4%B7%C4%ABmij%C4%81" title="Nobela prēmijas laureāti ķīmijā – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nobela prēmijas laureāti ķīmijā" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ABscht_vun_de_Laureate_vum_Nobelpr%C3%A4is_fir_Chimie" title="Lëscht vun de Laureate vum Nobelpräis fir Chimie – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Lëscht vun de Laureate vum Nobelpräis fir Chimie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%85ra%C5%A1as:Nobelio_chemijos_premijos_laureatai" title="Sąrašas:Nobelio chemijos premijos laureatai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sąrašas:Nobelio chemijos premijos laureatai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senarai_penerima_Hadiah_Nobel_dalam_Kimia" title="Senarai penerima Hadiah Nobel dalam Kimia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Senarai penerima Hadiah Nobel dalam Kimia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_over_nobelprisvinnere_i_kjemi" title="Liste over nobelprisvinnere i kjemi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Liste over nobelprisvinnere i kjemi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimyo_bo%CA%BByicha_Nobel_mukofoti_sovrindorlari_ro%CA%BByxati" title="Kimyo boʻyicha Nobel mukofoti sovrindorlari roʻyxati – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kimyo boʻyicha Nobel mukofoti sovrindorlari roʻyxati" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%84_%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%B9" title="نوبل انعام برائے کیمیا وصول کنندگان دی لسٹ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نوبل انعام برائے کیمیا وصول کنندگان دی لسٹ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laureaci_Nagrody_Nobla_w_dziedzinie_chemii" title="Laureaci Nagrody Nobla w dziedzinie chemii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Laureaci Nagrody Nobla w dziedzinie chemii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist mw-list-item" title="featured list badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laureados_com_o_Nobel_de_Qu%C3%ADmica" title="Laureados com o Nobel de Química – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Laureados com o Nobel de Química" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">List of Nobel Prize winners in Chemistry</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AlfredNobel_adjusted.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/AlfredNobel_adjusted.jpg/220px-AlfredNobel_adjusted.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/AlfredNobel_adjusted.jpg/330px-AlfredNobel_adjusted.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/AlfredNobel_adjusted.jpg/440px-AlfredNobel_adjusted.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1872" data-file-height="2516" /></a><figcaption>The Nobel Prize in Chemistry was established in the 1895 will of Swedish chemist <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Bernhard_Nobel" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Bernhard Nobel">Alfred Bernhard Nobel</a>.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> (<a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: Nobelpriset i kemi) is awarded annually by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences">Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences</a> to scientists in the various fields of <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>. It is one of the five <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prizes</a> established by the 1895 <a href="/wiki/Will_and_testament" title="Will and testament">will</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel">Alfred Nobel</a>, who died in 1896. These prizes are awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">peace</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">physiology or medicine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> As dictated by Nobel's will, the award is administered by the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a> and awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> The first Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded in 1901 to <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Henricus_van_%27t_Hoff" title="Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff">Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff</a>, of the Netherlands. Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a monetary award prize that has varied throughout the years.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> In 1901, van 't Hoff received 150,782 <a href="/wiki/Swedish_krona" title="Swedish krona">SEK</a>, which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2007. The award is presented in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> at an annual ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> At least 25 laureates have received the Nobel Prize for contributions in the field of <a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">organic chemistry</a>, more than any other field of chemistry.<a href="#cite_note-modern-5">[5]</a> Two Nobel Prize laureates in Chemistry, Germans <a href="/wiki/Richard_Kuhn" title="Richard Kuhn">Richard Kuhn</a> (1938) and <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Butenandt" title="Adolf Butenandt">Adolf Butenandt</a> (1939), were not allowed by their government to accept the prize. They would later receive a medal and diploma, but not the money. <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger">Frederick Sanger</a> is one out of three laureates to be awarded the Nobel Prize twice in the same subject, in 1958 and 1980. <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a>, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1956 and 1972, and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Barry_Sharpless" title="Karl Barry Sharpless">Karl Barry Sharpless</a>, who won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 2001 and 2022, are the others. Two others have won Nobel Prizes twice, one in chemistry and one in another subject: <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Maria Skłodowska-Curie</a> (physics in 1903, chemistry in 1911) and <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a> (chemistry in 1954, peace in 1962).<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> As of 2023, the prize has been awarded to 192 individuals, including eight women (Maria Skłodowska-Curie being the first to be awarded in 1911).<a href="#cite_note-nobelprize.org-7">[7]</a> There have been eight years for which the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was not awarded (1916, 1917, 1919, 1924, 1933, 1940–42). There were also nine years for which the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was delayed for one year. The Prize was not awarded in 1914, as the Nobel Committee for Chemistry decided that none of that year's nominations met the necessary criteria, but was awarded to <a href="/wiki/Theodore_William_Richards" title="Theodore William Richards">Theodore William Richards</a> in 1915 and counted as the 1914 prize.<a href="#cite_note-N1914-8">[8]</a> This precedent was followed for the 1918 prize awarded to <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber">Fritz Haber</a> in 1919,<a href="#cite_note-N1918-9">[9]</a> the 1920 prize awarded to <a href="/wiki/Walther_Nernst" title="Walther Nernst">Walther Nernst</a> in 1921,<a href="#cite_note-N1920-10">[10]</a> the 1921 prize awarded to <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Soddy" title="Frederick Soddy">Frederick Soddy</a> in 1922,<a href="#cite_note-N1921-11">[11]</a> the 1925 prize awarded to <a href="/wiki/Richard_Zsigmondy" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Zsigmondy">Richard Zsigmondy</a> in 1926,<a href="#cite_note-N1925-12">[12]</a> the 1927 prize awarded to <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Otto_Wieland" title="Heinrich Otto Wieland">Heinrich Otto Wieland</a> in 1928,<a href="#cite_note-N1927-13">[13]</a> the 1938 prize awarded to <a href="/wiki/Richard_Kuhn" title="Richard Kuhn">Richard Kuhn</a> in 1939,<a href="#cite_note-N1938-14">[14]</a> the 1943 prize awarded to <a href="/wiki/George_de_Hevesy" title="George de Hevesy">George de Hevesy</a> in 1944,<a href="#cite_note-N1943-15">[15]</a> and the 1944 prize awarded to <a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn" title="Otto Hahn">Otto Hahn</a> in 1945.<a href="#cite_note-N1944-16">[16]</a> In 2020, Ioannidis et al. reported that half of the Nobel Prizes for science awarded between 1995 and 2017 were clustered in just a few disciplines within their broader fields. <a href="/wiki/Atomic_physics" title="Atomic physics">Atomic physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Particle_physics" title="Particle physics">particle physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cell_biology" title="Cell biology">cell biology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">neuroscience</a> dominated the two subjects outside chemistry, while <a href="/wiki/Molecular_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular chemistry">molecular chemistry</a> was the chief prize-winning discipline in its domain. Molecular chemists won 5.3% of all science Nobel Prizes during this period.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Laureates">Laureates</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Chemistry&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Laureates">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1111373058">.mw-parser-output .toc-top-false-title{font-weight:bold;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .toc-top .hlist ul{text-align:inherit}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .toc-top{clear:left}.mw-parser-output .toc-top-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .toc-top-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .toc-top-center{margin:auto;clear:none}}body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .toc-top{padding:7px}body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .toc-top #toc-title-text{border-bottom:0;margin-top:0;font-weight:bold;text-align:center}</style><div class="toc plainlinks toc-top" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="toc-title-text-template"> <div class="toc-top-false-title"></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="#1901">1901</a></li> <li><a href="#1910">1910</a></li> <li><a href="#1920">1920</a></li> <li><a href="#1930">1930</a></li> <li><a href="#1940">1940</a></li> <li><a href="#1950">1950</a></li> <li><a href="#1960">1960</a></li> <li><a href="#1970">1970</a></li> <li><a href="#1980">1980</a></li> <li><a href="#1990">1990</a></li> <li><a href="#2000">2000</a></li> <li><a href="#2010">2010</a></li> <li><a href="#2020">2020</a></li></ul> </div></div> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Year </th> <th scope="col" class="unsortable">Image </th> <th scope="col">Laureate<a href="#endnote_1">[A]</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 100pt;">Nationality<a href="#endnote_2">[B]</a> </th> <th scope="col" class="unsortable">Rationale<a href="#endnote_3">[C]</a> </th> <th scope="col" class="unsortable">Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td id="1901">1901 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Vant_Hoff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Vant_Hoff.jpg/75px-Vant_Hoff.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Vant_Hoff.jpg/113px-Vant_Hoff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Vant_Hoff.jpg/150px-Vant_Hoff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Van 't Hoff, Jacobus"><a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Henricus_van_%27t_Hoff" title="Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff">Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff</a> (1852–1911) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Dutch </td> <td>"[for his] discovery of the laws of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_dynamics" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical dynamics">chemical dynamics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Osmotic_pressure" title="Osmotic pressure">osmotic pressure</a> in solutions" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td id="1902">1902 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hermann_Emil_Fischer_c1895.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Hermann_Emil_Fischer_c1895.jpg/75px-Hermann_Emil_Fischer_c1895.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Hermann_Emil_Fischer_c1895.jpg/113px-Hermann_Emil_Fischer_c1895.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Hermann_Emil_Fischer_c1895.jpg/150px-Hermann_Emil_Fischer_c1895.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="566" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Fischer, Hermann"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Emil_Fischer" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermann Emil Fischer">Hermann Emil Fischer</a> (1852–1919) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> German </td> <td>"[for] his work on <a href="/wiki/Sugar#Chemistry" title="Sugar">sugar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Purine#History" title="Purine">purine</a> syntheses" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td id="1903">1903 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Arrhenius2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Arrhenius2.jpg/75px-Arrhenius2.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Arrhenius2.jpg/113px-Arrhenius2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Arrhenius2.jpg/150px-Arrhenius2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="479" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Arrhenius, Svante"><a href="/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius">Svante August Arrhenius</a> (1859–1927) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Swedish_civil_ensign_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg/23px-Swedish_civil_ensign_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Swedish_civil_ensign_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg/35px-Swedish_civil_ensign_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Swedish_civil_ensign_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg/46px-Swedish_civil_ensign_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="750" /> Swedish </td> <td>"[for] his <a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">electrolytic theory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dissociation_(chemistry)" title="Dissociation (chemistry)">dissociation</a>" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td id="1904">1904 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:William_Ramsay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/William_Ramsay.jpg/75px-William_Ramsay.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/William_Ramsay.jpg/113px-William_Ramsay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/William_Ramsay.jpg/150px-William_Ramsay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Ramsay, William">Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Ramsay" title="William Ramsay">William Ramsay</a> (1852–1916) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> British </td> <td>"[for his] discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Noble_gases" class="mw-redirect" title="Noble gases">inert gaseous elements in air</a>, and his determination of their place in the periodic system" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td id="1905">1905 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Adolf_von_Baeyer_(1905).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Adolf_von_Baeyer_%281905%29.jpg/75px-Adolf_von_Baeyer_%281905%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Adolf_von_Baeyer_%281905%29.jpg/113px-Adolf_von_Baeyer_%281905%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Adolf_von_Baeyer_%281905%29.jpg/150px-Adolf_von_Baeyer_%281905%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Von Baeyer, Adolf"><a href="/wiki/Adolf_von_Baeyer" title="Adolf von Baeyer">Adolf von Baeyer</a> (1835–1917) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> German </td> <td>"[for] the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on <a href="/wiki/Indigo_dye" title="Indigo dye">organic dyes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aromatic_compound" title="Aromatic compound">hydroaromatic compounds</a>" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td id="1906">1906 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Henri_Moissan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Henri_Moissan.jpg/75px-Henri_Moissan.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Henri_Moissan.jpg/113px-Henri_Moissan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Henri_Moissan.jpg/150px-Henri_Moissan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Moissan, Henri"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Moissan" title="Henri Moissan">Henri Moissan</a> (1852–1907) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> French </td> <td>"[for his] investigation and isolation of the element <a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">fluorine</a>, and for [the] <a href="/wiki/Electric_arc_furnace" title="Electric arc furnace">electric furnace</a> called after him" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td id="1907">1907 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Eduard_Buchner_(Nobel_1907).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Eduard_Buchner_%28Nobel_1907%29.jpg/75px-Eduard_Buchner_%28Nobel_1907%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Eduard_Buchner_%28Nobel_1907%29.jpg/113px-Eduard_Buchner_%28Nobel_1907%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Eduard_Buchner_%28Nobel_1907%29.jpg/150px-Eduard_Buchner_%28Nobel_1907%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Buchner, Eduard"><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Buchner" title="Eduard Buchner">Eduard Buchner</a> (1860–1917) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> German </td> <td>"for his biochemical researches and his discovery of cell-free <a href="/wiki/Zymase" title="Zymase">fermentation</a>" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td id="1908">1908 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ernest_Rutherford_(Nobel).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Ernest_Rutherford_%28Nobel%29.jpg/75px-Ernest_Rutherford_%28Nobel%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Ernest_Rutherford_%28Nobel%29.jpg/113px-Ernest_Rutherford_%28Nobel%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Ernest_Rutherford_%28Nobel%29.jpg/150px-Ernest_Rutherford_%28Nobel%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Rutherford, Ernest"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a> (1871–1937) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> New Zealander </td> <td>"for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of <a href="/wiki/Radioactivity#Discovery" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactivity">radioactive substances</a>" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td id="1909">1909 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ostwald.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Ostwald.jpg/75px-Ostwald.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Ostwald.jpg/113px-Ostwald.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Ostwald.jpg/150px-Ostwald.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Ostwald, Wilhelm"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald">Wilhelm Ostwald</a> (1853–1932) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> German </td> <td>"[for] his work on <a href="/wiki/Catalysis#History" title="Catalysis">catalysis</a> and for his investigations into the fundamental principles governing chemical equilibria and rates of reaction" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td id="1910">1910 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Otto_Wallach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Otto_Wallach.jpg/75px-Otto_Wallach.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Otto_Wallach.jpg/113px-Otto_Wallach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Otto_Wallach.jpg/150px-Otto_Wallach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Wallach, Otto"><a href="/wiki/Otto_Wallach" title="Otto Wallach">Otto Wallach</a> (1847–1931) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> German </td> <td>"[for] his services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field of <a href="/wiki/Alicyclic_compound" title="Alicyclic compound">alicyclic compounds</a>" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td id="1911">1911 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Marie_Curie_(Nobel-Chem).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Marie_Curie_%28Nobel-Chem%29.jpg/75px-Marie_Curie_%28Nobel-Chem%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Marie_Curie_%28Nobel-Chem%29.jpg/113px-Marie_Curie_%28Nobel-Chem%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Marie_Curie_%28Nobel-Chem%29.jpg/150px-Marie_Curie_%28Nobel-Chem%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1017" data-file-height="1293" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Curie, Marie"><a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie, née Skłodowska</a> (1867–1934) </td> <td data-sort-value="Russian Empire"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Military_ensign_of_Vistula_Flotilla_of_Congress_Poland.svg/23px-Military_ensign_of_Vistula_Flotilla_of_Congress_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Military_ensign_of_Vistula_Flotilla_of_Congress_Poland.svg/35px-Military_ensign_of_Vistula_Flotilla_of_Congress_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Military_ensign_of_Vistula_Flotilla_of_Congress_Poland.svg/45px-Military_ensign_of_Vistula_Flotilla_of_Congress_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Polish <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> French </td> <td>"[for] the discovery of the elements <a href="/wiki/Radium#History" title="Radium">radium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polonium#History" title="Polonium">polonium</a>, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" id="1912">1912 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Victor_Grignard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Victor_Grignard.jpg/75px-Victor_Grignard.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Victor_Grignard.jpg/113px-Victor_Grignard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Victor_Grignard.jpg/150px-Victor_Grignard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="484" data-file-height="640" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Grignard, Victor"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Grignard" title="Victor Grignard">Victor Grignard</a> (1871–1935) </td> <td rowspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> French </td> <td>"for the discovery of the [...] <a href="/wiki/Grignard_reagent" title="Grignard reagent">Grignard reagent</a>" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-n1912-29">[29]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Sabatier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Paul_Sabatier.jpg/75px-Paul_Sabatier.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Paul_Sabatier.jpg/113px-Paul_Sabatier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Paul_Sabatier.jpg/150px-Paul_Sabatier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Sabatier, Paul"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Sabatier_(chemist)" title="Paul Sabatier (chemist)">Paul Sabatier</a> (1854–1941) </td> <td>"for his method of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogenation#History" title="Hydrogenation">hydrogenating</a> organic compounds in the presence of finely disintegrated metals" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-n1912-29">[29]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td id="1913">1913 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Alfred_Werner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Alfred_Werner.jpg/75px-Alfred_Werner.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Alfred_Werner.jpg/113px-Alfred_Werner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Alfred_Werner.jpg/150px-Alfred_Werner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Werner, Alfred"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Werner" title="Alfred Werner">Alfred Werner</a> (1866–1919) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> Swiss </td> <td>"[for] his work on the <a href="/wiki/Octahedral_molecular_geometry" title="Octahedral molecular geometry">linkage of atoms in molecules</a> [...] especially in inorganic chemistry" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td id="1914">1914 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Theodore_william_richards.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Theodore_william_richards.jpg/75px-Theodore_william_richards.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Theodore_william_richards.jpg/113px-Theodore_william_richards.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Theodore_william_richards.jpg/150px-Theodore_william_richards.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Richards, Theodore"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_William_Richards" title="Theodore William Richards">Theodore William Richards</a> (1868–1928) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td>"[for] his accurate determinations of the <a href="/wiki/Theodore_William_Richards#Scientific_research" title="Theodore William Richards">atomic weight</a> of a large number of chemical elements" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-N1914-8">[8]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td id="1915">1915 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Willst%C3%A4tter_ETH-Bib_PI_55-BO-0022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Richard_Willst%C3%A4tter_ETH-Bib_PI_55-BO-0022.jpg/75px-Richard_Willst%C3%A4tter_ETH-Bib_PI_55-BO-0022.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Richard_Willst%C3%A4tter_ETH-Bib_PI_55-BO-0022.jpg/113px-Richard_Willst%C3%A4tter_ETH-Bib_PI_55-BO-0022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Richard_Willst%C3%A4tter_ETH-Bib_PI_55-BO-0022.jpg/150px-Richard_Willst%C3%A4tter_ETH-Bib_PI_55-BO-0022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1160" data-file-height="1497" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Willstatter, Richard"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Willst%C3%A4tter" title="Richard Willstätter">Richard Martin Willstätter</a> (1872–1942) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> German </td> <td>"for his researches on plant pigments, especially <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">chlorophyll</a>" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td id="1916">1916 </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="5" align="center">Not awarded </td></tr> <tr> <td id="1917">1917 </td></tr> <tr> <td id="1918">1918 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Fritz_Haber.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Fritz_Haber.png/75px-Fritz_Haber.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Fritz_Haber.png/113px-Fritz_Haber.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Fritz_Haber.png/150px-Fritz_Haber.png 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Haber, Fritz"><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber">Fritz Haber</a> (1868–1934) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> German </td> <td>"for the <a href="/wiki/Haber_process" title="Haber process">synthesis of ammonia</a> from its elements" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-N1918-9">[9]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td id="1919">1919 </td> <td colspan="5" align="center">Not awarded </td></tr> <tr> <td id="1920">1920 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Walther_Nernst.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Walther_Nernst.jpg/75px-Walther_Nernst.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Walther_Nernst.jpg/113px-Walther_Nernst.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Walther_Nernst.jpg/150px-Walther_Nernst.jpg 2x" data-file-width="735" data-file-height="1002" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Nernst, Walther"><a href="/wiki/Walther_Nernst" title="Walther Nernst">Walther Hermann Nernst</a> (1864–1941) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> German </td> <td>"[for] his work in <a href="/wiki/Third_law_of_thermodynamics#History" title="Third law of thermodynamics">thermochemistry</a>" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-N1920-10">[10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td id="1921">1921 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Frederick_Soddy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Frederick_Soddy.jpg/75px-Frederick_Soddy.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Frederick_Soddy.jpg/113px-Frederick_Soddy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Frederick_Soddy.jpg/150px-Frederick_Soddy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Soddy, Frederick"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Soddy" title="Frederick Soddy">Frederick Soddy</a> (1877–1956) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> British </td> <td>"for his contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of <a href="/wiki/Isotope#History" title="Isotope">isotopes</a>" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-N1921-11">[11]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td id="1922">1922 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Francis_William_Aston.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Francis_William_Aston.jpg/75px-Francis_William_Aston.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Francis_William_Aston.jpg/113px-Francis_William_Aston.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Francis_William_Aston.jpg/150px-Francis_William_Aston.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Aston, Francis"><a href="/wiki/Francis_William_Aston" title="Francis William Aston">Francis William Aston</a> (1877–1945) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> British </td> <td>"for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of <a href="/wiki/Stable_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Stable isotope">isotopes</a>, in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the <a href="/wiki/Whole_number_rule" title="Whole number rule">whole-number rule</a>" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td id="1923">1923 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Fritz_Pregl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Fritz_Pregl.jpg/75px-Fritz_Pregl.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Fritz_Pregl.jpg/113px-Fritz_Pregl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Fritz_Pregl.jpg/150px-Fritz_Pregl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="340" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Pregl, Fritz"><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Pregl" title="Fritz Pregl">Fritz Pregl</a> (1869–1930) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /> Yugoslavian <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Austrian </td> <td>"for his invention of the method of <a href="/wiki/Microanalysis" title="Microanalysis">micro-analysis</a> of organic substances" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td id="1924">1924 </td> <td colspan="5" align="center">Not awarded </td></tr> <tr> <td id="1925">1925 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Adolf_Zsigmondy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9b/Richard_Adolf_Zsigmondy.jpg/75px-Richard_Adolf_Zsigmondy.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9b/Richard_Adolf_Zsigmondy.jpg/113px-Richard_Adolf_Zsigmondy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9b/Richard_Adolf_Zsigmondy.jpg/150px-Richard_Adolf_Zsigmondy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Zsigmondy, Richard"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Adolf_Zsigmondy" title="Richard Adolf Zsigmondy">Richard Adolf Zsigmondy</a> (1865–1929) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Austrian </td> <td>"for his demonstration of the heterogeneous nature of <a href="/wiki/Colloid" title="Colloid">colloid</a> solutions and for the methods he used" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-N1925-12">[12]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td id="1926">1926 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:The-svedberg-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/The-svedberg-1.jpg/75px-The-svedberg-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/The-svedberg-1.jpg/113px-The-svedberg-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/The-svedberg-1.jpg/150px-The-svedberg-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Svedberg, Theodor"><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Svedberg" title="Theodor Svedberg">The (Theodor) Svedberg</a> (1884–1971) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> Swedish </td> <td>"for <a href="/wiki/Ultracentrifuge" title="Ultracentrifuge">his work on disperse systems</a>" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td id="1927">1927 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Heinrich_Wieland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Heinrich_Wieland.jpg/75px-Heinrich_Wieland.