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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dietary_sources_of_energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Dietary sources of energy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dietary_sources_of_energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy_usage_in_the_human_body" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_usage_in_the_human_body"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Energy usage in the human body</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy_usage_in_the_human_body-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recommended_daily_intake" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recommended_daily_intake"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Recommended daily intake</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recommended_daily_intake-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutrition_labels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrition_labels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Nutrition labels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutrition_labels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " 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Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%BA%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="طاقة غذائية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طاقة غذائية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="খাদ্য শক্তি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="খাদ্য শক্তি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C_%D0%B5%D0%B6%D1%8B" title="Энергетычная каштоўнасць ежы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Энергетычная каштоўнасць ежы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE" title="भोजन ऊर्जा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="भोजन ऊर्जा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Енергийна стойност – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Енергийна стойност" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energia_dels_aliments" title="Energia dels aliments – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Energia dels aliments" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyu%C5%BEiteln%C3%A1_energie" title="Využitelná energie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Využitelná energie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fysiologisk_br%C3%A6ndv%C3%A6rdi" title="Fysiologisk brændværdi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fysiologisk brændværdi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiologischer_Brennwert" title="Physiologischer Brennwert – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Physiologischer Brennwert" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalorsus" title="Kalorsus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kalorsus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energ%C3%ADa_alimentaria" title="Energía alimentaria – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Energía alimentaria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balio_kaloriko" title="Balio kaloriko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Balio kaloriko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B1%DA%98%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="انرژی مواد خوراکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انرژی مواد خوراکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valeur_%C3%A9nerg%C3%A9tique" title="Valeur énergétique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Valeur énergétique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valor_enerx%C3%A9tico" title="Valor enerxético – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Valor enerxético" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%8C%EC%8B%9D_%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80" title="음식 에너지 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="음식 에너지" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A9%D5%A5%D6%80%D6%84%D5%AB_%D5%A7%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AF_%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AA%D5%A5%D6%84" title="Սննդամթերքի էներգետիկ արժեք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սննդամթերքի էներգետիկ արժեք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE" title="आहार ऊर्जा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आहार ऊर्जा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energi_makanan" title="Energi makanan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Energi makanan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B" title="Калориялық – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Калориялық" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenaga_makanan" title="Tenaga makanan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tenaga makanan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specifieke_energie" title="Specifieke energie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Specifieke energie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E7%9A%84%E7%86%B1%E9%87%8F" title="生理的熱量 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="生理的熱量" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braanw%C3%A4%C3%A4rs" title="Braanwäärs – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Braanwäärs" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warto%C5%9B%C4%87_energetyczna" title="Wartość energetyczna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wartość energetyczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energia_alimentar" title="Energia alimentar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Energia alimentar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Пищевая энергетическая ценность – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пищевая энергетическая ценность" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%AE%DB%86%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="وزەی خۆراکی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="وزەی خۆراکی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehrambena_energija" title="Prehrambena energija – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Prehrambena energija" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energiaravintoaine" title="Energiaravintoaine – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Energiaravintoaine" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enerhiya_ng_pagkain" title="Enerhiya ng pagkain – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Enerhiya ng pagkain" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="உணவாற்றல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உணவாற்றல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D1%97%D0%B6%D1%96" title="Калорійність їжі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Калорійність їжі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energine_arvuz" title="Energine arvuz – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Energine arvuz" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%83ng_l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_th%E1%BB%B1c_ph%E1%BA%A9m" title="Năng lượng thực phẩm – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Năng lượng thực phẩm" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%86%B1%E9%87%8F" title="食物熱量 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="食物熱量" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q186205#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical energy animals derive from food</div> <p> <b>Food energy</b> is <a href="/wiki/Chemical_energy" title="Chemical energy">chemical energy</a> that animals (including <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a>) derive from their <a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">food</a> to sustain their <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a>, including their <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscular</a> activity.<sup id="cite_ref-marsh2020_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marsh2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most animals derive most of their energy from <a href="/wiki/Aerobic_respiration" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerobic respiration">aerobic respiration</a>, namely combining the <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fats</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Protein_in_nutrition" class="mw-redirect" title="Protein in nutrition">proteins</a> with <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> from <a href="/wiki/Air" class="mw-redirect" title="Air">air</a> or dissolved in <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ross2000_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ross2000-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other smaller components of the diet, such as <a href="/wiki/Organic_acid" title="Organic acid">organic acids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyol" title="Polyol">polyols</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a> (drinking alcohol) may contribute to the energy input. Some <a href="/wiki/Diet_(nutrition)" title="Diet (nutrition)">diet</a> components that provide little or no food energy, such as <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dietary_mineral" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary mineral">minerals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">vitamins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">fiber</a>, may still be necessary to health and survival for other reasons. Some organisms have instead <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_respiration" title="Anaerobic respiration">anaerobic respiration</a>, which extracts energy from food by reactions that do not require oxygen. </p><p>The energy contents of a given mass of food is usually expressed in the <a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">metric (SI)</a> unit of energy, the <a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">joule</a> (J), and its multiple the <a href="/wiki/Kilojoule" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilojoule">kilojoule</a> (kJ); or in the traditional unit of heat energy, the <a href="/wiki/Calorie" title="Calorie">calorie</a> (cal). In nutritional contexts, the latter is often (especially in US) the "large" variant of the unit, also written "Calorie" (with symbol Cal, both with capital "C") or "kilocalorie" (kcal), and equivalent to 4184 J or 4.184 kJ.<sup id="cite_ref-FAO2003_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO2003-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, for example, fats and ethanol have the greatest amount of food energy per unit mass, 37 and 29 kJ/g (9 and 7 kcal/g), respectively. Proteins and most carbohydrates have about 17 kJ/g (4 kcal/g), though there are differences between different kinds. For example, the values for glucose, sucrose, and starch are 15.57, 16.48 and 17.48 kilojoules per gram (3.72, 3.94 and 4.18 kcal/g) respectively. The differing <a href="/wiki/Energy_density" title="Energy density">energy density</a> of foods (fat, alcohols, carbohydrates and proteins) lies mainly in their varying proportions of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Carbohydrates that are not easily absorbed, such as fibre, or <a href="/wiki/Lactose" title="Lactose">lactose</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lactose_intolerance" title="Lactose intolerance">lactose-intolerant individuals</a>, contribute less food energy. <a href="/wiki/Polyol" title="Polyol">Polyols</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Sugar_alcohol" title="Sugar alcohol">sugar alcohols</a>) and organic acids contribute 10 kJ/g (2.4 kcal/g) and 13 kJ/g (3.1 kcal/g) respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-uk_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uk-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The energy contents of a complex dish or meal can be approximated by adding the energy contents of its components. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_methods_of_measurement">History and methods of measurement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_energy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and methods of measurement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Direct_calorimetry_of_combustion">Direct calorimetry of combustion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_energy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Direct calorimetry of combustion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first determinations of the energy content of food were made by burning a dried sample in a <a href="/wiki/Calorimeter" title="Calorimeter">bomb calorimeter</a> and measuring the temperature change in the water surrounding the apparatus, a method known as direct <a href="/wiki/Calorimetry" title="Calorimetry">calorimetry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-youd2021_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-youd2021-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Atwater_system">The Atwater system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_energy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Atwater system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Atwater_system" title="Atwater system">Atwater system</a></div> <p>However, the direct calorimetric method generally overestimates the actual energy that the body can obtain from the food, because it also counts the energy contents of <a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">dietary fiber</a> and other indigestible components, and does not allow for partial absorption and/or incomplete metabolism of certain substances. For this reason, today the energy content of food is instead obtained indirectly, by using chemical analysis to determine the amount of each digestible dietary component (such as protein, carbohydrates, and fats), and adding the respective food energy contents, previously obtained by measurement of metabolic heat released by the body.<sup id="cite_ref-CANH1997_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CANH1997-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SciAm_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SciAm-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, the fibre content is excluded. This method is known as the <a href="/wiki/Modified_Atwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Modified Atwater">Modified Atwater</a> system, after <a href="/wiki/Wilbur_Atwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilbur Atwater">Wilbur Atwater</a> who pioneered these measurements in the late 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-marsh2020_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marsh2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-triv2009_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-triv2009-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The system was later improved by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Annabel_Merrill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Annabel Merrill (page does not exist)">Annabel Merrill</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernice_Watt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bernice Watt (page does not exist)">Bernice Watt</a> of the <a href="/wiki/USDA" class="mw-redirect" title="USDA">USDA</a>, who derived a system whereby specific calorie conversion factors for different foods were proposed.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dietary_sources_of_energy">Dietary sources of energy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_energy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Dietary sources of energy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The typical human <a href="/wiki/Diet_(nutrition)" title="Diet (nutrition)">diet</a> consists chiefly of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, water, ethanol, and indigestible components such as <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seeds</a>, and fibre (mostly <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a>). Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins typically comprise ninety percent of the dry weight of food.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">Ruminants</a> can extract food energy from the respiration of cellulose because of <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> in their <a href="/wiki/Rumen" title="Rumen">rumens</a> that decompose it into digestible carbohydrates. </p><p>Other minor components of the human diet that contribute to its energy content are organic acids such as <a href="/wiki/Citric_acid" title="Citric acid">citric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tartaric_acid" title="Tartaric acid">tartaric</a>, and polyols such as <a href="/wiki/Glycerol" title="Glycerol">glycerol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xylitol" title="Xylitol">xylitol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inositol" title="Inositol">inositol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sorbitol" title="Sorbitol">sorbitol</a>. </p><p>Some nutrients have regulatory roles affected by <a href="/wiki/Cell_signaling" title="Cell signaling">cell signaling</a>, in addition to providing energy for the body.