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Heinrich_Wieland.jpg/113px-Heinrich_Wieland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Heinrich_Wieland.jpg/150px-Heinrich_Wieland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Wieland, Heinrich"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Otto_Wieland" title="Heinrich Otto Wieland">Heinrich Otto Wieland</a> (1877–1957) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> German </td> <td>"for his investigations of the constitution of the <a href="/wiki/Bile_acid" title="Bile acid">bile acids</a> and related substances" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-N1927-13">[13]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td id="1928">1928 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Windaus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Windaus.jpg/75px-Windaus.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Windaus.jpg/113px-Windaus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Windaus.jpg/150px-Windaus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="247" data-file-height="344" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Windaus, Adolf"><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Windaus" title="Adolf Windaus">Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus</a> (1876–1959) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> German </td> <td>"[for] his research into the constitution of the <a href="/wiki/Sterol" title="Sterol">sterols</a> and their connection with the <a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">vitamins</a>" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" id="1929">1929 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:ArthurHarden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/ArthurHarden.jpg/75px-ArthurHarden.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/ArthurHarden.jpg/113px-ArthurHarden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/ArthurHarden.jpg/150px-ArthurHarden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Harden, Arthur"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Harden" title="Arthur Harden">Arthur Harden</a> (1865–1940) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> British </td> <td rowspan="2">"for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and <a href="/wiki/Zymase" title="Zymase">fermentative enzymes</a>" </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Euler-chelpin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Euler-chelpin.jpg/75px-Euler-chelpin.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Euler-chelpin.jpg/113px-Euler-chelpin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Euler-chelpin.jpg/150px-Euler-chelpin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Von Euler-Chelpin, Hans"><a href="/wiki/Hans_von_Euler-Chelpin" title="Hans von Euler-Chelpin">Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin</a> (1873–1964) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> German <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> Swedish </td></tr> <tr> <td id="1930">1930 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hans_Fischer_(Nobel).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Hans_Fischer_%28Nobel%29.jpg/75px-Hans_Fischer_%28Nobel%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Hans_Fischer_%28Nobel%29.jpg/113px-Hans_Fischer_%28Nobel%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Hans_Fischer_%28Nobel%29.jpg/150px-Hans_Fischer_%28Nobel%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Fischer, Hans"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Fischer" title="Hans Fischer">Hans Fischer</a> (1881–1945) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> German </td> <td>"for his researches into the constitution of <a href="/wiki/Haemin" class="mw-redirect" title="Haemin">haemin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">chlorophyll</a> and especially for his synthesis of haemin" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" id="1931">1931 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Carl_Bosch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Carl_Bosch.jpg/75px-Carl_Bosch.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Carl_Bosch.jpg/113px-Carl_Bosch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Carl_Bosch.jpg/150px-Carl_Bosch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Bosch, Carl"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Bosch" title="Carl Bosch">Carl Bosch</a> (1874–1940) </td> <td rowspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> German </td> <td rowspan="2">"[for] their contributions to the invention and development of <a href="/wiki/High-pressure_chemistry" title="High-pressure chemistry">chemical high pressure methods</a>" </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Bergius.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Bergius.jpg/75px-Bergius.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Bergius.jpg/113px-Bergius.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Bergius.jpg/150px-Bergius.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Bergius, Friedrich"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Bergius" title="Friedrich Bergius">Friedrich Bergius</a> (1884–1949) </td></tr> <tr> <td id="1932">1932 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Langmuir.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Langmuir.jpg/75px-Langmuir.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Langmuir.jpg/113px-Langmuir.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Langmuir.jpg/150px-Langmuir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Langmuir, Irving"><a href="/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir">Irving Langmuir</a> (1881–1957) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td>"for his <a href="/wiki/Langmuir_isotherm" class="mw-redirect" title="Langmuir isotherm">discoveries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Langmuir%E2%80%93Blodgett_film" title="Langmuir–Blodgett film">investigations</a> in surface chemistry" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td id="1933">1933 </td> <td colspan="5" align="center">Not awarded </td></tr> <tr> <td id="1934">1934 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Urey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Urey.jpg/75px-Urey.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Urey.jpg/113px-Urey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Urey.jpg/150px-Urey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Urey, Harold"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Urey" title="Harold Urey">Harold Clayton Urey</a> (1893–1981) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td>"for his discovery of <a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">heavy hydrogen</a>" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" id="1935">1935 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Joliot-fred.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Joliot-fred.jpg/75px-Joliot-fred.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Joliot-fred.jpg/113px-Joliot-fred.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Joliot-fred.jpg/150px-Joliot-fred.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="419" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Joliot, Frederic"><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Joliot-Curie" title="Frédéric Joliot-Curie">Frédéric Joliot</a> (1900–1958) </td> <td rowspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> French </td> <td rowspan="2">"[for] their <a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Joliot-Curie#Research" title="Irène Joliot-Curie">synthesis of new radioactive elements</a>" </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Joliot-curie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Joliot-curie.jpg/75px-Joliot-curie.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Joliot-curie.jpg/113px-Joliot-curie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Joliot-curie.jpg/150px-Joliot-curie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Joliot-Curie, Irene"><a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Joliot-Curie" title="Irène Joliot-Curie">Irène Joliot-Curie</a> (1897–1956) </td></tr> <tr> <td id="1936">1936 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Debye100.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Debye100.jpg/75px-Debye100.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Debye100.jpg/113px-Debye100.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Debye100.jpg/150px-Debye100.jpg 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="355" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Debye, Peter"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Debye" title="Peter Debye">Peter Debye</a> (1884–1966) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Dutch </td> <td>"[for his work on] molecular structure through his investigations on <a href="/wiki/Debye_relaxation" class="mw-redirect" title="Debye relaxation">dipole moments</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Debye%E2%80%93Waller_factor" title="Debye–Waller factor">diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases</a>" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" id="1937">1937 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Norman_Haworth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Norman_Haworth.jpg/75px-Norman_Haworth.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Norman_Haworth.jpg/113px-Norman_Haworth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Norman_Haworth.jpg/150px-Norman_Haworth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Haworth, Norman"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Haworth" title="Norman Haworth">Walter Norman Haworth</a> (1883–1950) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> British </td> <td>"for his investigations on carbohydrates and <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C#Discovery" title="Vitamin C">vitamin C</a>" </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Karrer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Paul_Karrer.jpg/75px-Paul_Karrer.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Paul_Karrer.jpg/113px-Paul_Karrer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Paul_Karrer.jpg/150px-Paul_Karrer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="284" data-file-height="409" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Karrer, Paul"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Karrer" title="Paul Karrer">Paul Karrer</a> (1889–1971) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> Swiss </td> <td>"for his investigations on <a href="/wiki/Carotenoid" title="Carotenoid">carotenoids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flavin_group" title="Flavin group">flavins</a> and vitamins <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">A</a> and <a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">B2</a>" </td></tr> <tr> <td id="1938">1938 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Kuhn_ETH-Bib_Dia_248-065.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Richard_Kuhn_ETH-Bib_Dia_248-065.jpg/75px-Richard_Kuhn_ETH-Bib_Dia_248-065.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Richard_Kuhn_ETH-Bib_Dia_248-065.jpg/113px-Richard_Kuhn_ETH-Bib_Dia_248-065.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Richard_Kuhn_ETH-Bib_Dia_248-065.jpg/150px-Richard_Kuhn_ETH-Bib_Dia_248-065.jpg 2x" data-file-width="401" data-file-height="594" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Kuhn, Richard"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Kuhn" title="Richard Kuhn">Richard Kuhn</a> (1900–1967) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> German </td> <td>"for his work on <a href="/wiki/Carotenoid" title="Carotenoid">carotenoids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">vitamins</a>" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-N1938-14">[14]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" id="1939">1939 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:A._Butenandt_07-1935.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/A._Butenandt_07-1935.jpg/75px-A._Butenandt_07-1935.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/A._Butenandt_07-1935.jpg/113px-A._Butenandt_07-1935.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/A._Butenandt_07-1935.jpg/150px-A._Butenandt_07-1935.jpg 2x" data-file-width="181" data-file-height="229" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Butenandt, Adolf"><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Butenandt" title="Adolf Butenandt">Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt</a> (1903–1995) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> German </td> <td>"for his work on <a href="/wiki/Sex_hormone" title="Sex hormone">sex hormones</a>" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-n1939-44">[44]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Leopold_Ruzicka_ETH-Bib_Portr_00239.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Leopold_Ruzicka_ETH-Bib_Portr_00239.jpg/75px-Leopold_Ruzicka_ETH-Bib_Portr_00239.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Leopold_Ruzicka_ETH-Bib_Portr_00239.jpg/113px-Leopold_Ruzicka_ETH-Bib_Portr_00239.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Leopold_Ruzicka_ETH-Bib_Portr_00239.jpg/150px-Leopold_Ruzicka_ETH-Bib_Portr_00239.jpg 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="539" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Ruzicka, Leopold"><a href="/wiki/Leopold_Ru%C5%BEi%C4%8Dka" title="Leopold Ružička">Leopold Ružička</a> (1887–1976) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /> Yugoslavian <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> Swiss </td> <td>"for his work on <a href="/wiki/Alicyclic_compound" title="Alicyclic compound">polymethylenes</a> and higher <a href="/wiki/Terpene" title="Terpene">terpenes</a>" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-n1939-44">[44]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td id="1940">1940 </td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="5" align="center">Not awarded </td></tr> <tr> <td id="1941">1941 </td></tr> <tr> <td id="1942">1942 </td></tr> <tr> <td id="1943">1943 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:George_de_Hevesy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/George_de_Hevesy.jpg/75px-George_de_Hevesy.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/George_de_Hevesy.jpg/113px-George_de_Hevesy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/George_de_Hevesy.jpg/150px-George_de_Hevesy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="816" data-file-height="1113" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="De Hevesy, George"><a href="/wiki/George_de_Hevesy" title="George de Hevesy">George de Hevesy</a> (1885–1966) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> Hungarian </td> <td>"for his work on the use of isotopes as <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_tracer" title="Radioactive tracer">tracers</a> in the study of chemical processes" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-N1943-15">[15]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td id="1944">1944 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-46019-0001,_Otto_Hahn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-46019-0001%2C_Otto_Hahn.jpg/75px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-46019-0001%2C_Otto_Hahn.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-46019-0001%2C_Otto_Hahn.jpg/113px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-46019-0001%2C_Otto_Hahn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-46019-0001%2C_Otto_Hahn.jpg/150px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-46019-0001%2C_Otto_Hahn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="491" data-file-height="800" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Hahn, Otto"><a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn" title="Otto Hahn">Otto Hahn</a> (1879–1968) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> German </td> <td>"for his discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">fission</a> of heavy nuclei" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-N1944-16">[16]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td id="1945">1945 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Virtanen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Virtanen.jpg/75px-Virtanen.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Virtanen.jpg/113px-Virtanen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Virtanen.jpg/150px-Virtanen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="3854" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Virtanen, Artturi"><a href="/wiki/Artturi_Ilmari_Virtanen" title="Artturi Ilmari Virtanen">Artturi Ilmari Virtanen</a> (1895–1973) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /> Finnish </td> <td>"for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his <a href="/wiki/AIV_fodder" title="AIV fodder">fodder preservation method</a>" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" id="1946">1946 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:James_Batcheller_Sumner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/James_Batcheller_Sumner.jpg/75px-James_Batcheller_Sumner.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/James_Batcheller_Sumner.jpg/113px-James_Batcheller_Sumner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/James_Batcheller_Sumner.jpg/150px-James_Batcheller_Sumner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Sumner, James"><a href="/wiki/James_B._Sumner" title="James B. Sumner">James Batcheller Sumner</a> (1887–1955) </td> <td rowspan="3"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td>"for his discovery that <a href="/wiki/Enzyme#Etymology_and_history" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a> can be crystallized" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-The_Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry_1946-46">[46]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:John_Howard_Northrop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/John_Howard_Northrop.jpg/75px-John_Howard_Northrop.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/John_Howard_Northrop.jpg/113px-John_Howard_Northrop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/John_Howard_Northrop.jpg/150px-John_Howard_Northrop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Northrop, John"><a href="/wiki/John_Howard_Northrop" title="John Howard Northrop">John Howard Northrop</a> (1891–1987) </td> <td rowspan="2">"for their preparation of enzymes and <a href="/wiki/History_of_virology" title="History of virology">virus proteins</a> in a pure form" </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="#cite_note-The_Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry_1946-46">[46]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Wendell_Meredith_Stanley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Wendell_Meredith_Stanley.jpg/75px-Wendell_Meredith_Stanley.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Wendell_Meredith_Stanley.jpg/112px-Wendell_Meredith_Stanley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Wendell_Meredith_Stanley.jpg/150px-Wendell_Meredith_Stanley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Stanley, Wendell"><a href="/wiki/Wendell_Meredith_Stanley" title="Wendell Meredith Stanley">Wendell Meredith Stanley</a> (1904–1971) </td></tr> <tr> <td id="1947">1947 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Robinson_organic_chemist.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Robert_Robinson_organic_chemist.jpg/75px-Robert_Robinson_organic_chemist.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Robert_Robinson_organic_chemist.jpg/113px-Robert_Robinson_organic_chemist.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Robert_Robinson_organic_chemist.jpg/150px-Robert_Robinson_organic_chemist.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Robinson, Robert"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Robinson_(organic_chemist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Robinson (organic chemist)">Sir Robert Robinson</a> (1886–1975) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> British </td> <td>"for his investigations on <a href="/wiki/Tropinone" title="Tropinone">plant products of biological importance</a>, especially the alkaloids" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td id="1948">1948 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Arne_Tiselius.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Arne_Tiselius.jpg/75px-Arne_Tiselius.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Arne_Tiselius.jpg/113px-Arne_Tiselius.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Arne_Tiselius.jpg/150px-Arne_Tiselius.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Tiselius, Arne"><a href="/wiki/Arne_Tiselius" title="Arne Tiselius">Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius</a> (1902–1971) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> Swedish </td> <td>"for his research on <a href="/wiki/Electrophoresis" title="Electrophoresis">electrophoresis</a> and adsorption analysis, especially for his discoveries concerning the complex nature of the <a href="/wiki/Globulin" title="Globulin">serum proteins</a>" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td id="1949">1949 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:William_Giauque_Nobel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/20/William_Giauque_Nobel.jpg/75px-William_Giauque_Nobel.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/20/William_Giauque_Nobel.jpg/113px-William_Giauque_Nobel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/20/William_Giauque_Nobel.jpg/150px-William_Giauque_Nobel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Giauque, William"><a href="/wiki/William_Giauque" title="William Giauque">William Francis Giauque</a> (1895–1982) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1000" /> Canadian <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td>"for his <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_refrigeration" title="Magnetic refrigeration">contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics</a>, particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" id="1950">1950 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Otto_Paul_Hermann_Diels.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Otto_Paul_Hermann_Diels.jpg/75px-Otto_Paul_Hermann_Diels.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Otto_Paul_Hermann_Diels.jpg/113px-Otto_Paul_Hermann_Diels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Otto_Paul_Hermann_Diels.jpg/150px-Otto_Paul_Hermann_Diels.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Diels, Otto"><a href="/wiki/Otto_Diels" title="Otto Diels">Otto Paul Hermann Diels</a> (1876–1954) </td> <td rowspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> West German </td> <td rowspan="2">"for their discovery and development of the <a href="/wiki/Diels%E2%80%93Alder_reaction" title="Diels–Alder reaction">diene synthesis</a>" </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Kurt_Alder_Nobel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Kurt_Alder_Nobel.jpg/75px-Kurt_Alder_Nobel.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Kurt_Alder_Nobel.jpg/113px-Kurt_Alder_Nobel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Kurt_Alder_Nobel.jpg/150px-Kurt_Alder_Nobel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Alder, Kurt"><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Alder" title="Kurt Alder">Kurt Alder</a> (1902–1958) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" id="1951">1951 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Edwin_McMillan_Nobel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Edwin_McMillan_Nobel.jpg/75px-Edwin_McMillan_Nobel.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Edwin_McMillan_Nobel.jpg/113px-Edwin_McMillan_Nobel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Edwin_McMillan_Nobel.jpg/150px-Edwin_McMillan_Nobel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="McMillan, Edwin"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_McMillan" title="Edwin McMillan">Edwin Mattison McMillan</a> (1907–1991) </td> <td rowspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td rowspan="2">"for their discoveries in the chemistry of <a href="/wiki/Transuranium_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Transuranium elements">transuranium elements</a>" </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Glenn_Seaborg_1964.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Glenn_Seaborg_1964.jpg/75px-Glenn_Seaborg_1964.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Glenn_Seaborg_1964.jpg/113px-Glenn_Seaborg_1964.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Glenn_Seaborg_1964.jpg/150px-Glenn_Seaborg_1964.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2244" data-file-height="2822" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Seaborg, Glenn"><a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn Theodore Seaborg</a> (1912–1999) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" id="1952">1952 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Archer_John_Porter_Martin_Nobel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Archer_John_Porter_Martin_Nobel.jpg/75px-Archer_John_Porter_Martin_Nobel.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Archer_John_Porter_Martin_Nobel.jpg/113px-Archer_John_Porter_Martin_Nobel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Archer_John_Porter_Martin_Nobel.jpg/150px-Archer_John_Porter_Martin_Nobel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Martin, Archer"><a href="/wiki/Archer_Martin" title="Archer Martin">Archer John Porter Martin</a> (1910–2002) </td> <td rowspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> British </td> <td rowspan="2">"for their invention of <a href="/wiki/Partition_chromatography" title="Partition chromatography">partition chromatography</a>" </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Laurence_Millington_Synge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Richard_Laurence_Millington_Synge.jpg/75px-Richard_Laurence_Millington_Synge.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Richard_Laurence_Millington_Synge.jpg/113px-Richard_Laurence_Millington_Synge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Richard_Laurence_Millington_Synge.jpg/150px-Richard_Laurence_Millington_Synge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Synge, Richard"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Laurence_Millington_Synge" title="Richard Laurence Millington Synge">Richard Laurence Millington Synge</a> (1914–1994) </td></tr> <tr> <td id="1953">1953 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hermann_Staudinger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Hermann_Staudinger.jpg/75px-Hermann_Staudinger.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Hermann_Staudinger.jpg/113px-Hermann_Staudinger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Hermann_Staudinger.jpg/150px-Hermann_Staudinger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1113" data-file-height="1551" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Staudinger, Hermann"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Staudinger" title="Hermann Staudinger">Hermann Staudinger</a> (1881–1965) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> West German </td> <td>"for his discoveries in the field of <a href="/wiki/Polymer_chemistry#History" title="Polymer chemistry">macromolecular chemistry</a>" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td id="1954">1954 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Linus_Pauling_1962.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Linus_Pauling_1962.jpg/75px-Linus_Pauling_1962.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Linus_Pauling_1962.jpg/113px-Linus_Pauling_1962.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Linus_Pauling_1962.jpg/150px-Linus_Pauling_1962.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Pauling, Linus"><a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a> (1901–1994) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td>"for his research into <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling#Nature_of_the_chemical_bond" title="Linus Pauling">the nature of the chemical bond</a> and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td id="1955">1955 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Vincent_du_Vigneaud.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/87/Vincent_du_Vigneaud.jpg/75px-Vincent_du_Vigneaud.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/87/Vincent_du_Vigneaud.jpg/113px-Vincent_du_Vigneaud.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/87/Vincent_du_Vigneaud.jpg/150px-Vincent_du_Vigneaud.jpg 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="300" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Du Vigneaud, Vincent"><a href="/wiki/Vincent_du_Vigneaud" title="Vincent du Vigneaud">Vincent du Vigneaud</a> (1901–1978) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td>"for his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for the <a href="/wiki/Oxytocin#Chemistry" title="Oxytocin">first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone</a>" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" id="1956">1956 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Cyril_Norman_Hinshelwood_Nobel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Cyril_Norman_Hinshelwood_Nobel.jpg/75px-Cyril_Norman_Hinshelwood_Nobel.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Cyril_Norman_Hinshelwood_Nobel.jpg/113px-Cyril_Norman_Hinshelwood_Nobel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Cyril_Norman_Hinshelwood_Nobel.jpg/150px-Cyril_Norman_Hinshelwood_Nobel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Hinshelwood, Cyril">Sir <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Norman_Hinshelwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyril Norman Hinshelwood">Cyril Norman Hinshelwood</a> (1897–1967) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> British </td> <td rowspan="2">"for their researches into the <a href="/wiki/Reaction_mechanism" title="Reaction mechanism">mechanism of chemical reactions</a>" </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nikolay_Semyonov_Nobel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Nikolay_Semyonov_Nobel.jpg/75px-Nikolay_Semyonov_Nobel.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Nikolay_Semyonov_Nobel.jpg/113px-Nikolay_Semyonov_Nobel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Nikolay_Semyonov_Nobel.jpg/150px-Nikolay_Semyonov_Nobel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Semyonov, Nikolay"><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Semyonov" title="Nikolay Semyonov">Nikolay Nikolaevich Semenov</a> (1896–1986) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> Soviet </td></tr> <tr> <td id="1957">1957 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Todd_Nobel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Alexander_Todd_Nobel.jpg/75px-Alexander_Todd_Nobel.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Alexander_Todd_Nobel.jpg/113px-Alexander_Todd_Nobel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Alexander_Todd_Nobel.jpg/150px-Alexander_Todd_Nobel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Todd, Alexander"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_R._Todd" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander R. Todd">Lord (Alexander R.) Todd</a> (1907–1997) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> British </td> <td>"for his work on <a href="/wiki/Nucleotide" title="Nucleotide">nucleotides</a> and nucleotide <a href="/wiki/Co-enzyme" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-enzyme">co-enzymes</a>" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td id="1958">1958 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Frederick_Sanger2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Frederick_Sanger2.jpg/75px-Frederick_Sanger2.