<sup id="cite_ref-jeff2006_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jeff2006-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <a href="/wiki/Leucine" title="Leucine">leucine</a> plays an important role in the regulation of protein metabolism and suppresses an individual's appetite.<sup id="cite_ref-garl2005_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-garl2005-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Small amounts of <a href="/wiki/Essential_fatty_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Essential fatty acids">essential fatty acids</a>, constituents of some fats that cannot be synthesized by the human body, are used (and necessary) for other biochemical processes. </p><p>The approximate food energy contents of various human diet components, to be used in package labeling according to the EU regulations<sup id="cite_ref-EUtab1990_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EUtab1990-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and UK regulations,<sup id="cite_ref-UKSI1996_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UKSI1996-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Food component </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Specific_energy#Energy_density_of_food" title="Specific energy">Energy density</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>kJ/g </th> <th>kcal/g </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a> </td> <td align="center">37 </td> <td align="center">9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">Ethanol</a> </td> <td align="center">29 </td> <td align="center">7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Protein (nutrient)">Proteins</a> </td> <td align="center">17 </td> <td align="center">4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a> </td> <td align="center">17 </td> <td align="center">4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Organic_acid" title="Organic acid">Organic acids</a> </td> <td align="center">13 </td> <td align="center">3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Polyol" title="Polyol">Polyols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sugar_alcohol" title="Sugar alcohol">sugar alcohols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweeteners" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweeteners">sweeteners</a>) (1) </td> <td align="center">10 </td> <td align="center">2.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">Fiber</a> (2) </td> <td align="center">8 </td> <td align="center">2 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>(1) Some polyols, like <a href="/wiki/Erythritol" title="Erythritol">erythritol</a>, are not digested and should be excluded from the count. </p><p>(2) This entry exists in the EU regulations of 2008,<sup id="cite_ref-EUtab1990_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EUtab1990-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but not in the UK regulations, according to which fibre shall not be counted.<sup id="cite_ref-UKSI1996_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UKSI1996-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More detailed tables for specific foods have been published by many organizations, such as the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization">United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization</a> also has published a similar table.<sup id="cite_ref-FAO2003_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO2003-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other components of the human diet are either noncaloric, or are usually consumed in such small amounts that they can be neglected. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Energy_usage_in_the_human_body">Energy usage in the human body</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_energy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Energy usage in the human body"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Bioenergetics" title="Bioenergetics">Bioenergetics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Energy_balance_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy balance (biology)">Energy balance (biology)</a></div> <p>The food energy actually obtained by respiration is used by the human body for a wide range of purposes, including <a href="/wiki/Basal_metabolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Basal metabolism">basal metabolism</a> of various organs and tissues, maintaining the internal <a href="/wiki/Body_temperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Body temperature">body temperature</a>, and exerting <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscular</a> force to maintain posture and produce motion. About 20% is used for brain metabolism.<sup id="cite_ref-FAO2003_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO2003-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The conversion efficiency of energy from respiration into muscular (physical) <a href="/wiki/Power_(physics)" title="Power (physics)">power</a> depends on the type of food and on the type of physical energy usage (e.g., which muscles are used, whether the muscle is used <a href="/wiki/Aerobic_exercise" title="Aerobic exercise">aerobically</a> or <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_exercise" title="Anaerobic exercise">anaerobically</a>). In general, the efficiency of muscles is rather low: only 18 to 26% of the energy available from respiration is converted into mechanical energy.<sup id="cite_ref-seiler_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seiler-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This low efficiency is the result of about 40% efficiency of generating <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a> from the respiration of food, losses in converting energy from ATP into mechanical work inside the muscle, and mechanical losses inside the body. The latter two losses are dependent on the type of exercise and the type of muscle fibers being used (fast-twitch or slow-twitch). For an overall efficiency of 20%, one watt of mechanical power is equivalent to 18 kJ/h (4.3 kcal/h). For example, a manufacturer of rowing equipment shows calories released from "burning" food as four times the actual mechanical work, plus 1,300 kJ (300 kcal) per hour,<sup id="cite_ref-concept2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-concept2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which amounts to about 20% efficiency at 250 watts of mechanical output. It can take up to 20 hours of little physical output (e.g., walking) to "burn off" 17,000 kJ (4,000 kcal)<sup id="cite_ref-guyt2006_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guyt2006-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> more than a body would otherwise consume. For reference, each kilogram of body fat is roughly equivalent to 32,300 kilojoules of food energy (i.e., 3,500 kilocalories per pound or 7,700 kilocalories per kilogram).<sup id="cite_ref-wish1958_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wish1958-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recommended_daily_intake">Recommended daily intake</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_energy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Recommended daily intake"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many countries and health organizations have published recommendations for healthy levels of daily intake of food energy. For example, the United States government estimates 8,400 and 10,900 kJ (2,000 and 2,600 kcal) needed for women and men, respectively, between ages 26 and 45, whose total physical activity is equivalent to walking around <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>2.5 to 5 km (<span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> to 3 mi) per day in addition to the activities of sedentary living. These estimates are for a "reference woman" who is 1.63 m (5 ft 4 in) tall and weighs 57 kg (126 lb) and a "reference man" who is 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) tall and weighs 70 kg (154 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-NIHrdi8_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIHrdi8-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because caloric requirements vary by height, activity, age, pregnancy status, and other factors, the USDA created the DRI Calculator for Healthcare Professionals in order to determine individual caloric needs.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, the average minimum energy requirement per person per day is about 7,500 kJ (1,800 kcal).<sup id="cite_ref-FAO2014_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO2014-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the U.S. has changed over time with a growth in population and processed foods or food in general, Americans today have available roughly the same level of calories as the older generation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK235023/">[1]</a> </p><p>Older people and those with <a href="/wiki/Sedentary_lifestyle" title="Sedentary lifestyle">sedentary lifestyles</a> require less energy; children and physically active people require more. Recognizing these factors, Australia's <a href="/wiki/National_Health_and_Medical_Research_Council" title="National Health and Medical Research Council">National Health and Medical Research Council</a> recommends different daily energy intakes for each age and gender group.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notwithstanding, nutrition labels on Australian food products typically recommend the average daily energy intake of 8,800 kJ (2,100 kcal). </p><p>The minimum food energy intake is also higher in cold environments. Increased mental activity has been linked with moderately increased <a href="/wiki/Brain#Metabolism" title="Brain">brain energy consumption</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lars1995_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lars1995-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nutrition_labels">Nutrition labels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_energy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Nutrition labels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nutrition-label.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Nutrition-label.jpg/220px-Nutrition-label.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="420" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Nutrition-label.jpg/330px-Nutrition-label.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Nutrition-label.jpg/440px-Nutrition-label.jpg 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The nutritional information label on a pack of <a href="/wiki/Basmati_rice" class="mw-redirect" title="Basmati rice">Basmati rice</a> in the United Kingdom</figcaption></figure> <p>Many governments <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_labelling" title="Mandatory labelling">require food manufacturers to label</a> the energy content of their products, to help consumers control their energy intake. To facilitate evaluation by consumers, food energy values (and other nutritional properties) in package labels or tables are often quoted for convenient amounts of the food, rather than per gram or kilogram; such as in "calories per serving" or "kcal per 100 g", or "kJ per package". The units vary depending on country: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country</th> <th>Mandatory unit (symbol)</th> <th>Second unit (symbol)</th> <th>Common usage </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td>Calorie (Cal)<sup id="cite_ref-CFR101_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CFR101-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>kilojoule (kJ), optional<sup id="cite_ref-CFR101_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CFR101-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>calorie (cal)<sup id="cite_ref-FDA2019_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDA2019-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td> <td>Calorie (Cal) <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td> <td>kilojoule (kJ), optional <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td> <td>calorie (cal) <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></td> <td>kilojoule (kJ)<sup id="cite_ref-AUNZstd_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AUNZstd-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-QLDH2017_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QLDH2017-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>kilocalorie (kcal), optional<sup id="cite_ref-AUNZstd_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AUNZstd-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-QLDH2017_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QLDH2017-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>AU: kilocalorie (kcal) <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td> <td>kJ<sup id="cite_ref-UKSI1996_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UKSI1996-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>kcal, mandatory<sup id="cite_ref-UKSI1996_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UKSI1996-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></td> <td>kilojoule (kJ)<sup id="cite_ref-EU2011_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EU2011-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>kilocalorie (kcal), mandatory<sup id="cite_ref-EU2011_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EU2011-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></td> <td>caloria or quilocaloria (kcal)<sup id="cite_ref-BRIN2020_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BRIN2020-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td>caloria </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_energy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atwater_system" title="Atwater system">Atwater system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basal_metabolic_rate" title="Basal metabolic rate">Basal metabolic rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calorie" title="Calorie">Calorie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_energy" title="Chemical energy">Chemical energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_chain" title="Food chain">Food chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_composition" class="mw-redirect" title="Food composition">Food composition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_of_combustion#Heating_value" title="Heat of combustion">Heat of combustion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrition_facts_label" title="Nutrition facts label">Nutrition facts label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satiety_value" title="Satiety value">Satiety value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_food_nutrients" title="Table of food nutrients">Table of food nutrients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_food_energy_intake" title="List of countries by food energy intake">List of countries by food energy intake</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_energy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-marsh2020-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-marsh2020_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-marsh2020_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Allison Marsh (2020): "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/how-counting-calories-became-a-science">How Counting Calories Became a Science: Calorimeters defined the nutritional value of food and the output of steam generators</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220121000718/https://spectrum.ieee.org/how-counting-calories-became-a-science">Archived</a> 2022-01-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" Online article on the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org">IEEE Spectrum</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220120232140/https://spectrum.ieee.org/">Archived</a> 2022-01-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> website, dated 29 December 2020. Accessed on 2022-01-20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ross2000-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ross2000_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ross, K. A. (2000c) Energy and fuel, in Littledyke M., Ross K. A. and Lakin E. (eds), Science Knowledge and the Environment. London: David Fulton Publishers.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FAO2003-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FAO2003_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAO2003_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAO2003_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (2003): "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/Y5022E/y5022e04.htm">FAO Food and Nutrition Paper 77: Food energy - methods of analysis and conversion factors</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100524003622/http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/006/Y5022E/y5022e04.htm">Archived</a> 2010-05-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Accessed on 21 January 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uk-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-uk_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1996/1499/schedule/7/made">"Schedule 7: Nutrition labelling"</a>. <i>Legislation.gov.uk</i>. The National Archives. 1 July 1996<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Legislation.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Schedule+7%3A+Nutrition+labelling&rft.date=1996-07-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fuksi%2F1996%2F1499%2Fschedule%2F7%2Fmade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+energy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-youd2021-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-youd2021_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adrienne Youdim (2021): "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/disorders_of_nutrition/overview_of_nutrition/calories.html">Calories</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130804173559/http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/disorders_of_nutrition/overview_of_nutrition/calories.html">Archived</a> 2013-08-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Queensland+Health&rft.atitle=What%27s+the+difference+between+a+calorie+and+a+kilojoule&rft.date=2017-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.health.qld.gov.au%2Fnews-events%2Fnews%2Fcalorie-kilojoule-difference-convert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+energy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EU2011-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EU2011_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EU2011_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">European Union Parliament (2011): "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:02011R1169-20180101&from=EN">Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220111164645/https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:02011R1169-20180101&from=EN">Archived</a> 2022-01-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" Document 02011R1169-20180101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BRIN2020-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BRIN2020_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ministério da Saúde, Brazil (2020): "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/instrucao-normativa-in-n-75-de-8-de-outubro-de-2020-282071143">Instrução Normativa Nº 75 - Estabelece os requisitos técnicos para declaração da rotulagem nutricional nos alimentos embalados</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220121023715/https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/instrucao-normativa-in-n-75-de-8-de-outubro-de-2020-282071143">Archived</a> 2022-01-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", dated 2020-10-08, published on Diário Oficial da União on 2020-10-09, page 113.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_energy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/79/5/899S?ijkey=f3919ec7617632925bb12e0ffb8deeb08a678686">Is a calorie a calorie?</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nal.usda.gov/human-nutrition-and-food-safety/dri-calculator">DRI Calculator for Healthcare Professionals</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3-MCPD" title="3-MCPD">3-MCPD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldicarb" title="Aldicarb">Aldicarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antibiotic_use_in_livestock" title="Antibiotic use in livestock">Antibiotic use in livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanide" title="Cyanide">Cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">Formaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HGH_controversies" title="HGH controversies">HGH controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_poisoning" title="Lead poisoning">Lead poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melamine" title="Melamine">Melamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_in_fish" title="Mercury in fish">Mercury in fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan_I" title="Sudan I">Sudan I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Food_additive" title="Food additive">Food additives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flavoring" title="Flavoring">Flavorings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monosodium_glutamate" title="Monosodium glutamate">Monosodium glutamate (MSG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High-fructose_corn_syrup" title="High-fructose corn syrup">High-fructose corn syrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">Vegetable oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seed_oil_misinformation" title="Seed oil misinformation">controversy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Intestinal_parasite_infection" title="Intestinal parasite infection">Intestinal parasites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parasitic_disease" title="Parasitic disease">parasitic disease</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amoebiasis" title="Amoebiasis">Amoebiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anisakiasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Anisakiasis">Anisakiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptosporidiosis" title="Cryptosporidiosis">Cryptosporidiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclosporiasis" title="Cyclosporiasis">Cyclosporiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphyllobothriasis" title="Diphyllobothriasis">Diphyllobothriasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinworm_infection" title="Pinworm infection">Enterobiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasciolopsiasis" title="Fasciolopsiasis">Fasciolopsiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasciolosis" title="Fasciolosis">Fasciolosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giardiasis" title="Giardiasis">Giardiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnathostomiasis" title="Gnathostomiasis">Gnathostomiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paragonimiasis" title="Paragonimiasis">Paragonimiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxocariasis" title="Toxocariasis">Toxocariasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxoplasmosis" title="Toxoplasmosis">Toxoplasmosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichinosis" title="Trichinosis">Trichinosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichuriasis" title="Trichuriasis">Trichuriasis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">Microorganisms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botulism" title="Botulism">Botulism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Campylobacter_jejuni" title="Campylobacter jejuni">Campylobacter jejuni</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clostridium_perfringens" title="Clostridium perfringens">Clostridium perfringens</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cronobacter" title="Cronobacter">Cronobacter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Enterovirus" title="Enterovirus">Enterovirus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli_O104:H4" title="Escherichia coli O104:H4"><i>Escherichia coli</i> O104:H4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli_O157:H7" title="Escherichia coli O157:H7"><i>Escherichia coli</i> O157:H7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_A" title="Hepatitis A">Hepatitis A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_E" title="Hepatitis E">Hepatitis E</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Listeria" title="Listeria">Listeria</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norovirus" title="Norovirus">Norovirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotavirus" title="Rotavirus">Rotavirus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salmonella" title="Salmonella">Salmonella</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigatoxigenic_and_verotoxigenic_Escherichia_coli" title="Shigatoxigenic and verotoxigenic Escherichia coli">Shigatoxigenic and verotoxigenic <i>E. coli</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vibrio_cholerae" title="Vibrio cholerae">Vibrio cholerae</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">Pesticides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chlorpyrifos" title="Chlorpyrifos">Chlorpyrifos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DDT" title="DDT">DDT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindane" title="Lindane">Lindane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malathion" title="Malathion">Malathion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methamidophos" title="Methamidophos">Methamidophos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Preservative" title="Preservative">Preservatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzoic_acid" title="Benzoic acid">Benzoic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylenediaminetetraacetic_acid" title="Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid">Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_benzoate" title="Sodium benzoate">Sodium benzoate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sugar_substitute" title="Sugar substitute">Sugar substitutes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acesulfame_potassium" title="Acesulfame potassium">Acesulfame potassium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspartame" title="Aspartame">Aspartame</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspartame_controversy" title="Aspartame controversy">controversy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saccharin" title="Saccharin">Saccharin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_cyclamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium cyclamate">Sodium cyclamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbitol" title="Sorbitol">Sorbitol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sucralose" title="Sucralose">Sucralose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Toxin" title="Toxin">Toxins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poison" title="Poison">poisons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">environment pollution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aflatoxin" title="Aflatoxin">Aflatoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_contamination_of_groundwater" title="Arsenic contamination of groundwater">Arsenic contamination of groundwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzene_in_soft_drinks" title="Benzene in soft drinks">Benzene in soft drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_A" title="Bisphenol A">Bisphenol A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieldrin" title="Dieldrin">Dieldrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diethylstilbestrol" title="Diethylstilbestrol">Diethylstilbestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioxin" title="Dioxin">Dioxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycotoxin" title="Mycotoxin">Mycotoxins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonylphenol" title="Nonylphenol">Nonylphenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shellfish_poisoning" title="Shellfish poisoning">Shellfish poisoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Food_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Food fraud">Food fraud</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bread_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Bread fraud">Bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_milk_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Breast milk fraud">Breast milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg fraud">Egg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_oil_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Olive oil fraud">Olive oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prawn_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Prawn fraud">Prawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafood_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Seafood fraud">Seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrimp fraud">Shrimp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Tea fraud">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_fraud" title="Wine fraud">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Food_processing" title="Food processing">Food processing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4-Hydroxynonenal" title="4-Hydroxynonenal">4-Hydroxynonenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acid-hydrolyzed_vegetable_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein">Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrylamide" title="Acrylamide">Acrylamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_additives" title="List of food additives">Food additives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_irradiation" title="Food irradiation">Food irradiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterocyclic_amine" title="Heterocyclic amine">Heterocyclic amines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modified_starch" title="Modified starch">Modified starch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrosamine" title="Nitrosamine">Nitrosamines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbon" title="Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon">Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortening" title="Shortening">Shortening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_fat" title="Trans fat">Trans fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variant_Creutzfeldt%E2%80%93Jakob_disease" title="Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease">Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_fluoridation_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Water fluoridation controversy">Water fluoridation controversy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_contamination_incidents" title="List of food contamination incidents">Food contamination incidents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devon_colic" title="Devon colic">Devon colic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swill_milk_scandal" title="Swill milk scandal">Swill milk scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esing_Bakery_incident" title="Esing Bakery incident">Esing Bakery incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1858_Bradford_sweets_poisoning" title="1858 Bradford sweets poisoning">1858 Bradford sweets poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_English_beer_poisoning" title="1900 English beer poisoning">1900 English beer poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morinaga_Milk_arsenic_poisoning_incident" title="Morinaga Milk arsenic poisoning incident">Morinaga Milk arsenic poisoning incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minamata_disease" title="Minamata disease">Minamata disease</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1959_Moroccan_oil_poisoning_disaster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1959 Moroccan oil poisoning disaster (page does not exist)">1959 Moroccan oil poisoning disaster</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8_1959" class="extiw" title="ar:كارثة الزيوت المسمومة في المغرب 1959">ar</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Iraq_poison_grain_disaster" title="1971 Iraq poison grain disaster">1971 Iraq poison grain disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_oil_syndrome" title="Toxic oil syndrome">Toxic oil syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Austrian_diethylene_glycol_wine_scandal" title="1985 Austrian diethylene glycol wine scandal">1985 Austrian diethylene glycol wine scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_BSE_outbreak" title="United Kingdom BSE outbreak">United Kingdom BSE outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_meat_substitution_scandal" title="Australian meat substitution scandal">Australian meat substitution scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Jack_in_the_Box_E._coli_outbreak" class="mw-redirect" title="1993 Jack in the Box E. coli outbreak">Jack in the Box <i>E. coli</i> outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Odwalla_E._coli_outbreak" title="1996 Odwalla E. coli outbreak">1996 Odwalla <i>E. coli</i> outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_North_American_E._coli_O157:H7_outbreaks" title="2006 North American E. coli O157:H7 outbreaks">2006 North American <i>E. coli</i> outbreaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICA_meat_repackaging_controversy" title="ICA meat repackaging controversy">ICA meat repackaging controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Canada_listeriosis_outbreak" title="2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak">2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Chinese_milk_scandal" title="2008 Chinese milk scandal">2008 Chinese milk scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Irish_pork_crisis" title="2008 Irish pork crisis">2008 Irish pork crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_salmonellosis_outbreak" title="2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak">2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Germany_E._coli_O104:H4_outbreak" title="2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak">2011 Germany <i>E. coli</i> outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_United_States_listeriosis_outbreak" title="2011 United States listeriosis outbreak">2011 United States listeriosis outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihar_school_meal_poisoning_incident" title="Bihar school meal