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Frederick_Sanger2.jpg/113px-Frederick_Sanger2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Frederick_Sanger2.jpg/150px-Frederick_Sanger2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="897" data-file-height="1196" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Sanger, Frederick"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger">Frederick Sanger</a> (1918–2013) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> British </td> <td>"for his work on <a href="/wiki/Insulin#Nobel_Prizes" title="Insulin">the structure of proteins</a>, especially that of insulin" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td id="1959">1959 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Heyrovsky_Jaroslav_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Heyrovsky_Jaroslav_crop.jpg/75px-Heyrovsky_Jaroslav_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Heyrovsky_Jaroslav_crop.jpg/113px-Heyrovsky_Jaroslav_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Heyrovsky_Jaroslav_crop.jpg/150px-Heyrovsky_Jaroslav_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="758" data-file-height="948" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Heyrovsky, Jaroslav"><a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Heyrovsk%C3%BD" title="Jaroslav Heyrovský">Jaroslav Heyrovský</a> (1890–1967) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Czechoslovakian </td> <td>"for his discovery and development of the <a href="/wiki/Polarography" title="Polarography">polarographic</a> methods of analysis" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td id="1960">1960 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Willard_Libby_in_Lab_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Willard_Libby_in_Lab_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-Willard_Libby_in_Lab_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Willard_Libby_in_Lab_%28cropped%29.jpg/113px-Willard_Libby_in_Lab_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Willard_Libby_in_Lab_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Willard_Libby_in_Lab_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="228" data-file-height="299" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Libby, Willard"><a href="/wiki/Willard_Libby" title="Willard Libby">Willard Frank Libby</a> (1908–1980) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td>"for his method to use carbon-14 for <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dating" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon dating">age determination</a> in archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td id="1961">1961 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Melvin_Calvin_1960s_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Melvin_Calvin_1960s_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-Melvin_Calvin_1960s_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Melvin_Calvin_1960s_%28cropped%29.jpg/113px-Melvin_Calvin_1960s_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Melvin_Calvin_1960s_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Melvin_Calvin_1960s_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="279" data-file-height="379" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Calvin, Melvin"><a href="/wiki/Melvin_Calvin" title="Melvin Calvin">Melvin Calvin</a> (1911–1997) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td>"for his research on the <a href="/wiki/Calvin_cycle" title="Calvin cycle">carbon dioxide assimilation in plants</a>" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" id="1962">1962 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Max_Perutz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Max_Perutz.jpg/75px-Max_Perutz.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Max_Perutz.jpg/113px-Max_Perutz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Max_Perutz.jpg/150px-Max_Perutz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="174" data-file-height="206" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Perutz, Max"><a href="/wiki/Max_Perutz" title="Max Perutz">Max Ferdinand Perutz</a> (1914–2002) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Austrian <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> British </td> <td rowspan="2">"for their studies of the structures of <a href="/wiki/Myoglobin" title="Myoglobin">globular proteins</a>" </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:John_Kendrew_Nobel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/John_Kendrew_Nobel.jpg/75px-John_Kendrew_Nobel.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/John_Kendrew_Nobel.jpg/113px-John_Kendrew_Nobel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/John_Kendrew_Nobel.jpg/150px-John_Kendrew_Nobel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Kendrew, John"><a href="/wiki/John_Kendrew" title="John Kendrew">John Cowdery Kendrew</a> (1917–1997) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> British </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" id="1963">1963 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Karl_Ziegler_Nobel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Karl_Ziegler_Nobel.jpg/75px-Karl_Ziegler_Nobel.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Karl_Ziegler_Nobel.jpg/113px-Karl_Ziegler_Nobel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Karl_Ziegler_Nobel.jpg/150px-Karl_Ziegler_Nobel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Ziegler, Karl"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ziegler" title="Karl Ziegler">Karl Ziegler</a> (1898–1973) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> West German </td> <td rowspan="2">"for <a href="/wiki/Ziegler%E2%80%93Natta_catalyst" title="Ziegler–Natta catalyst">their discoveries</a> in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers" </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Giulio_Natta_1960s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Giulio_Natta_1960s.jpg/75px-Giulio_Natta_1960s.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Giulio_Natta_1960s.jpg/113px-Giulio_Natta_1960s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Giulio_Natta_1960s.jpg/150px-Giulio_Natta_1960s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="878" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Natta, Giulio"><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Natta" title="Giulio Natta">Giulio Natta</a> (1903–1979) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> Italian </td></tr> <tr> <td id="1964">1964 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Dorothy_Hodgkin_Nobel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3f/Dorothy_Hodgkin_Nobel.jpg/75px-Dorothy_Hodgkin_Nobel.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3f/Dorothy_Hodgkin_Nobel.jpg/113px-Dorothy_Hodgkin_Nobel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3f/Dorothy_Hodgkin_Nobel.jpg/150px-Dorothy_Hodgkin_Nobel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Hodgkin, Dorothy"><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Hodgkin" title="Dorothy Hodgkin">Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin</a> (1910–1994) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> British </td> <td>"for her <a href="/wiki/X-ray_crystallography#Early_organic_and_small_biological_molecules" title="X-ray crystallography">determinations by X-ray techniques</a> of the structures of important biochemical substances" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td id="1965">1965 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Woodward_Nobel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bf/Robert_Woodward_Nobel.jpg/75px-Robert_Woodward_Nobel.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bf/Robert_Woodward_Nobel.jpg/113px-Robert_Woodward_Nobel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bf/Robert_Woodward_Nobel.jpg/150px-Robert_Woodward_Nobel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Woodward, Robert"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns_Woodward" title="Robert Burns Woodward">Robert Burns Woodward</a> (1917–1979) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td>"for his <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns_Woodward#Organic_syntheses_and_Nobel_Prize" title="Robert Burns Woodward">outstanding achievements</a> in the art of organic synthesis" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td id="1966">1966 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Mulliken,Robert_1929_Chicago.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Mulliken%2CRobert_1929_Chicago.jpg/75px-Mulliken%2CRobert_1929_Chicago.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Mulliken%2CRobert_1929_Chicago.jpg/113px-Mulliken%2CRobert_1929_Chicago.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Mulliken%2CRobert_1929_Chicago.jpg/150px-Mulliken%2CRobert_1929_Chicago.jpg 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="275" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Mulliken, Robert"><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Mulliken" title="Robert S. Mulliken">Robert S. Mulliken</a> (1896–1986) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td>"for his fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the <a href="/wiki/Molecular_orbital_theory" title="Molecular orbital theory">molecular orbital method</a>" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" id="1967">1967 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Eigen,Manfred_1996_G%C3%B6ttingen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Eigen%2CManfred_1996_G%C3%B6ttingen.jpg/75px-Eigen%2CManfred_1996_G%C3%B6ttingen.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Eigen%2CManfred_1996_G%C3%B6ttingen.jpg/113px-Eigen%2CManfred_1996_G%C3%B6ttingen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Eigen%2CManfred_1996_G%C3%B6ttingen.jpg/150px-Eigen%2CManfred_1996_G%C3%B6ttingen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="700" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Eigen, Manfred"><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Eigen" title="Manfred Eigen">Manfred Eigen</a> (1927–2019) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> West German </td> <td rowspan="3">"for their <a href="/wiki/Flash_photolysis" title="Flash photolysis">studies of extremely fast chemical reactions</a>, effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy" </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ronald_George_Wreyford_Norrish.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/44/Ronald_George_Wreyford_Norrish.jpg/75px-Ronald_George_Wreyford_Norrish.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/44/Ronald_George_Wreyford_Norrish.jpg/113px-Ronald_George_Wreyford_Norrish.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/44/Ronald_George_Wreyford_Norrish.jpg/150px-Ronald_George_Wreyford_Norrish.jpg 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="300" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Norrish, Ronald"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_George_Wreyford_Norrish" title="Ronald George Wreyford Norrish">Ronald George Wreyford Norrish</a> (1897–1978) </td> <td rowspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> British </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:George_Porter_Nobel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/George_Porter_Nobel.jpg/75px-George_Porter_Nobel.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/George_Porter_Nobel.jpg/113px-George_Porter_Nobel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/George_Porter_Nobel.jpg/150px-George_Porter_Nobel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="744" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Porter, George"><a href="/wiki/George_Porter" title="George Porter">George Porter</a> (1920–2002) </td></tr> <tr> <td id="1968">1968 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Onsager_1968.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Onsager_1968.jpg/75px-Onsager_1968.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Onsager_1968.jpg/113px-Onsager_1968.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Onsager_1968.jpg/150px-Onsager_1968.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Onsager, Lars"><a href="/wiki/Lars_Onsager" title="Lars Onsager">Lars Onsager</a> (1903–1976) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /> Norwegian <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td>"for the discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Onsager_reciprocal_relations" title="Onsager reciprocal relations">reciprocal relations</a> bearing his name, which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" id="1969">1969 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Derek-Harold-Richard-Barton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Derek-Harold-Richard-Barton.jpg/75px-Derek-Harold-Richard-Barton.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Derek-Harold-Richard-Barton.jpg/113px-Derek-Harold-Richard-Barton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Derek-Harold-Richard-Barton.jpg/150px-Derek-Harold-Richard-Barton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="579" data-file-height="800" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Barton, Derek"><a href="/wiki/Derek_Barton" title="Derek Barton">Derek H. R. Barton</a> (1918–1998) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> British </td> <td rowspan="2">"for their contributions to the development of the concept of <a href="/wiki/Conformational_isomerism" title="Conformational isomerism">conformation</a> and its application in chemistry" </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Odd_Hassel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Odd_Hassel.jpg/75px-Odd_Hassel.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Odd_Hassel.jpg/113px-Odd_Hassel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Odd_Hassel.jpg/150px-Odd_Hassel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="916" data-file-height="1200" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Hassel, Odd"><a href="/wiki/Odd_Hassel" title="Odd Hassel">Odd Hassel</a> (1897–1981) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /> Norwegian </td></tr> <tr> <td id="1970">1970 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Luis_Federico_Leloir_-_young.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Luis_Federico_Leloir_-_young.jpg/75px-Luis_Federico_Leloir_-_young.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Luis_Federico_Leloir_-_young.jpg/113px-Luis_Federico_Leloir_-_young.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Luis_Federico_Leloir_-_young.jpg/150px-Luis_Federico_Leloir_-_young.jpg 2x" data-file-width="702" data-file-height="890" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Leloir, Luis"><a href="/wiki/Luis_Federico_Leloir" title="Luis Federico Leloir">Luis F. Leloir</a> (1906–1987) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /> Argentine </td> <td>"for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the <a href="/wiki/Luis_Federico_Leloir#Sugar_nucleotides" title="Luis Federico Leloir">biosynthesis of carbohydrates</a>" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td id="1971">1971 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Herzberg,Gerhard_1952_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Herzberg%2CGerhard_1952_London.jpg/75px-Herzberg%2CGerhard_1952_London.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Herzberg%2CGerhard_1952_London.jpg/113px-Herzberg%2CGerhard_1952_London.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Herzberg%2CGerhard_1952_London.jpg/150px-Herzberg%2CGerhard_1952_London.jpg 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="293" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Herzberg, Gerhard"><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Herzberg" title="Gerhard Herzberg">Gerhard Herzberg</a> (1904–1999) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> West German <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> Canadian </td> <td>"for his contributions to the knowledge of electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly <a href="/wiki/Radical_(chemistry)" title="Radical (chemistry)">free radicals</a>" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" id="1972">1972 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Christian_B._Anfinsen,_NIH_portrait,_1969.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Christian_B._Anfinsen%2C_NIH_portrait%2C_1969.jpg/75px-Christian_B._Anfinsen%2C_NIH_portrait%2C_1969.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Christian_B._Anfinsen%2C_NIH_portrait%2C_1969.jpg/113px-Christian_B._Anfinsen%2C_NIH_portrait%2C_1969.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Christian_B._Anfinsen%2C_NIH_portrait%2C_1969.jpg/150px-Christian_B._Anfinsen%2C_NIH_portrait%2C_1969.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4460" data-file-height="5680" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Anfinsen, Christian"><a href="/wiki/Christian_B._Anfinsen" title="Christian B. Anfinsen">Christian B. Anfinsen</a> (1916–1995) </td> <td rowspan="3"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td>"for his work on <a href="/wiki/Ribonuclease" title="Ribonuclease">ribonuclease</a>, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-n1972-72">[72]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/50px-No_image.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/75px-No_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/100px-No_image.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Moore, Stanford"><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Moore" title="Stanford Moore">Stanford Moore</a> (1913–1982) </td> <td rowspan="2">"for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the <a href="/wiki/Ribonuclease" title="Ribonuclease">ribonuclease</a> molecule" </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="#cite_note-n1972-72">[72]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/50px-No_image.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/75px-No_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/100px-No_image.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Stein, William"><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Stein" title="William Howard Stein">William H. Stein</a> (1911–1980) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" id="1973">1973 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/50px-No_image.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/75px-No_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/100px-No_image.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Fischer, Ernst"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Otto_Fischer" title="Ernst Otto Fischer">Ernst Otto Fischer</a> (1918–2007) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> West German </td> <td rowspan="2">"for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the <a href="/wiki/Organometallic_chemistry" title="Organometallic chemistry">organometallic</a>, so called <a href="/wiki/Sandwich_compound" title="Sandwich compound">sandwich compounds</a>" </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Geoffrey_Wilkinson_(ca._1976).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Geoffrey_Wilkinson_%28ca._1976%29.jpg/75px-Geoffrey_Wilkinson_%28ca._1976%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Geoffrey_Wilkinson_%28ca._1976%29.jpg/113px-Geoffrey_Wilkinson_%28ca._1976%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Geoffrey_Wilkinson_%28ca._1976%29.jpg/150px-Geoffrey_Wilkinson_%28ca._1976%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="337" data-file-height="387" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Wilkinson, Geoffrey"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Wilkinson" title="Geoffrey Wilkinson">Geoffrey Wilkinson</a> (1921–1996) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> British </td></tr> <tr> <td id="1974">1974 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Flory_1973.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Paul_Flory_1973.jpg/75px-Paul_Flory_1973.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Paul_Flory_1973.jpg/113px-Paul_Flory_1973.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Paul_Flory_1973.jpg/150px-Paul_Flory_1973.jpg 2x" data-file-width="433" data-file-height="577" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Flory, Paul"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Flory" title="Paul Flory">Paul J. Flory</a> (1910–1985) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td>"for his fundamental work, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of <a href="/wiki/Polymer_science#Nobel_prizes_related_to_polymer_science" title="Polymer science">macromolecules</a>" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" id="1975">1975 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:John_Cornforth_1975.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/John_Cornforth_1975.jpg/75px-John_Cornforth_1975.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/John_Cornforth_1975.jpg/113px-John_Cornforth_1975.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/John_Cornforth_1975.jpg/150px-John_Cornforth_1975.jpg 2x" data-file-width="958" data-file-height="1282" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Cornforth, John"><a href="/wiki/John_Cornforth" title="John Cornforth">John Warcup Cornforth</a> (1917–2013) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> Australian <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> British </td> <td>"for his work on the <a href="/wiki/Stereochemistry" title="Stereochemistry">stereochemistry</a> of enzyme-catalyzed reactions" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-n1975-75">[75]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Vladimir_Prelog_ETH-Bib_Portr_00214.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Vladimir_Prelog_ETH-Bib_Portr_00214.jpg/75px-Vladimir_Prelog_ETH-Bib_Portr_00214.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Vladimir_Prelog_ETH-Bib_Portr_00214.jpg/113px-Vladimir_Prelog_ETH-Bib_Portr_00214.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Vladimir_Prelog_ETH-Bib_Portr_00214.jpg/150px-Vladimir_Prelog_ETH-Bib_Portr_00214.jpg 2x" data-file-width="438" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Prelog, Vladimir"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Prelog" title="Vladimir Prelog">Vladimir Prelog</a> (1906–1998) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> Yugoslavian <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> Swiss </td> <td>"for his research into the <a href="/wiki/Chirality_(chemistry)" title="Chirality (chemistry)">stereochemistry</a> of organic molecules and reactions" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-n1975-75">[75]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td id="1976">1976 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:William_n_lipscomb_jr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/William_n_lipscomb_jr.jpg/75px-William_n_lipscomb_jr.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/William_n_lipscomb_jr.jpg/113px-William_n_lipscomb_jr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/William_n_lipscomb_jr.jpg/150px-William_n_lipscomb_jr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1968" data-file-height="2484" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Lipscomb, William"><a href="/wiki/William_Lipscomb" title="William Lipscomb">William N. Lipscomb</a> (1919–2011) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td>"for his studies on the structure of <a href="/wiki/Boranes" title="Boranes">boranes</a> illuminating problems of chemical bonding" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td id="1977">1977 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ilya_Prigogine_1977c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Ilya_Prigogine_1977c.jpg/75px-Ilya_Prigogine_1977c.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Ilya_Prigogine_1977c.jpg/113px-Ilya_Prigogine_1977c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Ilya_Prigogine_1977c.jpg/150px-Ilya_Prigogine_1977c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="577" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Prigogine, Ilya"><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Prigogine" title="Ilya Prigogine">Ilya Prigogine</a> (1917–2003) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Belgian </td> <td>"for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of <a href="/wiki/Dissipative_structures#Overview" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissipative structures">dissipative structures</a>" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td id="1978">1978 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:36._Tagung_1986_Chemiker;_Pressekonferenz_Peter_D._Mitchell_-_W134Nr.125218c_-_Willy_Pragher_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/36._Tagung_1986_Chemiker%3B_Pressekonferenz_Peter_D._Mitchell_-_W134Nr.125218c_-_Willy_Pragher_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-36._Tagung_1986_Chemiker%3B_Pressekonferenz_Peter_D._Mitchell_-_W134Nr.125218c_-_Willy_Pragher_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/36._Tagung_1986_Chemiker%3B_Pressekonferenz_Peter_D._Mitchell_-_W134Nr.125218c_-_Willy_Pragher_%28cropped%29.jpg/113px-36._Tagung_1986_Chemiker%3B_Pressekonferenz_Peter_D._Mitchell_-_W134Nr.125218c_-_Willy_Pragher_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/36._Tagung_1986_Chemiker%3B_Pressekonferenz_Peter_D._Mitchell_-_W134Nr.125218c_-_Willy_Pragher_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-36._Tagung_1986_Chemiker%3B_Pressekonferenz_Peter_D._Mitchell_-_W134Nr.125218c_-_Willy_Pragher_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="502" data-file-height="654" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Mitchell, Peter"><a href="/wiki/Peter_D._Mitchell" title="Peter D. Mitchell">Peter D. Mitchell</a> (1920–1992) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> British </td> <td>"for his contribution to the understanding of biological energy transfer through the formulation of the <a href="/wiki/Chemiosmosis" title="Chemiosmosis">chemiosmotic theory</a>" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" id="1979">1979 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Brown,_Herbert_C._(1912-2004).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Brown%2C_Herbert_C._%281912-2004%29.png/75px-Brown%2C_Herbert_C._%281912-2004%29.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Brown%2C_Herbert_C._%281912-2004%29.png/113px-Brown%2C_Herbert_C._%281912-2004%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Brown%2C_Herbert_C._%281912-2004%29.png/150px-Brown%2C_Herbert_C._%281912-2004%29.png 2x" data-file-width="190" data-file-height="236" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Brown, Herbert"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_C._Brown" title="Herbert C. Brown">Herbert C. Brown</a> (1912–2004) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td rowspan="2">"for their development of the use of <a href="/wiki/Organoborane#Synthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Organoborane">boron-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Organophosphorus_chemistry" title="Organophosphorus chemistry">phosphorus-containing compounds</a>, respectively, into <a href="/wiki/Wittig_reaction" title="Wittig reaction">important reagents in organic synthesis</a>" </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/50px-No_image.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/75px-No_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/100px-No_image.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Wittig, Georg"><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wittig" title="Georg Wittig">Georg Wittig</a> (1897–1987) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> West German </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" id="1980">1980 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Berg_in_1980.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Paul_Berg_in_1980.jpg/75px-Paul_Berg_in_1980.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Paul_Berg_in_1980.jpg/113px-Paul_Berg_in_1980.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Paul_Berg_in_1980.jpg/150px-Paul_Berg_in_1980.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4344" data-file-height="5681" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Berg, Paul"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Berg" title="Paul Berg">Paul Berg</a> (1926–2023) </td> <td rowspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td>"for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to <a href="/wiki/Recombinant_DNA" title="Recombinant DNA">recombinant-DNA</a>" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-n1980-80">[80]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:WalterGilbert2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Walter Gilbert"><img alt="Walter Gilbert" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/WalterGilbert2.jpg/75px-WalterGilbert2.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/WalterGilbert2.jpg/113px-WalterGilbert2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/WalterGilbert2.jpg/150px-WalterGilbert2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="1200" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Gilbert, Walter"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Gilbert" title="Walter Gilbert">Walter Gilbert</a> (b. 1932) </td> <td rowspan="2">"for <a href="/wiki/Chain_termination_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Chain termination method">their contributions</a> concerning the <a href="/wiki/DNA_sequencing" title="DNA sequencing">determination of base sequences</a> in nucleic acids" </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="#cite_note-n1980-80">[80]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Frederick_Sanger2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Frederick Sanger"><img alt="Frederick Sanger" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Frederick_Sanger2.jpg/75px-Frederick_Sanger2.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Frederick_Sanger2.jpg/113px-Frederick_Sanger2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Frederick_Sanger2.jpg/150px-Frederick_Sanger2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="897" data-file-height="1196" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Sanger, Frederick"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger">Frederick Sanger</a> (1918–2013) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> British </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" id="1981">1981 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Kenichi_Fukui.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Kenichi_Fukui.jpg/75px-Kenichi_Fukui.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Kenichi_Fukui.jpg/113px-Kenichi_Fukui.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Kenichi_Fukui.jpg/150px-Kenichi_Fukui.jpg 2x" data-file-width="664" data-file-height="880" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Fukui, Kenichi"><a href="/wiki/Kenichi_Fukui" title="Kenichi Fukui">Kenichi Fukui</a> (1918–1998) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> Japanese </td> <td rowspan="2">"for <a href="/wiki/Woodward%E2%80%93Hoffmann_rules" title="Woodward–Hoffmann rules">their theories</a>, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions" </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roald_Hoffmann.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Roald_Hoffmann.jpg/75px-Roald_Hoffmann.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Roald_Hoffmann.jpg/113px-Roald_Hoffmann.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Roald_Hoffmann.jpg/150px-Roald_Hoffmann.jpg 2x" data-file-width="434" data-file-height="598" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Hoffmann, Roald"><a href="/wiki/Roald_Hoffmann" title="Roald Hoffmann">Roald Hoffmann</a> (b. 1937) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> Polish <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td></tr> <tr> <td id="1982">1982 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Aaron_Klug_1979.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Aaron_Klug_1979.jpg/75px-Aaron_Klug_1979.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Aaron_Klug_1979.jpg/113px-Aaron_Klug_1979.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Aaron_Klug_1979.jpg/150px-Aaron_Klug_1979.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2216" data-file-height="2888" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Klug, Aaron"><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Klug" title="Aaron Klug">Aaron Klug</a> (1926–2018) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> British </td> <td>"for his development of <a href="/wiki/Electron_crystallography" title="Electron crystallography">crystallographic electron microscopy</a> and his structural elucidation of biologically important <a href="/wiki/Chromatin" title="Chromatin">nucleic acid-protein complexes</a>" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td id="1983">1983 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_Taube_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Henry_Taube_crop.jpg/75px-Henry_Taube_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Henry_Taube_crop.jpg/113px-Henry_Taube_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Henry_Taube_crop.jpg/150px-Henry_Taube_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1111" data-file-height="1529" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Taube, Henry"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Taube" title="Henry Taube">Henry Taube</a> (1915–2005) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> Canadian <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td>"for his work on the mechanisms of <a href="/wiki/Inner_sphere_electron_transfer" title="Inner sphere electron transfer">electron transfer reactions</a>, especially in metal complexes" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td id="1984">1984 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:R._B._Merrifield.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/R._B._Merrifield.jpg/75px-R._B._Merrifield.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/R._B._Merrifield.jpg/113px-R._B._Merrifield.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/R._B._Merrifield.jpg/150px-R._B._Merrifield.