poisoning incident">Bihar school meal poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_horse_meat_scandal" title="2013 horse meat scandal">2013 horse meat scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique_funeral_beer_poisoning" title="Mozambique funeral beer poisoning">2015 Mozambique funeral beer poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Weak_Meat" title="Operation Weak Meat">2017 Brazil Operation Weak Meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932018_South_African_listeriosis_outbreak" title="2017–2018 South African listeriosis outbreak">2017–2018 South African listeriosis outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Australian_strawberry_contamination" title="2018 Australian strawberry contamination">2018 Australian strawberry contamination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_United_Kingdom_Shigatoxigenic_E._coli_outbreak" title="2024 United Kingdom Shigatoxigenic E. coli outbreak">2024 United Kingdom Shigatoxigenic E. coli outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobayashi_red_yeast_rice_scandal" title="Kobayashi red yeast rice scandal">Kobayashi red yeast rice scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_incidents_in_China" title="Food safety incidents in China">Food safety incidents in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_incidents_in_Taiwan" title="Food safety incidents in Taiwan">Food safety incidents in Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foodborne_illness" title="Foodborne illness">Foodborne illness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foodborne_illness_outbreaks" title="List of foodborne illness outbreaks">outbreaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foodborne_illness_outbreaks_by_death_toll" title="List of foodborne illness outbreaks by death toll">death toll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foodborne_illness_outbreaks_in_the_United_States" title="List of foodborne illness outbreaks in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">Regulation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Standards_organization" title="Standards organization">standards</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_food_safety_organisations" title="List of food safety organisations">watchdogs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acceptable_daily_intake" title="Acceptable daily intake">Acceptable daily intake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E_number" title="E number">E number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_labeling_regulations" title="List of food labeling regulations">Food labeling regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_libel_laws" title="Food libel laws">Food libel laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_in_Australia" title="Food safety in Australia">Food safety in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Food_Safety_Network" title="International Food Safety Network">International Food Safety Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22000" title="ISO 22000">ISO 22000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrition_facts_label" title="Nutrition facts label">Nutrition facts label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_certification" title="Organic certification">Organic certification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_Assurance_International" title="Quality Assurance International">Quality Assurance International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_food_information_regulations" title="United Kingdom food information regulations">United Kingdom food information regulations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_safety_organisations" title="List of food safety organisations">Institutions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Food_Safety" title="Centre for Food Safety">Centre for Food Safety</a> (Hong Kong)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Food_Safety_Authority" title="European Food Safety Authority">European Food Safety Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_Information_and_Control_Agency" title="Food Information and Control Agency">Food Information and Control Agency</a> (Spain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_Standards_Agency" title="Food Standards Agency">Food Standards Agency</a> (United Kingdom)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Food_Safety_and_Health" title="Institute for Food Safety and Health">Institute for Food Safety and Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Food_Safety_Network" title="International Food Safety Network">International Food Safety Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Food_and_Drug_Safety" title="Ministry of Food and Drug Safety">Ministry of Food and Drug Safety</a> (South Korea)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Agency_for_Food_Safety_and_Nutrition" title="Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition">Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curing_(food_preservation)" title="Curing (food preservation)">Curing (food preservation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_drink_prohibitions" title="Food and drink prohibitions">Food and drink prohibitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_marketing" title="Food marketing">Food marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_politics" title="Food politics">Food politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_preservation" title="Food preservation">Food preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_quality" title="Food quality">Food quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_food" title="Genetically modified food">Genetically modified food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy theories">Conspiracy theories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/16px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/24px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/9px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/14px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/19px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="239" data-file-height="408" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Drink" title="Portal:Drink">Drink portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Food_safety" title="Category:Food safety">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Food_safety" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Food safety">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikibooks page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook">Cookbook</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Food_and_drink" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Food and drink">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Artificial_foods152" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Artificial_foods" title="Template:Artificial foods"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Artificial_foods" title="Template talk:Artificial foods"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Artificial_foods" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Artificial foods"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Artificial_foods152" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Artificial foods</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artificial <a href="/wiki/Fat_substitute" title="Fat substitute">fat substitutes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olestra" title="Olestra">Olestra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artificial protein substitutes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid-hydrolyzed_vegetable_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein">Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artificial <a href="/wiki/Sugar_substitute" title="Sugar substitute">sugar substitutes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acesulfame_potassium" title="Acesulfame potassium">Acesulfame potassium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alitame" title="Alitame">Alitame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advantame" title="Advantame">Advantame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspartame" title="Aspartame">Aspartame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspartame-acesulfame_salt" title="Aspartame-acesulfame salt">Aspartame-acesulfame salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrelame" title="Carrelame">Carrelame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulcin" title="Dulcin">Dulcin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucin" title="Glucin">Glucin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogenated_starch_hydrolysates" title="Hydrogenated starch hydrolysates">Hydrogenated starch hydrolysates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugduname" title="Lugduname">Lugduname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neohesperidin_dihydrochalcone" title="Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone">Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neotame" title="Neotame">Neotame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saccharin" title="Saccharin">Saccharin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_cyclamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium cyclamate">Sodium cyclamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sucralose" title="Sucralose">Sucralose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Natural food substitutes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheese_analogue" title="Cheese analogue">Cheese analogues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_substitute" title="Coffee substitute">Coffee substitutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_substitutes" title="Egg substitutes">Egg substitutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_substitute" class="mw-redirect" title="Meat substitute">Meat substitutes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bacon_substitutes" title="List of bacon substitutes">bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_meat_substitutes" title="List of meat substitutes">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_substitute" title="Milk substitute">Milk substitutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllodulcin" title="Phyllodulcin">Phyllodulcin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_substitute" title="Salt substitute">Salt substitutes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tang_(drink_mix)" title="Tang (drink mix)">Tang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety" title="Food safety">Food safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_additives" title="List of food additives">List of food additives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Food_politics" title="Food politics">Food politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_power" title="Food power">Food power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">Food security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_desert" title="Food desert">Food desert</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_swamp" title="Food swamp">Food swamp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nutrition_guides" title="List of nutrition guides">List of nutrition guides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">Malnutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overnutrition" title="Overnutrition">Overnutrition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Food_Protection" title="International Association for Food Protection">International Association for Food Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Agriculture_and_Food_Research_Organization" title="National Agriculture and Food Research Organization">National Agriculture and Food Research Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Food_and_Drug_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="National Food and Drug Authority">National Food and Drug Authority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Metabolism,_catabolism,_anabolism113" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Metabolism" title="Template:Metabolism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Metabolism" title="Template talk:Metabolism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Metabolism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Metabolism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Metabolism,_catabolism,_anabolism113" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">Metabolism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catabolism" title="Catabolism">catabolism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anabolism" title="Anabolism">anabolism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metabolic_pathway" title="Metabolic pathway">Metabolic pathway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolic_network" title="Metabolic network">Metabolic network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_nutritional_groups" title="Primary nutritional groups">Primary nutritional groups</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bioenergetics" title="Bioenergetics">Energy<br /> metabolism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aerobic_respiration" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerobic respiration">Aerobic respiration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glycolysis" title="Glycolysis">Glycolysis</a> → <a href="/wiki/Pyruvate_dehydrogenase" title="Pyruvate dehydrogenase">Pyruvate decarboxylation</a> → <a href="/wiki/Citric_acid_cycle" title="Citric acid cycle">Citric acid cycle</a> → <a href="/wiki/Oxidative_phosphorylation" title="Oxidative phosphorylation">Oxidative phosphorylation</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Electron_transport_chain" title="Electron transport chain">electron transport chain</a> + <a href="/wiki/ATP_synthase" title="ATP synthase">ATP synthase</a></span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_respiration" title="Anaerobic respiration">Anaerobic respiration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Electron acceptors other than oxygen</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fermentation" title="Fermentation">Fermentation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glycolysis" title="Glycolysis">Glycolysis</a> → <a href="/wiki/Substrate-level_phosphorylation" title="Substrate-level phosphorylation">Substrate-level phosphorylation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetone%E2%80%93butanol%E2%80%93ethanol_fermentation" title="Acetone–butanol–ethanol fermentation">ABE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fermentation" title="Ethanol fermentation">Ethanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid_fermentation" title="Lactic acid fermentation">Lactic acid</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific<br /> paths</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protein_metabolism" title="Protein metabolism">Protein metabolism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protein_biosynthesis" title="Protein biosynthesis">Protein synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_catabolism" title="Protein catabolism">Catabolism</a> (protein→peptide→amino acid)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">Amino acid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amino_acid_synthesis" title="Amino acid synthesis">Amino acid synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_catabolism#Amino_acid_degradation" title="Protein catabolism">Amino acid degradation</a> (amino acid→pyruvate, acetyl CoA, or TCA intermediate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urea_cycle" title="Urea cycle">Urea cycle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_metabolism" title="Nucleic acid metabolism">Nucleotide<br /> metabolism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Purine_metabolism" title="Purine metabolism">Purine metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleotide_salvage" title="Nucleotide salvage">Nucleotide salvage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrimidine_metabolism" title="Pyrimidine metabolism">Pyrimidine metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purine_nucleotide_cycle" title="Purine nucleotide cycle">Purine nucleotide cycle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate_metabolism" title="Carbohydrate metabolism">Carbohydrate metabolism</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate_catabolism" title="Carbohydrate catabolism">carbohydrate catabolism</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Anabolism" title="Anabolism">anabolism</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Human</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glycolysis" title="Glycolysis">Glycolysis</a> ⇄ <a href="/wiki/Gluconeogenesis" title="Gluconeogenesis">Gluconeogenesis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glycogenolysis" title="Glycogenolysis">Glycogenolysis</a> ⇄ <a href="/wiki/Glycogenesis" title="Glycogenesis">Glycogenesis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentose_phosphate_pathway" title="Pentose phosphate pathway">Pentose phosphate pathway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fructolysis" title="Fructolysis">Fructolysis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polyol_pathway" title="Polyol