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="720" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Merrifield, Robert"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bruce_Merrifield" title="Robert Bruce Merrifield">Robert Bruce Merrifield</a> (1921–2006) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td>"for his development of methodology for <a href="/wiki/Solid_phase_peptide_synthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid phase peptide synthesis">chemical synthesis on a solid matrix</a>" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" id="1985">1985 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Herbert_Hauptman_-_UB_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Herbert_Hauptman_-_UB_2009.jpg/75px-Herbert_Hauptman_-_UB_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Herbert_Hauptman_-_UB_2009.jpg/113px-Herbert_Hauptman_-_UB_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Herbert_Hauptman_-_UB_2009.jpg/150px-Herbert_Hauptman_-_UB_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1883" data-file-height="1849" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Hauptman, Herbert"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Hauptman" title="Herbert A. Hauptman">Herbert A. Hauptman</a> (1917–2011) </td> <td rowspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td rowspan="2">"for their outstanding achievements in developing <a href="/wiki/Hauptman-Karle_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Hauptman-Karle method">direct methods</a> for the determination of crystal structures" </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Jerome_Karle,_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Jerome_Karle%2C_2009.jpg/75px-Jerome_Karle%2C_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Jerome_Karle%2C_2009.jpg/113px-Jerome_Karle%2C_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Jerome_Karle%2C_2009.jpg/150px-Jerome_Karle%2C_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="344" data-file-height="418" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Karle, Jerome"><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Karle" title="Jerome Karle">Jerome Karle</a> (1918–2013) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" id="1986">1986 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Herschbach_cropped.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Dudley R. Herschbach"><img alt="Dudley R. Herschbach" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Herschbach_cropped.JPG/75px-Herschbach_cropped.JPG" decoding="async" width="75" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Herschbach_cropped.JPG/113px-Herschbach_cropped.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Herschbach_cropped.JPG/150px-Herschbach_cropped.JPG 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="440" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Herschbach, Dudley"><a href="/wiki/Dudley_R._Herschbach" title="Dudley R. Herschbach">Dudley R. Herschbach</a> (b. 1932) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td rowspan="3">"for <a href="/wiki/Crossed_molecular_beams" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossed molecular beams">their contributions</a> concerning the <a href="/wiki/Infrared_chemiluminescence" class="mw-redirect" title="Infrared chemiluminescence">dynamics of chemical elementary processes</a>" </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%9D%8E%E9%81%A0%E5%93%B2%E8%B3%87%E6%94%BF.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dudley R. Herschbach"><img alt="Dudley R. Herschbach" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/%E6%9D%8E%E9%81%A0%E5%93%B2%E8%B3%87%E6%94%BF.jpg/75px-%E6%9D%8E%E9%81%A0%E5%93%B2%E8%B3%87%E6%94%BF.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/%E6%9D%8E%E9%81%A0%E5%93%B2%E8%B3%87%E6%94%BF.jpg/113px-%E6%9D%8E%E9%81%A0%E5%93%B2%E8%B3%87%E6%94%BF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/%E6%9D%8E%E9%81%A0%E5%93%B2%E8%B3%87%E6%94%BF.jpg/150px-%E6%9D%8E%E9%81%A0%E5%93%B2%E8%B3%87%E6%94%BF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="1563" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Lee, Yuan"><a href="/wiki/Yuan_T._Lee" title="Yuan T. Lee">Yuan T. Lee</a> (b. 1936) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Taiwanese </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:John_Polanyi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/John_Polanyi.jpg/75px-John_Polanyi.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/John_Polanyi.jpg/113px-John_Polanyi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/John_Polanyi.jpg/150px-John_Polanyi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2987" data-file-height="2669" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Polanyi, John"><a href="/wiki/John_Polanyi" title="John Polanyi">John C. Polanyi</a> (b. 1929) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> Canadian </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" id="1987">1987 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/50px-No_image.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/75px-No_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/100px-No_image.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Cram, Donald"><a href="/wiki/Donald_J._Cram" title="Donald J. Cram">Donald J. Cram</a> (1919–2001) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td rowspan="3">"for their development and use of molecules with <a href="/wiki/Host%E2%80%93guest_chemistry" title="Host–guest chemistry">structure-specific interactions</a> of high selectivity" </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F088117-0003,_Jean-Marie_Lehn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F088117-0003%2C_Jean-Marie_Lehn.jpg/75px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F088117-0003%2C_Jean-Marie_Lehn.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F088117-0003%2C_Jean-Marie_Lehn.jpg/113px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F088117-0003%2C_Jean-Marie_Lehn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F088117-0003%2C_Jean-Marie_Lehn.jpg/150px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F088117-0003%2C_Jean-Marie_Lehn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="651" data-file-height="740" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Lehn, Jean-Marie"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Lehn" title="Jean-Marie Lehn">Jean-Marie Lehn</a> (b. 1939) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_France_%281976%E2%80%932020%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_%281976%E2%80%932020%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_France_%281976%E2%80%932020%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_%281976%E2%80%932020%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_France_%281976%E2%80%932020%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_%281976%E2%80%932020%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> French </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Pedersen, Charles"><a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Pedersen" title="Charles J. Pedersen">Charles J. Pedersen</a> (1904–1989) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" id="1988">1988 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:39._Tagung_1989_Chemiker;_Pressekonferenz_Johann_Deisenhofer_-_W134Nr.126215c_-_Willy_Pragher_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/39._Tagung_1989_Chemiker%3B_Pressekonferenz_Johann_Deisenhofer_-_W134Nr.126215c_-_Willy_Pragher_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-39._Tagung_1989_Chemiker%3B_Pressekonferenz_Johann_Deisenhofer_-_W134Nr.126215c_-_Willy_Pragher_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/39._Tagung_1989_Chemiker%3B_Pressekonferenz_Johann_Deisenhofer_-_W134Nr.126215c_-_Willy_Pragher_%28cropped%29.jpg/113px-39._Tagung_1989_Chemiker%3B_Pressekonferenz_Johann_Deisenhofer_-_W134Nr.126215c_-_Willy_Pragher_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/39._Tagung_1989_Chemiker%3B_Pressekonferenz_Johann_Deisenhofer_-_W134Nr.126215c_-_Willy_Pragher_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-39._Tagung_1989_Chemiker%3B_Pressekonferenz_Johann_Deisenhofer_-_W134Nr.126215c_-_Willy_Pragher_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="393" data-file-height="551" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Deisenhofer, Johann"><a href="/wiki/Johann_Deisenhofer" title="Johann Deisenhofer">Johann Deisenhofer</a> (b. 1943) </td> <td rowspan="3"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> West German </td> <td rowspan="3">"for their determination of the three-dimensional structure of a <a href="/wiki/Photosynthetic_reaction_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Photosynthetic reaction center">photosynthetic reaction centre</a>" </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Huber.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Robert Huber"><img alt="Robert Huber" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Robert_Huber.JPG/75px-Robert_Huber.JPG" decoding="async" width="75" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Robert_Huber.JPG/113px-Robert_Huber.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Robert_Huber.JPG/150px-Robert_Huber.JPG 2x" data-file-width="279" data-file-height="297" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Huber, Robert"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Huber" title="Robert Huber">Robert Huber</a> (b. 1937) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Michel,_Hartmut_(1948).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Michel%2C_Hartmut_%281948%29.jpg/75px-Michel%2C_Hartmut_%281948%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Michel%2C_Hartmut_%281948%29.jpg/113px-Michel%2C_Hartmut_%281948%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Michel%2C_Hartmut_%281948%29.jpg/150px-Michel%2C_Hartmut_%281948%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="330" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Michel, Hartmut"><a href="/wiki/Hartmut_Michel" title="Hartmut Michel">Hartmut Michel</a> (b. 1948) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" id="1989">1989 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Sidney_Altman_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Sidney_Altman_crop.jpg/75px-Sidney_Altman_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Sidney_Altman_crop.jpg/113px-Sidney_Altman_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Sidney_Altman_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="161" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Altman, Sidney"><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Altman" title="Sidney Altman">Sidney Altman</a> (1939–2022) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> Canadian <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td rowspan="2">"for their discovery of <a href="/wiki/Ribozyme" title="Ribozyme">catalytic properties of RNA</a>" </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_r._cech.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Thomas R. Cech"><img alt="Thomas R. Cech" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Thomas_r._cech.jpg/75px-Thomas_r._cech.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Thomas_r._cech.jpg/113px-Thomas_r._cech.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Thomas_r._cech.jpg 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="216" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Cech, Thomas"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cech" title="Thomas Cech">Thomas Cech</a> (b. 1947) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td></tr> <tr> <td id="1990">1990 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:E.J.Coreyx240.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/E.J.Coreyx240.jpg/75px-E.J.Coreyx240.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/E.J.Coreyx240.jpg/113px-E.J.Coreyx240.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/E.J.Coreyx240.jpg/150px-E.J.Coreyx240.jpg 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="235" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Corey, Elias James"><a href="/wiki/Elias_James_Corey" title="Elias James Corey">Elias James Corey</a> (b. 1928) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td>"for his development of the theory and methodology of <a href="/wiki/Retrosynthetic_analysis" title="Retrosynthetic analysis">organic synthesis</a>" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td id="1991">1991 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_R_Ernst.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Richard R. Ernst"><img alt="Richard R. Ernst" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Richard_R_Ernst.jpg/75px-Richard_R_Ernst.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Richard_R_Ernst.jpg/113px-Richard_R_Ernst.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Richard_R_Ernst.jpg 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="134" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Ernst, Richard R."><a href="/wiki/Richard_R._Ernst" title="Richard R. Ernst">Richard R. Ernst</a> (1933–2021) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> Swiss </td> <td>"for his contributions to the development of the methodology of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance#Fourier_transform_spectroscopy" title="Nuclear magnetic resonance">high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy</a>" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td id="1992">1992 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Prof._Dr._Rudolph_A._Marcus_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Prof._Dr._Rudolph_A._Marcus_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-Prof._Dr._Rudolph_A._Marcus_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Prof._Dr._Rudolph_A._Marcus_%28cropped%29.jpg/113px-Prof._Dr._Rudolph_A._Marcus_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Prof._Dr._Rudolph_A._Marcus_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Prof._Dr._Rudolph_A._Marcus_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="841" data-file-height="1158" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Marcus, Rudolph A."><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_A._Marcus" title="Rudolph A. Marcus">Rudolph A. Marcus</a> (b. 1923) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> Canadian <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td>"for his contributions to the <a href="/wiki/Marcus_theory" title="Marcus theory">theory of electron transfer reactions</a> in chemical systems" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" id="1993">1993 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Kary_Mullis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Kary_Mullis.jpg/75px-Kary_Mullis.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Kary_Mullis.jpg/113px-Kary_Mullis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Kary_Mullis.jpg/150px-Kary_Mullis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="255" data-file-height="399" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Mullis, Kary"><a href="/wiki/Kary_Mullis" title="Kary Mullis">Kary B. Mullis</a> (1944–2019) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td>"for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry [...] for his invention of the <a href="/wiki/Polymerase_chain_reaction" title="Polymerase chain reaction">polymerase chain reaction</a> (PCR) method" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-n1993-93">[93]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_Smith_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Michael_Smith_cropped.jpg/75px-Michael_Smith_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Michael_Smith_cropped.jpg/113px-Michael_Smith_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Michael_Smith_cropped.jpg/150px-Michael_Smith_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1183" data-file-height="1471" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Smith, Michael"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Smith_(chemist)" title="Michael Smith (chemist)">Michael Smith</a> (1932–2000) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> British <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> Canadian </td> <td>"for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry [...] for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleotide-based, <a href="/wiki/Site-directed_mutagenesis" title="Site-directed mutagenesis">site-directed mutagenesis</a> and its development for protein studies" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-n1993-93">[93]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td id="1994">1994 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ol%C3%A1h_Gy%C3%B6rgy_el%C5%91ad%C3%A1sa_8299.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Ol%C3%A1h_Gy%C3%B6rgy_el%C5%91ad%C3%A1sa_8299.jpg/75px-Ol%C3%A1h_Gy%C3%B6rgy_el%C5%91ad%C3%A1sa_8299.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Ol%C3%A1h_Gy%C3%B6rgy_el%C5%91ad%C3%A1sa_8299.jpg/113px-Ol%C3%A1h_Gy%C3%B6rgy_el%C5%91ad%C3%A1sa_8299.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Ol%C3%A1h_Gy%C3%B6rgy_el%C5%91ad%C3%A1sa_8299.jpg/150px-Ol%C3%A1h_Gy%C3%B6rgy_el%C5%91ad%C3%A1sa_8299.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="1464" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Olah, George"><a href="/wiki/George_Andrew_Olah" title="George Andrew Olah">George A. Olah</a> (1927–2017) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> Hungarian <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td>"for his contribution to <a href="/wiki/Carbocation" title="Carbocation">carbocation</a> chemistry" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" id="1995">1995 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Jozef_Crutzen_128.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Paul_Jozef_Crutzen_128.jpg/75px-Paul_Jozef_Crutzen_128.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Paul_Jozef_Crutzen_128.jpg/113px-Paul_Jozef_Crutzen_128.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Paul_Jozef_Crutzen_128.jpg/150px-Paul_Jozef_Crutzen_128.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2666" data-file-height="4000" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Crutzen, Paul"><a href="/wiki/Paul_J._Crutzen" title="Paul J. Crutzen">Paul J. Crutzen</a> (1933–2021) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Dutch </td> <td rowspan="3">"for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and <a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">decomposition of ozone</a>" </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Mario_Molina_1c389_8387.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Mario_Molina_1c389_8387.jpg/75px-Mario_Molina_1c389_8387.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Mario_Molina_1c389_8387.jpg/113px-Mario_Molina_1c389_8387.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Mario_Molina_1c389_8387.jpg/150px-Mario_Molina_1c389_8387.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2683" data-file-height="3577" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Molina, Mario J."><a href="/wiki/Mario_J._Molina" class="mw-redirect" title="Mario J. Molina">Mario J. Molina</a> (1943–2020) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /> Mexican </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:F._Sherwood_Rowland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/F._Sherwood_Rowland.jpg/75px-F._Sherwood_Rowland.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/F._Sherwood_Rowland.jpg/113px-F._Sherwood_Rowland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/F._Sherwood_Rowland.jpg/150px-F._Sherwood_Rowland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="279" data-file-height="335" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Rowland, F. Sherwood"><a href="/wiki/F._Sherwood_Rowland" title="F. Sherwood Rowland">Frank Sherwood Rowland</a> (1927–2012) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" id="1996">1996 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Curl_crop_2009_CHAO.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Robert_Curl_crop_2009_CHAO.jpg/75px-Robert_Curl_crop_2009_CHAO.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Robert_Curl_crop_2009_CHAO.jpg/113px-Robert_Curl_crop_2009_CHAO.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Robert_Curl_crop_2009_CHAO.jpg/150px-Robert_Curl_crop_2009_CHAO.jpg 2x" data-file-width="611" data-file-height="675" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Curl, Robert"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Curl" title="Robert Curl">Robert F. Curl Jr.</a> (1933–2022) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td rowspan="3">"for their discovery of <a href="/wiki/Fullerene" title="Fullerene">fullerenes</a>" </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Harold_Kroto_1c389_8471.sweden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Harold_Kroto_1c389_8471.sweden.jpg/75px-Harold_Kroto_1c389_8471.sweden.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Harold_Kroto_1c389_8471.sweden.jpg/113px-Harold_Kroto_1c389_8471.sweden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Harold_Kroto_1c389_8471.sweden.jpg/150px-Harold_Kroto_1c389_8471.sweden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4288" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Kroto, Harry">Sir <a href="/wiki/Harry_Kroto" title="Harry Kroto">Harold W. Kroto</a> (1939–2016) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> British </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Smalley_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Richard_Smalley_cropped.jpg/75px-Richard_Smalley_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Richard_Smalley_cropped.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="138" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Smalley, Richard"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley">Richard E. Smalley</a> (1943–2005) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" id="1997">1997 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_D._Boyer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Paul_D._Boyer.jpg/75px-Paul_D._Boyer.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Paul_D._Boyer.jpg/113px-Paul_D._Boyer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Paul_D._Boyer.jpg/150px-Paul_D._Boyer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="872" data-file-height="1161" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Boyer, Paul"><a href="/wiki/Paul_D._Boyer" title="Paul D. Boyer">Paul D. Boyer</a> (1918–2018) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td rowspan="2">"for their elucidation of the <a href="/wiki/ATP_synthase" title="ATP synthase">enzymatic mechanism</a> underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)" </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="#cite_note-n1997-97">[97]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:John_Ernest_Walker_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/John_Ernest_Walker_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-John_Ernest_Walker_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/John_Ernest_Walker_%28cropped%29.jpg/113px-John_Ernest_Walker_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/John_Ernest_Walker_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-John_Ernest_Walker_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1200" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Walker, John"><a href="/wiki/John_E._Walker" title="John E. Walker">John E. Walker</a> (b. 1941) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> British </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Skou2008crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Skou2008crop.jpg/75px-Skou2008crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Skou2008crop.jpg/113px-Skou2008crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Skou2008crop.jpg/150px-Skou2008crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="236" data-file-height="298" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Skou, Jens"><a href="/wiki/Jens_Christian_Skou" title="Jens Christian Skou">Jens C. Skou</a> (1918–2018) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /> Danish </td> <td>"for the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, <a href="/wiki/Na%2B/K%2B-ATPase" class="mw-redirect" title="Na+/K+-ATPase">Na+, K+ -ATPase</a>" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-n1997-97">[97]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" id="1998">1998 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:WalterKohnGraz21042006_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Walter Kohn"><img alt="Walter Kohn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/WalterKohnGraz21042006_1.jpg/75px-WalterKohnGraz21042006_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/WalterKohnGraz21042006_1.jpg/113px-WalterKohnGraz21042006_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/WalterKohnGraz21042006_1.jpg/150px-WalterKohnGraz21042006_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1224" data-file-height="1461" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Kohn, Walter"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kohn" title="Walter Kohn">Walter Kohn</a> (1923–2016) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Austrian <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td>"for his development of the <a href="/wiki/Density_functional_theory" title="Density functional theory">density-functional theory</a>" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-n1998-98">[98]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:John_Anthony_Pople.png" class="mw-file-description" title="John Anthony Pople"><img alt="John Anthony Pople" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/John_Anthony_Pople.png" decoding="async" width="73" height="99" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="73" data-file-height="99" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Pople, John"><a href="/wiki/John_Pople" title="John Pople">John A. Pople</a> (1925–2004) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> British </td> <td>"for his development of <a href="/wiki/Gaussian_(software)" title="Gaussian (software)">computational methods</a> in quantum chemistry" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-n1998-98">[98]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td id="1999">1999 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ahmed_Zewail_(2010).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Ahmed_Zewail_%282010%29.jpg/75px-Ahmed_Zewail_%282010%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Ahmed_Zewail_%282010%29.jpg/113px-Ahmed_Zewail_%282010%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Ahmed_Zewail_%282010%29.jpg/150px-Ahmed_Zewail_%282010%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2476" data-file-height="3735" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Zewail, Ahmed"><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Zewail" title="Ahmed Zewail">Ahmed Zewail</a> (1946–2016) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Egyptian <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td>"for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using <a href="/wiki/Femtosecond_spectroscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Femtosecond spectroscopy">femtosecond spectroscopy</a>" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" id="2000">2000 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Heeger,_Alan_J._(1936).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Heeger%2C_Alan_J._%281936%29.jpg/75px-Heeger%2C_Alan_J._%281936%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Heeger%2C_Alan_J._%281936%29.jpg/113px-Heeger%2C_Alan_J._%281936%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Heeger%2C_Alan_J._%281936%29.jpg/150px-Heeger%2C_Alan_J._%281936%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="244" data-file-height="317" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Heeger, Alan"><a href="/wiki/Alan_J._Heeger" title="Alan J. Heeger">Alan J. Heeger</a> (b. 1936) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td rowspan="3">"for their discovery and development of <a href="/wiki/Conductive_polymer" title="Conductive polymer">conductive polymers</a>" </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Alan_MacDiarmid_2005.017.004e_crop.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Alan_MacDiarmid_2005.017.004e_crop.tif/lossy-page1-75px-Alan_MacDiarmid_2005.017.004e_crop.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Alan_MacDiarmid_2005.017.004e_crop.tif/lossy-page1-113px-Alan_MacDiarmid_2005.017.004e_crop.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Alan_MacDiarmid_2005.017.004e_crop.tif/lossy-page1-150px-Alan_MacDiarmid_2005.017.004e_crop.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="353" data-file-height="435" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="MacDiarmid, Alan"><a href="/wiki/Alan_MacDiarmid" title="Alan MacDiarmid">Alan G. MacDiarmid</a> (1927–2007) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> New Zealander <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hideki_Shirakawa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Hideki_Shirakawa.jpg/75px-Hideki_Shirakawa.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Hideki_Shirakawa.jpg/113px-Hideki_Shirakawa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Hideki_Shirakawa.jpg/150px-Hideki_Shirakawa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="427" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Shirakawa, Hideki"><a href="/wiki/Hideki_Shirakawa" title="Hideki Shirakawa">Hideki Shirakawa</a> (b. 1936) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Japanese </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" id="2001">2001 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/50px-No_image.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/75px-No_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/100px-No_image.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Knowles, William"><a href="/wiki/William_Standish_Knowles" title="William Standish Knowles">William S. Knowles</a> (1917–2012) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td rowspan="2">"for their work on <a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_hydrogenation" title="Asymmetric hydrogenation">chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions</a>" </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="#cite_note-The_Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry_2001-101">[101]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Rioji_Noyori.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ryōji Noyori"><img alt="Ryōji Noyori" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Rioji_Noyori.jpg/75px-Rioji_Noyori.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Rioji_Noyori.jpg/113px-Rioji_Noyori.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Rioji_Noyori.jpg/150px-Rioji_Noyori.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1127" data-file-height="1547" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Noyori, Ryoji"><a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%8Dji_Noyori" title="Ryōji Noyori">Ryōji Noyori</a> (b. 1938) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Japanese </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Barry_Sharpless_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Barry Sharpless"><img alt="Barry Sharpless" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Barry_Sharpless_02.jpg/75px-Barry_Sharpless_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Barry_Sharpless_02.jpg/113px-Barry_Sharpless_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Barry_Sharpless_02.jpg/150px-Barry_Sharpless_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3097" data-file-height="4000" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Sharpless, K. Barry"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Barry_Sharpless" title="Karl Barry Sharpless">K. Barry Sharpless</a> (b. 1941) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td>"for his work on <a href="/wiki/Sharpless_asymmetric_dihydroxylation" title="Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation">chirally catalysed oxidation reactions</a>" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-The_Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry_2001-101">[101]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" id="2002">2002 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:John_B_Fenn01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="John B. Fenn"><img alt="John B. Fenn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/John_B_Fenn01.jpg/75px-John_B_Fenn01.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/John_B_Fenn01.jpg/113px-John_B_Fenn01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/John_B_Fenn01.jpg/150px-John_B_Fenn01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="637" data-file-height="558" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Fenn, John"><a href="/wiki/John_Fenn_(chemist)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Fenn (chemist)">John B. Fenn</a> (1917–2010) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td rowspan="2">"for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules [...] for their development of <a href="/wiki/Soft_laser_desorption" title="Soft laser desorption">soft desorption</a> <a href="/wiki/Electrospray_ionization" title="Electrospray ionization">ionisation methods</a> for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules" </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="#cite_note-n2002-102">[102]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Koichi_Tanaka_2003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Koichi_Tanaka_2003.jpg/75px-Koichi_Tanaka_2003.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Koichi_Tanaka_2003.jpg/113px-Koichi_Tanaka_2003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Koichi_Tanaka_2003.jpg/150px-Koichi_Tanaka_2003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="250" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Tanaka, Koichi"><a href="/wiki/Koichi_Tanaka" title="Koichi Tanaka">Koichi Tanaka</a> (b. 1959) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Japanese </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Kurt-Wuethrich.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kurt Wüthrich"><img alt="Kurt Wüthrich" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Kurt-Wuethrich.jpg/75px-Kurt-Wuethrich.