pathway">Polyol pathway</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactolysis" title="Galactolysis">Galactolysis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leloir_pathway" title="Leloir pathway">Leloir pathway</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glycosylation" title="Glycosylation">Glycosylation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N-linked_glycosylation" title="N-linked glycosylation">N-linked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O-linked_glycosylation" title="O-linked glycosylation">O-linked</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nonhuman</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">Photosynthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anoxygenic_photosynthesis" title="Anoxygenic photosynthesis">Anoxygenic photosynthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemosynthesis" title="Chemosynthesis">Chemosynthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_fixation" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon fixation">Carbon fixation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DeLey-Doudoroff_pathway&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DeLey-Doudoroff pathway (page does not exist)">DeLey-Doudoroff pathway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entner-Doudoroff_pathway" class="mw-redirect" title="Entner-Doudoroff pathway">Entner-Doudoroff pathway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xylose_metabolism" title="Xylose metabolism">Xylose metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotrophic_fungus" title="Radiotrophic fungus">Radiotrophism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lipid_metabolism" title="Lipid metabolism">Lipid metabolism</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Lipolysis" title="Lipolysis">lipolysis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lipogenesis" title="Lipogenesis">lipogenesis</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid_metabolism" title="Fatty acid metabolism">Fatty acid metabolism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid_degradation" title="Fatty acid degradation">Fatty acid degradation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Beta_oxidation" title="Beta oxidation">Beta oxidation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid_synthesis" title="Fatty acid synthesis">Fatty acid synthesis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steroid" title="Steroid">Steroid metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphingolipid_metabolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sphingolipid metabolism">Sphingolipid metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eicosanoid_metabolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Eicosanoid metabolism">Eicosanoid metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketosis" title="Ketosis">Ketosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_cholesterol_transport" title="Reverse cholesterol transport">Reverse cholesterol transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioinorganic_chemistry" title="Bioinorganic chemistry">Metal metabolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism" title="Human iron metabolism">Iron metabolism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol_metabolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethanol metabolism">Ethanol metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphagen" title="Phosphagen">Phospagen system (ATP-PCr)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Metabolism_map18" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#E0E0E0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:MetabolismMap" title="Template:MetabolismMap"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:MetabolismMap" title="Template talk:MetabolismMap"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:MetabolismMap" title="Special:EditPage/Template:MetabolismMap"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Metabolism_map18" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">Metabolism</a> map</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="border:solid #ccc 1px;width:810px;margin: 0 auto"> <table role="presentation" cellpadding="0" style="border-spacing:0; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"> <tbody><tr> <td><div class="thumb center" style="margin: 1em auto;"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:802px;border:0px;background-color:#fff"> <div class="skin-invert-image" style="position:relative; width:800px; height:600px; overflow:hidden; border:0px; background-color:light-dark(white,#28272b);"> <div style="left:0px; top:0px; width:800px; position:absolute"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Metabolic_Metro_Map.svg" title="File:Metabolic Metro Map.svg"><img alt="Metro-style map of major metabolic pathways" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Metabolic_Metro_Map_%28no_legends%29.svg/800px-Metabolic_Metro_Map_%28no_legends%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="800" height="600" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Metabolic_Metro_Map_%28no_legends%29.svg/1200px-Metabolic_Metro_Map_%28no_legends%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Metabolic_Metro_Map_%28no_legends%29.svg/1600px-Metabolic_Metro_Map_%28no_legends%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="945" /></a></span> </div> <div style="text-align:center; font-size:8px; line-height:110%"> <div style="background-color:transparent; color:var(--color-base,#202122)"><div id="annotation_225x150" style="position:absolute; left:225px; top:150px; font-size:15px; font-size:15; line-height:17px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Carbon_fixation" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon fixation"><span style="color:#bc00bc;">Carbon<br />fixation</span></a></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_135x185" style="position:absolute; left:135px; top:185px; font-size:15px; font-size:15; line-height:17px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Photorespiration" title="Photorespiration"><span style="color:#5400a9;">Photo-<br />respiration</span></a></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_395x140" style="position:absolute; left:395px; top:140px; font-size:15px; font-size:15; line-height:17px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Pentose_phosphate_pathway" title="Pentose phosphate pathway"><span style="color:#bc00bc;">Pentose<br />phosphate<br />pathway</span></a></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_215x340" style="position:absolute; left:215px; top:340px; font-size:15px; font-size:15; line-height:17px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Citric_acid_cycle" title="Citric acid cycle"><span style="color:#edb500;">Citric<br />acid cycle</span></a></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_365x505" style="position:absolute; left:365px; top:505px; font-size:15px; font-size:15; line-height:17px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Glyoxylate_cycle" title="Glyoxylate cycle"><span style="color:#edb500;">Glyoxylate<br />cycle</span></a></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_125x398" style="position:absolute; left:125px; top:398px; font-size:15px; font-size:15; line-height:17px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Urea_cycle" title="Urea cycle"><span style="color:#89dd00;">Urea<br />cycle</span></a></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_495x260" style="position:absolute; left:495px; top:260px; font-size:15px; font-size:15; line-height:17px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid_synthesis" title="Fatty acid synthesis"><span style="color:#00d300;">Fatty<br />acid<br />synthesis</span></a></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_495x335" style="position:absolute; left:495px; top:335px; font-size:15px; font-size:15; line-height:17px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid_synthesis" title="Fatty acid synthesis"><span style="color:#00d300;">Fatty<br />acid<br />elongation</span></a></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_497x425" style="position:absolute; left:497px; top:425px; font-size:15px; font-size:15; line-height:17px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Beta_oxidation" title="Beta oxidation"><span style="color:#ff66cc;">Beta<br />oxidation</span></a></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_495x495" style="position:absolute; left:495px; top:495px; font-size:12px; font-size:12; line-height:14px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Beta_oxidation#Peroxisomal_beta-oxidation" title="Beta oxidation"><span style="color:#ff66cc;">Peroxisomal</span></a></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_497x510" style="position:absolute; left:497px; top:510px; font-size:15px; font-size:15; line-height:17px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Beta_oxidation#Peroxisomal_beta-oxidation" title="Beta oxidation"><span style="color:#ff66cc;">beta<br />oxidation</span></a></i> </span></div> <p><br /> </p> <div id="annotation_295x42" style="position:absolute; left:295px; top:42px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px; text-align:right;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Glycogenolysis" title="Glycogenolysis"><span style="color:#8a2c2c;">Glyco-<br />genolysis</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_280x80" style="position:absolute; left:280px; top:80px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px; text-align:left;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Glycogenesis" title="Glycogenesis"><span style="color:#2e427e;">Glyco-<br />genesis</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_360x160" style="position:absolute; left:360px; top:160px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px; text-align:left;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Glycolysis" title="Glycolysis"><span style="color:#ea0000;">Glyco-<br />lysis</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_300x160" style="position:absolute; left:300px; top:160px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px; text-align:right;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Gluconeogenesis" title="Gluconeogenesis"><span style="color:#0033cc;">Gluconeo-<br />genesis</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_310x332" style="position:absolute; left:310px; top:332px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px; text-align:right;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Pyruvate_dehydrogenase" title="Pyruvate dehydrogenase"><span style="color:#ea6000;">Pyruvate<br />decarb-<br />oxylation</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_365x335" style="position:absolute; left:365px; top:335px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid_fermentation" title="Lactic acid fermentation"><span style="color:#d47ff0;">Fermentation</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_325x430" style="position:absolute; left:325px; top:430px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px; text-align:right;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Ketone_bodies" title="Ketone bodies"><span style="color:#e06c1f;">Keto-<br />lysis</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_365x430" style="position:absolute; left:365px; top:430px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px; text-align:left;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Ketogenesis" title="Ketogenesis"><span style="color:#5f8216;">Keto-<br />genesis</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_195x470" style="position:absolute; left:195px; top:470px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px; text-align:left;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Gluconeogenesis" title="Gluconeogenesis"><span style="color:#0033cc;">feeders to<br />gluconeo-<br />genesis</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_225x230" style="position:absolute; left:225px; top:230px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px; text-align:right;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Carbon_fixation#Carbon_concentrating_mechanisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon fixation"><span style="color:#9373d3;">Direct / C4 / CAM<br />carbon intake</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_125x143" style="position:absolute; left:125px; top:143px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Light-dependent_reactions" title="Light-dependent reactions"><span style="color:#9373d3;">Light reaction</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_115x355" style="position:absolute; left:115px; top:355px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Oxidative_phosphorylation" title="Oxidative phosphorylation"><span style="color:#c34747;">Oxidative<br />phosphorylation</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_25x415" style="position:absolute; left:25px; top:415px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Deamination" title="Deamination"><span style="color:#4999c2;">Amino acid<br />deamination</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_315x288" style="position:absolute; left:315px; top:288px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid_synthesis#Glycolytic_end_products_are_used_in_the_conversion_of_carbohydrates_into_fatty_acids" title="Fatty acid synthesis"><span style="color:#00d300;">Citrate<br />shuttle</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_590x415" style="position:absolute; left:590px; top:415px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px; text-align:left;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Lipogenesis" title="Lipogenesis"><span style="color:#00d300;">Lipogenesis</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_590x455" style="position:absolute; left:590px; top:455px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px; text-align:left;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Lipolysis" title="Lipolysis"><span style="color:#ff66cc;">Lipolysis</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_585x260" style="position:absolute; left:585px; top:260px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Steroid#Steroidogenesis" title="Steroid"><span style="color:#0099cc;">Steroidogenesis</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_470x235" style="position:absolute; left:470px; top:235px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Mevalonate_pathway" title="Mevalonate pathway"><span style="color:#0099cc;">MVA pathway</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_460x210" style="position:absolute; left:460px; top:210px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Non-mevalonate_pathway" title="Non-mevalonate pathway"><span style="color:#af753a;">MEP pathway</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_487x153" style="position:absolute; left:487px; top:153px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Shikimate_pathway" title="Shikimate pathway"><span style="color:#00cc99;">Shikimate<br />pathway</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_555x105" style="position:absolute; left:555px; top:105px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Transcription_(genetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcription (genetics)"><span style="color:#79793d;">Transcription &</span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/DNA_replication" title="DNA replication"><span style="color:#79793d;">replication</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_600x83" style="position:absolute; left:600px; top:83px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Translation_(biology)" title="Translation (biology)"><span style="color:#79793d;">Translation</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_600x57" style="position:absolute; left:600px; top:57px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Proteolysis" title="Proteolysis"><span style="color:#6666cc;">Proteolysis</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_687x55" style="position:absolute; left:687px; top:55px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Glycosylation" title="Glycosylation"><span style="color:#79793d;">Glycosyl-<br />ation</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <p><br /> </p> <div id="annotation_210x38" style="position:absolute; left:210px; top:38px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Sugar_acid" title="Sugar acid">Sugar<br />acids</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_240x38" style="position:absolute; left:240px; top:38px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Disaccharide" title="Disaccharide">Double</a>/<a href="/wiki/Polysaccharide" title="Polysaccharide">multiple<br />sugars</a> & <a href="/wiki/Glycan" title="Glycan">glycans</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_340x38" style="position:absolute; left:340px; top:38px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Monosaccharide" title="Monosaccharide">Simple<br />sugars</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_380x45" style="position:absolute; left:380px; top:45px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Inositol_phosphate" title="Inositol phosphate">Inositol-P</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_160x90" style="position:absolute; left:160px; top:90px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Amino_sugar" title="Amino