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Kurt-Wuethrich.jpg/113px-Kurt-Wuethrich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Kurt-Wuethrich.jpg/150px-Kurt-Wuethrich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1135" data-file-height="1243" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Wuthrich, Kurt"><a href="/wiki/Kurt_W%C3%BCthrich" title="Kurt Wüthrich">Kurt Wüthrich</a> (b. 1938) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> Swiss </td> <td>"for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules [...] for his development of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopy_of_proteins" title="Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of proteins">nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution</a>" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-n2002-102">[102]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" id="2003">2003 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Agre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Peter_Agre.jpg/75px-Peter_Agre.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Peter_Agre.jpg/113px-Peter_Agre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Peter_Agre.jpg/150px-Peter_Agre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3000" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Agre, Peter"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Agre" title="Peter Agre">Peter Agre</a> (b. 1949) </td> <td rowspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td>"for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes [...] for the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Aquaporin" title="Aquaporin">water channels</a>" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-n2003-103">[103]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roderick_MacKinnon,_M.D._(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Roderick MacKinnon"><img alt="Roderick MacKinnon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Roderick_MacKinnon%2C_M.D._%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-Roderick_MacKinnon%2C_M.D._%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Roderick_MacKinnon%2C_M.D._%28cropped%29.jpg/113px-Roderick_MacKinnon%2C_M.D._%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Roderick_MacKinnon%2C_M.D._%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Roderick_MacKinnon%2C_M.D._%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="526" data-file-height="685" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="MacKinnon, Roderick"><a href="/wiki/Roderick_MacKinnon" title="Roderick MacKinnon">Roderick MacKinnon</a> (b. 1956) </td> <td>"for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes [...] for structural and mechanistic <a href="/wiki/Potassium_channel#Structure" title="Potassium channel">studies of ion channels</a>" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-n2003-103">[103]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" id="2004">2004 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nobel2004chemistrylaurets-Ciehanover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Nobel2004chemistrylaurets-Ciehanover.jpg/75px-Nobel2004chemistrylaurets-Ciehanover.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Nobel2004chemistrylaurets-Ciehanover.jpg/113px-Nobel2004chemistrylaurets-Ciehanover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Nobel2004chemistrylaurets-Ciehanover.jpg/150px-Nobel2004chemistrylaurets-Ciehanover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="274" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Ciechanover, Aaron"><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Ciechanover" title="Aaron Ciechanover">Aaron Ciechanover</a> (b. 1947) </td> <td rowspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> Israeli </td> <td rowspan="3">"for the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Ubiquitin#Identification" title="Ubiquitin">ubiquitin</a>-mediated protein degradation" </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nobel2004chemistrylaurets-Hershko.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Nobel2004chemistrylaurets-Hershko.jpg/75px-Nobel2004chemistrylaurets-Hershko.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Nobel2004chemistrylaurets-Hershko.jpg/113px-Nobel2004chemistrylaurets-Hershko.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Nobel2004chemistrylaurets-Hershko.jpg/150px-Nobel2004chemistrylaurets-Hershko.jpg 2x" data-file-width="253" data-file-height="316" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Hershko, Avram"><a href="/wiki/Avram_Hershko" title="Avram Hershko">Avram Hershko</a> (b. 1937) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nobel2004chemistrylaurets-Rose.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Nobel2004chemistrylaurets-Rose.jpg/75px-Nobel2004chemistrylaurets-Rose.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Nobel2004chemistrylaurets-Rose.jpg/113px-Nobel2004chemistrylaurets-Rose.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Nobel2004chemistrylaurets-Rose.jpg/150px-Nobel2004chemistrylaurets-Rose.jpg 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="311" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Rose, Irwin"><a href="/wiki/Irwin_Rose" title="Irwin Rose">Irwin Rose</a> (1926–2015) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" id="2005">2005 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Chauvin,_Yves_(1930-2015).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chauvin%2C_Yves_%281930-2015%29.jpg/75px-Chauvin%2C_Yves_%281930-2015%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chauvin%2C_Yves_%281930-2015%29.jpg/113px-Chauvin%2C_Yves_%281930-2015%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Chauvin%2C_Yves_%281930-2015%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="125" data-file-height="149" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Chauvin, Yves"><a href="/wiki/Yves_Chauvin" title="Yves Chauvin">Yves Chauvin</a> (1930–2015) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_France_%281976%E2%80%932020%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_%281976%E2%80%932020%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_France_%281976%E2%80%932020%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_%281976%E2%80%932020%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_France_%281976%E2%80%932020%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_%281976%E2%80%932020%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> French </td> <td rowspan="3">"for the development of the <a href="/wiki/Olefin_metathesis" title="Olefin metathesis">metathesis</a> method in organic synthesis" </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Grubbs.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Robert Grubbs"><img alt="Robert Grubbs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Robert_Grubbs.jpg/75px-Robert_Grubbs.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Robert_Grubbs.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="110" data-file-height="180" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Grubbs, Robert"><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Grubbs" title="Robert H. Grubbs">Robert H. Grubbs</a> (1942–2021) </td> <td rowspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:R._Schrock_2012b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/R._Schrock_2012b.jpg/75px-R._Schrock_2012b.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/R._Schrock_2012b.jpg/113px-R._Schrock_2012b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/R._Schrock_2012b.jpg/150px-R._Schrock_2012b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="972" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Schrock, Richard"><a href="/wiki/Richard_R._Schrock" title="Richard R. Schrock">Richard R. Schrock</a> (b. 1945) </td></tr> <tr> <td id="2006">2006 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roger.Kornberg.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Roger.Kornberg.JPG/75px-Roger.Kornberg.JPG" decoding="async" width="75" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Roger.Kornberg.JPG/113px-Roger.Kornberg.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Roger.Kornberg.JPG/150px-Roger.Kornberg.JPG 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="726" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Kornberg, Roger"><a href="/wiki/Roger_D._Kornberg" title="Roger D. Kornberg">Roger D. Kornberg</a> (b. 1947) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td>"for his studies of the molecular basis of <a href="/wiki/Transcription_(genetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcription (genetics)">eukaryotic transcription</a>" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td id="2007">2007 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Prof_Ertl-Portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Prof_Ertl-Portrait.jpg/75px-Prof_Ertl-Portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Prof_Ertl-Portrait.jpg/113px-Prof_Ertl-Portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Prof_Ertl-Portrait.jpg/150px-Prof_Ertl-Portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="489" data-file-height="592" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Ertl, Gerhard"><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Ertl" title="Gerhard Ertl">Gerhard Ertl</a> (b. 1936) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> German </td> <td>"for <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Ertl#Research" title="Gerhard Ertl">his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces</a>" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" id="2008">2008 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Osamu_Shimomura-press_conference_Dec_06th,_2008-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Osamu_Shimomura-press_conference_Dec_06th%2C_2008-2.jpg/75px-Osamu_Shimomura-press_conference_Dec_06th%2C_2008-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Osamu_Shimomura-press_conference_Dec_06th%2C_2008-2.jpg/113px-Osamu_Shimomura-press_conference_Dec_06th%2C_2008-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Osamu_Shimomura-press_conference_Dec_06th%2C_2008-2.jpg/150px-Osamu_Shimomura-press_conference_Dec_06th%2C_2008-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3333" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Shimomura, Osamu"><a href="/wiki/Osamu_Shimomura" title="Osamu Shimomura">Osamu Shimomura</a> (1928–2018) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Japanese<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> </td> <td rowspan="3">"for the discovery and development of the <a href="/wiki/Green_fluorescent_protein" title="Green fluorescent protein">green fluorescent protein</a>, GFP" </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Martin_Chalfie-press_conference_Dec_07th,_2008-4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Martin_Chalfie-press_conference_Dec_07th%2C_2008-4.jpg/75px-Martin_Chalfie-press_conference_Dec_07th%2C_2008-4.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Martin_Chalfie-press_conference_Dec_07th%2C_2008-4.jpg/113px-Martin_Chalfie-press_conference_Dec_07th%2C_2008-4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Martin_Chalfie-press_conference_Dec_07th%2C_2008-4.jpg/150px-Martin_Chalfie-press_conference_Dec_07th%2C_2008-4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2167" data-file-height="3001" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Chalfie, Martin"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Chalfie" title="Martin Chalfie">Martin Chalfie</a> (b. 1947) </td> <td rowspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roger_Tsien-press_conference_Dec_07th,_2008-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Roger_Tsien-press_conference_Dec_07th%2C_2008-2.jpg/75px-Roger_Tsien-press_conference_Dec_07th%2C_2008-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Roger_Tsien-press_conference_Dec_07th%2C_2008-2.jpg/113px-Roger_Tsien-press_conference_Dec_07th%2C_2008-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Roger_Tsien-press_conference_Dec_07th%2C_2008-2.jpg/150px-Roger_Tsien-press_conference_Dec_07th%2C_2008-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2101" data-file-height="3073" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Tsien, Roger"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Y._Tsien" title="Roger Y. Tsien">Roger Y. Tsien</a> (1952–2016) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" id="2009">2009 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nobel_Prize_2009-Press_Conference_KVA-04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Nobel_Prize_2009-Press_Conference_KVA-04.jpg/75px-Nobel_Prize_2009-Press_Conference_KVA-04.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Nobel_Prize_2009-Press_Conference_KVA-04.jpg/113px-Nobel_Prize_2009-Press_Conference_KVA-04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Nobel_Prize_2009-Press_Conference_KVA-04.jpg/150px-Nobel_Prize_2009-Press_Conference_KVA-04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2128" data-file-height="3146" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Ramakrishnan, Venkatraman"><a href="/wiki/Venkatraman_Ramakrishnan" class="mw-redirect" title="Venkatraman Ramakrishnan">Venkatraman Ramakrishnan</a> (b. 1952) </td> <td> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> British <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td rowspan="3">"for studies of the structure and function of the <a href="/wiki/Ribosome" title="Ribosome">ribosome</a>" </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nobel_Prize_2009-Press_Conference_KVA-10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Nobel_Prize_2009-Press_Conference_KVA-10.jpg/75px-Nobel_Prize_2009-Press_Conference_KVA-10.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Nobel_Prize_2009-Press_Conference_KVA-10.jpg/113px-Nobel_Prize_2009-Press_Conference_KVA-10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Nobel_Prize_2009-Press_Conference_KVA-10.jpg/150px-Nobel_Prize_2009-Press_Conference_KVA-10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1496" data-file-height="2344" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Steitz, Thomas"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Steitz" title="Thomas A. Steitz">Thomas A. Steitz</a> (1940–2018) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:AdaYonath_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/AdaYonath_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-AdaYonath_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/AdaYonath_%28cropped%29.jpg/113px-AdaYonath_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/AdaYonath_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-AdaYonath_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="507" data-file-height="570" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Yonath, Ada"><a href="/wiki/Ada_Yonath" title="Ada Yonath">Ada E. Yonath</a> (b. 1939) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> Israeli </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" id="2010">2010 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_F._Heck2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Richard_F._Heck2010.jpg/75px-Richard_F._Heck2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Richard_F._Heck2010.jpg/113px-Richard_F._Heck2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Richard_F._Heck2010.jpg/150px-Richard_F._Heck2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="3300" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Heck, Richard"><a href="/wiki/Richard_F._Heck" title="Richard F. Heck">Richard F. Heck</a> (1931–2015) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td rowspan="3">"for palladium-catalyzed <a href="/wiki/Cross_coupling_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross coupling reaction">cross couplings</a> in organic synthesis" </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nobel_Prize_2010-Press_Conference_KVA-DSC_7398.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Nobel_Prize_2010-Press_Conference_KVA-DSC_7398.jpg/75px-Nobel_Prize_2010-Press_Conference_KVA-DSC_7398.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Nobel_Prize_2010-Press_Conference_KVA-DSC_7398.jpg/113px-Nobel_Prize_2010-Press_Conference_KVA-DSC_7398.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Nobel_Prize_2010-Press_Conference_KVA-DSC_7398.jpg/150px-Nobel_Prize_2010-Press_Conference_KVA-DSC_7398.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2252" data-file-height="3003" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Negishi, Ei-ichi"><a href="/wiki/Ei-ichi_Negishi" title="Ei-ichi Negishi">Ei-ichi Negishi</a> (1935–2021) </td> <td rowspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Japanese </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nobel_Prize_2010-Press_Conference_KVA-DSC_7383.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Nobel_Prize_2010-Press_Conference_KVA-DSC_7383.jpg/75px-Nobel_Prize_2010-Press_Conference_KVA-DSC_7383.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Nobel_Prize_2010-Press_Conference_KVA-DSC_7383.jpg/113px-Nobel_Prize_2010-Press_Conference_KVA-DSC_7383.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Nobel_Prize_2010-Press_Conference_KVA-DSC_7383.jpg/150px-Nobel_Prize_2010-Press_Conference_KVA-DSC_7383.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1914" data-file-height="2870" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Suzuki, Akira"><a href="/wiki/Akira_Suzuki_(chemist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akira Suzuki (chemist)">Akira Suzuki</a> (b. 1930) </td></tr> <tr> <td id="2011">2011 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nobel_Prize_2011-Nobel_interviews_KVA-DSC_8039.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nobel_Prize_2011-Nobel_interviews_KVA-DSC_8039.jpg/75px-Nobel_Prize_2011-Nobel_interviews_KVA-DSC_8039.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nobel_Prize_2011-Nobel_interviews_KVA-DSC_8039.jpg/113px-Nobel_Prize_2011-Nobel_interviews_KVA-DSC_8039.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nobel_Prize_2011-Nobel_interviews_KVA-DSC_8039.jpg/150px-Nobel_Prize_2011-Nobel_interviews_KVA-DSC_8039.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2879" data-file-height="4318" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Shechtman, Dan"><a href="/wiki/Dan_Shechtman" title="Dan Shechtman">Dan Shechtman</a> (b. 1941) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> Israeli <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td>"for the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Quasicrystal" title="Quasicrystal">quasicrystals</a>" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" id="2012">2012 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lefkowitz3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Lefkowitz3.jpg/75px-Lefkowitz3.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Lefkowitz3.jpg/113px-Lefkowitz3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Lefkowitz3.jpg/150px-Lefkowitz3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="167" data-file-height="226" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Lefkowitz, Robert"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lefkowitz" title="Robert Lefkowitz">Robert Lefkowitz</a> (b. 1943) </td> <td rowspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td rowspan="2">"for studies of <a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptor" title="G protein-coupled receptor">G-protein-coupled receptors</a>" </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="#cite_note-nobel-2012-113">[113]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Brian_Kobilka_(649437151).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Brian_Kobilka_%28649437151%29.jpg/75px-Brian_Kobilka_%28649437151%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Brian_Kobilka_%28649437151%29.jpg/113px-Brian_Kobilka_%28649437151%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Brian_Kobilka_%28649437151%29.jpg/150px-Brian_Kobilka_%28649437151%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2168" data-file-height="3197" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Kobilka, Brian"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Kobilka" title="Brian Kobilka">Brian Kobilka</a> (b. 1955) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" id="2013">2013 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Martin_Karplus_Nobel_Prize_22_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Martin_Karplus_Nobel_Prize_22_2013.jpg/75px-Martin_Karplus_Nobel_Prize_22_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Martin_Karplus_Nobel_Prize_22_2013.jpg/113px-Martin_Karplus_Nobel_Prize_22_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Martin_Karplus_Nobel_Prize_22_2013.jpg/150px-Martin_Karplus_Nobel_Prize_22_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2689" data-file-height="2689" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Karplus, Martin"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Karplus" title="Martin Karplus">Martin Karplus</a> (b. 1930) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Austrian <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td rowspan="3">"for the development of <a href="/wiki/Multiscale_modeling" title="Multiscale modeling">multiscale models</a> for complex chemical systems" </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_Levitt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Michael_Levitt.jpg/75px-Michael_Levitt.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Michael_Levitt.jpg/113px-Michael_Levitt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Michael_Levitt.jpg/150px-Michael_Levitt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1840" data-file-height="1868" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Levitt, Michael"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Levitt_(biophysicist)" title="Michael Levitt (biophysicist)">Michael Levitt</a> (b. 1947) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> South African <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> British <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> Israeli<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:AW_TW_PS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/AW_TW_PS.jpg/75px-AW_TW_PS.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/AW_TW_PS.jpg/113px-AW_TW_PS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/AW_TW_PS.jpg/150px-AW_TW_PS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2761" data-file-height="3403" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Warshel, Arieh"><a href="/wiki/Arieh_Warshel" title="Arieh Warshel">Arieh Warshel</a> (b. 1940) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> Israeli <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" id="2014">2014 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Eric_Betzig.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Eric_Betzig.jpg/75px-Eric_Betzig.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Eric_Betzig.jpg/113px-Eric_Betzig.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Eric_Betzig.jpg/150px-Eric_Betzig.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2678" data-file-height="3792" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Betzig, Eric"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Betzig" title="Eric Betzig">Eric Betzig</a> (b. 1960) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td rowspan="3">"for the development of <a href="/wiki/Super-resolution_microscopy" title="Super-resolution microscopy">super-resolved fluorescence microscopy</a>" </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Stefan_W_Hell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Stefan_W_Hell.jpg/75px-Stefan_W_Hell.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Stefan_W_Hell.jpg/113px-Stefan_W_Hell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Stefan_W_Hell.jpg/150px-Stefan_W_Hell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="984" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Hell, Stefan"><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Hell" title="Stefan Hell">Stefan W. Hell</a> (b. 1962) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> Romanian<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> German </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:WE_Moerner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WE_Moerner.jpg/75px-WE_Moerner.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WE_Moerner.jpg/113px-WE_Moerner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WE_Moerner.jpg/150px-WE_Moerner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1134" data-file-height="1516" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Moerner, William"><a href="/wiki/William_E._Moerner" title="William E. Moerner">William E. Moerner</a> (b. 1953) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" id="2015">2015 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Tomas_Lindahl_0209.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Tomas_Lindahl_0209.jpg/75px-Tomas_Lindahl_0209.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Tomas_Lindahl_0209.jpg/113px-Tomas_Lindahl_0209.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Tomas_Lindahl_0209.jpg/150px-Tomas_Lindahl_0209.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1653" data-file-height="2479" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Lindahl, Tomas"><a href="/wiki/Tomas_Lindahl" title="Tomas Lindahl">Tomas Lindahl</a> (b. 1938) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> Swedish <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> British </td> <td rowspan="3">"for mechanistic studies of <a href="/wiki/DNA_repair" title="DNA repair">DNA repair</a>" </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_L._Modrich_0151.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Paul_L._Modrich_0151.jpg/75px-Paul_L._Modrich_0151.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Paul_L._Modrich_0151.jpg/113px-Paul_L._Modrich_0151.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Paul_L._Modrich_0151.jpg/150px-Paul_L._Modrich_0151.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1946" data-file-height="2918" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Modrich, Paul"><a href="/wiki/Paul_L._Modrich" title="Paul L. Modrich">Paul L. Modrich</a> (b. 1946) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Aziz_Sancar_0176.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Aziz_Sancar_0176.jpg/75px-Aziz_Sancar_0176.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Aziz_Sancar_0176.jpg/113px-Aziz_Sancar_0176.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Aziz_Sancar_0176.jpg/150px-Aziz_Sancar_0176.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1868" data-file-height="2802" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Sancar, Aziz"><a href="/wiki/Aziz_Sancar" title="Aziz Sancar">Aziz Sancar</a> (b. 1946) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> Turkish </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" id="2016">2016 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Jean-Pierre_Sauvage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Jean-Pierre_Sauvage.jpg/75px-Jean-Pierre_Sauvage.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Jean-Pierre_Sauvage.jpg/113px-Jean-Pierre_Sauvage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Jean-Pierre_Sauvage.jpg/150px-Jean-Pierre_Sauvage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2692" data-file-height="3365" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Sauvage, Jean-Pierre"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Sauvage" title="Jean-Pierre Sauvage">Jean-Pierre Sauvage</a> (b. 1944) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_France_%281976%E2%80%932020%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_%281976%E2%80%932020%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_France_%281976%E2%80%932020%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_%281976%E2%80%932020%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_France_%281976%E2%80%932020%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_%281976%E2%80%932020%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> French </td> <td rowspan="3">"for the design and synthesis of <a href="/wiki/Molecular_machine" title="Molecular machine">molecular machines</a>" </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nobel_Laureates_Fraser_Stoddart_2016_(31117136180).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Nobel_Laureates_Fraser_Stoddart_2016_%2831117136180%29.jpg/75px-Nobel_Laureates_Fraser_Stoddart_2016_%2831117136180%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Nobel_Laureates_Fraser_Stoddart_2016_%2831117136180%29.jpg/113px-Nobel_Laureates_Fraser_Stoddart_2016_%2831117136180%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Nobel_Laureates_Fraser_Stoddart_2016_%2831117136180%29.jpg/150px-Nobel_Laureates_Fraser_Stoddart_2016_%2831117136180%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2758" data-file-height="3447" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Stoddart, Fraser"><a href="/wiki/Fraser_Stoddart" title="Fraser Stoddart">Fraser Stoddart</a> (b. 1942) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> British <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:FeringaWiki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/FeringaWiki.jpg/75px-FeringaWiki.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/FeringaWiki.jpg/113px-FeringaWiki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/FeringaWiki.jpg/150px-FeringaWiki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="984" data-file-height="1312" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Feringa, Ben"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Feringa" title="Ben Feringa">Ben Feringa</a> (b. 1951) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Dutch </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" id="2017">2017 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Jacques_Dubochet_D81_4506_(38005029785).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Jacques_Dubochet_D81_4506_%2838005029785%29.jpg/75px-Jacques_Dubochet_D81_4506_%2838005029785%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Jacques_Dubochet_D81_4506_%2838005029785%29.jpg/113px-Jacques_Dubochet_D81_4506_%2838005029785%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Jacques_Dubochet_D81_4506_%2838005029785%29.jpg/150px-Jacques_Dubochet_D81_4506_%2838005029785%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2127" data-file-height="2659" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Dubochet, Jacques"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Dubochet" title="Jacques Dubochet">Jacques Dubochet</a> (b. 1942) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> Swiss </td> <td rowspan="3">"for developing <a href="/wiki/Cryo-electron_microscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryo-electron microscopy">cryo-electron microscopy</a> for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution" </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Joachim_Frank_EM1B8792_(27115577469).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Joachim_Frank_EM1B8792_%2827115577469%29.jpg/75px-Joachim_Frank_EM1B8792_%2827115577469%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Joachim_Frank_EM1B8792_%2827115577469%29.jpg/113px-Joachim_Frank_EM1B8792_%2827115577469%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Joachim_Frank_EM1B8792_%2827115577469%29.jpg/150px-Joachim_Frank_EM1B8792_%2827115577469%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2076" data-file-height="2595" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Frank, Joachim"><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Frank" title="Joachim Frank">Joachim Frank</a> (b. 1940) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> German <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Henderson_D81_4486_(38005042695).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Richard_Henderson_D81_4486_%2838005042695%29.jpg/75px-Richard_Henderson_D81_4486_%2838005042695%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Richard_Henderson_D81_4486_%2838005042695%29.jpg/113px-Richard_Henderson_D81_4486_%2838005042695%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Richard_Henderson_D81_4486_%2838005042695%29.jpg/150px-Richard_Henderson_D81_4486_%2838005042695%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2003" data-file-height="2504" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Henderson, Richard"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Henderson_(biologist)" title="Richard Henderson (biologist)">Richard Henderson</a> (b. 1945) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> British </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" id="2018">2018 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Frances_Arnold_2012.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Frances_Arnold_2012.png/75px-Frances_Arnold_2012.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Frances_Arnold_2012.png/113px-Frances_Arnold_2012.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Frances_Arnold_2012.png/150px-Frances_Arnold_2012.png 2x" data-file-width="287" data-file-height="343" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Arnold, Frances"><a href="/wiki/Frances_Arnold" title="Frances Arnold">Frances Arnold</a> (b. 1956) </td> <td rowspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td>"for the <a href="/wiki/Directed_evolution" title="Directed evolution">directed evolution</a> of enzymes" </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:George_Smith_EM1B5849_(31295409687).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/George_Smith_EM1B5849_%2831295409687%29.jpg/75px-George_Smith_EM1B5849_%2831295409687%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/George_Smith_EM1B5849_%2831295409687%29.jpg/113px-George_Smith_EM1B5849_%2831295409687%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/George_Smith_EM1B5849_%2831295409687%29.jpg/150px-George_Smith_EM1B5849_%2831295409687%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2514" data-file-height="2890" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Smith, George"><a href="/wiki/George_P._Smith_(chemist)" class="mw-redirect" title="George P. Smith (chemist)">George Smith</a> (b. 1941) </td> <td rowspan="2">"for the <a href="/wiki/Phage_display" title="Phage display">phage display</a> of peptides and antibodies" </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gregory_Winter,_2016_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Gregory_Winter%2C_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-Gregory_Winter%2C_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Gregory_Winter%2C_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg/113px-Gregory_Winter%2C_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Gregory_Winter%2C_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Gregory_Winter%2C_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1577" data-file-height="2232" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Winter, Gregory"><a href="/wiki/Greg_Winter" class="mw-redirect" title="Greg Winter">Sir Gregory Winter</a> (b. 1951) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> British </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" id="2019">2019 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:John_B._Goodenough_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/John_B._Goodenough_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-John_B._Goodenough_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/John_B._Goodenough_%28cropped%29.jpg/113px-John_B._Goodenough_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/John_B._Goodenough_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-John_B._Goodenough_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="213" data-file-height="253" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Goodenough, John"><a href="/wiki/John_B._Goodenough" title="John B. Goodenough">John B. Goodenough</a> (1922–2023) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td rowspan="3">"for the development of <a href="/wiki/Lithium_ion_batteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithium ion batteries">lithium ion batteries</a>" </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Stanley_Whittingham_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Stanley_Whittingham_2019.jpg/75px-Stanley_Whittingham_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Stanley_Whittingham_2019.jpg/113px-Stanley_Whittingham_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Stanley_Whittingham_2019.jpg/150px-Stanley_Whittingham_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1026" data-file-height="1247" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Whittingham, M. Stanley"><a href="/wiki/M._Stanley_Whittingham" title="M. Stanley Whittingham">M. Stanley Whittingham</a> (b. 1941) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> British <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Akira_Yoshino_cropped_3_Akira_Yoshino_201910.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Akira_Yoshino_cropped_3_Akira_Yoshino_201910.jpg/75px-Akira_Yoshino_cropped_3_Akira_Yoshino_201910.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Akira_Yoshino_cropped_3_Akira_Yoshino_201910.jpg/113px-Akira_Yoshino_cropped_3_Akira_Yoshino_201910.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Akira_Yoshino_cropped_3_Akira_Yoshino_201910.jpg 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="188" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Yoshino, Akira"><a href="/wiki/Akira_Yoshino" title="Akira Yoshino">Akira Yoshino</a> (b. 1948) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Japanese </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" id="2020">2020 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Emmanuelle_Charpentier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Emmanuelle_Charpentier.jpg/75px-Emmanuelle_Charpentier.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Emmanuelle_Charpentier.jpg/113px-Emmanuelle_Charpentier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Emmanuelle_Charpentier.jpg/150px-Emmanuelle_Charpentier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="1184" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Charpentier, Emmanuelle"><a href="/wiki/Emmanuelle_Charpentier" title="Emmanuelle Charpentier">Emmanuelle Charpentier</a> (b. 1968) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> French </td> <td rowspan="2">"for the development of <a href="/wiki/CRISPR_gene_editing" title="CRISPR gene editing">a method</a> for <a href="/wiki/Genome_editing" title="Genome editing">genome editing</a>" </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Professor_Jennifer_Doudna_ForMemRS_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Professor_Jennifer_Doudna_ForMemRS_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-Professor_Jennifer_Doudna_ForMemRS_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Professor_Jennifer_Doudna_ForMemRS_%28cropped%29.jpg/113px-Professor_Jennifer_Doudna_ForMemRS_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Professor_Jennifer_Doudna_ForMemRS_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Professor_Jennifer_Doudna_ForMemRS_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="960" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Doudna, Jennifer"><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Doudna" title="Jennifer Doudna">Jennifer Doudna</a> (b. 1964) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" id="2021">2021 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Benjamin_List_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Benjamin_List_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-Benjamin_List_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Benjamin_List_%28cropped%29.jpg/113px-Benjamin_List_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Benjamin_List_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Benjamin_List_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="834" data-file-height="973" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="List, Benjamin"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_List" title="Benjamin List">Benjamin List</a> (b. 1968) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> German </td> <td rowspan="2">"for the development of asymmetric <a href="/wiki/Organocatalysis" title="Organocatalysis">organocatalysis</a>" </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:David_MacMillan_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/David_MacMillan_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-David_MacMillan_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/David_MacMillan_%28cropped%29.jpg/113px-David_MacMillan_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/David_MacMillan_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-David_MacMillan_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1409" data-file-height="1408" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="MacMillan, David"><a href="/wiki/David_W.C._MacMillan" class="mw-redirect" title="David W.C. MacMillan">David W.C. MacMillan</a> (b. 1968) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> British </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" id="2022">2022 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Carolyn_Bertozzi_IMG_9384.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Carolyn_Bertozzi_IMG_9384.jpg/75px-Carolyn_Bertozzi_IMG_9384.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Carolyn_Bertozzi_IMG_9384.jpg/113px-Carolyn_Bertozzi_IMG_9384.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Carolyn_Bertozzi_IMG_9384.jpg/150px-Carolyn_Bertozzi_IMG_9384.jpg 2x" data-file-width="831" data-file-height="912" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Bertozzi, Carolyn Ruth"><a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Bertozzi" title="Carolyn Bertozzi">Carolyn Bertozzi</a> (b. 1966) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td rowspan="3">"for the development of <a href="/wiki/Click_chemistry" title="Click chemistry">click chemistry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bioorthogonal_chemistry" title="Bioorthogonal chemistry">bioorthogonal chemistry</a>" </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:MortenMeldal23_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/MortenMeldal23_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-MortenMeldal23_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/MortenMeldal23_%28cropped%29.jpg/113px-MortenMeldal23_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/MortenMeldal23_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-MortenMeldal23_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1955" data-file-height="2750" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Meldal, Morten Peter"><a href="/wiki/Morten_P._Meldal" title="Morten P. Meldal">Morten Meldal</a> (b. 1954) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /> Danish </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Barry_Sharpless_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Barry_Sharpless_02.jpg/75px-Barry_Sharpless_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Barry_Sharpless_02.jpg/113px-Barry_Sharpless_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Barry_Sharpless_02.jpg/150px-Barry_Sharpless_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3097" data-file-height="4000" /></a> </td> <td scope="row" data-sort-value="Sharpless, Karl Barry"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Barry_Sharpless" title="Karl Barry Sharpless">K. Barry Sharpless</a> (b. 1941) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">2023 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:US_Embassy_Sweden_2023_Nobel_Reception_(53390424864)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/US_Embassy_Sweden_2023_Nobel_Reception_%2853390424864%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-US_Embassy_Sweden_2023_Nobel_Reception_%2853390424864%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/US_Embassy_Sweden_2023_Nobel_Reception_%2853390424864%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/113px-US_Embassy_Sweden_2023_Nobel_Reception_%2853390424864%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/US_Embassy_Sweden_2023_Nobel_Reception_%2853390424864%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-US_Embassy_Sweden_2023_Nobel_Reception_%2853390424864%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="449" data-file-height="592" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moungi_Bawendi" title="Moungi Bawendi">Moungi G. Bawendi</a> (b. 1961) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> French <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> Tunisian <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td rowspan="3">"for the discovery and synthesis of <a href="/wiki/Quantum_dots" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum dots">quantum dots</a>" </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_E_Brus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Louis_E_Brus.jpg/75px-Louis_E_Brus.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Louis_E_Brus.jpg/113px-Louis_E_Brus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Louis_E_Brus.jpg/150px-Louis_E_Brus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1658" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Louis_E._Brus" title="Louis E. Brus">Louis E. Brus</a> (b. 1943) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:US_Embassy_Sweden_2023_Nobel_Reception_(53390424929)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/US_Embassy_Sweden_2023_Nobel_Reception_%2853390424929%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-US_Embassy_Sweden_2023_Nobel_Reception_%2853390424929%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/US_Embassy_Sweden_2023_Nobel_Reception_%2853390424929%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/113px-US_Embassy_Sweden_2023_Nobel_Reception_%2853390424929%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/US_Embassy_Sweden_2023_Nobel_Reception_%2853390424929%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-US_Embassy_Sweden_2023_Nobel_Reception_%2853390424929%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="436" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alexey_Ekimov" title="Alexey Ekimov">Alexey Ekimov</a> (b. 1945) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Russian </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">2024 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:DBaker_SparkPlugMtn_July2013.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/DBaker_SparkPlugMtn_July2013.JPG/75px-DBaker_SparkPlugMtn_July2013.JPG" decoding="async" width="75" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/DBaker_SparkPlugMtn_July2013.JPG/113px-DBaker_SparkPlugMtn_July2013.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/DBaker_SparkPlugMtn_July2013.JPG/150px-DBaker_SparkPlugMtn_July2013.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/David_Baker_(biochemist)" title="David Baker (biochemist)">David Baker</a> (b. 1962) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td>"for computational <a href="/wiki/Protein_design" title="Protein design">protein design</a>" </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Demis_Hassabis_Royal_Society.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Demis_Hassabis_Royal_Society.jpg/75px-Demis_Hassabis_Royal_Society.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Demis_Hassabis_Royal_Society.jpg/113px-Demis_Hassabis_Royal_Society.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Demis_Hassabis_Royal_Society.jpg/150px-Demis_Hassabis_Royal_Society.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="864" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Demis_Hassabis" title="Demis Hassabis">Demis Hassabis</a> (b. 1976) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> British </td> <td rowspan="2">“for <a href="/wiki/Protein_structure" title="Protein structure">protein structure</a> prediction” </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:John_M_Jumper_Google_DeepMind_(14_Sep_2024)_-_img_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/John_M_Jumper_Google_DeepMind_%2814_Sep_2024%29_-_img_02.jpg/75px-John_M_Jumper_Google_DeepMind_%2814_Sep_2024%29_-_img_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/John_M_Jumper_Google_DeepMind_%2814_Sep_2024%29_-_img_02.jpg/113px-John_M_Jumper_Google_DeepMind_%2814_Sep_2024%29_-_img_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/John_M_Jumper_Google_DeepMind_%2814_Sep_2024%29_-_img_02.jpg/150px-John_M_Jumper_Google_DeepMind_%2814_Sep_2024%29_-_img_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="543" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_M._Jumper" title="John M. Jumper">John M. Jumper</a> (b. 1985) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Chemistry&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemistry" title="Timeline of chemistry">Timeline of chemistry</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Chemistry&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Chemistry&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="#ref_1">^</a> A. The form and spelling of the names in the name column is according to nobelprize.org, the official website of the Nobel Foundation. Alternative spellings and name forms, where they exist, are given at the articles linked from this column. Where available, an image of each Nobel laureate is provided. For the official pictures provided by the Nobel Foundation, see the pages for each Nobel laureate at nobelprize.org. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_2">^</a> B. The information in the country column is according to nobelprize.org, the official website of the Nobel Foundation. This information may not necessarily reflect the recipient's birthplace or citizenship. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_3">^</a> C. The citation for each award is quoted (not always in full) from nobelprize.org, the official website of the Nobel Foundation. The links in this column are to articles (or sections of articles) on the history and areas of chemistry for which the awards were presented. The links are intended only as a guide and explanation. For a full account of the work done by each Nobel laureate, please see the biography articles linked from the name column. </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Chemistry&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/alfred_nobel/">"Alfred Nobel – The Man Behind the Nobel Prize"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071025001741/http://nobelprize.org/alfred_nobel/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2007. Retrieved 7 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alfred+Nobel+%E2%80%93+The+Man+Behind+the+Nobel+Prize&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Falfred_nobel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081015013145/http://nobelprize.org/prize_awarders/">"The Nobel Prize Awarders"</a>. Nobel Foundation. 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Retrieved 7 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080822184717/http://nobelprize.org/award_ceremonies/">"The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/award_ceremonies/">the original</a> on 22 August 2008. Retrieved 7 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+Award+Ceremonies&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Faward_ceremonies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-modern-5"><a href="#cite_ref-modern_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalmström,_Bo_G.Bertil_Andersson2001" class="citation web cs1">Malmström, Bo G.; Bertil Andersson (3 December 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/articles/malmstrom/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry: The Development of Modern Chemistry"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080716015325/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/articles/malmstrom/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2008. Retrieved 8 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry%3A+The+Development+of+Modern+Chemistry&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft.date=2001-12-03&rft.au=Malmstr%C3%B6m%2C+Bo+G.&rft.au=Bertil+Andersson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Farticles%2Fmalmstrom%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070202025710/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/nobelprize_facts.html">"Nobel Laureates Facts"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/nobelprize_facts.html">the original</a> on 2 February 2007. Retrieved 7 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nobel+Laureates+Facts&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fnobelprize_facts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobelprize.org-7"><a href="#cite_ref-nobelprize.org_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/facts/chemistry/">"Facts on the Nobel Prize in Chemistry"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170308222050/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/facts/chemistry/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2017. Retrieved 5 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Facts+on+the+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Ffacts%2Fchemistry%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-N1914-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-N1914_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-N1914_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1914/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1914"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081015212722/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1914/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1914&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1914%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-N1918-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-N1918_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-N1918_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1918/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1918"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081225083638/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1918/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1918&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1918%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-N1920-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-N1920_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-N1920_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1920/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1920"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081209112839/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1920/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1920&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1920%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-N1921-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-N1921_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-N1921_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1921/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1921"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081027221745/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1921/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1921&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1921%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-N1925-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-N1925_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-N1925_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1925/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1925"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081015211210/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1925/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1925&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1925%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-N1927-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-N1927_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-N1927_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1927/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1927"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081225083219/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1927/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1927&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1927%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-N1938-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-N1938_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-N1938_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1938/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1938"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081219070719/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1938/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1938&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1938%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-N1943-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-N1943_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-N1943_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1943/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1943"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081220074956/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1943/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1943&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1943%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-N1944-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-N1944_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-N1944_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1944/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1944"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081225083657/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1944/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1944&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1944%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIoannidisCristeaBoyack2020" class="citation journal cs1">Ioannidis, John; Cristea, Ioana-Alina; Boyack, Kevin (29 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7390258">"Work honored by Nobel prizes clusters heavily in a few scientific fields"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PLOS_ONE" class="mw-redirect" title="PLOS ONE">PLOS ONE</a>. 15 (7): e0234612. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020PLoSO..1534612I">2020PLoSO..1534612I</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0234612">10.1371/journal.pone.0234612</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7390258">7390258</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32726312">32726312</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Work+honored+by+Nobel+prizes+clusters+heavily+in+a+few+scientific+fields&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=e0234612&rft.date=2020-07-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7390258%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32726312&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0234612&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020PLoSO..1534612I&rft.aulast=Ioannidis&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Cristea%2C+Ioana-Alina&rft.au=Boyack%2C+Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7390258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1901/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1901"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081024050844/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1901/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1901&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1901%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1902/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1902"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081024050849/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1902/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1902&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1902%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1903/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1903"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081105072548/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1903/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1903&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1903%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1904/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1904"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081024050859/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1904/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1904&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1904%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1905/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1905"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081212063701/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1905/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1905&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1905%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1906/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1906"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081211053606/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1906/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1906&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1906%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1907/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1907"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081225082514/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1907/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1907&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1907%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1908/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1908"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081024050904/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1908/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1908&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1908%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1909/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1909"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081225083613/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1909/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1909&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1909%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1910/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1910"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081225083137/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1910/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1910&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1910%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1911/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1911"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081019170636/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1911/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1911&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1911%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-n1912-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-n1912_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-n1912_29-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1912/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1912"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081225083618/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1912/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1912&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1912%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1913/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1913"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081225083142/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1913/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1913&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1913%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1915/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1915"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081225083623/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1915/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1915&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1915%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1922/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1922"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081027221750/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1922/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1922&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1922%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1923/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1923"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080830054059/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1923/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 August 