sugar">Amino sugars</a><br />& <a href="/wiki/Sialic_acid" title="Sialic acid">sialic acids</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_245x120" style="position:absolute; left:245px; top:120px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Nucleotide_sugar" title="Nucleotide sugar">Nucleotide sugars</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_365x105" style="position:absolute; left:365px; top:105px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Glucose_6-phosphate" title="Glucose 6-phosphate">Hexose-P</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_315x180" style="position:absolute; left:315px; top:180px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Glyceraldehyde_3-phosphate" title="Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate">Triose-P</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_305x240" style="position:absolute; left:305px; top:240px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Glycerol" title="Glycerol">Glycerol</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_300x260" style="position:absolute; left:300px; top:260px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Phosphoglycerate" title="Phosphoglycerate">P-glycerates</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_425x110" style="position:absolute; left:425px; top:110px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Ribose_5-phosphate" title="Ribose 5-phosphate">Pentose-P</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_470x190" style="position:absolute; left:470px; top:190px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Erythrose_4-phosphate" title="Erythrose 4-phosphate">Tetrose-P</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_410x440" style="position:absolute; left:410px; top:440px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Propionyl-CoA" title="Propionyl-CoA">Propionyl<br />-CoA</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_310x495" style="position:absolute; left:310px; top:495px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Succinic_acid" title="Succinic acid">Succinate</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_455x530" style="position:absolute; left:455px; top:530px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Acetyl-CoA" title="Acetyl-CoA">Acetyl<br />-CoA</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_150x155" style="position:absolute; left:150px; top:155px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Ribose_5-phosphate" title="Ribose 5-phosphate">Pentose-P</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_230x210" style="position:absolute; left:230px; top:210px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Phosphoglycerate" title="Phosphoglycerate">P-glycerates</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_85x180" style="position:absolute; left:85px; top:180px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Glyoxylic_acid" title="Glyoxylic acid">Glyoxylate</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_65x152" style="position:absolute; left:65px; top:152px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Photosystem" title="Photosystem">Photosystems</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_320x310" style="position:absolute; left:320px; top:310px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Pyruvic_acid" title="Pyruvic acid">Pyruvate</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_410x308" style="position:absolute; left:410px; top:308px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid" title="Lactic acid">Lactate</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_365x345" style="position:absolute; left:365px; top:345px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Acetyl-CoA" title="Acetyl-CoA">Acetyl<br />-CoA</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_295x380" style="position:absolute; left:295px; top:380px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Citric_acid" title="Citric acid">Citrate</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_270x300" style="position:absolute; left:270px; top:300px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Oxaloacetic_acid" title="Oxaloacetic acid">Oxalo-<br />acetate</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_200x310" style="position:absolute; left:200px; top:310px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Malic_acid" title="Malic acid">Malate</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_195x405" style="position:absolute; left:195px; top:405px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Succinyl-CoA" title="Succinyl-CoA">Succinyl<br />-CoA</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_275x405" style="position:absolute; left:275px; top:405px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Alpha-Ketoglutaric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Ketoglutaric acid">α-Keto-<br />glutarate</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_370x455" style="position:absolute; left:370px; top:455px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Ketone_bodies" title="Ketone bodies">Ketone<br />bodies</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_70x365" style="position:absolute; left:70px; top:365px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Electron_transport_chain" title="Electron transport chain">Respiratory<br />chain</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_370x265" style="position:absolute; left:370px; top:265px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Serine" title="Serine">Serine group</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_395x290" style="position:absolute; left:395px; top:290px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Alanine" title="Alanine">Alanine</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_415x345" style="position:absolute; left:415px; top:345px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Branched-chain_amino_acid" title="Branched-chain amino acid">Branched-chain<br />amino acids</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_275x275" style="position:absolute; left:275px; top:275px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Aspartic_acid" title="Aspartic acid">Aspartate<br />group</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_180x250" style="position:absolute; left:180px; top:250px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Homoserine" title="Homoserine">Homoserine<br />group</a><br />& <a href="/wiki/Lysine" title="Lysine">lysine</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_280x445" style="position:absolute; left:280px; top:445px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Glutamic_acid" title="Glutamic acid">Glutamate<br />group</a><br />& <a href="/wiki/Proline" title="Proline">proline</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_105x465" style="position:absolute; left:105px; top:465px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Arginine" title="Arginine">Arginine</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_40x465" style="position:absolute; left:40px; top:465px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Creatine" title="Creatine">Creatine</a><br />& <a href="/wiki/Polyamine" title="Polyamine">polyamines</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_415x385" style="position:absolute; left:415px; top:385px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Ketogenic_amino_acid" title="Ketogenic amino acid">Ketogenic</a> &<br /><a href="/wiki/Glucogenic_amino_acid" title="Glucogenic amino acid">glucogenic<br />amino acids</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_550x85" style="position:absolute; left:550px; top:85px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">Amino acids</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_520x190" style="position:absolute; left:520px; top:190px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Shikimic_acid" title="Shikimic acid">Shikimate</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_635x165" style="position:absolute; left:635px; top:165px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Aromatic_amino_acid" title="Aromatic amino acid">Aromatic amino<br />acids</a> & <a href="/wiki/Histidine" title="Histidine">histidine</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_158x38" style="position:absolute; left:158px; top:38px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Ascorbate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascorbate">Ascorbate</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">vitamin C</a>) </span></div> <div id="annotation_275x490" style="position:absolute; left:275px; top:490px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Aminolevulinic_acid" title="Aminolevulinic acid">δ-ALA</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_155x510" style="position:absolute; left:155px; top:510px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Bile_pigment" class="mw-redirect" title="Bile pigment">Bile<br />pigments</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_210x520" style="position:absolute; left:210px; top:520px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Heme" title="Heme">Hemes</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_245x585" style="position:absolute; left:245px; top:585px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Cobalamin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobalamin">Cobalamins</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamin B">vitamin B<sub>12</sub></a>) </span></div> <div id="annotation_425x45" style="position:absolute; left:425px; top:45px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamin B">Various<br />vitamin Bs</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_625x300" style="position:absolute; left:625px; top:300px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Calciferol" class="mw-redirect" title="Calciferol">Calciferols</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">vitamin D</a>) </span></div> <div id="annotation_725x235" style="position:absolute; left:725px; top:235px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Retinoid" title="Retinoid">Retinoids</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">vitamin A</a>) </span></div> <div id="annotation_590x190" style="position:absolute; left:590px; top:190px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Quinone" title="Quinone">Quinones</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">vitamin K</a>)<br />& <a href="/wiki/Tocopherol" title="Tocopherol">tocopherols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">vitamin E</a>) </span></div> <div id="annotation_665x140" style="position:absolute; left:665px; top:140px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Cofactor_(biochemistry)" title="Cofactor (biochemistry)">Cofactors</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_745x140" style="position:absolute; left:745px; top:140px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a><br />& <a href="/wiki/Metalloprotein" title="Metalloprotein">minerals</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_720x185" style="position:absolute; left:720px; top:185px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Antioxidant" title="Antioxidant">Antioxidants</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_490x140" style="position:absolute; left:490px; top:140px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Phosphoribosyl_pyrophosphate" title="Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate">PRPP</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_535x140" style="position:absolute; left:535px; top:140px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Nucleotide" title="Nucleotide">Nucleotides</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_610x140" style="position:absolute; left:610px; top:140px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid" title="Nucleic acid">Nucleic<br />acids</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_665x87" style="position:absolute; left:665px; top:87px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">Proteins</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_710x87" style="position:absolute; left:710px; top:87px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Glycoprotein" title="Glycoprotein">Glycoproteins</a><br />& <a href="/wiki/Proteoglycan" title="Proteoglycan">proteoglycans</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_280x520" style="position:absolute; left:280px; top:520px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">Chlorophylls</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_410x235" style="position:absolute; left:410px; top:235px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Methylerythritol_phosphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylerythritol phosphate">MEP</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_420x245" style="position:absolute; left:420px; top:245px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Mevalonic_acid" title="Mevalonic acid">MVA</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_420x260" style="position:absolute; left:420px; top:260px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Acetyl-CoA" title="Acetyl-CoA">Acetyl<br />-CoA</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_440x330" style="position:absolute; left:440px; top:330px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Polyketide" title="Polyketide">Polyketides</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_555x230" style="position:absolute; left:555px; top:230px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Isopentenyl_pyrophosphate" title="Isopentenyl pyrophosphate">Terpenoid<br />backbones</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_625x235" style="position:absolute; left:625px; top:235px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Terpenoid" title="Terpenoid">Terpenoids</a><br />& <a href="/wiki/Carotenoid" title="Carotenoid">carotenoids</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">vitamin A</a>) </span></div> <div id="annotation_640x287" style="position:absolute; left:640px; top:287px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">Cholesterol</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_720x287" style="position:absolute; left:720px; top:287px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Bile_acid" title="Bile acid">Bile acids</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_640x330" style="position:absolute; left:640px; top:330px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Glycerophospholipid" title="Glycerophospholipid">Glycero-<br />phospholipids</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_600x397" style="position:absolute; left:600px; top:397px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Glycerolipid" class="mw-redirect" title="Glycerolipid">Glycerolipids</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_620x430" style="position:absolute; left:620px; top:430px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Acyl-CoA" title="Acyl-CoA">Acyl-CoA</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_630x500" style="position:absolute; left:630px; top:500px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid" title="Fatty acid">Fatty<br />acids</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_720x350" style="position:absolute; left:720px; top:350px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Glycosphingolipid" title="Glycosphingolipid">Glyco-<br />sphingolipids</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_720x397" style="position:absolute; left:720px; top:397px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Sphingolipid" title="Sphingolipid">Sphingolipids</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_720x440" style="position:absolute; left:720px; top:440px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">Waxes</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_680x497" style="position:absolute; left:680px; top:497px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Polyunsaturated_fatty_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyunsaturated fatty acid">Polyunsaturated<br />fatty acids</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_470x45" style="position:absolute; left:470px; top:45px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitters" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurotransmitters">Neurotransmitters</a><br />& <a href="/wiki/Thyroid_hormone" class="mw-redirect" title="Thyroid hormone">thyroid hormones</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_705x305" style="position:absolute; left:705px; top:305px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Steroid" title="Steroid">Steroids</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_587x330" style="position:absolute; left:587px; top:330px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Endocannabinoid_system" title="Endocannabinoid system">Endo-<br />cannabinoids</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_735x465" style="position:absolute; left:735px; top:465px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Eicosanoid" title="Eicosanoid">Eicosanoids</a> </span></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div style="float:left;margin-right:0.5em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="The image above contains clickable links"><img alt="The image above contains clickable links" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Interactive_icon.svg/18px-Interactive_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Interactive_icon.svg/27px-Interactive_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Interactive_icon.svg/36px-Interactive_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="133" data-file-height="200" /></span></span></div> <div class="skin-invert-image">Major <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_pathway" title="Metabolic pathway">metabolic pathways</a> in <a href="/wiki/Transit_map" title="Transit map">metro-style map</a>. Click any text (name of pathway or metabolites) to link to the corresponding article.