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1923&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1923%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1926/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1926"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081225083646/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1926/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1926&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1926%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1928/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1928"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080905062117/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1928/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1928&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1928%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1929/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1929"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081201041622/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1929/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1929&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1929%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1930/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1930"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081201172943/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1930/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1930&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1930%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1931/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1931"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081010231457/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1931/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1931&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1931%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1932/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1932"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080803104055/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1932/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1932&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1932%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1934/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1934"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081201180141/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1934/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1934&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1934%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1935/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1935"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081007222850/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1935/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1935&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1935%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1936/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1936"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080914090025/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1936/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1936&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1936%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1937/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1937"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081222234139/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1937/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1937&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1937%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-n1939-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-n1939_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-n1939_44-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1939/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1939"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081014111156/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1939/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1939&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1939%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1945/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1945"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081006080337/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1945/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1945&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1945%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry_1946-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry_1946_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry_1946_46-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1946/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1946"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081211053611/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1946/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1946&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1946%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1947/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1947"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081204102251/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1947/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1947&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1947%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1948/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1948"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081225083710/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1948/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1948&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1948%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1949/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1949"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081225083307/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1949/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1949&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1949%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1950/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1950"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081209112906/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1950/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1950&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1950%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1951/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1951"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081104054538/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1951/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1951&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1951%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1952/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1952"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081225083318/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1952/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1952&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1952%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1953/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1953"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081225083720/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1953/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1953&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1953%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1954/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1954"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081209112911/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1954/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1954&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1954%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1955/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1955"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081225083324/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1955/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1955&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1955%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1956/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1956"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081225060343/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1956/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1956&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1956%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1957/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1957"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081225083725/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1957/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1957&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1957%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1958/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1958"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081026132030/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1958/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1958&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1958%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1959/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1959"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081024050929/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1959/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1959&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1959%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1960/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1960"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081225083330/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1960/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1960&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1960%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1961/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1961"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081225083335/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1961/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1961&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1961%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1962/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1962"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080924043552/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1962/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1962&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1962%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1963/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1963"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081013065136/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1963/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1963&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1963%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1964/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1964"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081015033105/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1964/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1964&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1964%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1965/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1965"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081225083345/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1965/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1965&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1965%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1966/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1966"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081024050939/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1966/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1966&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1966%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1967/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1967"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081225083351/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1967/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1967&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1967%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1968/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1968"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080930161503/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1968/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1968&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1968%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1969/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1969"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081013065141/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1969/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1969&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1969%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1970/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1970"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081225083733/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1970/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1970&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1970%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1971/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1971"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101019212357/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1971/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2010. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1971&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1971%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-n1972-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-n1972_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-n1972_72-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1972/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1972"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081011142815/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1972/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1972&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1972%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1973/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1973"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081024050944/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1973/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1973&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1973%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1974/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1974"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080803104135/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1974/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1974&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1974%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-n1975-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-n1975_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-n1975_75-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1975/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1975"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081225060353/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1975/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1975&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1975%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1976/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1976"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081225083422/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1976/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1976&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1976%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1977/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1977"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081024050951/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1977/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1977&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1977%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1978/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1978"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081212175543/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1978/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1978&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1978%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1979/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1979"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081225060403/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1979/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1979&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1979%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-n1980-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-n1980_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-n1980_80-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1980/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1980"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081026132035/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1980/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1980&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1980%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1981/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1981"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081221120050/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1981/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1981&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1981%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1982/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1982"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081225083433/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1982/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1982&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1982%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1983/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1983"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081013203118/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1983/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1983&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1983%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1984/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1984"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081225083741/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1984/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1984&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1984%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1985/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1985"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081225083444/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1985/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1985&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1985%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1986/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1986"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081021033833/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1986/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1986&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1986%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1987/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1987"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081225060630/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1987/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1987&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1987%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1988/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1988"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081225083746/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1988/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1988&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1988%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1989/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1989"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080928214853/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1989/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1989&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1989%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1990/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1990"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081028215130/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1990/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1990&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1990%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1991/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1991"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080817141436/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1991/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1991&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1991%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1992/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1992"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718011422/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1992/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1992&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1992%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-n1993-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-n1993_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-n1993_93-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1993/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1993"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081021033838/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1993/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1993&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1993%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1994/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1994"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080813123448/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1994/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1994&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1994%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1995/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1995"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081005075126/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1995/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1995&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1995%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1996/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1996"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011035122/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1996/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1996&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1996%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-n1997-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-n1997_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-n1997_97-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1997/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1997"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081021222630/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1997/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1997&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1997%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-n1998-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-n1998_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-n1998_98-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1998/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1998"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081026023225/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1998/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1998&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1998%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1999/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1999"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081008033958/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1999/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1999&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1999%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2000/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2000"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080920053801/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2000/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+2000&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F2000%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry_2001-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry_2001_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry_2001_101-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2001/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2001"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081219165945/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2001/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+2001&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F2001%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-n2002-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-n2002_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-n2002_102-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2002/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2002"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081102192017/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2002/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+2002&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F2002%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-n2003-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-n2003_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-n2003_103-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2003/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2003"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080929075139/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2003/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+2003&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F2003%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2004/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2004"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081019180737/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2004/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+2004&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F2004%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2005/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2005"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081021033858/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2005/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+2005&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F2005%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2006/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2006"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081017150038/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2006/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+2006&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F2006%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2007/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2007"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081016023555/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2007/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+2007&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F2007%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> As of 26 October 2008, the nobelprize.org website page for the 2008 award gives Shimomura's country as "USA". However, the press release from the Nobel Foundation on 8 October 2008, announcing the award, states that Shimomura is a Japanese citizen. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2008/press.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2008–Press Release"</a>. Nobel Foundation. 8 October 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081009174913/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2008/press.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2008. Retrieved 8 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+2008%E2%80%93Press+Release&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft.date=2008-10-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F2008%2Fpress.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2008/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2008"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081009163219/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2008/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2008. Retrieved 8 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+2008&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F2008%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2009/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2009"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091010063812/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2009/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2009. Retrieved 7 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+2009&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F2009%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2010/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2010"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101009011754/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2010/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2010. Retrieved 6 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+2010&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F2010%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2011/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2011"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111007112614/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2011/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2011. Retrieved 5 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+2011&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F2011%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-2012-113"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-2012_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2012/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2012"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121013000137/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2012/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2012. Retrieved 13 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+2012&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F2012%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2013/">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2013"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170831014703/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2013/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2017. Retrieved 9 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+2013&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F2013%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/israeli-prof-arieh-warshel-shares-2013-nobel-prize-in-chemistry/">"3 Jewish professors -- two of them Israeli -- share 2013 Nobel Prize in chemistry | The Times of Israel"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_Israel" title="The Times of Israel">The Times of Israel</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170713124343/http://www.timesofisrael.com/israeli-prof-arieh-warshel-shares-2013-nobel-prize-in-chemistry/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2017. Retrieved 9 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=3+Jewish+professors+--+two+of+them+Israeli+--+share+2013+Nobel+Prize+in+chemistry+%7C+The+Times+of+Israel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fisraeli-prof-arieh-warshel-shares-2013-nobel-prize-in-chemistry%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-29536525">"Microscope work wins Nobel Prize"</a>. BBC. 8 October 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180719074030/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-29536525">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Microscope+work+wins+Nobel+Prize&rft.date=2014-10-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-29536525&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digi24.ro/Stiri/Digi24/Actualitate/Stiinta+si+Mediu/EXCLUSIV+Stefan+Hell+laureat+al+premiului+Nobel+Educatia+primita">"Erviu Exclusiv Digi24. Stefan Hell, laureat al premiului Nobel: Educaţia primită în România m-a ajutat mult. Mi-a ușurat viața"</a> (in Romanian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307153232/http://www.digi24.ro/Stiri/Digi24/Actualitate/Stiinta+si+Mediu/EXCLUSIV+Stefan+Hell+laureat+al+premiului+Nobel+Educatia+primita">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2016. 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Retrieved 4 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+2017&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F2017%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Chemistry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Frank, Joachim (2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://franklab.cpmc.columbia.edu/franklab/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Joachim-Frank-Long-CV-Sep-2016_complete1.pdf">Curriculum Vitae</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171009143354/http://franklab.cpmc.columbia.edu/franklab/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Joachim-Frank-Long-CV-Sep-2016_complete1.pdf">Archived</a> 9 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 4 October 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Press Release: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.nobelprize.org/che-press.pdf?_ga=2.67876817.1135025470.1538548911-1481862404.1538548911">The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2018</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181003142015/https://old.nobelprize.org/che-press.pdf?_ga=2.67876817.1135025470.1538548911-1481862404.1538548911">Archived</a> 3 October 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2019/press-release/">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2019"</a>. 