<br />Single lines: pathways common to most lifeforms. Double lines: pathways not in humans (occurs in e.g. plants, fungi, prokaryotes). <span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Metabolic_metro_orange.svg/15px-Metabolic_metro_orange.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Metabolic_metro_orange.svg/23px-Metabolic_metro_orange.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Metabolic_metro_orange.svg/30px-Metabolic_metro_orange.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="34" /></span></span> Orange nodes: <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate_metabolism" title="Carbohydrate metabolism">carbohydrate metabolism</a>.</span> <span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Metabolic_metro_purple.svg/15px-Metabolic_metro_purple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Metabolic_metro_purple.svg/23px-Metabolic_metro_purple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Metabolic_metro_purple.svg/30px-Metabolic_metro_purple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="34" /></span></span> Violet nodes: <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>.</span> <span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Metabolic_metro_red.svg/15px-Metabolic_metro_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Metabolic_metro_red.svg/23px-Metabolic_metro_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Metabolic_metro_red.svg/30px-Metabolic_metro_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="34" /></span></span> Red nodes: <a href="/wiki/Cellular_respiration" title="Cellular respiration">cellular respiration</a>.</span> <span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Metabolic_metro_pink.svg/15px-Metabolic_metro_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Metabolic_metro_pink.svg/23px-Metabolic_metro_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Metabolic_metro_pink.svg/30px-Metabolic_metro_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="34" /></span></span> Pink nodes: <a href="/wiki/Cell_signaling" title="Cell signaling">cell signaling</a>.</span> <span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Metabolic_metro_blue.svg/15px-Metabolic_metro_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Metabolic_metro_blue.svg/23px-Metabolic_metro_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Metabolic_metro_blue.svg/30px-Metabolic_metro_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="34" /></span></span> Blue nodes: <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid_metabolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Amino acid metabolism">amino acid metabolism</a>.</span> <span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Metabolic_metro_grey.svg/15px-Metabolic_metro_grey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Metabolic_metro_grey.svg/23px-Metabolic_metro_grey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Metabolic_metro_grey.svg/30px-Metabolic_metro_grey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="34" /></span></span> Grey nodes: <a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">vitamin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cofactor_(biochemistry)" title="Cofactor (biochemistry)">cofactor</a> metabolism.</span> <span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Metabolic_metro_brown.svg/15px-Metabolic_metro_brown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Metabolic_metro_brown.svg/23px-Metabolic_metro_brown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Metabolic_metro_brown.svg/30px-Metabolic_metro_brown.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="34" /></span></span> Brown nodes: <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_metabolism" title="Nucleic acid metabolism">nucleotide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protein_metabolism" title="Protein metabolism">protein</a> metabolism.</span> <span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Metabolic_metro_green.svg/15px-Metabolic_metro_green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Metabolic_metro_green.svg/23px-Metabolic_metro_green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Metabolic_metro_green.svg/30px-Metabolic_metro_green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="34" /></span></span> Green nodes: <a href="/wiki/Lipid_metabolism" title="Lipid metabolism">lipid metabolism</a>.</span></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Citric_acid_cycle_metabolic_pathway119" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Citric_acid_cycle" title="Template:Citric acid cycle"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Citric_acid_cycle" title="Template talk:Citric acid cycle"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Citric_acid_cycle" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Citric acid cycle"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Citric_acid_cycle_metabolic_pathway119" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Citric_acid_cycle" title="Citric acid cycle">Citric acid cycle</a> <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_pathway" title="Metabolic pathway">metabolic pathway</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks"> <tbody><tr> <td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:bottom"><div style="text-align: center; display: inline-block; display: inline-flex; flex-flow: column; flex: 1; vertical-align:top;"><div style="width: 100%; display: block; background-color:light-dark(lightgreen,darkgreen);"> <p style="margin: 0.1em 0.5em; color:var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Acetyl-CoA" title="Acetyl-CoA">Acetyl-CoA</a></p> </div><div style="margin: auto 0"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Acetyl_co-A_wpmp.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Acetyl_co-A_wpmp.svg/45px-Acetyl_co-A_wpmp.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Acetyl_co-A_wpmp.svg/68px-Acetyl_co-A_wpmp.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Acetyl_co-A_wpmp.svg/90px-Acetyl_co-A_wpmp.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="637" data-file-height="274" /></a></span></div> </div> + <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</span> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="display:flex"> <div style="text-align: center; display: inline-block; display: inline-flex; flex-flow: column; flex: 1; vertical-align:top;"><div style="width: 100%; display: block; background-color:light-dark(lightgreen,darkgreen);"> <p style="margin: 0.1em 0.5em; color:var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Oxaloacetate" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxaloacetate">Oxaloacetate</a></p> </div><div style="margin: auto 0"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oxaloacetate_wpmp.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Oxaloacetate_wpmp.png/60px-Oxaloacetate_wpmp.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Oxaloacetate_wpmp.png 1.5x" data-file-width="72" data-file-height="119" /></a></span></div> </div> <div style="text-align: center; display: inline-block; display: inline-flex; flex-flow: column; flex: 1; vertical-align:top;"><div style="line-height: 1; flex: 1 0 auto; display: flex; flex-flow: row wrap; justify-content: space-around; align-items: flex-end; min-height: 22.5px;"> </div><div style="width: 100%; clear:both; overflow: hidden; height: 27px;"><div style="position: relative; bottom: 18px;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_NNYY_horiz_med.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Leftward reaction arrow with minor product(s) to bottom left and minor substrate(s) from bottom right"><img alt="Leftward reaction arrow with minor product(s) to bottom left and minor substrate(s) from bottom right" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_NNYY_horiz_med.svg/45px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_NNYY_horiz_med.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_NNYY_horiz_med.svg/68px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_NNYY_horiz_med.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_NNYY_horiz_med.svg/90px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_NNYY_horiz_med.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="75" data-file-height="75" /></a></span></div></div><div style="line-height: 1; flex: 1 0 auto; display: flex; flex-flow: row wrap; justify-content: space-around;"><div style="width: 45%; float:left">NADH +H<sup>+</sup></div> <div style="width: 45%; float:right">NAD<sup>+</sup></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> </div> <div style="text-align: center; display: inline-block; display: inline-flex; flex-flow: column; flex: 1; vertical-align:top;"><div style="width: 100%; display: block; background-color:light-dark(lightgreen,darkgreen);"> <p style="margin: 0.1em 0.5em; color:var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Malate" class="mw-redirect" title="Malate">Malate</a></p> </div><div style="margin: auto 0"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:S-malate_wpmp.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/S-malate_wpmp.png/72px-S-malate_wpmp.png" decoding="async" width="72" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/S-malate_wpmp.png/108px-S-malate_wpmp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/S-malate_wpmp.png/144px-S-malate_wpmp.png 2x" data-file-width="551" data-file-height="752" /></a></span></div> </div> <div style="text-align: center; display: inline-block; display: inline-flex; flex-flow: column; flex: 1; vertical-align:top;"><div style="line-height: 1; flex: 1 0 auto; display: flex; flex-flow: row wrap; justify-content: space-around; align-items: flex-end; min-height: 22.5px;"> </div><div style="width: 100%; clear:both; overflow: hidden; height: 27px;"><div style="position: relative; bottom: 18px;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_NNYN_horiz_med.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Leftward reaction arrow with minor substrate(s) from bottom right"><img alt="Leftward reaction arrow with minor substrate(s) from bottom right" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_NNYN_horiz_med.svg/45px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_NNYN_horiz_med.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_NNYN_horiz_med.svg/68px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_NNYN_horiz_med.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_NNYN_horiz_med.svg/90px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_NNYN_horiz_med.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="75" data-file-height="75" /></a></span></div></div><div style="line-height: 1; flex: 1 0 auto; display: flex; flex-flow: row wrap; justify-content: space-around;"><div style="width: 45%; float:left"> </div> <div style="width: 45%; float:right">H<sub>2</sub>O</div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> </div> <div style="text-align: center; display: inline-block; display: inline-flex; flex-flow: column; flex: 1; vertical-align:top;"><div style="width: 100%; display: block; background-color:light-dark(lightgreen,darkgreen);"> <p style="margin: 0.1em 0.5em; color:var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Fumarate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fumarate">Fumarate</a></p> </div><div style="margin: auto 0"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fumaric_acid_wpmp.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Fumaric_acid_wpmp.png/60px-Fumaric_acid_wpmp.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Fumaric_acid_wpmp.png 1.5x" data-file-width="72" data-file-height="119" /></a></span></div> </div> <div style="text-align: center; display: inline-block; display: inline-flex; flex-flow: column; flex: 1; vertical-align:top;"><div style="line-height: 1; flex: 1 0 auto; display: flex; flex-flow: row wrap; justify-content: space-around; align-items: flex-end; min-height: 22.5px;"> </div><div style="width: 100%; clear:both; overflow: hidden; height: 27px;"><div style="position: relative; bottom: 18px;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_NNYY_horiz_med.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Leftward reaction arrow with minor product(s) to bottom left and minor substrate(s) from bottom right"><img alt="Leftward reaction arrow with minor product(s) to bottom left and minor substrate(s) from bottom right" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_NNYY_horiz_med.svg/45px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_NNYY_horiz_med.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_NNYY_horiz_med.svg/68px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_NNYY_horiz_med.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_NNYY_horiz_med.svg/90px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_NNYY_horiz_med.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="75" data-file-height="75" /></a></span></div></div><div style="line-height: 1; flex: 1 0 auto; display: flex; flex-flow: row wrap; justify-content: space-around;"><div style="width: 45%; float:left">FADH<sub>2</sub></div> <div style="width: 45%; float:right">FAD</div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> </div> <div style="text-align: center; display: inline-block; display: inline-flex; flex-flow: column; flex: 1; vertical-align:top;"><div style="width: 100%; display: block; background-color:light-dark(lightgreen,darkgreen);"> <p style="margin: 0.1em 0.5em; color:var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Succinate" class="mw-redirect" title="Succinate">Succinate</a></p> </div><div style="margin: auto 0"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Succinate_wpmp.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Succinate_wpmp.png/60px-Succinate_wpmp.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Succinate_wpmp.png 1.5x" data-file-width="72" data-file-height="119" /></a></span></div> </div> <div style="text-align: center; display: inline-block; display: inline-flex; flex-flow: column; flex: 1; vertical-align:top;"><div style="line-height: 1; flex: 1 0 auto; display: flex; flex-flow: row wrap; justify-content: space-around; align-items: flex-end; min-height: 22.5px;"> </div><div style="width: 100%; clear:both; overflow: hidden; height: 27px;"><div style="position: relative; bottom: 18px;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_NNYY_horiz_med.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Leftward reaction arrow with minor product(s) to bottom left and minor substrate(s) from bottom right"><img alt="Leftward reaction arrow with minor product(s) to bottom left and minor substrate(s) from bottom right" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_NNYY_horiz_med.svg/45px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_NNYY_horiz_med.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_NNYY_horiz_med.svg/68px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_NNYY_horiz_med.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_NNYY_horiz_med.svg/90px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_NNYY_horiz_med.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="75" data-file-height="75" /></a></span></div></div><div style="line-height: 1; flex: 1 0 auto; display: flex; flex-flow: row wrap; justify-content: space-around;"><div style="width: 45%; float:left">CoA + ATP (GTP)</div> <div style="width: 45%; float:right">P<sub>i</sub> + ADP (GDP)</div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> </div> <div style="text-align: center; display: inline-block; display: inline-flex; flex-flow: column; flex: 1; vertical-align:top;"><div style="width: 100%; display: block; background-color:light-dark(lightgreen,darkgreen);"> <p style="margin: 0.1em 0.5em; color:var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Succinyl-CoA" title="Succinyl-CoA">Succinyl-CoA</a></p> </div><div style="margin: auto 0"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Succinyl-CoA_wpmp.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Succinyl-CoA_wpmp.png/60px-Succinyl-CoA_wpmp.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Succinyl-CoA_wpmp.png 1.5x" data-file-width="73" data-file-height="140" /></a></span></div> </div> </div> </td></tr> <tr style="line-height: 0.98;"> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;padding-left:25px"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YNNY_vert_med.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YNNY_vert_med.svg/45px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YNNY_vert_med.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YNNY_vert_med.svg/68px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YNNY_vert_med.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YNNY_vert_med.svg/90px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YNNY_vert_med.