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class="mw-selflink selflink">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1901: <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Henricus_van_%27t_Hoff" title="Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff">Jacobus van 't Hoff</a></li> <li>1902: <a href="/wiki/Emil_Fischer" title="Emil Fischer">Emil Fischer</a></li> <li>1903: <a href="/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius">Svante Arrhenius</a></li> <li>1904: <a href="/wiki/William_Ramsay" title="William Ramsay">William Ramsay</a></li> <li>1905: <a href="/wiki/Adolf_von_Baeyer" title="Adolf von Baeyer">Adolf von Baeyer</a></li> <li>1906: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Moissan" title="Henri Moissan">Henri Moissan</a></li> <li>1907: <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Buchner" title="Eduard Buchner">Eduard Buchner</a></li> <li>1908: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a></li> <li>1909: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald">Wilhelm Ostwald</a></li> <li>1910: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Wallach" title="Otto Wallach">Otto Wallach</a></li> <li>1911: <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a></li> <li>1912: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Grignard" title="Victor Grignard">Victor Grignard</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Sabatier_(chemist)" title="Paul Sabatier (chemist)">Paul Sabatier</a></li> <li>1913: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Werner" title="Alfred Werner">Alfred Werner</a></li> <li>1914: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_William_Richards" title="Theodore William Richards">Theodore Richards</a></li> <li>1915: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Willst%C3%A4tter" title="Richard Willstätter">Richard Willstätter</a></li> <li>1916</li> <li>1917</li> <li>1918: <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber">Fritz Haber</a></li> <li>1919</li> <li>1920: <a href="/wiki/Walther_Nernst" title="Walther Nernst">Walther Nernst</a></li> <li>1921: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Soddy" title="Frederick Soddy">Frederick Soddy</a></li> <li>1922: <a href="/wiki/Francis_William_Aston" title="Francis William Aston">Francis Aston</a></li> <li>1923: <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Pregl" title="Fritz Pregl">Fritz Pregl</a></li> <li>1924</li> <li>1925: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Adolf_Zsigmondy" title="Richard Adolf Zsigmondy">Richard Zsigmondy</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1926: <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Svedberg" title="Theodor Svedberg">Theodor Svedberg</a></li> <li>1927: <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Otto_Wieland" title="Heinrich Otto Wieland">Heinrich Wieland</a></li> <li>1928: <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Windaus" title="Adolf Windaus">Adolf Windaus</a></li> <li>1929: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Harden" title="Arthur Harden">Arthur Harden</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hans_von_Euler-Chelpin" title="Hans von Euler-Chelpin">Hans von Euler-Chelpin</a></li> <li>1930: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Fischer" title="Hans Fischer">Hans Fischer</a></li> <li>1931: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Bosch" title="Carl Bosch">Carl Bosch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Bergius" title="Friedrich Bergius">Friedrich Bergius</a></li> <li>1932: <a href="/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir">Irving Langmuir</a></li> <li>1933</li> <li>1934: <a href="/wiki/Harold_Urey" title="Harold Urey">Harold Urey</a></li> <li>1935: <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Joliot-Curie" title="Frédéric Joliot-Curie">Frédéric Joliot-Curie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Joliot-Curie" title="Irène Joliot-Curie">Irène Joliot-Curie</a></li> <li>1936: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Debye" title="Peter Debye">Peter Debye</a></li> <li>1937: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Haworth" title="Norman Haworth">Norman Haworth</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Karrer" title="Paul Karrer">Paul Karrer</a></li> <li>1938: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Kuhn" title="Richard Kuhn">Richard Kuhn</a></li> <li>1939: <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Butenandt" title="Adolf Butenandt">Adolf Butenandt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Ru%C5%BEi%C4%8Dka" title="Leopold Ružička">Leopold Ružička</a></li> <li>1940</li> <li>1941</li> <li>1942</li> <li>1943: <a href="/wiki/George_de_Hevesy" title="George de Hevesy">George de Hevesy</a></li> <li>1944: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn" title="Otto Hahn">Otto Hahn</a></li> <li>1945: <a href="/wiki/Artturi_Ilmari_Virtanen" title="Artturi Ilmari Virtanen">Artturi Virtanen</a></li> <li>1946: <a href="/wiki/James_B._Sumner" title="James B. Sumner">James B. Sumner</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Howard_Northrop" title="John Howard Northrop">John Northrop</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Meredith_Stanley" title="Wendell Meredith Stanley">Wendell Meredith Stanley</a></li> <li>1947: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Robinson_(chemist)" title="Robert Robinson (chemist)">Robert Robinson</a></li> <li>1948: <a href="/wiki/Arne_Tiselius" title="Arne Tiselius">Arne Tiselius</a></li> <li>1949: <a href="/wiki/William_Giauque" title="William Giauque">William Giauque</a></li> <li>1950: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Diels" title="Otto Diels">Otto Diels</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Alder" title="Kurt Alder">Kurt Alder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1951: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_McMillan" title="Edwin McMillan">Edwin McMillan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn T. Seaborg</a></li> <li>1952: <a href="/wiki/Archer_Martin" title="Archer Martin">Archer Martin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Laurence_Millington_Synge" title="Richard Laurence Millington Synge">Richard Synge</a></li> <li>1953: <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Staudinger" title="Hermann Staudinger">Hermann Staudinger</a></li> <li>1954: <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a></li> <li>1955: <a href="/wiki/Vincent_du_Vigneaud" title="Vincent du Vigneaud">Vincent du Vigneaud</a></li> <li>1956: <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Norman_Hinshelwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyril Norman Hinshelwood">Cyril Hinshelwood</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Semyonov" title="Nikolay Semyonov">Nikolay Semyonov</a></li> <li>1957: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_R._Todd" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander R. Todd">Alexander Todd</a></li> <li>1958: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger">Frederick Sanger</a></li> <li>1959: <a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Heyrovsk%C3%BD" title="Jaroslav Heyrovský">Jaroslav Heyrovský</a></li> <li>1960: <a href="/wiki/Willard_Libby" title="Willard Libby">Willard Libby</a></li> <li>1961: <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Calvin" title="Melvin Calvin">Melvin Calvin</a></li> <li>1962: <a href="/wiki/Max_Perutz" title="Max Perutz">Max Perutz</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Kendrew" title="John Kendrew">John Kendrew</a></li> <li>1963: <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ziegler" title="Karl Ziegler">Karl Ziegler</a> / <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Natta" title="Giulio Natta">Giulio Natta</a></li> <li>1964: <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Hodgkin" title="Dorothy Hodgkin">Dorothy Hodgkin</a></li> <li>1965: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns_Woodward" title="Robert Burns Woodward">Robert Woodward</a></li> <li>1966: <a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Mulliken" title="Robert S. Mulliken">Robert S. Mulliken</a></li> <li>1967: <a href="/wiki/Manfred_Eigen" title="Manfred Eigen">Manfred Eigen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ronald_George_Wreyford_Norrish" title="Ronald George Wreyford Norrish">Ronald Norrish</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Porter" title="George Porter">George Porter</a></li> <li>1968: <a href="/wiki/Lars_Onsager" title="Lars Onsager">Lars Onsager</a></li> <li>1969: <a href="/wiki/Derek_Barton" title="Derek Barton">Derek Barton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Odd_Hassel" title="Odd Hassel">Odd Hassel</a></li> <li>1970: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Federico_Leloir" title="Luis Federico Leloir">Luis Federico Leloir</a></li> <li>1971: <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Herzberg" title="Gerhard Herzberg">Gerhard Herzberg</a></li> <li>1972: <a href="/wiki/Christian_B._Anfinsen" title="Christian B. Anfinsen">Christian B. Anfinsen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Moore" title="Stanford Moore">Stanford Moore</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Stein" title="William Howard Stein">William Stein</a></li> <li>1973: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Otto_Fischer" title="Ernst Otto Fischer">Ernst Otto Fischer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Wilkinson" title="Geoffrey Wilkinson">Geoffrey Wilkinson</a></li> <li>1974: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Flory" title="Paul Flory">Paul Flory</a></li> <li>1975: <a href="/wiki/John_Cornforth" title="John Cornforth">John Cornforth</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Prelog" title="Vladimir Prelog">Vladimir Prelog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1976: <a href="/wiki/William_Lipscomb" title="William Lipscomb">William Lipscomb</a></li> <li>1977: <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Prigogine" title="Ilya Prigogine">Ilya Prigogine</a></li> <li>1978: <a href="/wiki/Peter_D._Mitchell" title="Peter D. Mitchell">Peter D. Mitchell</a></li> <li>1979: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_C._Brown" title="Herbert C. Brown">Herbert C. Brown</a> / <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wittig" title="Georg Wittig">Georg Wittig</a></li> <li>1980: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Berg" title="Paul Berg">Paul Berg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walter_Gilbert" title="Walter Gilbert">Walter Gilbert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger">Frederick Sanger</a></li> <li>1981: <a href="/wiki/Kenichi_Fukui" title="Kenichi Fukui">Kenichi Fukui</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roald_Hoffmann" title="Roald Hoffmann">Roald Hoffmann</a></li> <li>1982: <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Klug" title="Aaron Klug">Aaron Klug</a></li> <li>1983: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Taube" title="Henry Taube">Henry Taube</a></li> <li>1984: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bruce_Merrifield" title="Robert Bruce Merrifield">Robert Merrifield</a></li> <li>1985: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Hauptman" title="Herbert A. Hauptman">Herbert A. Hauptman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Karle" title="Jerome Karle">Jerome Karle</a></li> <li>1986: <a href="/wiki/Dudley_R._Herschbach" title="Dudley R. Herschbach">Dudley R. Herschbach</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yuan_T._Lee" title="Yuan T. Lee">Yuan T. Lee</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Polanyi" title="John Polanyi">John Polanyi</a></li> <li>1987: <a href="/wiki/Donald_J._Cram" title="Donald J. Cram">Donald J. Cram</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Lehn" title="Jean-Marie Lehn">Jean-Marie Lehn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Pedersen" title="Charles J. Pedersen">Charles J. Pedersen</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/Johann_Deisenhofer" title="Johann Deisenhofer">Johann Deisenhofer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Huber" title="Robert Huber">Robert Huber</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hartmut_Michel" title="Hartmut Michel">Hartmut Michel</a></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Altman" title="Sidney Altman">Sidney Altman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cech" title="Thomas Cech">Thomas Cech</a></li> <li>1990: <a href="/wiki/Elias_James_Corey" title="Elias James Corey">Elias Corey</a></li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/Richard_R._Ernst" title="Richard R. Ernst">Richard R. Ernst</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_A._Marcus" title="Rudolph A. Marcus">Rudolph A. Marcus</a></li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/Kary_Mullis" title="Kary Mullis">Kary Mullis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Smith_(chemist)" title="Michael Smith (chemist)">Michael Smith</a></li> <li>1994: <a href="/wiki/George_Andrew_Olah" title="George Andrew Olah">George Olah</a></li> <li>1995: <a href="/wiki/Paul_J._Crutzen" title="Paul J. Crutzen">Paul J. Crutzen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mario_Molina" title="Mario Molina">Mario Molina</a> / <a href="/wiki/F._Sherwood_Rowland" title="F. Sherwood Rowland">F. Sherwood Rowland</a></li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Curl" title="Robert Curl">Robert Curl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Harry_Kroto" title="Harry Kroto">Harold Kroto</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley">Richard Smalley</a></li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/Paul_D._Boyer" title="Paul D. Boyer">Paul D. Boyer</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_E._Walker" title="John E. Walker">John E. Walker</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jens_Christian_Skou" title="Jens Christian Skou">Jens Christian Skou</a></li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Kohn" title="Walter Kohn">Walter Kohn</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Pople" title="John Pople">John Pople</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Zewail" title="Ahmed Zewail">Ahmed Zewail</a></li> <li>2000: <a href="/wiki/Alan_J._Heeger" title="Alan J. Heeger">Alan J. Heeger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alan_MacDiarmid" title="Alan MacDiarmid">Alan MacDiarmid</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Shirakawa" title="Hideki Shirakawa">Hideki Shirakawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2001: <a href="/wiki/William_Standish_Knowles" title="William Standish Knowles">William Knowles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%8Dji_Noyori" title="Ryōji Noyori">Ryoji Noyori</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Barry_Sharpless" title="Karl Barry Sharpless">K. Barry Sharpless</a></li> <li>2002: <a href="/wiki/John_B._Fenn" title="John B. Fenn">John B. Fenn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Koichi_Tanaka" title="Koichi Tanaka">Koichi Tanaka</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kurt_W%C3%BCthrich" title="Kurt Wüthrich">Kurt Wüthrich</a></li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Agre" title="Peter Agre">Peter Agre</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roderick_MacKinnon" title="Roderick MacKinnon">Roderick MacKinnon</a></li> <li>2004: <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Ciechanover" title="Aaron Ciechanover">Aaron Ciechanover</a> / <a href="/wiki/Avram_Hershko" title="Avram Hershko">Avram Hershko</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irwin_Rose" title="Irwin Rose">Irwin Rose</a></li> <li>2005: <a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Grubbs" title="Robert H. Grubbs">Robert H. Grubbs</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_R._Schrock" title="Richard R. Schrock">Richard R. Schrock</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yves_Chauvin" title="Yves Chauvin">Yves Chauvin</a></li> <li>2006: <a href="/wiki/Roger_D._Kornberg" title="Roger D. Kornberg">Roger D. Kornberg</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Ertl" title="Gerhard Ertl">Gerhard Ertl</a></li> <li>2008: <a href="/wiki/Osamu_Shimomura" title="Osamu Shimomura">Osamu Shimomura</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martin_Chalfie" title="Martin Chalfie">Martin Chalfie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roger_Y._Tsien" title="Roger Y. Tsien">Roger Y. Tsien</a></li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/Venki_Ramakrishnan" title="Venki Ramakrishnan">Venkatraman Ramakrishnan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Steitz" title="Thomas A. Steitz">Thomas A. Steitz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ada_Yonath" title="Ada Yonath">Ada E. Yonath</a></li> <li>2010: <a href="/wiki/Richard_F._Heck" title="Richard F. Heck">Richard F. Heck</a> / <a href="/wiki/Akira_Suzuki" title="Akira Suzuki">Akira Suzuki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ei-ichi_Negishi" title="Ei-ichi Negishi">Ei-ichi Negishi</a></li> <li>2011: <a href="/wiki/Dan_Shechtman" title="Dan Shechtman">Dan Shechtman</a></li> <li>2012: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lefkowitz" title="Robert Lefkowitz">Robert Lefkowitz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Kobilka" title="Brian Kobilka">Brian Kobilka</a></li> <li>2013: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Karplus" title="Martin Karplus">Martin Karplus</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Levitt_(biophysicist)" title="Michael Levitt (biophysicist)">Michael Levitt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arieh_Warshel" title="Arieh Warshel">Arieh Warshel</a></li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Betzig" title="Eric Betzig">Eric Betzig</a> / <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Hell" title="Stefan Hell">Stefan Hell</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_E._Moerner" title="William E. Moerner">William E. Moerner</a></li> <li>2015: <a href="/wiki/Tomas_Lindahl" title="Tomas Lindahl">Tomas Lindahl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_L._Modrich" title="Paul L. Modrich">Paul L. Modrich</a> / <a href="/wiki/Aziz_Sancar" title="Aziz Sancar">Aziz Sancar</a></li> <li>2016: <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Sauvage" title="Jean-Pierre Sauvage">Jean-Pierre Sauvage</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fraser_Stoddart" title="Fraser Stoddart">Fraser Stoddart</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Feringa" title="Ben Feringa">Ben Feringa</a></li> <li>2017: <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Dubochet" title="Jacques Dubochet">Jacques Dubochet</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Frank" title="Joachim Frank">Joachim Frank</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Henderson_(biologist)" title="Richard Henderson (biologist)">Richard Henderson</a></li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/Frances_Arnold" title="Frances Arnold">Frances Arnold</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Winter" title="Gregory Winter">Gregory Winter</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Smith_(chemist)" title="George Smith (chemist)">George Smith</a></li> <li>2019: <a href="/wiki/John_B._Goodenough" title="John B. Goodenough">John B. Goodenough</a> / <a href="/wiki/M._Stanley_Whittingham" title="M. Stanley Whittingham">M. Stanley Whittingham</a> / <a href="/wiki/Akira_Yoshino" title="Akira Yoshino">Akira Yoshino</a></li> <li>2020: <a href="/wiki/Emmanuelle_Charpentier" title="Emmanuelle Charpentier">Emmanuelle Charpentier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Doudna" title="Jennifer Doudna">Jennifer Doudna</a></li> <li>2021: <a href="/wiki/David_MacMillan" title="David MacMillan">David MacMillan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_List" title="Benjamin List">Benjamin List</a></li> <li>2022: <a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Bertozzi" title="Carolyn Bertozzi">Carolyn R. Bertozzi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Morten_P._Meldal" title="Morten P. Meldal">Morten P. Meldal</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Barry_Sharpless" title="Karl Barry Sharpless">Karl Barry Sharpless</a></li> <li>2023: <a href="/wiki/Moungi_Bawendi" title="Moungi Bawendi">Moungi G. Bawendi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_E._Brus" title="Louis E. Brus">Louis E. Brus</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alexey_Ekimov" title="Alexey Ekimov">Alexei I. Ekimov</a></li> <li>2024: <a href="/wiki/David_Baker_(biochemist)" title="David Baker (biochemist)">David Baker</a> / <a href="/wiki/Demis_Hassabis" title="Demis Hassabis">Demis Hassabis</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_M._Jumper" title="John M. Jumper">John M. Jumper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nobel_Prizes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobel_Prizes" title="Template:Nobel Prizes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Prizes" title="Template talk:Nobel 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href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Economics</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Nobel_Prize.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/100px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/150px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/200px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Laureates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>by occupation <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_and_government_Nobel_laureates" title="List of heads of state and government Nobel laureates">Heads of state and government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">by year</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="by_subject" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">by subject</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_laureates_in_Economic_Sciences" title="List of Nobel Memorial Prize laureates in Economic Sciences">Economics</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Literature" title="List of Nobel laureates in Literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates" title="List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physics" title="List of Nobel laureates in Physics">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">by population group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bengali_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Bengali Nobel laureates">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_black_Nobel_laureates" title="List of black Nobel laureates">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Christian Nobel laureates">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_Nobel_laureates" title="List of female Nobel laureates">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Jewish Nobel laureates">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin_American_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Latin American Nobel laureates">Latin American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Muslim Nobel laureates">Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nonreligious_Nobel_laureates" title="List of nonreligious Nobel laureates">Non-religious</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">by continent and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_by_country" title="List of Nobel laureates by country">nationality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_Nobel_laureates" title="List of African Nobel laureates">African</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of Egyptian Nobel laureates and nominees">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_African_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of South African Nobel laureates and nominees">South African</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Asian Nobel laureates">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Chinese Nobel laureates">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Filipino_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of Filipino Nobel laureates and nominees">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Indian Nobel laureates">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Israeli_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Israeli Nobel laureates">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of Japanese Nobel laureates and nominees">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Korean_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of Korean Nobel laureates and nominees">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pakistani_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Pakistani Nobel laureates">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Vietnamese_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of Vietnamese Nobel laureates and nominees">Vietnamese</a></li></ul></li> <li>European <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Belgian_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Belgian Nobel laureates">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Danish_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Danish Nobel laureates">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_Nobel_laureates" title="List of German Nobel laureates">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of Greek Nobel laureates and nominees">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hungarian_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Hungarian Nobel laureates">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of Irish Nobel laureates and nominees">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Italian Nobel laureates">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Polish Nobel laureates">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Romanian_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of Romanian Nobel laureates and nominees">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Russian Nobel laureates">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Spanish Nobel laureates">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Swedish_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Swedish Nobel laureates">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Swiss_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Swiss Nobel laureates">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Welsh Nobel laureates">Welsh</a></li></ul></li> <li>Oceanian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Australian Nobel laureates">Australian</a></li></ul></li> <li>North American <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Nobel_laureates" title="List of American Nobel laureates">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of Mexican Nobel laureates and nominees">Mexican</a></li></ul></li> <li>South American <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Argentine_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Argentine Nobel laureates">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Brazilian_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of Brazilian Nobel laureates and nominees">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Venezuelan_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Venezuelan Nobel laureates">Venezuelan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_by_university_affiliation" title="List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation">by university</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_affiliated_with_the_City_University_of_New_York_as_alumni_or_faculty" title="List of Nobel laureates affiliated with the City University of New York as alumni or faculty">City University of New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_affiliated_with_Columbia_University_as_alumni_or_faculty" title="List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Columbia University as alumni or faculty">Columbia University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ETH_Zurich_people#Nobel_Prize_winners" title="List of ETH Zurich people">ETH Zurich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Harvard_University_people#Nobel_laureates" title="List of Harvard University people">Harvard University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_affiliated_with_Princeton_University_as_alumni_or_faculty" title="List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Princeton University as alumni or faculty">Princeton University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_affiliated_with_Washington_University_in_St._Louis_as_alumni_or_faculty" title="List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Washington University in St. Louis as alumni or faculty">Washington University in St. Louis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_priests_and_religious_awarded_the_Nobel_Prize" title="List of Catholic priests and religious awarded the Nobel Prize">Catholic priests and religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_couples_awarded_the_Nobel_Prize" title="List of couples awarded the Nobel Prize">Couples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_nominees_for_the_Nobel_Prize" title="List of female nominees for the Nobel Prize">Women</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="by_subject" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">by subject</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nominees_for_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="List of nominees for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_nominees_for_the_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of nominees for the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics (page does not exist)">Economics</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nominees_for_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="List of nominees for the Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a></li> <li>Peace <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individuals_nominated_for_the_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="List of individuals nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize">Individuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_nominated_for_the_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="List of organizations nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize">Organizations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nominees_for_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="List of nominees for the Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nominees_for_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="List of nominees for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="by_groups" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">by groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Peace <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Friends_Service_Committee_Nobel_nominees" title="List of American Friends Service Committee Nobel nominees">AFSC Nobel nominees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRIO_Director%27s_Shortlist" title="PRIO Director's Shortlist">PRIO Director's Shortlist</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">by <a href="/wiki/Clarivate_Citation_Laureates" title="Clarivate Citation Laureates">Clarivate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_Clarivate_Citation_laureates" title="List of female Clarivate Citation laureates">Female</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Clarivate_Citation_laureates_in_Chemistry" title="List of Clarivate Citation laureates in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Clarivate_Citation_laureates_in_Economic_Sciences" title="List of Clarivate Citation laureates in Economic Sciences">Economics</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Clarivate_Citation_laureates_in_Physics" title="List of Clarivate Citation laureates in Physics">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Clarivate_Citation_laureates_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="List of Clarivate Citation laureates in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Committee" title="Nobel Committee">Nobel Committees</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Committee_for_Chemistry" title="Nobel Committee for Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Sveriges_Riksbank_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences_in_Memory_of_Alfred_Nobel" title="Committee for the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel">Economics</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Committee_for_Literature" title="Nobel Committee for Literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Committee_for_Physics" title="Nobel Committee for Physics">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Committee_for_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Committee for Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Nobel_Committee" title="Norwegian Nobel Committee">Norwegian Nobel Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Assembly_at_the_Karolinska_Institute" title="Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute">Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_controversies" title="Nobel Prize controversies">Controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel">Alfred Nobel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rkborn_Manor" title="Björkborn Manor">Björkborn Manor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Laboratory" title="Nobel Laboratory">Nobel Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindau_Nobel_Laureate_Meetings" title="Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings">Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Summit_of_Nobel_Peace_Laureates" title="World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates">World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prizes_known_as_the_Nobel_or_the_highest_honors_of_a_field" title="List of prizes known as the Nobel or the highest honors of a field">Prizes known as the "Nobel" of their fields</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="hlist"><div>1 Nobel Memorial Prize (not one of the original Nobel Prizes). </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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