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="75" data-file-height="75" /></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:right;padding-right:25px"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_NYYN_vert_med.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_NYYN_vert_med.svg/45px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_NYYN_vert_med.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_NYYN_vert_med.svg/68px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_NYYN_vert_med.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_NYYN_vert_med.svg/90px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_NYYN_vert_med.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="75" data-file-height="75" /></a></span> </td> <td>NADH + H<sup>+</sup> + CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Coenzyme_A" title="Coenzyme A">CoA</a> </td> <td>NAD<sup>+</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="display:flex"> <div style="text-align: center; display: inline-block; display: inline-flex; flex-flow: column; flex: 1; vertical-align:top;"><div style="margin: auto 0"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Citrate_wpmp.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Citrate_wpmp.png/70px-Citrate_wpmp.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Citrate_wpmp.png 1.5x" data-file-width="92" data-file-height="141" /></a></span></div> <div style="width: 100%; display: block; background-color:light-dark(lightgreen,darkgreen);"> <p style="margin: 0.1em 0.5em; color:var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Citrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Citrate">Citrate</a></p> </div> </div> <div style="text-align: center; display: inline-block; display: inline-flex; flex-flow: column; flex: 1; vertical-align:top;"><div style="line-height: 1; flex: 1 0 auto; display: flex; flex-flow: row wrap; justify-content: space-around; align-items: flex-end;"><div style="width: 45%; float:left"> </div> <div style="width: 45%; float:right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</span></div> </div><div style="width: 100%; clear:both; overflow: hidden; height: 27px;"><div style=""><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_NYNN_horiz_med.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rightward reaction arrow with minor product(s) to top right"><img alt="Rightward reaction arrow with minor product(s) to top right" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_NYNN_horiz_med.svg/45px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_NYNN_horiz_med.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_NYNN_horiz_med.svg/68px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_NYNN_horiz_med.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_NYNN_horiz_med.svg/90px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_NYNN_horiz_med.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="75" data-file-height="75" /></a></span></div></div><div style="line-height: 1; flex: 1 0 auto; display: flex; flex-flow: row wrap; justify-content: space-around; min-height: 22.5px;"></div> </div> <div style="text-align: center; display: inline-block; display: inline-flex; flex-flow: column; flex: 1; vertical-align:top;"><div style="margin: auto 0"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cis-Aconitate_wpmp.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Cis-Aconitate_wpmp.png/60px-Cis-Aconitate_wpmp.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Cis-Aconitate_wpmp.png 1.5x" data-file-width="80" data-file-height="140" /></a></span></div> <div style="width: 100%; display: block; background-color:light-dark(lightgreen,darkgreen);"> <p style="margin: 0.1em 0.5em; color:var(--color-base)">cis-<a href="/wiki/Aconitic_acid" title="Aconitic acid">Aconitate</a></p> </div> </div> <div style="text-align: center; display: inline-block; display: inline-flex; flex-flow: column; flex: 1; vertical-align:top;"><div style="line-height: 1; flex: 1 0 auto; display: flex; flex-flow: row wrap; justify-content: space-around; align-items: flex-end;"><div style="width: 45%; float:left"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</span></div> <div style="width: 45%; float:right"> </div> </div><div style="width: 100%; clear:both; overflow: hidden; height: 27px;"><div style=""><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YNNN_horiz_med.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rightward reaction arrow with minor substrate(s) from top left"><img alt="Rightward reaction arrow with minor substrate(s) from top left" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YNNN_horiz_med.svg/45px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YNNN_horiz_med.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YNNN_horiz_med.svg/68px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YNNN_horiz_med.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YNNN_horiz_med.svg/90px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YNNN_horiz_med.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="75" data-file-height="75" /></a></span></div></div><div style="line-height: 1; flex: 1 0 auto; display: flex; flex-flow: row wrap; justify-content: space-around; min-height: 22.5px;"></div> </div> <div style="text-align: center; display: inline-block; display: inline-flex; flex-flow: column; flex: 1; vertical-align:top;"><div style="margin: auto 0"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Isocitric_acid.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Isocitric_acid.svg/70px-Isocitric_acid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Isocitric_acid.svg/105px-Isocitric_acid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Isocitric_acid.svg/140px-Isocitric_acid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="315" data-file-height="425" /></a></span></div> <div style="width: 100%; display: block; background-color:light-dark(lightgreen,darkgreen);"> <p style="margin: 0.1em 0.5em; color:var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Isocitrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Isocitrate">Isocitrate</a></p> </div> </div> <div style="text-align: center; display: inline-block; display: inline-flex; flex-flow: column; flex: 1; vertical-align:top;"><div style="line-height: 1; flex: 1 0 auto; display: flex; flex-flow: row wrap; justify-content: space-around; align-items: flex-end;"><div style="width: 45%; float:left">NAD(P)<sup>+</sup></div> <div style="width: 45%; float:right">NAD(P)H + <span class="Unicode"> </span>H<sup>+</sup></div> </div><div style="width: 100%; clear:both; overflow: hidden; height: 27px;"><div style=""><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YYNN_horiz_med.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rightward reaction arrow with minor substrate(s) from top left and minor product(s) to top right"><img alt="Rightward reaction arrow with minor substrate(s) from top left and minor product(s) to top right" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YYNN_horiz_med.svg/45px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YYNN_horiz_med.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YYNN_horiz_med.svg/68px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YYNN_horiz_med.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YYNN_horiz_med.svg/90px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YYNN_horiz_med.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="75" data-file-height="75" /></a></span></div></div><div style="line-height: 1; flex: 1 0 auto; display: flex; flex-flow: row wrap; justify-content: space-around; min-height: 22.5px;"></div> </div> <div style="text-align: center; display: inline-block; display: inline-flex; flex-flow: column; flex: 1; vertical-align:top;"><div style="margin: auto 0"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oxalosuccinate_wpmp.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Oxalosuccinate_wpmp.png/70px-Oxalosuccinate_wpmp.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Oxalosuccinate_wpmp.png 1.5x" data-file-width="94" data-file-height="140" /></a></span></div> <div style="width: 100%; display: block; background-color:light-dark(lightgreen,darkgreen);"> <p style="margin: 0.1em 0.5em; color:var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Oxalosuccinate" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxalosuccinate">Oxalosuccinate</a></p> </div> </div> <div style="text-align: center; display: inline-block; display: inline-flex; flex-flow: column; flex: 1; vertical-align:top;"><div style="line-height: 1; flex: 1 0 auto; display: flex; flex-flow: row wrap; justify-content: space-around; align-items: flex-end;"><div style="width: 45%; float:left"> </div> <div style="width: 45%; float:right">CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub></div> </div><div style="width: 100%; clear:both; overflow: hidden; height: 27px;"><div style=""><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_NYNN_horiz_med.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rightward reaction arrow with minor product(s) to top right"><img alt="Rightward reaction arrow with minor product(s) to top right" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_NYNN_horiz_med.svg/45px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_NYNN_horiz_med.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_NYNN_horiz_med.svg/68px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_NYNN_horiz_med.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_NYNN_horiz_med.svg/90px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_NYNN_horiz_med.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="75" data-file-height="75" /></a></span></div></div><div style="line-height: 1; flex: 1 0 auto; display: flex; flex-flow: row wrap; justify-content: space-around; min-height: 22.5px;"></div> </div> <div style="text-align: center; display: inline-block; display: inline-flex; flex-flow: column; flex: 1; vertical-align:top;"><div style="margin: auto 0"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2-oxoglutarate_wpmp.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/2-oxoglutarate_wpmp.svg/70px-2-oxoglutarate_wpmp.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/2-oxoglutarate_wpmp.svg/105px-2-oxoglutarate_wpmp.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/2-oxoglutarate_wpmp.svg/140px-2-oxoglutarate_wpmp.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="93" data-file-height="181" /></a></span></div> <div style="width: 100%; display: block; background-color:light-dark(lightgreen,darkgreen);"> <p style="margin: 0.1em 0.5em; color:var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Ketoglutaric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Ketoglutaric acid">2-oxoglutarate</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Metabolism:_Citric_acid_cycle_enzymes170" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Citric_acid_cycle_enzymes_and_ETC" title="Template:Citric acid cycle enzymes and ETC"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Citric_acid_cycle_enzymes_and_ETC" title="Template talk:Citric acid cycle enzymes and ETC"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Citric_acid_cycle_enzymes_and_ETC" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Citric acid cycle enzymes and ETC"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Metabolism:_Citric_acid_cycle_enzymes170" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">Metabolism</a>: <a href="/wiki/Citric_acid_cycle" title="Citric acid cycle">Citric acid cycle</a> <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cycle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citrate_synthase" title="Citrate synthase">Citrate synthase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aconitase" title="Aconitase">Aconitase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isocitrate_dehydrogenase" title="Isocitrate dehydrogenase">Isocitrate dehydrogenase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxoglutarate_dehydrogenase_complex" title="Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex">Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succinyl_coenzyme_A_synthetase" title="Succinyl coenzyme A synthetase">Succinyl CoA synthetase</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Succinate_dehydrogenase" title="Succinate dehydrogenase">Succinate dehydrogenase</a> (<a href="/wiki/SDHA" title="SDHA">SDHA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fumarase" title="Fumarase">Fumarase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malate_dehydrogenase" title="Malate dehydrogenase">Malate dehydrogenase</a> and ETC</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anaplerotic_reactions" title="Anaplerotic reactions">Anaplerotic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">to <a href="/wiki/Acetyl-CoA" title="Acetyl-CoA">acetyl-CoA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyruvate_dehydrogenase_complex" title="Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex">Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pyruvate_dehydrogenase" title="Pyruvate dehydrogenase">E1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dihydrolipoyl_transacetylase" title="Dihydrolipoyl transacetylase">E2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dihydrolipoamide_dehydrogenase" title="Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase">E3</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li>(regulated by <a href="/wiki/Pyruvate_dehydrogenase_kinase" title="Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase">Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pyruvate_dehydrogenase_phosphatase" title="Pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase">Pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">to <a href="/wiki/%CE%91-Ketoglutaric_acid" title="Α-Ketoglutaric acid">α-ketoglutaric acid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glutamate_dehydrogenase" title="Glutamate dehydrogenase">Glutamate dehydrogenase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">to <a href="/wiki/Succinyl-CoA" title="Succinyl-CoA">succinyl-CoA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methylmalonyl-CoA_mutase" title="Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase">Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">to <a href="/wiki/Oxaloacetic_acid" title="Oxaloacetic acid">oxaloacetic acid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyruvate_carboxylase" title="Pyruvate carboxylase">Pyruvate carboxylase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspartate_transaminase" title="Aspartate transaminase">Aspartate transaminase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mitochondrial<br /><a href="/wiki/Electron_transport_chain" title="Electron transport chain">electron transport chain</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Oxidative_phosphorylation" title="Oxidative phosphorylation">oxidative phosphorylation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Primary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NADH_dehydrogenase" title="NADH dehydrogenase">Complex I/NADH dehydrogenase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succinate_dehydrogenase" title="Succinate dehydrogenase">Complex II/Succinate dehydrogenase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coenzyme_Q10" title="Coenzyme Q10">Coenzyme Q<sub>10</sub> (CoQ10)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coenzyme_Q_%E2%80%93_cytochrome_c_reductase" title="Coenzyme Q – cytochrome c reductase">Complex III/Coenzyme Q - cytochrome c reductase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytochrome_c" title="Cytochrome c">Cytochrome c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytochrome_c_oxidase" title="Cytochrome c oxidase">Complex IV/Cytochrome c oxidase</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Coenzyme Q<sub>10</sub></b> synthesis: <a href="/wiki/COQ2" title="COQ2">COQ2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexaprenyldihydroxybenzoate_methyltransferase" title="Hexaprenyldihydroxybenzoate methyltransferase">COQ3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COQ4" title="COQ4">COQ4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coenzyme_Q5,_methyltransferase" title="Coenzyme Q5, methyltransferase">COQ5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COQ6" title="COQ6">COQ6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COQ7" title="COQ7">COQ7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COQ9" title="COQ9">COQ9</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=COQ10A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="COQ10A (page does not exist)">COQ10A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=COQ10B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="COQ10B (page does not exist)">COQ10B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDSS1" title="PDSS1">PDSS1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDSS2" title="PDSS2">PDSS2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_oxidase" title="Alternative oxidase">Alternative oxidase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron-transferring-flavoprotein_dehydrogenase" title="Electron-transferring-flavoprotein dehydrogenase">Electron-transferring-flavoprotein dehydrogenase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Food_energy&oldid=1263159980">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Food_energy&oldid=1263159980</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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